A Study On CSR of Steel Industry

HJMV\B_ =
@K\_ALRH\@AK
=.= @ K\_ALRH\@ AK
Harparmtb Xah`mc _bspaksò`c`ty ms mk `lbm jms raats mt cbmst s`x lbhmlbs cake out `t jms obhaib
iarb gmi`c`mr ta tjb puoc`h akcy m gbw ybmrs mea. \jb erawtj ag HX_ mwmrbkbss hmk ob c`knbl ta
tjb eraw`ke bkv`rakibktmc hakhbrk mkl erbbk iavbibkt tjmt jms obbk papucmr`zbl mhrass tjb
ibl`m. Haipmk`bs‐ aocèmtàks jmvb ermlumccy sj`gtbl grai kmrraw sjmrbjaclbr v`sàk, ta havbr
iarb vmst eraups ag stmnbjaclbrs.
Lub ta tjb jèj-spbbl `kgarimtàk ag sah`mc ibl`m, tjb msyiibtry ag nkawcbleb jms erawk sa
c`ttcb tjmt `t `s ìpassòcb ar ìprmht`hmc ta j`lb lauotguc
l auotguc mhtàks. \j`s ibmks tjmt btj`hmc apbrmtàks
mrb sbbk iarb mkl iarb ms m kari gar v`mocb ous`kbss.
Mctjauej HX_ `s vacuktmry oy G`kk`sj cmw, `t `s `khrbms`kecy haipucsary gar m haipmky ta

im`ktm`k `ts ormkl. Vuoc`h rbmhtàks ta ukhavbrbl wrakela`kes sprbml c`nb w`clg`rb mhrass sah`mc
mkl hakvbktàkmc ibl`m jmv`ke tbrr`gy`ke
tb rr`gy`ke ìpmhts ak tjb tmrebt haipmky‐s ìmeb.
Wacuktmry HX_ l`shcasurbs mrb m wmy ta haiiuk`hmtb tjmt tjb haipmky vmcubs mrb `k c`kb w`tj tjb
puoc`h‐s vmcubs.
vmcubs. \a gurtjbr bkhaurmeb mkl stmklmrl`zb tjb prahbss ag HX_ l`shcas`ke, aremk`zmtàks
suhj ms Ecaomc _bpart`ke @k`t`mt`vb (E_@) wbrb gauklbl `k tjb obe`kk`ke ag ?=st hbktury.
Aremk`zmtàks suhj ms HX_ Juo wbrb gauklbl ta haccbht mkl rmtb tjbsb rbparts ta gari
haiprbjbks`vb mkl haipmrmocb l`rbhtar`bs.
Atjbr tap`hs c`nb Harparmtb Eavbrkmkhb mrb mcsa rbcmtbl ta tjb l`shcasurb `ssub. Mgtbr suhj hmsbs
ms Bkrak mkl Vmrim mt, iarb rbeucmtary mhtàks jmvb sprautbl ta eu`lb mspbhts ag oamrl
haipas`tàk mkl warn. @t hmk ob msnbl `g tjbsb `ssubs mrb rbcmtbl ta tjb erawtj ag HX_
bkemebibkts, mkl `g sa, wjy.

wj y. Mt tjb bkl `t hmk mcsa ob sm`l, tjmt kawmlmys
kawmlm ys `t `s `khrbms`kecy l`gg`huct
gar m haipmky ta lbtmhj `tsbcg grai surraukl`ke sah`bty. Bvbry mhtàk jms m hauktbrgarhb, wjbtjbr
lbs`rmocb ar uklbs`rmocb.
@t `s moaut ous`kbssbs mkl atjbr aremk`zmtàks ea`ke obyakl tjb cbemc aocèmtàks ta imkmeb tjb
ìpmht tjby jmvb ak tjb bkv`rakibkt mkl sah`bty. @k pmrt`hucmr, tj`s haucl `khculb jaw
aremk`zmtàks `ktbrmht w`tj tjb`r bipcaybbs suppc`brs, hustaibrs mkl tjb haiiuk`t`bs `k wj`hj
–
tjby apbrmtb, ms wbcc ms tjb bxtbkt tjby mttbipt ta pratbht tjb bkv`rakibkt. HX_ `s moaut hmpmh`ty
ou`cl`ke gar sustm`kmocb c`vbc`jaals. @t rbspbhts hucturmc l`ggbrbkhbs mkl g`kls tjb ous`kbss
appartuk`t`bs `k ou`cl`ke tjb sn`ccs ag bipcaybbs, tjb haiiuk`ty mkl tjb Eavbrkibkt.’
HX_ sjaucl ob harb hakhbrk gar mcc haipmk`bs mkl pmrt ag bmhj haipmky‐s apbrmtàks. HX_
gahusbs ak tjrbb lìbksàks ag vmcub hrbmtàk> prag`t, pbapcb mkl pcmkbt. Haipmk`bs sjaucl imnb
imn b
bggarts ta praiatb HX_ tjrauejaut tjb vmcub-hrbmtàk hjm`k tjmt tjby mrb m pmrt ag. \jby sjaucl
tmnb rbspaksò`c`ty gar tjb sah`mc, bhakai`h mkl bhacae`hmc haksbqubkhbs

h aksbqubkhbs ag tjb`r mhtàks mkl mcsa
bkemeb `k l`mcaeubs w`tj tjasb wja mrb `kvacvbl `k tjbsb lìbksàks.
L`mcaeubs w`tj stmnbjaclbrs jbcp tjbi `lbkt`gy tjb sah`mc mkl bkv`rakibktmc ìpmhts ag tjb`r
mhtàks. Haipmk`bs sjaucl grmib pac`h`bs mkl aodbht`vbs ak tjb oms`s ag tjbsb l`mcaeubs. HX_
bkhaipmssbs aremk`smtàk‐s haii`tibkt ta objmvb `k mk bhakai`hmccy

bhakai`h mccy mkl bkv`rakibktmccy
sustm`kmocb imkkbr, wj`cb jakar`ke `ktbrbsts ag l`rbht stmnbjaclbrs.
=.? X@E K@ G @ HMKHB AG \JB X\

X\RLP
RLP
\jb stuly w`cc bkmocb haipmky bxbhut`vbs uklbrstmkl tjmt bkeme`ke `k sah`mc mht`v`t`bs hmk jbcp
`k imkme`ke bibre`ke sah`mc r`sns ms mk aggsjaat ag tjb`r apbrmt`ke mht`v`t`bs. \jb stuly w`cc
jèjcèjt m obttbr wmy ag imrnbt`ke gar m g`ri mkl `ts imkmebibkt. \jb stuly w`cc jbcp m g`ri
mttrmht, iat`vmtb mkl rbtm`k haipbtbkt bipcaybbs wja w`cc bkmocb `t rbmc`zb `ts aodbht`vbs. Xah`mc
mht`v`t`bs jbcp haipmk`bs ta ob nkawk ms rbspaksòcb harparmtb h`t`zbks w`tj sbks`t`v`ty tawmrls
sah`mc mkl bkv`rakibktmc `ssubs. Oy uklbrstmkl`ke tjb bggbht ag harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty
mht`v`t`bs ak g`kmkh`mc pbrgarimkhb, `kvbstars w`cc lbtbri`kb jaw ta mccahmtb tjb`r partgacà sa ms
ta imxì`zb rbturks mkl tjbrbmgtbr hjmkeb tjb`r mssbssibkt ag haipmk`bs' pbrgarimkhb mkl w`cc ob
imn`ke lbh`sàks omsbl ak hr`tbr`m tjmt w`cc `khculb
`khcul b btj`hmc hakhbrks. Gurtjbriarb, tj`s stuly w`cc
mll nkawcbleb ta prbvàus stul`bs ak harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty oy mll`ke tjb haipakbkt ag
`ts bggbht ak cake tbri g`kmkh`mc pbrgarimkhb. Mkmcysts w`cc g`kl tj`s stuly jbcpguc wjbk try`ke ta
uklbrstmkl tjb bggbht tjmt bkeme`ke `k sah`mc mht`v`t`bs jms ak m g`ri‐s cake tbri g`kmkh`mc
pbrgarimkhb.
pbrgarimkhb.
=.8 XHAVB AG \JB X\RLP
\a uklbrstmkl Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty, tjb stuly ag Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty `s

kbhbssmry. M lbtm`cbl stuly ag harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty jms obbk imlb oy stuly`ke vmràus
c`tbrmturbs ak harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty mkl oy rbgbrr`ke vmràus mrt`hcbs ak tjb smib. \jb bggart
`s ta uklbrstmkl vmràus ibmsurbibkts, ìpartmkhb mkl mppc`hmtàk prbh`sbcy
=.< X\
X\M\BIB
M\BIB K\ A
AG
G \JB V_A
V_AOCB
OCB I
\jb praocbi `s stmtbl ms – \a uklbrstmkl

u klbrstmkl tjb hakhbpt ag HX_ mkl `ts haipbtbkhy `k Nmcc`ymtj Vvt
Ctl Vmcmr`vmttmi. Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty mìs ta aptì`sb tjb obkbg`ts ta mk bktbrpr`sb‚s
stmnbjaclbrs mkl ta prbvbkt ar lmipbk tjb patbkt`mc mlvbrsb mggbhts ag `ts mht`v`t`bs. HX_ tjbrbgarb
havbrs m oraml spbhtrui ag `ssubs tjmt iust ob tmnbk `kta mhhaukt `k ous`kbss hakluht. HX_ hmk
ob sm`l ms m ous`kbss mppramhj tjmt haktròutbs ta sustm`kmocb lbvbcapibkt oy lbc`vbr`ke bhakai`h,
sah`mc mkl bkv`rakibktmc obkbg`ts gar mcc stmnbjaclbrs. @k tjb cèjt ag mcc tjbsb @ w`cc try ta stuly
tjb HX_ ag Nmcc`ymtj Ctl.
=.2 AOD B H\@ WB X AG

AG \JB X\RLP
X\RLP
V r ` imr y Ao
Aodd bht`
ht` vb
 Rklbrstmkl`ke tjb hakhbpt ag Harparmtb Xah`mc _bspaksò`c`ty mkl `ts harb haipbtbkhy
Xbha
Xbhakl
klm
mry Ao
Aodb
dbht
ht`` vb
 \a `lbkt`gy wjbtjbr HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty jms m iutumc

i utumc rbcmtàksj`p.
 \a uklbrstmkl tjb hakhbpt ag HX_ mkl `ts ìpartmkhb miake bipcaybbs.
 \a hjbhn wjbtjbr HX_ prmht`hbs @kgcubkhb Haipmky‐s ìmeb.
 \a imnb sueebstàks mkl rbhaiibklmtàks omsbl ak tjb stuly.
=.7 VB_ @ AL A
AG
G \JB X\RLP
X\RLP
\jb pbràl ag tjb stuly `k HX_ w`tj rbgbrbkhb ta Nmcc`ymtj Vvt Ctl `s gar < wbbns lurmtàk.
=.5 C@ I@ \M\@ AKX A

AG
G \JB X\RLP
X\RLP
 Mk bxjmust`vb stuly wms kat passòcb

pa ssòcb lub ta tjb hakstrm`kts ag tìb.
 \jb stuly wms cì`tbl ta akcy 26 rbspaklbkts.
 L`gg`hucty `k lmtm haccbhtàk lub ta rbspaklbkt‐s l`ggbrbkt objmvàurs.
 Vrapbr `ktbrv`bw w`tj tjb agg`hbrs wms kat passòcb lub ta tjb`r ousy
ou sy shjblucb.
 _bcuhtmkhb grai tjb pmrt ag tjb rbspaklbkts ta mkswbr saib qubstàks imy mcsa
mggbht tjb stuly.
=.: HJMV\B _@ XM\@ AK

Hjmptbr =4 @ktraluhtàk
Hjmptbr ?4 @klustry Vrag`cb
Hjmptbr 84 Aremk`zmtàk Vrag`cb
Hjmptbr <4 C`tbrmturb _bv`bw
Hjmptbr 24 _bsbmrhj Ibtjalacaey
Hjmptbr 74 Mkmcys`s mkl `ktbrprbtmtàk
Hjmptbr54 G`kl`kes (mkmcys`s + `ktbrprbtmtàk), sueebstàks mkl hakhcusàk

HJMV\B_ ?
@KLRX\_P V_AG@CB
8.= @KLRX\_P V_AG@CB
\jb stbbc `klustry `s akb ag tjb iast ìpartmkt `klustr`bs `k @kl`m. Lur`ke ?6=< tjrauej ?6=7,
@kl`m wms tjb sbhakl cmrebst praluhbr ag rmw stbbc. \jb `klustry praluhbs 0=.<7 i`ccàk taks ag
tatmc g`k`sjbl stbbc mkl 065 i`ccàk taks ag rmw `rak. Iast `rak mkl stbbc @kl`m `s praluhbl grai
`rak arb. \jb @kl`mk i`k`stry ag stbbc `s hakhbrkbl w`tj> tjb haarl`kmtàk mkl pcmkk`ke ag tjb
erawtj mkl lbvbcapibkt ag `rak mkl stbbc `klustry `k tjb hauktry, oatj `k tjb puoc`h mkl pr`vmtb
sbhtars> gariucmtàk ag pac`h`bs w`tj rbspbht ta praluhtàk, pr`h`ke, l`stròutàk, ìpart mkl bxpart
ag `rak mkl stbbc, Gbrra mccays mkl _b gmhtar`bs> mkl tjb lbvbcapibkt ag `kput `klustr`bs rbcmt`ke ta
`rak arb, imkemkbsb arb, hjraib arb.
\jbrb mrb twa typbs ag stbbc pcmkts- i`k` stbbc pcmkts mkl `ktbermtbl stbbc pcmkts. I`k` stbbc pcmkts
mrb simccbr, jmvb bcbhtr`h gurkmhbs, usbl stbbc shrmp mkl spakeb `rak. \jby jmvb rb-raccbrs tjmt usb
stbbc `keats ms wbcc. \jby praluhb hmroak stbbc mkl mccay stbbc ag hbrtm`k spbh`g`hmtàks. \jbrb mrb
mraukl 726 i`k` stbbc pcmkts `k @kl`m.
\JB ECAOMC X\BBC @KLRX\_P
\jb hurrbkt ecaomc stbbc `klustry `s `ts stbbc `klustry `s `k `ts stbbc `klustry `s `k `ts obst pas`tàk `k
haipmr`ke ta cmst lbhmlbs. \jb pr`hb jms obbk r`s`ke hakt`kuauscy. \jb lbimkl bxpbhtmtàks gar
stbbc rmp`lcy eraw`ke gar hai`ke ybmrs tjb stbbc `klustry `s mcsa `k m jèj pr`hb. \j
\jbb sjmrb ag stbbc
`klustry `s bkday`ke `ts 7tj haksbhut`vb ybmrs ag erawtj `k suppcy mkl lbimkl. Mkl tjbrb `s imky
iarb ibrebr mhqu`s`tàks wj`hj avbrmcc tjb `klustry mkl sjawbl saib eaal rbsucts. \jb suprbib
hr`s`s jms cbl ta rbhbssàk `k bhakaiy ag l`ggbrbkt hauktr`bs, wj`hj imy cbml ta jmvb m kbemt`vb
bggbht ak wjacb stbbc `klustry `k hai`ke ybmrs. Jawbvbr stbbc praluhtàk mkl haksuiptàk w`cc ob
suppartbl oy hakt`kuaus bhakai`h erawtj. \jb hauktr`bs c`nb Hj`km, Dmpmk, @kl`m, mkl Xautj
Narbm mrb `k tjb tap ag tjb moavb `k stbbc praluhtàk `k Ms`mk praluhtàk. Hj`km mhhaukts gar tjb
akb tj`rl ag tatmc praluhtàk `.b. <=0it, Dmpmk mhhaukts gar 0%`.b. ==:it, @kl`m mhhaukts gar 28it
mkl Xautj Narbm `s mhhauktbl gar <0it wj`hj mcc tatmccy obhaib iarb tjmk 26=% ag ecaomc
praluhtàk. Mpmrt grai tj`s RX, O_MT@C,
O_MT@C, RN mhhaukts gar tjb imdar hjukn ag tjb wjacb erawtj.
\jb tap =6 hauktr`bs oy hmpmh`ty mhhaukt gar 5:.: pbr hbkt ag ecaomc stbbc hmpmh`ty, wj`cb BR ms m
rbeàk mhhaukts gar mk mll`tàkmc 0.8 pbr hbkt ag ecaomc stbbc hmpmh`ty. Atjbr hauktr`bs `k tjb tap
=6 praluhtàk hmpmh`ty, `k tjb arlbr ag rbcbvmkhb, `khculb Xautj Narbm, Ormz`c, \urnby, Rnrm`kb
mkl @rmk. \m`wmk mkl Ibx`ha mhhaukt gar mk mll`tàkmc ?.? pbr hbkt `k praluhtàk hmpmh`t`bs.
Ecaomc stbbc hmpmh`t`bs jmvb obbk mllbl mt m HME_ ag 2.6 pbr hbkt –obtwbbk’ ?665 -?6=:. Hj`km
mkl @kl`m mhhauktbl gar :6.< pbr hbkt ag stbbc hmpmh`ty mll`tàk ag 0?5.8 I\, w`tj Hj`km mcakb
mll`ke 5?.0 pbr hbkt ta ecaomc stbbc hmpmh`t`bs. Xautj Narbm (8.= pbr hbkt), \urnby (?.= pbr hbkt),
W`btkmi (?.= pbr hbkt), @rmk (?.= pbr hbkt) Ormz`c (=.5 pbr hbkt), _uss`m (=.5 pbr hbkt) mkl Xmul`
Mrmo`m (=.= pbr hbkt) mrb atjbr hauktr`bs tjmt mllbl =8.0 pbr hbkt ta ecaomc stbbc hmpmh`t`bs `k tjb
harrbspakl`ke pbràl.
@KL@MK X\BBC @KLRX\_P ‘ MK AWB_W@BU
\jb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry jms bktbrbl `kta m kbw lbvbcapibkt stmeb, past lb-rbeucmtàk,
lb -rbeucmtàk, r`l`ke jèj
ak tjb rbsurebkt bhakaiy mkl r`s`ke lbimkl gar stbbc. _mp`l r`sb `k praluhtàk jms rbsuctbl `k
@kl`m obhai`ke tjb ?kl cmrebst praluhbr ag hrulb stbbc lur`ke tjb ybmr ?6=:. \jb hauktry `s mcsa
tjb cmrebst praluhbr ag spakeb `rak ar L_@ `k tjb warcl mkl tjb 8rl cmrebst g`k`sjbl stbbc haksuibr
`k tjb warcl mgtbr Hj`km & RXM. \jb erawtj `k tjb @kl`mk stbbc sbhtar jms o
obbk
bbk lr`vbk oy laibst`h
mvm`cmo`c`ty ag rmw imtbr`mcs suhj ms `rak arb mkl hast-bggbht`vb cmoar. Haksbqubktcy, tjb stbbc
sbhtar jms obbk m imdar haktròutar ta @kl`m‐s imkugmhtur`ke autput. \jb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry `s
vbry ialbrk w`tj stmtb-ag-tjb-mrt stbbc i`ccs. @t jms mcwmys str`vbl gar hakt`kuaus ialbrk`zmtàk
mkl up-ermlmtàk ag aclbr pcmkts mkl jèjbr bkbrey bgg`h`bkhy cbvbcs.
@kl`m‐s g`k`sjbl stbbc haksuiptàk erbw mt m HME_ ag 2.70 pbr hbkt lur`ke gy6: -gy=: ta rbmhj
06.7: I\. @kl`m‐s hrulb stbbc mkl g`k`sjbl stbbc praluhtàk `khrbmsbl ta =68.=8 I\ mkl =6<.0:
I\ @K ?6=5-?6=:, rbspbht`vbcy. @k ?6=5-?6=:, tjb hauktry‐s g`k`sjbl stbbc bxparts `khrbmsbl =5
pbr hbkt ybmr ta 0.7? i`ccàk taks (I\), ms haipmrbl ta :.?< I\ @K ?6=7-?6=5. Bxparts mkl
ìparts ag g`k`sjbl stbbc staal mt 2.55 I\, lur`ke Mpr`c ?6=:-
?6= :- Gborumry ?6=0 (p).
X\M\B XKBKM_@A
Nbrmcm wms akb ag tjb iast `klustr`mccy r`hj stmtbs `k @kl`m lur`ke tjb g`gt`bs. \jb prbsbkhb ag iarb
tjmk 26 simcc mkl iblùi stbbc imkugmhtur`ke uk`ts `k tjb stmtb jms obbk
o bbk haktròut`ke bxtbks`vbcy
gar tjb lbvbcapibkt ag tjb stmtb. \jb `klustr`mc shbkmrà `k Nbrmcm `s gmt uklbrea`ke m rbkm`ssmkhb
mkl `t `s cbgt gar tjb stbbc imkugmhturbs tjmt mrb apbrmtàkmc jbrb ta s`zb tjb bibre`ke appartuk`t`bs
ag erawtj w`tjaut lbtrìbktmccy mggbht`ke tjb bkv`rakibkt. \jb pr`vmtb sbhtar stbbc `klustry stbbc
`klustry `k Nbrmcm `s akcy m lbhmlb acl. Mkl tj`s rbcmt`vbcy yauke `klustr`mc sbhtar `s sbrv`ke tjb
oaai`ke jaus`ke sbhtar mkl `s tjbrboy
tjbrboy haktròut`ke suostmkt`mccy ta tjb stmtbs bxhjbqubr. U`tj tjb
stmtb‐s jaus`ke sbhtar mcc sbt ta eraw imk`gacl tjbsb sjmrbs `s oaukl ta iavb upwmrls `k tjb lmys
ta haib.
HR__BK\ XHBKM_@A
@kl`m wms tjb warcl‐s tj`rl -cmrebst stbbc praluhbr mt mkl tj`rl- cmrebst stbbc haksuibr `k ?6=5. \jb
erawtj `k tjb @kl`mk stbbc sbhtar jms obbk
o bbk lr`vbk oy laibst`h mvm`cmo`c`ty ag rmw imtbr`mcs suhj ms
`rak arb mkl hast-bggbht`vb cmoar. Haksbqubktcy, tjb stbbc sbhtar jms obbk m imdar haktròutar ta
@kl`m‐s imkugmhtur`ke autput. \jb @k l`mk stbbc `klustry `s vbry ialbrk w`tj stmtb-ag-tjb-mrt stbbc
i`ccs. @t jms mcwmys str`vbl gar hakt`kuaus ialbrk`zmtàk mkl up-ermlmtàk ag aclbr pcmkts mkl
jèjbr bkbrey bgg`h`bkhy cbvbcs. @kl`mk stbbc `klustr`bs mrb hcmss`g`bl `kta tjrbb hmtbear`bs suhj ms
imdar praluhbrs, im`k praluhbrs mkl sbhaklmry
sbhaklmr y praluhbrs.
IMDA_ VCMPB_X @K X\BBC @KLRX\_P @K @KL@M
VROC@H XBH\A_
 _MXJ\_@PM @XVM\ K@EMI ctl. (_@KC)

 Kmtàkmc i`kbrmc lbvbcapibkt harparmtàk cì`tbl (KILH ctl)
ctl)
V_@WM\B XBH\A_
 \mtm stbbc ctl

 BXXM_ stbbc ctl
 DXU stbbc ctl
 OJRXJMK stbbc
 R\\MI stbbc ctl
@kl`m wms tjb warcl‐s sbhakl -cmrebst stbbc praluhbrF w`tj praluhtàk stmkl`ke mt =67.2 I\ `k
?6=:. \jb erawtj `k tjb @kl`mk stbbc sbhtar jms obbk lr`vbk oy
o y laibst`h mvm`cmo`c`ty ag rmw
imtbr`mcs suhj ms `rak arb mkl hast-bggbht`vb cmoaur. Haksbqubktcy, tjb stbbc sbhtar jms obbk m
imdar haktròutar ta @kl`m‐s imkugmhtur`ke autput. @kl`m‐s stbbc praluhtàk hmpmh`ty jms
bxpmklbl ta =85.052 i`ccàk takbs `k GP=0. Ms ag ?6=:, @kl`m `s tjb warcl‐s sbhakl cmrebst
praluhbr ag hrulb stbbc (up grai bèjtj spat `k ?668).
\jb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry `s vbry ialbrk w`tj stmtb-ag-tjb-mrt stbbc i`ccs. @t jms mcwmys str`vbl gar
hakt`kuaus ialbrk`smtàk mkl up-ermlmtàk ag aclbr pcmkts mkl jèjbr bkbrey bgg`h`bkhy cbvbcs.
@kl`mk stbbc `klustr`bs mrb hcmss`g`bl `kta tjrbb hmtbear`bs suhj ms imdar praluhbrs, im`k
praluhbrs mkl sbhaklmry praluhbrs.
Imrnbt X`zb
@kl`m‐s g`k`sjbl stbbc haksuiptàk erbw mt m HME_ ag 2.70 pbr hbkt lur`ke GP6: -GP=: ta rbmhj
06.7: I\. @kl`m‐s hrulb stbbc mkl g`k`sjbl stbbc praluhtàk `khrbmsbl ta =67.27 I\ mkl =8=.25
I\ `k ?6=:-=0, rbspbht`vbcy. @k GP?6 (t`cc Kavbiobr ?6=0), hrulb stbbc mkl g`k`sjbl stbbc
praluhtàk staal mt 58.=5 I\ mkl 75.2? I\ rbspbht`vbcy.
Lur`ke ?6=:-=0, 7.87 I\ ag stbbc wms bxpartbl grai @kl`m. Bxparts mkl ìparts ag g`k`sjbl stbbc
staal mt 2.52 I\ mkl 2.65 I\, rbspbht`vbcy, `k GP?6V (up ta Kavbiobr ?6=0).
@kvbstibkts
Xtbbc `klustry mkl `ts mssah`mtbl i`k`ke mkl ibtmccurey sbhtars jmvb sbbk m kuiobr ag imdar
`kvbstibkts mkl lbvbcapibkts `k tjb rbhbkt pmst.
Mhharl`ke ta tjb lmtm rbcbmsbl oy
o y Lbpmrtibkt gar Vraiatàk ag @klustry mkl @ktbrkmc \rmlb
(LV@@\), tjb @kl`mk ibtmccure`hmc `klustr`bs mttrmhtbl Garbèk L`rbht @kvbstibkts (GL@) ta tjb
tukb ag RX$ ==.8: o`ccàk `k tjb pbràl Mpr`c ?666‘Dukb ?6=0.
Xaib ag tjb imdar `kvbstibkts `k tjb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry mrb ms gaccaws4
 Gar GP?6=0-?6, DXU Xtbbc sbt m tmrebt ag suppcy`ke mraukl =.2 cmnj takkb ag \I\
_bomrs ta ibtra rm`c pradbhts mhrass tjb hauktry.
 @k Ahtaobr ?6=0, Nmiljbku Ctl mllbl kbw praluhtàk hmpmh`ty ag 76,666 takkb pbr
mkkui `k Lmlr`, Rttmr Vrmlbsj ta imkugmhturb Nmiljbku Xtruhturmc Xtbbc.
 Ms ag Lbhbiobr ?6=:, Wblmktm Eraup `s ea`ke ta sbt up m akb i`ccàk takkb hmpmh`ty
stbbc pcmkt `k Djmrnjmkl w`tj mk `kvbstibkt ag _s
_ s ??,666 hrarb (RX$ 8.=8 o`ccàk).
 DXU Xtbbc w`cc ob caan`ke ta gurtjbr bkjmkhb tjb hmpmh`ty ag `ts W`dmymkmemr pcmkt grai
=8 I\VM ta =: I\VM. @k Dukb ?6=:, tjb haipmky jml mkkaukhbl pcmks ta bxpmkl tjb
pcmkt‐s praluhtàk hmpmh`ty ta =8 I\VM oy ?6?6 w`tj mk `kvbstibkt ag _s 5,266 hrarb
(RX$ =.=? o`ccàk).
 Wblmktm Xtmr Ctl jms auto`l atjbr haipmk`bs ta mhqu`rb Bcbhtrastbbc Xtbbcs gar RX$
:?2.<2 i`ccàk.
 \mtm Xtbbc wak tjb o`l ta mhqu`rb Ojusjmk Xtbbc oy aggbr`ke m haks`lbrmtàk ag RX$
2,<7=.76 i`ccàk.
 DXU Xtbbc jms pcmkkbl m RX$ <.=< o`ccàk hmp`tmc bxpbkl`turb praermiib ta `khrbmsb `ts
avbrmcc stbbc autput hmpmh`ty grai =: i`ccàk takkbs ta ?8 i`ccàk takkbs oy ?6?6.
 @k Imrhj ?6=0, MrhbcarI`ttmc wms lbhcmrbl ms tjb w`kk`ke o`llbr ta mhqu`rb Bssmr Xtbbc
gar m haks`lbrmtàk ag _s <?,666 hrarb (RX$ 2.:? o`ccàk).
 \mtm Xtbbc jms lbh`lbl ta `khrbmsb tjb hmpmh`ty ag `ts Nmc`kemkmemr `ktbermtbl stbbc pcmkt
grai 8 i`ccàk takkbs ta : i`ccàk takkbs mt mk `kvbstibkt ag RX$ 8.7< o`ccàk.
Eavbrkibkt @k`t`mt`vbs
Xaib ag tjb atjbr rbhbkt eavbrkibkt
eavb rkibkt `k`t`mt`vbs `k tj`s sbhtar mrb ms gaccaws4
 Eavbrkibkt `ktraluhbl Xtbbc Xhrmp _bhyhc`ke Vac`hy mìbl ta rbluhb ìpart.

 Mk bxpart luty ag 86 pbr hbkt jms obbk cbv`bl ak `rak arb[ (cuips mkl g`kbs) ta bksurb
suppcy ta laibst`h stbbc `klustry.

 Eavbrkibkt ag @kl`m‐s gahus ak `kgrmstruhturb mkl rbstmrt`ke raml pradbhts `s m`l`ke tjb
oaast `k lbimkl gar stbbc. Mcsa, gurtjbr c`nbcy mhhbcbrmtàk `k rurmc
rurmc bhakaiy mkl
`kgrmstruhturb `s bxpbhtbl ta cbml ta erawtj `k lbimkl gar stbbc.
 \jb Rkàk Hmo`kbt, Eavbrkibkt ag @kl`m jms mppravbl tjb Kmtàkmc Xtbbc Vac`hy
V ac`hy (KXV)
?6=5, ms `t sbbns ta hrbmtb m ecaomccy haipbt`t`vb stbbc `klustry `k @kl`m. KXV ?6=5
bkv`smebs 866 i`ccàk takkbs (I\) stbbc-imn`ke hmpmh`ty mkl =76
= 76 nes pbr hmp`tm stbbc
haksuiptàk oy ?686-8=.
 \jb I`k`stry ag Xtbbc `s gmh`c`tmt`ke sbtt`ke up ag mk `klustry lr`vbk Xtbbc _bsbmrhj mkl
\bhjkacaey I`ssàk ag @kl`m (X_\I@) `k mssah`mtàk w`tj tjb puoc`h mkl pr`vmtb sbhtar
stbbc haipmk`bs ta spbmrjbml rbsbmrhj mkl lbvbcapibkt
l bvbcapibkt mht`v`t`bs `k tjb `rak mkl stbbc
`klustry mt mk `k`t`mc harpus ag _s ?66 hrarb (RX$ 86 i`ccàk).
 \jb Eavbrkibkt ag @kl`m rm`sbl ìpart luty ak iast
i ast stbbc `tbis tw`hb, bmhj tìb oy ?.2
pbr hbkt mkl ìpasbl ibmsurbs `khcul`ke mkt`-luip`ke mkl smgbeumrl lut`bs ak `rak mkl
stbbc `tbis.
HAKHCRX@AK
\jb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry `s miake tjb uphai`ke `klustr`bs ag tjb warcl. @t jms m kuiobr ag `rak
arbs, wj`hj ibmks tjmt `t jms pcbkty ag rbsaurhbs grai wj`hj ta l
lrmw
rmw `ts rmw imtbr`mc. \jb rmtb ag
praluhtàk ag stbbc `k @kl`m jms obbk
o bbk ea`ke up mt m stbmly rmtb `k tjb cmst gbw ybmrs. @k tjb rbhbkt
tìbs Ar`ssm mkl Djmrnjmkl jmvb obbk `lbkt`g`bl ms tjb patbkt`mc stbbc lbst`kmtàks ag @kl`m-tjb
akbs tjmt waucl prav`lb tjb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry w`tj `ts kbhbssmry rmw imtbr`mc. \jbrb mrb mcsa m
kuiobr ag stbbc haipmk`bs `k @kl`m c`nb \M\M mkl Mrhbcar I`ttmc tjmt mrb b`tjbr hai`ke up ar
jmvb bstmoc`sjbl tjbisbcvbs ms prai`kbkt garhbs `k tjb warcl stbbc shbkmrà.
@kl`m jms trml`tàkmccy obbk rbemrlbl ms akb ag tjb tap stbbc praluhbrs ag tjb warcl. @k ?66< `t wms
rmknbl ms tjb sbvbktj cmrebst praluhbrs ag stbbc `k tjb warcl, wj`hj `s tbstìaky ta tjb stmkl`ke ag
tjb @kl`mk stbbc `klustry ag tjb warcl. @kl`m `s mcsa suppasbl ta jmvb tjb obst erawtj patbkt`mc `k
tjb haktbxt ag stbbc mkl `s prbhblbl akcy oy Hj`km , wj`hj `s m prai`kbkt stbbc praluh`ke mkl
haksui`ke hauktry ag tjb warcl.
HJMV\B_ 8
A_EMK@XM\@AK V_AG@CB
8.? HAIVMKP V_AG@CB
NMCC@PM\J \I\ X\BBC OM_X

J@X\A_P
NMCC@PM\J jms staal sykakyiaus ta suhhbss mkl btj`hs `k tjb ou`cl`ke mkl hakstruhtàk h`rhcb
gar tjb cmst :: ybmrs. Ob`ke vbtbrmks `k l`vbrsb vbrt`hmcs, NMCC@PM\J `ksp`rbs trust mkl
hakg`lbkhb miakest stmnbjaclbrs mkl hustaibrs mc`nb. Bstmoc`sjbl `k =0?0, NMCC@PM\J jms
hakstmktcy rb`kvbktbl `tsbcg oy rbduvbkmt`ke bx`st`ke ous`kbss, vbktur`ke `kta kbw akbs,
imkugmhtur`ke trbkl sbtt`ke praluhts mkl bxpmkl`ke tjb sautj @kl`mk imrnbt ag stbbc omrs mkl \I\
omrs.
Nmcc`ymtj stbbc \rmlbrs wms gauklbl `k =0?0. Omsbl aut ag \`rur, tjb haipmky trmlbs `rak & stbbc
praluhts imkugmhturbl oy mcc imdar kmtàkmc mkl `ktbrkmtàkmc ormkls. Nmcc`ymtj stbbc \rmlbrs jms
ormkhjbs mt Brkmnucui, \r`vmklrui mkl pmcmnnml. \jb haipmky‐s strake kbtwarn ag avbr 266
lbmcbrs mhrass Nbrmcm jbcps `t la mk mkkumc
mkk umc ous`kbss ag <6,666 it. `ts cake mkl strake `kk`kes imnbs
nmcc`ymtj stbbc trmlbrs m trustbl saurhb gar tjb hakstruhtàk `klustry ag Nbrmcm, jbcp`ke `t ta mttm`k
mk mkkumc turkavbr ag _s.=26 Hrarb.
U`tj m cbemhy ag trust mkl bxpbrt`sb ag avbr :: ybmrs, nmcc`ymtj jms obbk `kstruibktmc `k `ktraluh`ke
saib ag tjb iast pmtj orbmn`ke `kgrmstruhturmc praluhts mkl sbrv`hbs ta sautj @kl`m. Gauklbl oy
tjb v`sàkmry, Ir. MOLJRC NJMLB_ JMD@, tjb nmcc`ymtj eraup jms mcwmys obbk mt tjb garbgrakt,
usjbr`ke `k bvbry kbw tbhjkacaey `kta tjb `klustry. Ob `t tjb IX raukl, tjb H\L
H \L omrs ar tjb \I\
omrs, nmcc`ymtj jms obbk tjb g`rst ta `ktraluhb tjbi ta tjb hakstruhtàk `klustry ag Nbrmcm. Vraiatbr
ag pawbrguc ormkls c`nb nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs, nmcc`ymtj w`rbs mkl X\BBCGMO, nmcc`ymtj jms
rbvacutàk`zbl tjb qumc`ty stmklmrls `k tjb `klustry.
Nmcc`ymtj lbvbcapbrs pr`vmtb cì`tbl ob`ke mutjar`zbl lbmcbr gar suppcy`ke \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke
i`ccs, stbbc omrs. \jby mrb rbhnakbl ms akb ag tjb iast havbtbl suppc`brs, trmlbr, bxpartbrs, mkl
sbrv`hb prav`lbrs ag \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke i`ccs, stbbc omrs.
@t `s m haipmky wj`hj `s m cbml`ke suppc`br hauktbl ms akb ag tjb tap suppc`brs, tjby mrb `kvacvbl
`k aggbr`ke m w`lb rmkeb ag \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke i`ccs, stbbc omrs. \jbsb \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke
i`ccs, stbbc omrs praluhts mrb w`lbcy _bhaiibktbl oy tjb hc`bkts aw`ke ta `ts qumc`ty mkl haks`stbkt
pbrgarimkhb.
Nmcc`ymtj aggbrs supbràr praluhts tjmt haib w`tj m sbr`bs ag `kjbrbkt mlvmktmebs c`nb haks`stbkhy
`k qumc`ty, uk`gari`ty `k ermlbs, lìbksàks mkl tacbrmkhbs. @k mll`tàk `t jms supbràr stmo`c`ty,
jèj strbketj-ta-wbèjt rmtàks, jèjbr lurmo`c`ty mkl bmsy warnmo`c`ty. Mcc tjbsb rbsuct `k iarb
praluht`vb mkl prag`tmocb usmeb
u smeb gar tjb bkl usbr. Nmcc`ymtj \I\ hurrbktcy jms m stmtb-ag-tjb-mrt
stbbc imkugmhtur`ke uk`t `k pmcmnnml, w`tj gmh`c`t`bs c`nb jèj spbbl _acc`ke i`cc, i`hraprahbssar
omsbl praluht tbhjkacae`bs mkl guccy bqu`ppbl qumc`ty mssurmkhb & tbst`ke cmoarmtar`bs. Obs`lbs,
tjb haipmky jms m strake imrnbt`ke kbtwarn, mkl mk bgg`h`bkt mkl lykmi`h cae`st`hs suppart
systbi.
\jb`r \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke i`ccs, stbbc omrs mrb w`lbcy mpprbh`mtbl `k suppc`brs imrnbt mkl
aggbr`ke \I\ stbbc omrs, racc`ke i`ccs, stbbc omrs wj`hj `s `k erbmt lbimkl ta tjb hc`bkts.. @t `s mk
@kl`mk imkugmhturbs mkl suppc`brs omsbl `k Brmkmnucmi. NMCC@PM\J lbvbcapbr‐s pvt.ctl.
Gmor`hmtbs rbvacutàkmry hut mkl obkl imkugmhtur`ke rb`kgarhbibkt stbbc gar tjb `kgrmstruhturb
`klustry. M g`rst ag `ts n`kl pradbht `k tjb stmtb ag Nbrmcm, NMCC@PM\J lbvbcapbr‐s pvt.ctl.
Gmor`hmtbs \I\ omrs `k prbgbrrbl sjmpbs mkl s`zbs w`tj m hutt`ke bleb guccy mutaimt`h mlvmkhbl
rb`kgarhbibkt tbhjkacaey lbvbcapbl AshmiXpM, \ar`ka, @tmcy. \jb haipmky suppc`bs \I\ omrs
`k mcc s`zbs vmry`ke grai 7ii ta 76 ii tjbrboy bcì`kmt`ke hakhbrks c`nb spmh`ke `ssubs mt tjb
warn s`tb, wmstb imkmebibkt, pbrgbhtàk `k g`k`sj mkl tìbcy saurh`ke ag
a g guccy obkl omrs. Bqu`ppbl
ta lbc`vbr ms pbr mrhj`tbhturmc lrmw`kes, hustai`zmtàk `s bms`cy pas sòcb mt nmcc`ymtj lbvbcapbr‐s
pvt.ctl. U`tj mk `kstmccbl hmpmh`ty ag =:666 it, nmcc`ymtj lbvbcapbrs pvt.ctl. Rklbrtmnbs imdar
praluhtàk gar tjb eraup‐s pàkbbr`ke ormkl X\BBC GMO. \jb haipmky jms rbhb`vbl @XA -066=4
?66: hbrt`g`hmtàk.
HAIVMKP LB\M@CX
HAIVMKP KMIB NMCC@PM\J LBWBCAVB_X V_@WM\B

(EX\ KA ) C@I@\\BL
(8?MMLHN86=0N=TX)
HAIMVMKP X\M\RX MH\@WB
_AH _AH-B_KMNRCMI
_BE@X\_M\@AK KRIOB_ =0072
HAIVMKP HM\BEA_P HAIVMKP C@I@\BL OP XJM_BX

HAIVMKP XRO HM\BEA_P KAK- EAWB_KIBK\ HAIVMKP
HCMXX AG HAIVMKP V_@WM\B
LM\B AG @KHA_VA_M\@AK 68 KAWBIOB_ ?667
MEB AG HAIVMKP ?5 PBM_X, 0 IAK\JX, =6LMPX
MH\@W@\P Imkugmhtur`ke ag oms`h `rak & stbbc. _bmc

bstmtb mht`v`t`bs w`tj awk ar cbmsbl prapbrty.
(tj`s hcmss `khculbs ouy`ke, sbcc`ke, rbkt`ke mkl
apbrmt`ke ag sbcg awkbl ar cbmsbl rbmc bstmtb
suhj ms mpmrtibkt ou`cl`ke mkl lwbcc`kes, kak-
rbs`lbkt`mc ou`cl`kes, lbvbcap`ke mkl
suol`v`l`ke rbmc bstmtb `kta cats bth. mcsa
`khculbl mrb lbvbcapibkt mkl smcb ag cmkl mkl
hbibkt cats, apbrmt`ke ag mpmrtibkt jatbcs mkl
rbs`lbkt`mc iao`cb jaib s`tbs.
AR_ I@XX@AK
 @lbkt`gy`ke tjb kbbls ag hustaibrs gar praluht sbrv`hbs mkl ibbt`ke.

 Hustaibrs‐ kbbls mkl suppcy
 Bksur`ke tjmt tjb qumc`ty praluht ta ou`ct mt bvbry stmeb ag apbrmtàks.
 _btm`k`ke hustaibr hakg`lbkhb mkl caymcty oy prav`l`ke qumkt`ty praluht mkl sbrv`hbs.
 Haii`ttbl warn garhb tjrauej hakt`kumc bkr`hjibkt ag sn`cc mkl
mk l nkawcbleb.
 Haktròutàk `k qumkt`ty stbbc praluhtàk ag kmtàk.
Aur v`sàk
–\a ob rbhaek`zbl ms tjb obkhj imrn gar stbbc `k tjb hakstruhtàk mkl ou`cl`ke `klustry mkl ta
hrbmtb tbhjkacae`hmccy mlvmkhbl mkl ecaomccy haipbt`t`vb stbbc `klustry tjmt praiatbs bhakai`h
erawtj’.
Bxpbrt`sb
=) Imkugmhtur`ke qumc`ty stbbc `kgrmstruhturmc praluhts lbvbcap`ke m w`lbr trml`ke kbtwarn gar
`rak mkl stbbc praluhts
?) Vraiat`ke prbiùi ormkls gar supbràr qumc`ty \I\ stbbc omrs
8) Gmh`c`tmt`ke lbmcbr mkl trmkspartmtàk kbtwarn gar prìb stbbc praluhbrs.

A_EMK@XM\@AKMC X\_RH\R_B
Xupbrv`sar Uarnbr
Vraluhtàk Xtmgg
Imkmebr @khjmreb
]umc`ty ]umc`ty Mss`stmkt

Imkmebr @kspbhtar @kspbhtar
Vurhjmsb Vurhjmsb Mss`stmkt

Imkmebr Agg`hbr Agg`hbr
Hjm`rimk & W`h b p rbrb ss``l bbkk t Eb kkbb rrmm c

I.L. Imkmebr Imkmebr
Imrnbt`ke Mss`stmkt
Imkmebr
Imkmebr Imkmebr
Bxbhut`vb
G`kmkhb G`kmkhb
Imkmebr Imkmebr
Xtarb Agg`hb
Imkmebr Mss`stmkt
Mli`k`strmtàk
Imkmebr
J_ mkl Mli`kstrmtàk Imkmebr
J_ Imkmebr
LBVM_\IBK\ V_AG@CB
\jb imdar lbpmrtibkt `k Nmcc`ymtj `s4
 J_ Lbpmrtibkt
 Imrnbt`ke Lbpmrtibkt
 Vraluhtàk Lbpmrtibkt
 G`kmkhb Lbpmrtibkt
 ]umc`ty Lbpmrtibkt
 Xtarb Lbpmrtibkt
J_ LBVM_\IBK\
Juimk rbsaurhb imkmebibkt `s tjb prahbss ag mhqu`r`ke, trm`k`ke, ut`c`z`ke, mpprm`s`ke mkl
lbh`l`ke haipbksmtàk gar bipcaybbs mkl mttbkl`ke ta tjb`r cmoar rbcmtàk, jbmctj mkl smgbty mkl
g`tkbss hakhbrks.
IM_NB\@KE LBVM_\IBK\
Nmcc`ymtj cì`tbl jms ta ebt m vbry eaal imrnbt lbpmrtibkt, haktraccbl oy bgg`h`bkt mkl lykmi`h
imrnbt`ke imkmebr. Imrnbt`ke imkmebr rbpat ta imkme`ke l`rbhtar mkl ebkbrmc imkmebr.
Imrnbt`ke lbpmrtibkt `s l`v`lbl `kta tjrbb sbhtàks er`bvb gmor`hs, g`k`sjbl gmor`hs, g`k`sjbl gmor`hs
omes, mkl mlvbrt`s`ke
V_ALRH\@AK LBVM_\IBK\
Vraluhtàk `s tjb prahbss oy wj`hj rmw imtbr`mcs mkl atjbr `kputs mrb hakvbrtbl `kta g`k`sjbl
praluhts. \jb hast ag m praluhtàk `s `ts hakvbrsàk systbi wjbrb `k warnbrs, imtbr`mc mkl
imhj`kbr`bs mrb usbl ta hakvbrts `kta praluht mkl sbrv`hb. \jb prahbss ag hakvbrsàk `s tjb jbmrt
ag praluhtàk gukhtàk mkl `s prbsbktbl `k tjb bkt`rb aremk`zmtàk.
G@KMKHB LBVM_\IBK\
\jb g`kmkhb lbpmrtibkt `s jbmlbl oy tjb EI e`v`ke sugg`h`bkt `klustry bxpbr`bkhb `k tjb g`bcl ag
mhhaukt`ke, tmxmtàk mkl haipmky cmw mkl g`kmkhb imkmebr.
]RMC@\P LBVM_\IBK\
\jb haipmky jms @X hbrt`g`hmtàk. \jb haipmky jms e`vbk l`ggbrbkt bqu`pibkt mkl ibhjmk`si ta
bksurb qumc`ty mt l`ggbrbkt stmebs ag praluhtàk. @t mìs mt imxìui
imx ìui qumc`ty mt i`kìui hast.
X\A_B LBVM_\IBK\
\jb imkmebr jbmls tjb starb lbpmrtibkt. Jb mss`sts oy gaur pbapcb, twa ebkbrmc sj`gts mkl akb
bmhj `k atjbr twa sj`gts. \jb starb imkmebr `s rbpartbl ta ebkbrmc imkmebr. \jb starb lbpmrtibkt
`s Nmcc`ymtj starb mcc imtbr`mc mkl haktracs tjb iavbibkt ag tjb imtbr`mc ta l`ggbrbkt lbpmrtibkt.
VR_HJMXB LBVM_\IBK\
Nmcc`ymtj jmvb mk bggbht`vb purhjmsb lbpmrtibkt mkl `s gukhtàks mrb ta prahurb imtbr`mcs,
imhj`kbs mkl taac bth… mt tjb rèjt qumc`ty mkl qumkt`ty mt tjb r èjt tìb. \jb g`ri jms m hbktrmc`zbl
lbpmrtibkt struhturb wj`hj `s jbmlbl oy purhjmsb imkmebr, mss`stbl oy twa purhjmsb agg`hbr mkl
purhjmsb mss`stmkt.
X\BBC GMO
\I\ _bomr `s `ktbermc ta bvbry hakstruhtàk pradbht. Lur`ke hakstruhtàk, \I\ _bomr mkl hakhrbtb
hak hrbtb
haipcbibkt bmhj atjbr `k m wmy tjmt rb`kgarhbl hbibkt hakhrbtb (_HH) struhturb hmk ob iaclbl
`kta mky lbs`rbl sjmpb, w`tj tjb _bomr prav`l`ke tjb rbqu`s`tb tbks`cb strbketj ta w`tjstmkl tjb
caml. \jb prmht`hb ag hutt`ke mkl obkl`ke tjbi mt tjb s`tb ta ibbt `kl`v`lumc rbqu`rbibkts hmk ob
cmoar `ktbks`vb mkl tìb-haksui`ke, rbsuct`ke `k bkariaus imtbr`mc wmstmebs.
_bhaek`z`ke tjb kbbl gar m hustai`zbl sacutàk, nmcc`ymtj `ktraluhbl stbbc gmo-rbmly-ta-usb hut
mkl obkl rbomr, m tatmccy kbw ebkbrmtàk praluht gar tjb g`rst tìb `k @kl`m w`tj mlvmkhbl
tbhjkacaey wj`hj jms tatmccy ukjbmrl `k tjb `klustry. Mciast bvbry struhturb haibs w`tj `ts awk
uk`qub rbqu`rbibkts ag lbsèk wj`cb nmcc`ymtj stbbc gmo `s imkugmhturbl mhharl`ke ta tjb stmklmrl
spbh`g`hmtàk.
Mt `ts hut mkl obkl i`cc, tjmt bipcays tjb cmtbst @tmc`mk tbhjkacaey, _bomr mrb hustai`zbl ta cbketjs
mkl obkl mt rbqu`rbl mkecbs, `k arlbr ta ibbt tjb pradbht rbqu`rbibkts. \j`s gmst mkl bgg`h`bkt
sbrv`hb `s hmpmocb ag imkme`ke `kvbktar`bs obttbr oy rbluh`ke imtbr`mc wmstmeb mkl praluhtàk
hasts, mpmrt grai bksur`ke mbstjbt`hmccy supbràr hcbmk mkl strake omrs, wj`hj mrb imlb mvm`cmocb
rèjt mt tjb s`tb. Xtbbc gmo obhaib m tatmc mkl bggbht`vb rbibly ta tjb bkt`rb aostmhcb `k tjb `klustry
c`nb sjartmeb ag imkumc omr-obklbrs, rmw imtbr`mc tjbgt grai warns`tbs, sjartmeb ag warnspmhb,
bspbh`mccy `k puoc`h `kgrmstruhturb pradbhts mkl orauejt moaut m lrmst`h rbvacutàk.
HAWB_ OCAHN
Iast ag tjb tìb pbapcb usb stakbs mkl hakhrbtb p`bhbs ta rm`sb tjb stbbc omrs lur`ke tjb tìb ag
hakhrbt`ke wj`hj `s kat mt mcc rbhaiibklbl. \j`s w`cc rbluhb tjb strbketj ag hakhrbtb. @k mll`tàk
ta tj`s, us`ke stakbs w`tj l`ggbrbkt sjmpbs w`cc hmusb uk-bvbk scmkt`ke ta tjb hakhrbtb surgmhb mkl
`k turk sj`gts ta akb s`lb ta hrbmtb va`ls. Nmcc`ymtj havbr ocahns prbvbkt hjmkhbs ag hrbmt`ke va`ls
mkl tjus `khrbmsbs tjb strbketj mkl lurmo`c`ty
lu rmo`c`ty ag hakhrbtb surgmhb.
X`khb nmcc`ymtj havbr ocahns w`tj zbra va`l lbsèk nbbps tjb stbbc omr strakecy ak `ts prapbr pcmhb,
tjb gucc strbketj ag tjb rb`kgarhbl hakhrbtb hmk ob mhj`bvbl. \jb havbr ocahns hmk ob usbl gar
hakhrbt`ke stbbc omrs w`tj :ii ta ?2ii s`zb rmkeb. @g rbqu`rbl, `t hmk mcsa mhhaiialmtb stbbc
omrs w`tj ?6ii ta 26ii s`zbs. Havbr ocahns mrb imlb up ag tap qumc`ty imtbr`mcs wj`hj jmvb
pravbk haiprbssàk strbketj
strbketj mkl wmtbr mosarptàk
mosarptàk prapbrt`bs. Ms tjbsb havbr ocahns jacl tjb stbbc
omrs bgg`h`bktcy, tjb hakhrbt`ke
ha khrbt`ke hmk ob lakb
lak b ak bqumc jbèjt
jb` ejt mkl ibmsurbs wj`hj `k turk rbluhbs
imtbr`mc usbl mkl tjus rbluhbs hast mt tjb smib tìb im`ktm`ks obttbr strbketj mkl lurmo`c`ty.
NBP GBM\R_BX
 Xtrbketjbks hakhrbtb
 Vrav`lbs bkauej spmhb obtwbbk hakhrbtb mkl tjb stbbc omrs
 Vratbhts tjb stbbc omrs grai rust
 Bcì`kmtbs tjb passò`c`ty ag va`l garimtàk `ks`lb tjb hakhrbtb.
IMDA_ V_ALRH\X RKLB_ NMCC@PM\J LBWBCAVB_X VW\ Ctl
 X\BBC OM_X
 \I\ X\BBC OM_X
 BWB_BX\ X\BBC _ACC@KE I@CCX
 HAWB_ OCAHN
 \I\ _BOM_U@_B HCA\J
 X\M@KCBXX X\BBC O@KL@KE U@_BX
V_ALRH\ V_AG@CB
U`tj < wbcc-bqu`ppbl imkugmhtur`ke uk`ts sprbml mhrass : mhrbs, Nmcc`ymtj `s tjb akcy ormkl `k
Nbrmcm tjmt praluhbs 7ii arè`kmc \I\ Xtbbc omrs mkl mcsa tjb akcy ormkl `k @kl`m ta praluhb
Gb 266 ermlbl 7ii omrs
o mrs w`tj @X@ hbrt`g`hmtàk. Mt Nmcc`ymtj, bmhj \I\ Xtbbc omr `s imlb grai
tjb =66 Ibtbr Mutaimtbl Jèj-Xpbbl _acc`ke
_a cc`ke I`cc `k mljbrbkhb w`tj tjb O@X qumc`ty stmklmrls
mkl karis ta bksurb qumc`ty haks`stbkhy.
Grai ibem `kgrmstruhturb ta cmklimrn hakstruhtàk ta `kl`v`lumc jaibs, tjbrb `s mk bxpakbkt`mc

lbimkl gar rb`kgarhbl omrs `k bvbry sbeibkt ag tjb `klustry. \j`s pmvbl wmy gar imky
imk y simcc
shmcb mkl caw-qumc`ty imkugmhturbrs ta bktbr `kta tjb `klustry. Mkl tjb `kgrmstruhturb imrnbt `s
kaw rbpcbtb w`tj caw-qumc`ty \I\ Xtbbc omrs wj`hj mrb imlb
i mlb w`tjaut gaccaw`ke tjb kbhbssmry
O@X `kstruhtàks. \a sacvb tj`s iaukt`ke praocbi, Nmcc`ymtj jbcps pbapcb uklbrstmkl
u klbrstmkl wjmt m rbmc
\I\ Xtbbc omr `s.
A_@E@KMC \I\ OM_
\I\ Omr mcsa nkawk ms Xtbbc _b`kgarhbibkt

_ b`kgarhbibkt Omr ar \jbria Ibhjmk`hmccy \rbmtbl Omr `s tjb
`kkbr strbketj ag hakstruhtàk `klustry. @t pratbhts tjb struhturb‐s imtbr`mcs grai wbmtjbr mkl
bxtrbib tbipbrmturbs. \jbrbgarb grai tjb sbcbhtàk ag rmw imtbr`mcs ta tjb imkugmhtur`ke
prahbss ag \I\ Xtbbc omrs, spbh`mc hmrb mkl mttbktàk sjaucl ob e`vbk.
XBCBH\@KE \JB _MU IM\B_@MCX

Xbcbhtàk ag rmw imtbr`mcs `s tjb iast ìpartmkt gmhtar tjmt lbtbri`kbs tjb qumc`ty ag m \I\ omr.
Mt Nmcc`ymtj, Xtbbc `s praluhbl us`ke jèj-qumc`ty rmw imtbr`mcs suppc`bl oy warcl-hcmss
suppc`brs ag o`ccbts grai v`re`k `rak o`ccbts c`nb W`zme, XM@C bth. _mw imtbr`mcs gar imn`ke \I\
mrb mcsa imkugmhturbl oy Nmcc`ymtj ta im`ktm`k haks`stbkhy
ha ks`stbkhy `k qumc`ty. \jb rmw imtbr`mcs
Nmcc`ymtj usbs jmvb tjrbb im`k mlvmktmebs.
 \jb uk`qub haio`kmtàk ag mcc hjbi`hmcs mkl suostmkhbs
 Ka lbhrbmsb `k strbketj bvbk mgtbr rbluhtàk
 Xbcbhtbl rmw imtbr`mcs hbrt`g`bl oy O@X gar tjb imn`ke ag Gb 266 \I\ omrs
\BIVB_M\R_B AG O@CCB\
\jb prahbss ut`c`zb rbs`lumc jbmt grai tjb racc`ke prahbss ta mttm`k tjb lbs`rbl ibhjmk`hmc
prapbrt`bs. O`ccbts, wj`hj mrb jbmtbl `k tjb rb-jbmt`ke gurkmhb, mrb raccbl tjrauej m sbr`bs ag
racc`ke stmkls mkl praerbss`vbcy rbluhbl ta tjb g`kmc lbs`rbl s`zb mkl
mk l sjmpb. \jb iast ìpartmkt
gmhtar `k tj`s stmeb `s tjmt tjb tbipbrmturb ag o`ccbt sjaucl ob =,?66 6H.
MR\AIM\BL J@EJ XVBBL _ACC@KE I@CC
b ke`kbbrs ag Nmcc`ymtj pmssbs tjb =,?66 6H

U`tj tjb jbcp ag haiputbr`zbl prahbss, qumc`g`bl bke`kbbrs
o`ccbts ta tjb spbh`mc mutaimtbl jèj-spbbl racc`ke i`cc. \jb prahbss `s haktraccbl
haktraccbl oy iak`tar`ke
lbv`hbs, `k mk mcc ibhjmk`zbl tbhjk`hmc apbrmtàkmc bkv`rakibkt. \j`s bkmocbs tjb praluhtàk ag
rbomrs w`tj pbrgbht sjmpb, uk`gari tj`hnkbss mkl bqumc stmklmrl cbketj. \jb racc`ke i`cc
apbrmt`ke `k tmklbi w`tj tjb hakt`kuaus
hakt`kuau s hmst`ke imhj`kb haacs tjb o`ccbt tbipbrmturb ta jbcp
j bcp
rbluhb tjb imtbr`mc mkl w`tj`k <6 sbhakls, tjbsb o`ccbts mrb imlb `kta \I\ omrs bksur`ke
bxhbccbkt lìbksàkmc tacbrmkhb mkl surgmhb g`k`sj.

Iast ag tjb racc`ke i`ccs `k Nbrmcm jmvb tjb imkumc
imku mc prahbss wj`hj tmnbs taa iuhj tìb mkl cmhns
tjb tbipbrmturb rbqu`rbl gar prahbss`ke. \j`s cbmls ta tjb cass ag qumc`ty ag tjb \I\ omr.
KBHBXXM_P X\MEBX
Gar rbluhtàk, o`ccbts mrb pmssbl tjrauej tjb vmst mutaimtbl
m utaimtbl jèj-spbbl racc`ke i`cc uk`ts ag
Nmcc`ymtj. Karimccy, \I\ omrs kbblbl gar emueb mrb pmssbl akcy =2 ta =0 tìbs. Out mt
Nmcc`ymtj, omrs mrb pmssbl ?= ta ?2 tìbs ta bksurb uk`gari s`zb, sjmpb mkl strbketj ta lbhrbmsb
lb hrbmsb
tjb praluhtàk tìb. I`ccs tjmt warn w`tj imkumc tbhjkacaey
tbhjkacae y rbluhb tjb kuiobr ag pmssbs wj`hj
rbsucts `k tjb cass ag qumc`ty, strbketj mkl uk`qub sjmpb ag tjb \I\ omrs.
]RBKHJ@KE V_AHBXX
\jb jat raccbl rbomr bibre`ke grai tjb g`k`sj`ke stmkl i`cc w`cc ob ag <66 6H. \jbsb omrs mrb tjbk
rmp`lcy haacbl oy ]ubkhj`ke Vrahbss. \jb ]ubkhj`ke Vrahbss oy m spbh`mc wmtbr sprmy systbi
hakvbrts tjb surgmhb cmybr ag tjb omr ta m jmrlbkbl ‚Imrtbks`t`h‐ struhturb wj`cb tjb harb rbim`ks
‚Mustbk`t`h‐. \jb prahbss prbssur`zbs mkl lbgaris tjb hrystmc struhturb ag `ktbribl`mtb cmybrs,
mkl sìuctmkbauscy obe`ks ta tmip br tjb qubkhjbl cmybrs us`ke tjb jbmt grai tjb omr‐s harb.
MR\AIM\BL HAAC@KE OBL
]ubkhj`k e Vrahbss w`cc ob ag ?26 6H. \jbsb omrs mrb hut `kta
\I\ omrs tjmt haibs aut mgtbr tjb ]ubkhj`ke
lbs`rbl s`zbs mkl tjbk pmssbl tjrauej Mutaimtbl Jèj-Xpbbl Haac`ke Obl. \j`s stmeb `kvacvbs
karimc haac`ke ta raai tbipbrmturb wjbrb tjb ‚Mustbk`t`h‐ harb `s trmksgaribl ta m luht`cb
gbrr`tb + pbmrc`tb struhturb. \j`s g`k`sjbl omr jms m i`hrastruhturb haipr`s`ke ag m tauej autbr
au tbr
cmybr ag tbipbrbl ‚Imrtbks`tb‐ mkl m luht`cb harb ag ‚gbrr`tb + pbmrc`tb‐. \j`s haipas`tb struhturb
e`vbs bxhbccbkt y`bcl strbketj ta tjb omr mcake
mcak e w`tj supbràr luht`c`ty mkl wbclmo`c`ty. \jb
ibhjmk`si ag mutaimtbl haac`ke obl mssurbs tjmt tjb omrs mrb uk`garicy pas`tàkbl avbr tjb
taatjbl rmhns. \jb mlvmkhbl tbhjkacaey jbcps prbvbkt tjb lmimebs hmusbl oy tjb hacc`sàk ag
\I\ omrs mkl tjbrboy e`vbs m uk`qub uk`gari strbketj mkl sjmpb. Out `k Imkumccy apbrmtbl
racc`ke i`ccs, cmoaurs la tj`s w`tj m jaan. \jb `khrbmsbl strbketj mkl tauejkbss ag \I\ omrs
hrbmtb praocbi lur`ke suosbqubkt imkumc obkl`ke apbrmtàk. @t w`cc mggbht tjb sjmpb mkl strbketj
ag tjb \I\ omrs.
X\_@KEBK\ ]RMC@\P HAK\_AC
\I\ omrs imlb tjrauej tj`s prahbss mrb tjbk sbkt ta spbh`mccy mrrmkebl cmos ta tbst tjb qumc`ty
mkl strbketj oy su`ke tjb rèjt hjbi`hmc
hj bi`hmc haipas`tàk ag G266 ermlb sbt oy
o y O@X. Mcsa, tjb
sbhtàkmc wbèjt mkl strbketj ag bmhj uk`t ag
a g \I\ omr `s tbstbl bvbry 86 i`kutbs ta e`vb
hustaibrs tjb obst bvbr.
Nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs jmvb prbh`sb, uk`gari mkl pmrmccbc

p mrmccbc rò pmttbrk bkermvbl tjrauej haiputbr
haktraccbl kathj imn`ke imhj`kbs, wj`hj rbsucts `k bxhbccbkt oakl strbketj w`tj hakhrbtb. \jb
rèjt haio`kmtàk ag hjbi`hmcs `k Nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs bksurb bms`br mkl gmstbr wbcl`ke w`tjaut
prb-jbmt`ke. \j`s ibmks strakebr mkl smgbr wbcl da`kts mkl rbluhtàk `k wmstmeb lur`ke wbcl`ke
mt tjb s`tb. Nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs mrb pravbk ta jmvb
j mvb m jèjbr rbs`stmkhb ta hyhc`h
h yhc`h caml`ke
hakl`tàks mkl mrb rbhaiibklbl `k bmrtjqumnb prakb mrbms lub ta tjb`r supbràr sb`si`h rbs`stmkt
prapbrt`bs. Lub ta tjb jèjcy haktraccbl prahbss tjmt bksurbs m i`hrastruhturb
i`hrastruhturb w`tj m sagt harb,
Nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs jmvb bxhbccbkt obklmo`c`ty,
obkl mo`c`ty, imn`ke warn bms`br mkl gmstbr mt hakstruhtàk
s`tbs.
HJMV\B_ <
C@\B_M\R_B _BW@BU
H Gbrkmkla (=0:6)4'Akb ag tjb mutjars wartj rbgbrr`ke ta wj`cb wr`t`ke ak harparmtb sah`mc
rbspaksò`c`ty `s M.H. Gbrkmkla. J`s oaan Ous`kbss Btj`hs mkl Harparmtb Eavbrkmkhb '`s m vbry
eaal rbsaurhb ag vmràus tap`hs `k HX_. \jb obst pmrt ag tjb oaan `s tjmt tjb mutjar jms usbl vbry
sìpcb cmkeumeb wj`hj imnbs tjb hakhbpts bmsy ta uklbrstmkl. \jb oaan havbrs l`ggbrbkt mspbhts
ag HX_ c`nb jaw ous`kbss mkl sah`bty mrb `ktbr-rbcmtbl mkl wjy
wj y m ous`kbss `s mhhauktmocb ta sah`bty
imn`ke rbmlbrs uklbrstmkl tjb oms`hs ag HX_. \jb hakhbpt ag HX_ jms obbk lbshròbl `k m
haiprbjbks`vb wmy jbrb.
=. Garmk (?66=)4 Bxmi`kbl tjmt HX_ `s tjb sbt ag prmht`hbs mkl objmvàurs tjmt g`ris mlaptbl
tawmrls tjb`r cmoaur garhb, tawmrls tjb bkv`rakibkt `k wj`hj tjb`r apbrmtàks mrb biobllbl,
tawmrls mutjar`ty mkl tawmrls h`v`c sah`bty.
?. Grblbr`hn (=00?)4 Harparmtb Xah`mc _bspaksò`c`ty hmk ob m pr`kh`pcb stmt`ke tjmt harparmtàks
sjaucl ob mhhauktmocb gar tjb bggbhts ag mky ag tjb`r mhtàks ak tjb`r haiiuk`ty mkl
bkv`rakibkt.
8. Jaib & Umtts (=008 mk)4 @k tjb`r oaan HX_ bxpcm`ks ms –m hakt`ku`ke haii`tibkt oy
ous`kbss ta objmvb btj`hmccy mkl ta haktròutb ta lbvbcapibkt wj`cb ìprav`ke tjb qumc`ty ag
c`gb ag tjb warngarhb mkl tjb`r gmi`c`bs ms wbcc ms tjb cahmc haiiuk`ty l sah`bty mt cmr eb.’
<. Japn`ks (=00:)4 Ap`kàk `s Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty `s hakhbrkbl w`tj trbmt`ke tjb
stmnbjaclbrs ag tjb g`ri btj`hmccy ar `k m sah`mccy rbspaksòcb imkkbr. Xtmnbjaclbrs bx`st oatj
w`tj`k m g`ri mkl auts`lb. Haksbqubktcy, objmv`ke sah`mccy rbspaksòcy w`cc `khrbmsb tjb juimk
j uimk
lbvbcapibkt ag stmnbjaclbrs oatj w`tj`k mkl auts`lb tjb harparmtàk.
2. Japn`ks (?668)4 Haktròutàk `s tjmt HX_ `s hakhbrkbl w`tj trbmt`ke tjb stmnbjaclbrs ag tjb
g`ri btj`hmccy ar `k m rbspaksòcb imkkbr. 'Btj`hmccy ar Xah`mc rbspaksòcb ibmks trbmt`ke
stmnbjaclbrs `k Bhakai`h m imkkbr lbbibl mhhbptmocb `k h`v`c`zbl sah`bt`bs. Xah`mc `khculbs

bhakai`h rbspaksò`c`ty. Xtmnbjaclbrs bx`st oatj w`tj`k m g`ri mkl auts`lb4 \jb w`lbr mì ag
sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty `s ta hrbmtb jèjbr mkl jèjbr stmklmrls ag c`v`ke, wj`cb prbsbrv`ke tjb
prag`tmo`c`ty ag tjb harparmtàk, gar pbapcbs oatj w`tj`k mkl auts`lb tjb harparmtàk.
7. Jarrèmk (?6=6)4 Xtmtbs tjbrb `s ka w`lbsprbml lbg`k`tàk ag HX_ lub ta tjb jèj cbvbcs ag
mioèu`ty mkl haktravbrsy mssah`mtbl w`tj tjb tap`h.
5. Dakbs (=0:6)4 Katàk tjmt harparmtàks jmvb mk aocèmtàk ta hakst`tubkt eraups `k sah`bty atjbr
tjmk stahnjaclbrs mkl obyakl tjmt prbshròbl oy cmw ar ukàk haktrmht, `kl`hmt`ke tjmt m stmnb
imy ea obyakl ibrb awkbrsj`p.
:. Nb`tj Lmv`s (?66=)4 Bxmi`kbl HX_ ms "sah`mc rbspaksò`c`t`bs rbgbr ta tjb ous`kbssimk‐s
lbh`sàks mkl mhtàks tmnbk gar rbmsaks mt cbmst pmrt`mccy obyakl tjb g`ri's l`rbht bhakai`h ar
tbhjk`hmc `ktbrbst @k or`bg, HX_ ibmks ous`kbss's rbspaks`vbkbss ta tjb sah`mc hmusb ag m e`vbk
pa`kt ag tìb.
0. N`chuccbk & Naa`strm (=000)4 Xtmtbs HX_ `s tjb lberbb ag iarmc aocèmtàk tjmt
tj mt imy ob mshròbl
ta harparmtàks obyakl sìpcb aobl`bkhb ta tjb
tj b cmws ag tjb stmtb.
=6. Cbm (?66?)4 @s moaut ous`kbssbs mkl atjbr aremk`zmtàks ea`ke obyakl tjb cbemc aocèmtàks ta
imkmeb tjb ìpmht tjby jmvb ak tjb bkv`rakibkt mkl sah`bty. @k pmrt`hucmr, tj`s haucl `khculb
jaw aremk`zmtàks `ktbrmht w`tj tjb`r bipcaybb‐s suppc`brs, hustaibrs mkl tjb haiiuk`t`bs `k
wj`hj tjby apbrmtb, ms wbcc ms tjb bxtbkt tjby mttbipt ta pratbht tjb bkv`rakibkt.
==. Imrslbk (?66=)4 ap`kàk `s Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty (HX_) `s moaut tjb harb objmvàur
ag haipmk`bs mkl tjb rbspaksò`c`ty gar tjb`r tatmc ìpmht ak tjb sah`bt`bs `k wj`hj tjby apbrmtb.
HX_ `s kat mk aptàkmc mll-ak kar `s `t mk mht ag pj`cmktjrapy. M sah`mccy rbspaksòcb
harparmtàk `s akb tjmt ruks m prag`tmocb ous`kbss tjmt tmnbs mhhaukt ag mcc tjb pas`t`vb mkl
kbemt`vb bkv`rakibktmc, sah`mc mkl bhakai`h bggbhts `t jms ak sah`bty.
=?. _blbr (=00<)4 mk mcc-bkhaipmss`ke katàk, harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty rbgbrs oatj tjb wmy
haipmky hakluhts `ts `ktbrkmc apbrmtàks, `khcul`ke tjb wmy `t trbmts `ts warn garhb, mkl `ts
ìpmht ak tjb warcl mraukl `t.
=8. Xhjwmrtz (?6==)4 bxmi`kbl tjmt "v`rtumccy mcc lbg`k`tàks ag HX_ `khculb tjb katàk tjmt
ous`kbss g`ris (`.b., harparmtàks) jmvb aocèmtàks tawmrl sah`bty obyakl tjb`r bhakai`h
aocèmtàks ta sjmrbjaclbrs.
=<. Xtrmtbe`s (?668)4 ap`kàk `s HX_ `s ebkbrmccy sbbk ms tjb ous`kbss haktròutàk ta sustm`kmocb
lbvbcapibkt, wj`hj jms obbk lbg`kbl ms lbvbcapibkt tjmt ibbts tjb kbbls ag tjb prbsbkt
w`tjaut haiprai`s`ke tjb mo`c`ty ag guturb ebkbrmtàks ta ibbt tjb`r awk kbbls, mkl `s
ebkbrmccy uklbrstaal ms gahuss`ke ak jaw ta mhj`bvb tjb `ktbermtàk ag bhakai`h,
bkv`rakibktmc mkl sah`mc ìpbrmt`vbs.
=2. Wmk Imrrw`dn(?66=)4 haipmk`bs w`tj m HX_ strmtbey `ktbermtb sah`mc mkl bkv`rakibktmc
hakhbrks `k tjb`r ous`kbss apbrmtàks mkl `k tjb`r `ktbrmhtàks w`tj tjb`r stmnbjaclbrs mkl
lbiakstrmtb apbkcy tjb`r pbrgarimkhbs
=7. Wmk Imrrw`dn (?668)4 stmtbs tjmt harparmtb sustm`kmo`c`ty mkl HX_ rbgbrs ta haipmky
mht`v`t`bs, vacuktmry oy lbg`k`tàk - lbiakstrmt`ke tjb `khcusàk ag sah`mc mkl bkv`rakibktmc
hakhbrks `k ous`kbss apbrmtàks mkl `k `ktbrmhtàks w`tj stmnbjaclbrs.
=5. Uaklwmrl -Hcylb(=000)4 moaut HX_ ms m haktrmht' obtwbbk ? Xtmnbjaclbr sah`bty mkl
ous`kbss wjbrb`k m haiiuk`ty ermkts m haipmky m c`hbksb ta apbrmtb mkl `k rbturk tjb imttbr
ibbts hbrtm`k aocèmtàks mkl objmvbs `k mk mhhbptmocb imkkbr.
=:. Cd. Xpbhbr& I.V. Iarcmkl (?66=)4 tjb oaan prav`lbs m ecaomc pbrspbht`vb ak HX_ `k Ximcc
mkl Iblùi X`zbl Bktbrpr`sbs (XIBs). XIBs mrb lrmw`ke cat ag mttbktàk oy tjb rbsbmrhjbrs
jbkhb tj`s oaan imy sacvb tjb purpasb. \jb oaan stmrts w`tj m ebkbrmc `ktraluhtàk ak wjy
HX_ `s ìpartmkt kat akcy gar oè g`ris out mcsa gar tjb XIGBs.
=0. Watmw& Xbtj` (=058)4 haks`lbrbl sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty m or`cc`mkt tbri4 "`t ibmks saibtj`ke,
out kat mcwmys
mcwmys tjb smib tj`ke ta bvbryoaly". \aa agtbk, HX_ `s rbemrlbl ms tjb pmkmhbm wj`hj
w`cc sacvb tjb ecaomc pavbrty emp mkl sah`mc bxhcusàk.
?6. Grblr`hn =0:7-=00<4 @lbkt`g`bl HX_ ms mk bxmi`kmtàk harparmtàk‐s rbspaksò`c`ty ta warn

gar sah`mc obttbribkt mkl rbgbrs tj`s ta ms HX_ =. Mhharl`ke Grblr`hn =00< tjb iavb ta
harparmtb sah`mc rbspaks`vbkbss stmrtbl grai =056 tjmt jb rbgbrs ta ms HX_ ?.Mhharl`ke ta jì
harparmtb sah`mc rbspaks`vbkbss ms tjb mo`c`ty ag m harparmtàk ta rbspaksb ta sah`mc prbssurbs.
Jb mreubs tjmt tjb bggbht ag tjb iavb grai HX_ = ta HX_ ? `s rbgcbhtbl grai m pj`casapj`hmc
mppramhj.
?=. Dajk Bcc`ketak4 Uja tjb gauklbr ag m Or`t`sj haksuctmkhy hmccbl Xustm`kmo`c`ty
X ustm`kmo`c`ty `k =00< grmibl
tjb pjrmsb –\jb tr`pcb oattai c`kb –. Mhharl`ke ta jì, haipmk`bs sjaucl ob prbpmr`ke tjrbb
l`ggbrbkt oattai c`kbs. \jb trml`tàkmc ag harparmtb prag`t ‘ tjb prag`t mkl cass mhhaukt. \jb
sbhakl oattai c`kb ag m haipmky `s’ pbapcb mhhaukt’ - m ibmsurb `k saib gari ag jaw sah`mccy
rbspaksòcb mkl aremk`zmtàk jms obbk tjrauejaut `ts apbrmtàks. Haipmk`bs pcmkt mhhaukt `s
tjb tj`rl oattai c`kb ag tjb haipmky wj`hj `s tjb ibmsurb ag jaw bkv`rakibktmccy rbspaksòcb
tjb haipmky jms obbk. \jb tr`pcb oattai c`kb (\OC) tjus haks`sts ag 8 Vs4 Vrag`t Vbapcb mkl
pcmkt.
??. Hmkkak =00?4 L`shussbl tjb lbvbcapibkt ag HX_ v`m tjb j`star`hmc lbvbcapibkt ag ous`kbss
`kvacvbibkt cbml`ke ta m past-wmr rb-bxmi`kmtàk ag tjb kmturb ag rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk
ous`kbss, sah`bty mkl eavbrkibkt. \jb trml`tàkmc haktrmht obtwbbk ous`kbss mkl sah`bty.
?8. Jmrwmrl Ous`kbss _bv`bw4 ak HX_ ?668 `s akb ag tjb oaan sbr`bs puoc`sjbl oy Jmrwmrl
Ous`kbss Xhjaac Vrbss. @t `s m haip`cmtàk ag mrt`hcbs ak HX_ mkl l`ggbrbkt mspbhts ag
pj`cmktjrapy, vmcub imtr`x hmchucmt`ke tjb rbturk
rbturk ak harparmtb rbspaksò`c`ty mkl pmtj
pmtj ag Nyasb`
gaccawbl oy Hmkak. \jb oaan ka lauot, `s m haiibktmry avbr imky kbw `ssubs ak rbcbvmkhb
ag pj`cmktjrapy mkl btj`hs mkl ous`kbss out ka mrt`hcb tmcnbl kbbl, l`shcasurb ibhjmk`si mkl
trbkls ag harparmtb sah`mc l`shcasurbs.
?<. Ermh`m-Myusa & Cmrr`kmem ?6684 Bip`r`hmc rbsbmrhj jypatjbs`zbl tjmt s`zb> prag`tmo`c`ty mkl
tjb patbkt`mc bkv`rakibkt ìpmht ag tjb g`ri, tjb im`k gmhtar bxpcm`k`ke tjb miaukt ag
`kgarimtàk l`shcasbl. \jb bkv`rakibktmc ìpc`hmtàks ag tjb mht`v`t`bs hmrr`bl aut oy tjbsb
haipmk`bs mcsa sbbi ta rbhb`vb iarb mttbktàk grai pr`kt ibl`m. \jb rbsucts mcsa prav`lbl
bv`lbkhb tjmt twa gmhtar l`rbhtcy mssah`mtbl w`tj tjb miaukt ag bkv`rakibktmc `kgarimtàk
l`shcasbl mrb tjb patbkt`mc bkv`rakibktmc ìpmht ag tjb `klustry mkl tjb bxtbkt ag ibl`m
havbrmeb ag tjb g`ris. @t wms gaukl tjmt, ak mk mvbrmeb, tjb haipmky l`shcasbl mppraxìmtbcy
=8% ag tjb `tbis `khculbl `k tjb `klbx. \jb rbsuct ag tjb rberbssàk mkmcys`s `lbkt`g`bl s`zb,
prag`tmo`c`ty mkl r`sn ta ob sèk`g`hmktcy mkl pas`t`vbcy mssah`mtbl w`tj tjb l`shcasurb ag sah`mc
rbspaksò`c`ty `kgarimtàk.
?2. Omnbr (?667)4 Mreubs tjmt prapakbkts ag HX_ hcmì tjmt `t `s `k tjb bkcèjtbkbl sbcg-`ktbrbst
ag ous`kbss ta uklbrtmnb vmràus garis ag HX_. Ous`kbss obkbg`ts mhhrub grai tjb mlaptàk ag
m oramlbr warcl v`bw, wj`hj bkmocbs ous`kbss
o us`kbss ta iak`tar sj`gts `k sah`mc bxpbhtmtàks mkl jbcps
haktrac r`sns mkl `lbkt`gy imrnbt appartuk`t`bs. Xuhj m strmtbey mcsa jbcps ta mcèk harparmtb
mkl sah`btmc vmcubs, tjus ìprav`ke rbputmtàk mkl im`ktm`k`ke puoc`h suppart. \j`s mkmcys`s
`s suppartbl oy stuly `k Mustrmc`m ag iat`vmtàks oy ous`kbss gar haiiuk`ty `kvacvbibkt
(HHVM, ?666). \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt Mustrmc`mk ous`kbssbs wbrb bxpbr`bkh`ke m pas`t`vb
trmks`tàk `k bxpbhtmtàks ag `ts sah`mc racb, out pmrt ag tjb rbmsak wms tjmt tj`s sah`mc racb
haktròutbs ta tjb hakt`ku`ke jbmctj mkl erawtj ag ous`kbss. Xtuly pa`ktbl aut tjmt 52 pbrhbkt
ag tjb haipmky‐s haiiuk`ty `kvacvbibkt.
?7. Lmk`bc Narshjuk, H.O. Ojmttmhjmrym, & Xhatt L. Xwm`k (?6=<)4 \jb stuly bxmi`kbs graktc`kb
bipcaybb rbspaksbs ta harparmtb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty (HX_) us`ke m iuct`-saurhb lmtm sbt mt m
Ecaomc 866 g`kmkh`mc sbrv`hbs haipmky. \jb mutjars g`kl tjmt graktc`kb bipcaybbs `lbkt`gy w`tj
tjb aremk`zmtàk (`.b., aremk`zmtàkmc `lbkt`g`hmtàk) mkl w`tj hustaibrs (`.b., bipcaybb-
hustaibr `lbkt`g`hmtàk) ms m gukhtàk ag jaw iuhj tjb bipcaybbs rbhaek`zb imkmebibkt mkl
hustaibrs (rbspbht`vbcy) ta suppart tjb haipmky‐s HX_ mht`v`t`bs. Jawbvbr, tjbsb rbspbht`vb
bggbhts mrb strakebr miake bipcaybbs gar wjai HX_ `s mcrbmly t`bl ta tjb`r sbksb ag sbcg (`.b.,
HX_ ìpartmkhb ta tjb bipcaybb). \jb rbsbmrhj bip`r`hmccy mllrbssbs tjb apbk qubstàks ag
wjbtjbr mkl wjbk HX_ hmk y`bcl aosbrvmocb hjmkebs `k bipcaybb objmvàur mkl mcbrts
rbsbmrhjbrs ta m kavbc tmrebt ag rbhaek`tàk ar graktc`kb bipcaybbs.
?5. \jb Bhakai`h \ìbs (== Dmk.?6=84 Kbws jèjcèjtbl moaut tjb haipmky Lbcc's strmtbey ag
iat`vmt`ke `ts bipcaybbs `k `k`t`mc`z`ke HX_. \jb kbws l`shussbl tjmt haipmky‐s
hai pmky‐s bipcaybb‐s
`rb tjb pawbr tjmt garhbl tjb haipmky ta la iarb gar tjb sah`bty. Haipmky w`tj `ts bipcaybbs
mrb ousy `k sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty mht`v`t`bs `k tjb mrbms ag bluhmtàk, bkv`rakibkt mkl
bipcaybb's wbcgmrb. Obs`lb Lbcc Haipmky, tjb kbws mcsa l`shussbl moaut atjbr
a tjbr haipmk`bs c`nb
Imrut` mkl Eaerbd tjmt tjbsb haipmk`bs mcsa prav`lb `kluhtàk trm`k`ke ta `ts bipcaybbs gar
prbpmr`ke tjbi gar haiiuk`ty sbrv`hbs. Imrut` Haipmky
Haipm ky ruk m praermi
p raermi kmibl b- pmr`vmrtmk
gar m eraup ag bipcaybbs ta imnb tjbi mwmrb moaut haiiuk`ty praocbi mkl tjb`r sacutàk.
\JBA_B\@ HMC G_MIB UA_N
\JBA_B\@HMC G_MIB UA_N AG HX_
X`x prmht`hmc stbps gar m eaal HX_ strmtbey mkl haiiuk`hmtàks
=. @LBK\@GP NBP HX_ @XXRBX Hakluht prbcì`kmry rbsbmrhj ta `lbkt`gy tjb rbcbvmkt
`ssubs mggbht`ke yaur haipmky. \mnb yaur sbhtar mkl cahmtàk `kta mhhaukt. Caan mhrass
tjb bkt`rb vmcub hjm`k mkl trmhn trbkls. @kvacvb haccbmeubs grai tjb stmrt mkl ebt
haii`tibkt grai sbkàr imkmebibkt.
?. HAKXRC\ PAR_ X\MNBJACLB_X `lbkt`gy yaur im`k stmnbjaclbrs, jaw tjby pbrhb`vb
yaur aremk`smtàk mkl wjmt tjb`r bxpbhtmtàks mrb. Mkswbr`ke tjbsb qubstàks mkl
haksuct`ke yaur stmnbjaclbrs w`cc jbcp yau `lbkt`gy tjb HX_ `ssubs ta ob
o b tmhncbl.
8. GAHRX ‘ LBG@KB PAR_ IM\B_@MC@\P Lbmkb wj`hj `ssubs mrb tjb iast rbcbvmkt gar
yaur ous`kbss mkl yaur stmnbjaclbrs. Oy hakluht`ke m imtbr`mc`ty imtr`x, yau hmk jbcp l`kb
tjb rèjt HX_ strmtbey gar yaur haipmky.
<. LB\B_I@KB MVV_AV_@M\B AODBH\@WBX MKL @KL@HM\A_X wjmt ebts ibmsurbl
ebts imkmebl! Gar mcc imtbr`mc `ssubs, l`kb aodbht`vbs mkl `kl`hmtars mkl sbt tmrebts. Hjbhn
bx`st`ke lmtm haccbhtàk systbis mkl hrbmtb kbw akbs wjbrb kbhbssmry. Gaccaw tjb ‚Vcmk -
La-Hjbhn-Mht‐ ibtjalacaey mkl haktrac yaur pbrgarimkhb mem`kst yaur aodbht`vbs.
2. XB\ \JB _@EJ\ HAK\BZ\ \A MHJ@BWB PAR_ AODBH\@WBX Jmvb sbkàr
imkmebibkt cbml oy bxmipcb mkl praiatb btj`hmc objmvàur `k yaur haipmky. Hrbmtb tjb
rèjt eavbrkmkhb haktbxt mkl `khbkt`vbs gar HX_. \rm`k mkl bkemeb yaur haccbmeubs.
7. HAIIRK@HM\B BZ\B_KMCCP lakb `k `sacmtàk, m HX_ rbpart labs kat eumrmktbb
trmkspmrbkhy mkl v`sò`c`ty. @t `s tjbrbgarb ìpartmkt ta `ktbermtb rbpart`ke `kta tjb ecaomc
haiiuk`hmtàks strmtbey. \jb bxpbhtmtàks ag yaur vmràus tmrebt mul`bkhbs mrb kat
jaiaebkbaus ‘ imnb surb yau `lbkt`gy mkl usb tjb iast mpprapr`mtb haiiuk`hmtàks
hjmkkbcs gar bmhj mul`bkhb.
Lbsèk`ke mkl haiiuk`hmt`ke m HX_ strmtbey sjaucl ob pmrt ag m hakt`kuaus ìpravbibkt
prahbss. \j`s `s wjy ap`kàks bxprbssbl oy yaur stmnbjaclbrs mrb bssbkt`mc.
bssbkt`mc.
IM
I M @ K HAK
HAKHB
HB V\
V\XX AG HX
HX__
HX_ (Hmrac, =050) G`ris jmvb rbspaksò`c`t`bs ta sah`bt`bs `khcul`ke bhakai`h, cbemc, btj`hmc mkl
l`shrbtàkmry (ar pj`cmktjrap`h).
Xah`mc Haktrmht (Lakmclsak, =0:?> Lakmclsak mkl Luklbb, =000) ‘ \jbrb `s m tmh`t sah`mc haktrmht
obtwbbk tjb g`ri mkl sah`bty> tjb haktrmht obstaws hbrtm`k rèjts `k bxhjmkeb gar hbrtm`k
rbspaksò`c`t`bs.
Xtmnbjaclbr \jbary (Grbbimk, =0:< ‘ M stmnbjaclbr `s –mky eraup ar `kl`v`lumc wja hmk mggbht ar
`s mggbhtbl oy tjb mhj`bvbibkt ag mk aremk`smtàk‐s purpasb.’ Mreubs tjmt `t `s `k tjb haipmky‐s
strmtbe`h `ktbrbst ta rbspbht tjb `ktbrbsts ag mcc `ts stmnbjaclbrs.
HX_ Imkmebibkt Xystbi Mppramhj4 Xustm`kmocb ous`kbss lbvbcapibkt labs kat haib moaut ag
`ts awk mhharl. _mtjbr, haii`tibkt ta sustm`kmo`c`ty lbimkls tjmt harparmtb prahbssbs ob rbc`mocy
haktraccbl mkl tjmt bvbryakb's mhtàks - `k g`kmkhb ms iuhj ms `k bkv`rakibktmc mkl sah`mc mrbms -
ob haarl`kmtbl. Vrbrbqu`s`tbs gar tj`s mrb o`kl`ke eu`lbc`kbs, ukmioèuaus harparmtb eamcs mkl m
hcbmr aremk`zmtàkmc struhturb. - Lbutshjb \bcbnai
H X_ I mkme
kme bibkt4
kt4
V cm
cmk,
k, L a, H
Hjb
jbhn
hn,, M
Mht
ht ibtjal
jal
Vcmk
• Haksuct stmnbjaclbrs
• Bstmoc`sj halb ag hakluht
• Xbt tmrebts
La
• Bstmoc`sj imkmebibkt systbis mkl pbrsakkbc
• Vraiatb halb haipc`mkhb
Hjbhn
• Ibmsurb praerbss
• Mul`t
• _bpart
Mht
• Harrbht`vb mhtàk
• _bgari ag systbis
HJMV\B_ 2
_BXBM_HJ IB\JALACAEP
_BXBM_HJ IB\JALACAEP
_bsbmrhj ibtjalacaey `s tjb systbimt`h

s ystbimt`h wmy ta sacvb tjb rbsbmrhj praocbi. @t e`vbs mk `lbm
moaut tjb vmràus stbps mlaptbl oy
o y tjb rbsbmrhjbr `k m systbimt`h imkkbr w`tj mk aodbht`vb ta
lbtbri`kb vmràus imkkbrs. _bsbmrhj Ibtjalacaey bxpcm`ks wjy wj y wb mrb us`ke m pmrt`hucmr
ibtjal mkl kat us`ke mkatjbr
mka tjbr sa tjmt rbsbmrhj rbsucts mrb hmpmocb ag ob`ke bvmcumtbl b`tjbr oy tjb
rbsbmrhjbr ar atjbrs.
2.= _BXBM_HJ
Mhharl`ke ta Hc`ggarl Uaaly –_bsbmrhj haipr`sbs ag lbg`k`ke mkl rblbg`k`ke

praocbis, gariucmt`ke jypatjbs`s, haccbht`ke, aremk`z`ke, mkl bvmcumt`ke lmtm, imn`ke
lbluhtàks mkl rbsbmrhj hakhcusàks mkl mt cmst hmrbguccy tbst`ke hakhcusàks ta lbtbri`kb
wjbtjbr tjby g`t tjb gariucmt`ke ag jypatjbs`s’.
2.? _BXBM_HJ LBX@EK
M rbsbmrhj lbsèk `s purbcy mkl sìpcy tjb grmib warn ar pcmk gar m stuly tjmt eu`lbs tjb
haccbhtàk mkl mkmcys`s ag lmtm. @t `s m ocub
o cub pr`kt tjmt `s gaccawbl `k haipcbt`ke m stul
stuly.
y. \jbrb mrb
tjrbb typbs ag rbsbmrhj lbsèk kmibcy>
=. Bxpcarmtary _bsbmrhj Lbsèk

?. Lbshr`pt`vb _bsbmrhj Lbsèk
8. Hmsumc _bsbmrhj Lbsèk
@k tj`s pradbht warn, lbshr`pt`vb rbsbmrhj lbsèk `s mlaptbl.
2.?.= LBXH_@V\@WB _BXBM_HJ
Lbshr`pt`vb rbsbmrhj lbsèk `s m sh`bkt`g`h ibtjal wj`hj `kvacvbs aosbrv`ke mkl

lbshrò`ke tjb objmvàur ag m suodbht w`tjaut `kgcubkh`ke `t `k mky wmy. Imk
Imkyy sh`bkt`g`h
l`sh`pc`kbs, bspbh`mccy sah`mc sh`bkhb mkl psyhjacaey usb tj`s ibtjal ta aotm`k m ebkbrmc
avbrv`bw ag tjb suodbht.

2.8 XAR_HBX AG LM\M
Lmtm usbl gar tjb stuly `s prìmry lmtm mkl sbhaklmry lmtm.
2.8.= V_@IM_P LM\M
Vrìmry lmtm `s spbh`mccy mreubl ta gucg`c tjb lmtm kbbls gar praocbi sacv`ke. Vrìmry
lmtm `s kbhbssmry gar lmtm haccbhtàk. Vrìmry lmtm `s haccbhtbl grai prìmry saurhb tjmt `s
bipcaybb w`tj tjb jbcp ag qubstàkkm`rb
q ubstàkkm`rb mkl tjrauej garimc `ktbrv`bws.
2.8.? XBHAKLM_P LM\M
Lmtm wj`hj mrb kat arè`kmccy haccbhtbl oy tjb `ktbrv`bws out aotm`kbl grai tjb
puoc`sjbl ar ukpuoc`sjbl saurhb mrb nkawk ms sbhaklmry lmtm.
2.< LM\M HACCBH\@AK @KX\_RIBK\
2.<.= ]RBX\@AKKM@_B
]ubstàkkm`rb `s m pr`ktbl c`st ag qubstàks wj`hj mk ìpartmkt mkl vbry papucmr
ibtjal ag lmtm haccbhtàk `s mlaptbl oy `kl`v`lumcs, aremk`zmtàk mkl eavbrkibk
eavbrkibkt.
t. @k tj`s ibtjal
m qubstàkkm`rb `s prbpmrbl mkl sbkt ta rbspaklbkts mkl rbqubstbl tjmt tjb qubstàks sjaucl ob
mkswbrbl mkl rbturkbl. \jb suhhbss ag tj`s ibtjal cmrebcy lbpbkls ak tjb prapbr lrmgt`ke ag tjb
qubstàks. \jb qubstàkkm`rb usbl gar tjb stuly haks`sts
ha ks`sts ag iuct`pcb hja`hb mkl aodbht`vb typb
qubstàks.
2.<.?AOXB_WM\@AK
Aosbrvmtàk imy ob lbg`kbl ms m systbimt`h

s ystbimt`h v`bw`ke ag m spbh`g`h pjbkaibkak `k
tjb prapbr sbtt`ke gar tjb spbh`g`h purpasb ag emtjbr`ke lmtm
lmt m gar pmrt`hucmr stuly. Aosbrvmtàk
ibtjal ms tjb kmib `tsbcg `kl`hmtbs tjmt `s omsbl ak aosbrvmtàk. Aosbrvmtàk ibmks wmthj`ke
tj`kes w`tj m purpasb. Aosbrvmtàk `s tjb nbbk mkl sh`bkt`g`h stuly ag m praocbi. @t `s tjb prahbss
ag mhqu`r`ke nkawcbleb tjrauej tjb usb ag sbksb aremks.
2.2 XMIVC@KE
Xmipc`ke `s m prahbss usbl `k stmt`st`hmc mkmcys`s `k wj`hj m prblbtbri`kbl
kuiobr ag aosbrvmtàks mrb tmnbk grai m cmreb papucmtàk. @k atjbr warls, `t `s m ibtjal ag
stuly`ke grai m gbw sbcbhtbl `tbis grai mk bkt`rb papucmtàk.
pap ucmtàk. \jb sbcbhtbl uk`ts mrb haccbht`vbcy
hmccbl smipcb. \jbrb mrb twa oraml ibtjals. _mklai (praomo`c`ty) smipc`ke mkl kak- rmklai
(kak- praomo`c`ty) smipc`ke. \jb smipc`ke tbhjk`qub bipcaybl `k tj`s stuly `s praomo`c`ty
smipc`ke.
2.2.= V_AOMO@C@\P XMIVC@KE (_MKLAI XMIVC@KE)

Vraomo`c`ty smipc`ke lbsèk `s omsbl ak praomo`c`ty gar tjb sbcbhtàk ag bmhj `tbi. @k
tj`s ibtjal, bmhj `tbi jms `ts awk hjmkhb gar ob`ke sbcbhtbl. @k praomo`c`ty smipc`ke wb hmk
ibmsurb tjb brrars ag bstìmtàk. Mcsa, `t bksurbs tjb cmw ag stmt`st`hmc rbeucmr`ty.
2.2.? X@IVCB _MKLAI XMIVC@KE
M sìpcb rmklai smipcb `s m smipcb sbcbhtbl grai m papucmtàk `k suhj m wmy tjmt
bvbry ibiobr ag tjb papucmtàk jms mk bqumc hjmkhb ag ob`ke sbcbhtbl mkl tjb sbcbhtàk ag mky
`kl`v`lumc labs kat `kgcubkhb tjb sbcbhtàk ag mky atjbr. \jb sbcbhtàk purbcy lbpbkls ak hjmkhb.
Xa, tjb pbrsakmc o`ms ag tjb `kvbstèmtar w`cc kat ob prbsbkt `k tjb smipcb sbcbhtbl.
2.2.8 CA\\B_P IB\JAL
@t `s mk mssèkibkt `k wj`hj bmhj bipcaybb `s e`vbk m kuiobr, tjbk pcmh`ke mcc tjbsb
kuiobrs `k m haktm`kbr mkl lrmw`ke aut rmklaicy tjb kuiobr ag bipcaybbs wb wmkt ms aur
smipcb s`zb.
2.2.< RK@WB_XB
Rk`vbrsb `s tjb meerbemtb ag mcc tjb uk`ts ta ob stul`bl `k mky g`bcl ag bkqu`ry. @k tjb
stuly tjb uk`vbrsb grai wj`hj tjb smipcb `s sbcbhtbl `s ag ?26 bipcaybbs ag NMCC@PM\J
NMC C@PM\J VW\
C\L.
2.2.2 XMIC@KE RK@\
@t lbg`kbs tjb tmrebt papucmtàk tjmt w`cc ob smipcbl, tjmt `s, `t

` t mkswbrs wja `s ta ob
survbybl. @k tj`s stuly, tjb smipcb uk`ts mrb tjb bipcaybbs ag NMCC@PM\J VW\ C\L.
2.2.7 XMIVCB X@TB
@kl`hmtbs tjb kuiobr ag pbapcb ta ob survbybl. \jauej cmreb smipcbs e`vb iarb
rbc`mocb rbsucts tjmk simcc smipcbs, tjb smipcb s`zb `s 26 rbspaklbkts.
2.7 MKMCPX@X \AACX
Mgtbr tjb haccbhtàk ag lmtm grai tjb warnbrs bmhj qubstàk wms hcmss`g`bl mkl tmoucmtbl `k
tjb gaccaw`ke wmys4
=. Vbrhbktmeb Ibtjal
?. Ermpj`h _bprbsbktmtàk
2.7.= VB_HBK\MEB IB\JAL
\jb pbrhbktmeb ibtjal `s usbl ta nkawk tjb mhhurmtb pbrhbktmeb ag tjb lmtm wb
caan. @t `s bmsy ta ermpj tjrauej tjb pbrhbktmeb.
\jb gariucm `s,
Ka. Ag _bspaklbkts Z =66

\atmc kuiobr ag rbspaklbkts
2.7.? L@ME_MIIM\@HMC _BV_BXBK\M\@AK
L`mermis mrb usbl ta rbprbsbkt tjb tmoucmtbl lmtm l`mermiimt`hmccy ms tj`s w`cc e`vb m
hcbmr p`hturb moaut tjb `kgarimtàk haccbhtbl. \jb l`mermi usbl `s Omr l`mermi.
HJMV\B_ 7
MKMCPX@X MKL
@K\B_V_B\M\@AK
\ mocb Ka.=4 M e b ag tjb _ bspakl
spaklb
bkts
Meb ag tjb rbspaklbkts Grbqubkhy Vbrhbkt
Obcaw ?2 == ??%
?7-86 Pbmrs : =7%
8=-82 Pbmrs 0 =:%
87-<6 Pbmrs =? ?<%
Moavb <6 =6 ?6%
Xaurhb4 Vrìmry Lmtm.
Meb
M eb ag tjb _ bsp
spa
akl
klb
bkts
kts
Meb ag tjb _bspaklbkts Grbqubkhy

=:
=7
=<
=?
=6
<
6
Obcaw ?2 ?7-82 Pbmrs 87-<2 ybmrs <7-22 ybmrs
Xaurhb4 Vrìmry Lmtm
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb meb eraup ag tjb rbspaklbkts. @t `s hcbmr tjmt ?<% ag tjb rbspaklbkts
mrb obtwbbk tjb meb ag 87-<6. ??% ag tjb rbspaklbkts mrb obcaw
?. E bklb
klbrr ag tjb _b
_ bspaklb
spaklbkts
kts
Ebklbr Grbqubkhy Vbrhbkt
Imcb ?= <?.6
Gbimcb ?0 2:.6
\atmc 26 =66.6
E bklb
klbrr ag tjb rrb
bspaklb
spaklbkts
kts
Grbqubkhy
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Imcb Gbimcb
\jb moavb gèurb sjaws tjb ebklbr ag tjb rbspaklbkts. @t `s hcbmr grai tjb ermpj tjmt iarb tjmk
jmcg ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb gbimcb mkl kbmrcy jmcg ag tjbi wbrb imcbs. \a sui up tjb imdar`ty
ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb gbimcbs.
=. Mw
M wmr bkb
kbss
ss ag HX_ \b
\ br i` kaca
kacaey
ey.
Cbvbc ag smt`sgmhtàk _bspaklbkts Vbrhbktmeb
Pbs <0 0:.6
Ka = ?.6
_bspaklbkts
76
26
<6
86
?6
=6
6
Pbs Ka
\jb e`vbk tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl tjb mwmrbkbss ag HX_ tbri`kacaey oy tjb rbspaklbkts. M
sèk`g`hmkt imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb mwmrb moaut `t mkl mk `ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty wbrbk‐t
mwmrb moaut tjb smib.
2. C bvbc ag Rkl
Rklbr stm
stmkl`
kl` ke H X_ I bmk`ke.
Cbvbc ag
smt`sgmhtàk
_bspaklbkts Vbrhbktmeb
Kat Hcbmr = ?.6

@kl`ggbrbkt : =7.6
Xaibwjmt Hcbmr ?0 2:.6
Wbry Hcbmr =? ?<.6
\atmc 26 =66
Cbvbc ag smt`sgmhtàk _bspaklbkts

82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Kat Hcbmr @kl`ggbrbkt Xaibwjmt Hcbmr Wbry Hcbmr
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb cbvbc ag uklbrstmkl`ke ag rbspaklbkts moaut tjb hakhbpt ag HX_. Iarb
tjmk jmcg ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb saibwjmt hcbmr moaut tjb hakhbpt ag HX_ mkl mk `ksèk`g`hmkt
i`kar`ty ag tjbi wbrb kat hcbmr moaut tjb hakhbpt ag HX_. @t `kl`hmtbs tjmt iast ag tjb rbspaklbkts
jmvb mk `lbm moaut HX_.
7. _ bcmt`
cmtàaksj`p
ksj` p obtwb
twbbk HX
HX _ mkl Vr ag` tmo
tmo` c`c`ty
ty
Cbvbc ag smt`sgmhtàk
Pbs <? :<.6
Ka : =7.6
\atmc 26 =66

<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Pbs Ka
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty. Iarb tjmk tjrbb qumrtbr ag
tjb rbspaklbkts strakecy merbbl tjmt tjbrb bx`sts m rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty.
Akcy mk `ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib. Xa `t `kl`hmtbs tjmt tjbrb `s m strake
rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty.
5. HX_ Vrm
Vr mht`hbs @kgcubkhb Haipmky‐s @imeb.
_mtjbr kbemt`vbcy = ?.6

Kbutrmc =2 86.6
_mtjbr gmvaurmocy =6 ?6.6
Lbg`k`tbcy gmvaurmocy ?< <:.6
\atmc 26
_bspaklbkts
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
_mtjbr kbemt`vbcy Kbutrmc _mtjbr gmvaurmocy Lbg`k`tbcy gmvaurmocy
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws jaw HX_ prmht`hbs `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s ìmeb. Aut ag tjb tatmc
rbspaklbkts mraukl m jmcg ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt HX_ prmht`hbs lbg`k`tbcy gmvaurmocy
`kgcubkhbs haipmky‐s ìmeb. M ibmerb pbrhbkt ag rbspaklbkts jmvb tjb ap`kàk tjmt HX_ prmht`hbs
imy rmtjbr kbemt`vbcy `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s ìmeb.
:. Mccah
M ccahm
mtàk a
agg G ukl gar H X _ @ ipcb
cbi
ibktmtàk.
ktmtàk.
Wbry eaal =6 ?6.6

Eaal 82 56.6
Mvbrmeb 2 =6.6
Vaar
Wbry Vaar
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Wbry eaal Eaal Mvbrmeb Vaar Wbry Vaar
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb ap`kàk rbemrl`ke mccahmtàk ag gukl gar HX_ ìpcbibktmtàk. Imdar`ty
ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt g`ri mccahmtb sbpmrmtb gukl gar ìpcbibkt`ke HX_. Akcy mk
`ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty jms mvbrmeb nkawcbleb moaut `t.
0. N mcc`
cc`ym
ymtj
tj ` s m
mk
k B ha
ha-g
-grr ` bkl
klcy
cy H
Haaipmky.
Jèjcy Merbb =6 ?6.6

Merbb 82 56.6
Kbutrmc 2 =6.6
L`smerbb
Jèjcy L`smerbb
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Jèjcy Merbb Merbb Kbutrmc L`smerbb Jèjcy L`smerbb
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl wjbtjbr Nmcc`ymtj `s mk bha-gr`bklcy haipmky ar kat. Ms
pbr tjb tmocb imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt Nmcc`ymtj
N mcc`ymtj `s mk bha-gr`bklcy haipmky. Kakb
ag tjb rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
=6. Uarnb
Uarn br s C
Cbbvb
vbcc ag
ag M ttb
ttbkt`
kt` ak tta
a H X_ Vac`hy.
c` hy.
Caw = ?.6
Kbutrmc =5 8<.6
Jèj ?7 2?.6
Wbry jèj 7 =?.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Caw Kbutrmc Jèj
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb cbvbc ag mttbktàk ag warnbrs ta HX_ pac`hy. Iarb tjmk jmcg ag tjb
rbspaklbkts e`vb prapbr mttbktàk ta HX_ pac`hy. Akcy mk `ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty ag rbspaklbkts
sjaw caw cbvbc ag mttbktàk ta HX_ pac`hy.
==. HX_ Vrmht`hb `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s `k ìmeb
Lbg`k`tbcy gmvaurmocy = ?.6
_mtjbr gmvaurmocy =5 8<.6
Kbutrmc ?7 2?.6
_mtjbr kbemt`vbcy 7 =?.6
Lbg`k`tbcy kbemt`vbcy
\atmc 26 =66.6

86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Lbg`k`tbcy _mtjbr Kbutrmc _mtjbr kb
kbemt`vbcy Lbg`k`tbcy
gmvaurmocy gmvaurmocy kbemt`vbcy
\jb moavb ermpj sjaws jaw tjb prmht`hbs ag tjb HX_ `kgcubkhb haipmky ìmeb. Akcy m
i`kìui kuiobr ag `kl`v`lumcs strakecy merbbl w`tj tjb tbri. Iarb tjmk jmcg ag tjb hmkl`lmtbs
ea w`tj tjb kbutrmc aptàk.
=?. B kemebi
kemebibkt ` k HX
HX__ mht`
ht` v`t`
v`t`bbs.
Bxhbccbkt ? <.6
Wbry Eaal =8 ?7.6
Eaal ?2 26.6
Mvbrmeb =6 ?6.6
Vaar
\atmc =66.6

86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Bxhbccbkt Wbry Eaal Eaal Mvbrmeb Vaar
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws bipcaybbs bkemebibkt `k HX_ mht`v`t`bs. Kbmrcy jmcg ag rbspaklbkts mrb
mcwmys bkemebl `k HX_ mht`v`t`bs. Akcy m qumrtbr ag tjb rbspaklbkts mrbk‐t bkemebl `k mky HX_
mht`v`t`bs.
=8. C bvbc
vbc ag @ ipar tmkhb
tmkhb moaut Haipmky‐s apbrmtb ak m Xah`mccy _bs p
pa
aks`
ks` ocb
Cbvbc.
Cbvbc ag smt`sgmhtàk _bspaklbkts Vbrhbkt

Kat ìpartmkt mt mcc ? <.6
@ipartmkt < :.6
@kl`ggbrbkt 2 =6.6
Wbry ìpartmkt ?8 <7.6
Bxtrbibcy ìpartmkt =7 8?.6
\atmc 26 =66.6
_bspaklbkts
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Kat ìpartmkt mt @ipartmkt @kl`ggbrbkt Wbry ìpartmkt Bxtrbibcy
mcc ìpartmkt
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb rbspaksbs rbemrl`ke cbvbc ag ìpartmkhb moaut haipmky‐s apbrmtb ak m
sah`mccy rbspaksòcb cbvbc. Iarb tjmk twa g`gtjs ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl
akb `k tbk l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
=<. \jb
\ jb _ bputmtàk
utmtàk ag
ag N ` tb
tbxx.
Vaar = ?.6
Xmt`sgmhtary ? <.6
Gm`r =? ?<.6
Eaal ?2 26.6
Bxhbccbkt =6 ?6.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Vaar Xmt`sgmhtary Gm`r Eaal Bxhbccbkt
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb ap`kàk rbemrl`ke rbputmtàk ag Nmcc`ymtj. Bxmhtcy m jmcg ag tjb
rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt Nmcc`ymtj jms m eaal rbputmtàk. Akcy mk `ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty l`smerbbl
w`tj tjb smib.
=2. B tj`hmc Ob
O bjmv`
jmvàaur ` s m
mk
k @ ipar tmkt
tmkt tj`
tj`ke
ke gar tjb H aipmky.
Kakb = ?.6
]u`tb = ?.6
Xcèjtcy 7 =?.6
Gm`rcy 82 56.6
Wbry 5 =<.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Kakb ]u`tb Xcèjtcy Gm`rcy Wbry
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws rbspaksb rbemrl`ke btj`hmc objmvàur `s mk ìpartmkt tj`ke gar tjb haipmky.
Xbvbk `k m tbk ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt tjb btj`hmc objmvàur `s mk ìpartmkt gar tjb haipmky
mk `ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
=7. Mw
M wmr bkbss
kbss mo
moaut HX_
HX _ Vbr gar ibl oy Nm
N mcc` ymtj
ymtj
Wbry <6 :6.6

Gm`rcy =6 ?6.6
Xcèjtcy
]u`tb
Kakb
\atmc 26 =66.6

<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Wbry Gm`rcy Xcèjtcy ]u`tb Kakb
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws rbspaksb rbemrl`ke mwmrbkbss moaut HX_ pbrgaribl oy nmcc`ymtj. Gaur-
g`gtjs ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb mwmrb moaut HX_
H X_ pbrgaribl oy nmcc`ymtj. M g`gtj ag tjb rbspaklbkts
wbrbk‐t mwmrb moaut tjb smib. Gurtjbr tjb ibmk vmcub =.?6 stmtbs tjmt rbspaklbkts mrb mwmrb moaut
HX_ pbrgaribl oy nmcc`ymtj.
=5. HX_
H X_ ` s m I md ar G mhta
htar ag N mcc`
cc`ym
ymtj
tj ttjm
jmtt @ khr
khrbbmsb H aiibr h`
h`mmc Ml
M lvmktm
vmktmee b.
Bxhbccbkt 80 5:.6
Eaal == ??.6
Gm`r
Xmt`sgmhtary
Vaar
\atmc 26 =66.6

<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Bxhbccbkt Eaal Gm`r Xmt`sgmhtary Vaar
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl `s HX_ `s m Imdar Gmhtar ag Nmcc`ymtj tjmt @khrbmsb
Haiibrh`mc mlvmktmeb. Ms pbr tjb tmocb imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt HX_ `s m imdar
gmhtar ag Nmcc`ymtj tjmt `khrbmsb haiibrh`mc mlvmktmeb. Dust iarb tjmk m g`gtj ag tjb rbspaklbkts
l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
=:. Eb
E bkbr
kbr mc @ ipr bss`
ssàak _b
_ be mr l` ke H X_ V br garibl
garibl oy N
Nmmcc`
cc`ym
ymttj
Cbvbc ag Xmt`sgmhtàk
Vaar = ?.6
Gm`r : =7.6
Eaal 88 77.6
Bxhbccbkt : =7.6
\atmc 26 =66.6
Cbvbc ag Xmt`sgmhtàk _bspaklbkts

82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Gm`r Eaal Bxhbccbkt
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl tjb ebkbrmc ìprbssàk rbemrl`ke HX_ pbrgaribl oy
Nmcc`ymtj. Ms pbr tjb tmocb `t `s hcbmr tjmt m sèk`g`hmkt imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts jmvb m eaal
ìprbssàk rbemrl`ke HX_ pbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj. M sèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts
l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
=0. HX_
HX _ J bcp
cpss Ous`
O us`kb
kbss
ss ta
ta E r aw
Bxhbccbkt 86 56.6
Wbry eaal =6 ?6.6
Eaal 5 =<.6
Mvbrmeb 8 7.6
Vaar
\atmc =66.6

82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Bxhbccbkt Wbry eaal Eaal Mvbrmeb Vaar
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl w`cc HX_ jbcps ous`kbss ta eraw. M vbry cmreb imdar`ty ag
tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl kbmrcy iarb tjmk m g`gtj ag tjb rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl
w`tj tjb smib.
?6.. H X_ oy
?6 oy N mcc`ymt
cc`ymtj ` s m H ar b H aipbtbkh
khyy G mht
hta
ar Mia
Miake H aipbt` tar s
Jèjcy l`smerbb 6 6
L`smerbb 6 6
Kbutrmc 5 =<.6
Merbb 85 5<.6
Jèjcy merbb 7 =?.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Jèjcy l`smerbb L`smerbb Kbutrmc Merbb
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl `s HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj m harb haipbtbkhy gmhtar miake tjb
haipbt`tars. M cmreb kuiobr ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl m i`kar`ty ag tjb
rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
?=.. H X_ M ht
?= ht`` v` t` bs J bcp
cpss ta @ kh
khrr bmsb Xmcb
Xmcbss _ mp` lcy _ mtjbr
jbr \jmk
\jmk H aipbt` tar s
L`smerbb ? <.6
Kbutrmc == ??.6
Merbb ?0 2:.6
Jèjcy merbb : =7.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
L`smerbb Kbutrmc Merbb Jèjcy merbb
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb ap`kàks rbemrl`ke w`cc HX_ mht`v`t`bs jbcps ta `khrbmsb smcbs rmp`lcy
rmtjbr tjmk haipbt`tars. M imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl dust kbmrcy
iarb tjmk g`gtj ag tjb rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
??.. H X_ oy
?? oy N mcc`ymt
cc`ymtj J bcp
cpss ta Vra
Vr aiatb H ar par mtb @ imeb
Jèjcy merbb <2 06.6

Merbb 2 =6.6
Kbutrmc
L`smerbb
Jèjcy l`smerbb
\atmc 26 =66.6

26
<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Jèjcy merbb Merbb Kbutrmc L`smerbb Jèjcy l`smerbb
\jb tmocb sjawk obcaw jbcps wb ta uklbrstmkl w`cc HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj jbcps ta praiatb harparmtb
ìmeb. M cmreb imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj jbcps ta praiatb
harparmtb ìmeb mkl akb `k tbk l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
?8.. H X _ V br gari
?8 gar ibl oy N`
N ` tbx
tbx w` cc @ ipr avb H ust
usta
aibr C aymcty
ymcty
Jèjcy merbb = ?.6
L`smerbb ? <.6
Kbutrmc =8 ?7.6
Merbb ?: 27.6
Jèjcy merbb 7 =?.6
\atmc 26 =66.6
_bspaklbkts
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Jèjcy merbb L`smerbb Kbutrmc Merbb Jèjcy merbb
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws tjb rbspaksbs rbemrl`ke w`cc HX_ Vbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj w`cc ìpravb
hustaibr caymcty. Iarb tjmk twa tj`rl ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl mk
`ksèk`g`hmkt i`kar`ty l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
?<m
?<m. B kv
kv`` r akib
kibktm
ktmc Vra
Vr atbht`
ht` ak m I mdar M r bm ag Xah`m
Xah`mcc _ bspa
spaks
ks`` o` c`ty
Pbs 85 5<.6
Ka =8 ?7.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Pbs Ka
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl `s Bkv`rakibktmc Vratbhtàk m Imdar Mrbm ag Xah`mc
_bspaksò`c`ty. Kbmrcy tjrbb qumrtbr ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl tjmt w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl rauejcy
akb qumrtbr ag tjb rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib. Gurtjbr tjb ibmk vmcub `kl`hmtbs tjmt
bkv`rakibktmc pratbhtàk `s m imdar mrbm ag sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty.
?<o
?<o._ bcm
cmtt` aksj`p
ksj`p w` tj H c`bkt
c`bktss mkl Xupp
Xuppc`br
c`br s m I mdar M r bm ag Xah`m
Xah`mcc
_bspaksò`c`ty
Pbs 8: 57.6
Ka =? ?<.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Pbs Ka
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl `s rbcmtàksj`p w`tj hc`bkts mkl suppc`brs m imdar mrbm ag
sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty gar tjb haipmky. Grai tjb tmocb `t `s hcbmr tjmt mppraxìmtbcy tjrbb qumrtbrs
ag tjb rbspaklbkts merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl mciast m qumrtbr ag tjb rbspaklbkts l`smerbbl
w`tj tjb smib.
?<h.Vb
?<h.Vba
apcb C ` v` ke Kb
Kbm
mr oy yaur Ha
Hai
ipmky m I mdar M r bm ag Xah`m
Xah`mcc _ bspa
spaks
ks`` o` c`ty
Pbs <2 06.6

Ka 2 =6.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

26
<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
2
6
Pbs Ka
\jb moavb tmocb jbcps us ta uklbrstmkl wjbtjbr pbapcb c`v`ke kbmroy yaur haipmky m imdar mrbm
ag sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty m imdar mrbm ag sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty. M cmreb imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts
merbbl w`tj tjb stmtbibkt mkl dust akb `k tbk l`smerbbl w`tj tjb smib.
?2.. C ` i` tmt` ak ` k hakl
?2 hakluh
uhtt` ke H X_
Pbs <6 :6.6

Ka =6 ?6.6
\atmc 26 =66.6

<2
<6
82
86
?2
?6
=2
=6
6
Pbs Ka
\jb moavb tmocb sjaws rbspaksbs rbemrl`ke cì`tmtàk `k hakluht`ke HX_. Gaur g`gtjs ag tjb
rbspaklbkts lak‐t jmvb mky cì`tmtàk `k hakluht`ke HX_ mkl dust akb `k tbk gmhbs saib cì`tmtàk
w`tj tjb smib. Gurtjbr tjb ibmk vmcub =.:6 `kl`hmtbs tjmt imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts lak‐t jmvb
mky cì`tmtàk `k hakluht`ke.
HJMV\B_ 5
G@KL@KEX, XREEBX\@AKX
MKL HAKHCRX@AK
G@KL@KEX
 \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt iast ag tjb rbspaklbkts mrb gbimcb.

 Imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts mrb grai tjb meb eraup ag ?7-82 ybmrs.
 Imdar`ty ag tjb rbspaklbkts wbrb mwmrb moaut HX_ tbri`kacaey.
 Iast ag tjb rbspaklbkts jmvb mk `lbm moaut HX_.
 \jbrb `s m strake rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty.
 HX_ prmht`hbs gmvaurmocy `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s ìmeb.
 \jb g`ri jms m sbpmrmtb gukl mccahmtàk gar HX_.
 @t `s hcbmrcy gaukl tjmt HX_ `s mk bha-gr`bklcy haipmky.
 Bipcaybbs e`vb prapbr mttbktàk ta HX_ pac`hy
p ac`hy ag tjb g`ri.
 \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt rbspaklbkts mrb bkemebl `k tjb HX_ mht`v`t`bs oy tjb g`ri.
 @t `s hcbmr tjmt tjb haipmky pas`t`vbcy apbrmtb ak m sah`mccy rbspaksòcb cbvbc.
 Grai tjb stuly wb hmk mssuib tjmt tjb haipmky jms m eaal rbputmtàk.
 @t `s hcbmr tjmt btj`hmc objmvàur `s mk ìpartmkt tj`ke gar tjb haipmky.
 \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt HX_ `s m imdar gmhtar ag Nmcc`ymtj tjmt `khrbmsb haiibrh`mc
mlvmktmeb `k tjb imrnbt.
 \jbrb `s mk bxhbccbkt ìprbssàk rbemrl`ke HX_ pbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj.
 \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt HX_ jbcps ous`kbss ta eraw.
 \jb stuly rbvbmcbl tjmt HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj `s m harb haipbtbkhy gmhtar miake tjb
haipbt`tars.

@t `s hcbmr tjmt HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj jbcps ta praiatb harparmtb ìmeb.
 Xtuly rbvbmcbl tjmt HX_ oy Nmcc`ymtj w`cc ìpravb hustaibr caymcty.
 Bkv`rakibktmc pratbhtàk `s mk ìpartmkt mrbm ag sah`mc rbspaksò`c`ty ag tjb haipmky.
haipmk y.
 G`ri nbbps up m eaal rbcmtàksj`p w`tj hc`bkts mkl suppc`brs gar m eaal sah`mc rbcmtàksj`p.
 \jb haipmky jmvb m eaal rbcmtàksj`p w`tj tjb hustaibrs.
 \jb bipcaybbs lak‐t jmvb mky cì`tmtàk `k hakluht`ke HX_.
XRE E B X\
X\@@ AKX
 \jb HX_ sjaucl ob tmrebtbl obyakl tjb Vmcmr`vmttai Vmkhjmymtj.
 \jb haipmky sjaucl vbr`gy mkl im`ktm`k tjb HX_ pbrgaribl.
 Iarb mkl iarb praiatàkmc mht`v`t`bs sjaucl ob tmnbk ta `kgari tjb h`t`zbks moaut tjb HX_
mht`v`t`bs ta ob pbrgaribl. \j`s hmk ob hmrr`bl
hm rr`bl lawk w`tj tjb jbcp ag hak
hakluht`ke
luht`ke sbi`kmrs,
raml sjaws bth.
 \jb haipmky sjaucl mì mt e`v`ke saib iarb `kgrmstruhturmc gmh`c`t`bs `k ta tjb`r
pmkhjmymtj. Ms m i`kìui stmklmrl c`v`ke wbrb im`ktm`kbl tjb haipmky sjaucl mì mt
oaast`ke tjb`r HX_ mht`v`t`bs oy `khrbms`ke tjb `kgrmstruhturmc gmh`c`t`bs suhj ms raml,
trmkspartmtàk bth.
HAKHCRX@AK
Kaw harparmtb jmvb iavbl mjbml ta rbmccy m kbw cbvbc ta gucg`c tjb`r HX_ wj`hj w`cc
w`cc kat akcy jbcp
tjb sah`bty out mcsa tjb haipmky ta imnb rbputmtàk `k tjb sah`bty. \jb stuly ak HX_ m harb
haipbtbkhy ag Nmcc`ymtj jbcpbl ib ta or`leb tjb emp obtwbbk tjbary mkl prmht`hmc mspbhts. @k sjart
tjb spmk tìb ag Nmcc`ymtj Ctl jmvb em`kbl tjb`r kmib ms akb ag tjb haipmky wj`hj pbrgaris tjb
HX_ `k tjb obst passòcb wmy oy tmn`ke rbspaksò`c`ty ag tjb wjacb Vmkhjmymtj ag Vmcmr`vmttmi.
\jb haipmky `s bggbht`vbcy haktròut`ke ta tjb sah`mc mkl bhakai`h lbvbcapibkt ag tjb
haiiuk`t`bs `k wj`hj tjby apbrmt`ke.
Grai tjb stuly `t `s hcbmr tjmt tjb Nmcc`ymtj Ctl nbbps up m sèk`g`hmkt miaukt gar tjb`r HX_
mht`v`t`bs. \jby hmrry lawk m eaal HX_ warn `k tjb`r cahmc`ty mkl ms m rbsuct ag tjbsb tjb stmklmrl
ag c`v`ke ag tjb Vmcmr`vmttmi Vmkhjmymtj `s `khrbmsbl rmp`lcy. Oy tjb garimtàk ag \wbkty?6 m
HX_ `k`t`mt`vb oy tjb Nmcc`ymtj Ctl oaasts tjb`r HX_ mht`v`t`bs. \wbkty?6 pmcmr`vmttmi `s m kak
prag`t aremk`zmtàk `k Vmcmr`vmttmi ag Brkmnucmi l`str`ht `k @kl`m. \jb prìb aodbht`vb ag tjb
aremk`zmtàk `s ta imnb Vmcmr`vmttmi Ermim Vmkhjmymt tjb obst Ermim Vmkhjmymt `k @kl`m oy tjb
ybmr ?6?6.\wbkty?6 Vmcmr`vmttmi `s praiatbl oy tjb Nmcc`ymtj Eraup. \jb `ktbrgbrbkhb ta imky
hjmr`ty mht`v`t`bs oy tjb pac`t`hmc pmrt`bs garhbl \wbkty?6 ta haktbst `k bcbhtàks.
\jb HX_ karis sueebsts tjmt `kstbml ag gahus`ke ak imxì`z`ke sjmrbjaclbr‐s wbmctj,
harparmtàks sjaucl rbhaek`zb tjb`r rbspaksò`c`t`bs ta m cmrebr sbt ag mhtars mkl tjbrbgarb `kvbst m
partàk ag tjbsb rbkts gar tjb`r wbcgmrb. Pbt tjb l`v`sàk ag rbkts tjmt HX_ bktm`cs rbim`ks mk
ìpartmkt saurhb ag hakhbrk. U`tj tjbsb mht`v`t`bs lakb oy tjb haipmk`bs wb hmk jmvb m surbty
tjmt tjb warcl `s `k smgb jmkls mkl tjb s`tumtàks ag tjb bhakaiy mkl praocbis gmhbl `k tjb sah`bty
sah`bt y
hmk ob rbiavbl oy tjbsb `k`t`mt`vbs tmnbk oy oè harparmtb.
O@OC@AE_MVJP
 Nb`tj Lmv`s & _aobrt C. Ocaistrai (=052), Ous`kbss & Xah`bty4 Bkv`rakibkt &
_bspaksò`c`ty, IhErmw-J`cc Naemnusjm, Ctl, \anya

M Uj`tb Vmpbr (?66:)4 HX_-\awmrls m Xustm`kmocb Guturb oy NVIE @K @KL@M &
MXXAHJMI jbcl mt =st @ktbrkmtàkmc suii`t mt Kbw Lbcj`, ?:- 8= Dmk‐?66:.
 Lmv`l Hrawtjbr (?662), @ktbrkmtàkmc Lìbksàks ag HX_ Wac. @@, \jb @HGM@ Rk`vbrs`ty
Vrbss, Jylbrmoml
 Xuimt` _blly (?66<), Harparmtb Xah`mc _bspaksò`c`ty4 \jb Bkv`rakibktmc mspbhts, \jb
@HGM@ Rk`vbrs`ty Vrbss, Jylbrmoml
 Xuimt` _blly (?662), Harparmtb H`t`zbksj`p4 \jb Xah`mc Mspbhts, \jb @HGM@ Rk`vbrs`ty
Vrbss, Jylbrmoml

jttps4//www.eaaecb.ha.`k/sbmrhj1q9vatmv+sbtj`+ak+hsr&`b9utg-:&int9bk-
`k&gari9RHVHMO&ph9RHVJ
 Mkuojmvmkml swmi` –Btj`hs @k imkmebibkt, Kbw meb `ktbrkmtàkmc puoc`sjbrs, Kbw
Lbcj`(?66<)
 Xjaljemkem.`kgcòkbt.mh.`k&Xustm`kmo`c`ty-60-6=08<.`k
 Kbw vbrsàk HX_ strmtbeQ7ltbps=8kav.`k
 Hjmrkbs, U.U. Haapbr, M.C. Cbw`k mkl C.I. Xb`garl (=00<), ’LBM4 tjbary, ibtj alacaey
mkl mppc`hmtàk’, Ncuwbr Mhmlbi`h Vuoc`sjbrs, Oastak
 M. ]umz` (?668), –@lbkt`gy`ke tjb lbtbri`kmkts ag harparmtb imkmebrs‐pbrhb`vbl sah`mc
aocèmtàks’, Imkmebibkt Lbh`sàk, Wac. <, pp4 :?? ‘ :8=
 Omtrm _ (=000), –Imrnbt`ke @ssubs mkl Hjmccbkebs `k \rmks`tàkmc Bhakai`bs’, @k
Imrnbt`ke @ssubs `k \rmks`tàkmc Bhakai`bs, _mdbbv Omtrm, bl, Ncuwbr Mhmlbi`h
Vuoc`sjbrs, Oastak
 Ojmttmhjmryym X.N. & _mjimk, T. (?668), Ujy cmreb cahmc hakecaibrmtbs imy kat warn
`k bibre`ke imrnbts, Burapbmk Ous`kbss _bv`bw, Wac. =2, Ka. ?, pp4 =62 ‘ ==2
 Hmrracc Mrhj`b O, –Harparmtb Xah`mc _bspaksò`c`ty Bvacutàk ag m Lbg`k`tàkmc Hakstruht,
Ous`kbss Mkl Xah`bty’, ( Wac. 8:), Ka.8, Xbp-=000, jttp4//oms.smebpuo.hai/
]RBX\@AKM@_B
Lbmr rbspaklbkt,
@ mi O O M g` km
kmcc stul
stulb
bkt ag I mr M ue
ueust
ustj`
j`ka
kasb
sb H accbeb
ccbeb __mmimpururm
mi. @ k p pmrt`
mrt`mmc ggucg
ucg`` ci
cib
bkt a
agg iy
haur
haursb
sb,, @ mi hakluht
hakluht`` ke m st
stuly
uly ak HHarpa
arparr mtb Xah
ah`` mc _b
_ bspaks`
spaksòo` c`c`ty-
ty- M H arb H Haaipbtbkhy
tbkhy a agg
N mcc`
mcc`ym
ymtj
tj C
Ctl
tl.. @ mi caa
caann` ke garwmrl tta
a nkaw ya
yaur
ur vm
vmcumo
cumocb
cb mkl trub
trub r bspaksb
spaksb gar iy stul
stuly.
y. @ t
`s mssurbl tjmt mcc tjb `kput w`cc ob im`ktm`kbl hakg`lbktcy mkl tjb smib w`cc ob usbl akcy gar
tjb pur
purpa
pasb
sb ag tjb stuly.
Paur pbrsakmc lbtm`cs
=. Kmib4
?. Meb4
8. Ebklbr4 Imcb Gbimcb
\a `lbkt`gy Ujbtjbr HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty jms m iutumc rbcmtàksj`p
<. La yau tj`kn tjmt tjbrb `s m rbcmtàksj`p obtwbbk prag`tmo`c`ty mkl HX_1
Pbs Ka
2. La yau merbb tjmt HX_ `s akb ag tjb imdar gmhtar ag

a g Nmcc`ymtj tjmt `khrbmsb tjb
haiibrh`mc mlvmktmeb ta kbw imrnbts1
7. Labs HX_ jbcps ous`kbss ta eraw1
Bxhbccbkt Wbry Eaal Eaal Mvbrmeb Vaar
5. La yau merbb tjmt HX_ mht`v`t`bs jbcps yau ta `khrbmsb tjb smcbs rmp`lc
rmp`lcyy rmtjbr tjmk yaur
haipbt`tars1
:.La yau merbb tjmt HX_

HX _ pbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj w`cc `kgcubkhb tjb hustaibrs mkl `t w`cc
bkjmkhb tjb hustaibr caymcty1

\a uklbrstmkl tjb hakhbpt ag HX_ mkl `ts ìpartmkhb miake bipcaybbs
:. Mrb yau mwmrb moaut tjb tbri HX_ ms m tbri`kacaey1
Pbs Ka
0. Jaw hcbmr ta yau `ts trub ibmk`ke1

Wbry hcbmr Xaibwjmt hcbmr @kl`ggbrbkt
Kat hcbmr Kat hcbmr mt mcc
=6. Jaw iuhj mttbktàk la yau pmy ta HX_ pac`hy ag yaur g`ri ms m warnbr1
Wbry jèj Jèj Kbutrmc Caw Wbry caw
==. Jaw iuhj yau mrb mwmrb moaut tjb HX_ pbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj1
=?.Ujmt `s yaur ebkbrmc ìprbssàk rbemrl`ke tjb sah`mc rbspaksò`c`t`bs ag Nmcc`ymtj1
\a hjbhn wjbtjbr HX_ prmht`hb `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s ìmeb
=8. Jaw HX_ prmht`hbs `kgcubkhb haipmky‐s

haipmk y‐s ìmeb `k yaur ap`kàk1
Lbg`k`tbcy gmvaurmocy _mtjbr gmvaurmocy Kbutrmc
_mtjbr kbemt`vbcy Lbg`k`tbcy kbemt`vbcy
=<. _mtb tjb sbpmrmtb mccahmtàk ag gukls gar HX_ @ipcbibktmtàk oy yaur haipmky1
Wbry Eaal Eaal Mvbrmeb Vaar Wbry paar
=2. La yau merbb tjmt Nmcc`ymtj `s mk bha-gr`bklcy haipmky1
Jèjcy merbb Merbb Kbutrmc L`smerbb Jèjcy L`smerbb
=7.Paur ap`kàk moaut tjb haipmky‐s pmrt`h`pmtàk `k vmràus mhtàks tjmt mrb mìbl ta ìpravb
ìprav b
bkv`rakibkt ar sah`mc wbccob`ke1
Bxhbccbkt Wbry Eaal Eaal Mvbrbeb Vaar

=5.La yau tj`kn tjmt HX_ pbrgaribl oy Nmcc`ymtj jbcps ta praiatb tjb`r harparmtb ìmeb1
\a imnb sueebstàks mkl rbhaiibklmtàks omsbl ak tjb stuly
=:. Jaw ìpartmkt `s gar yau tjmt haipmky‐s

haipmk y‐s apbrmtb ak m sah`mccy rbspaksòcb cbvbc1
Bxtrbibcy ìpartmkt Wbry ìpartmkt @kl`ggbrbkt @ipartmkt
Kat ìpartmkt mt mcc
=0. @k yaur ap`kàk wjmt `s tjb rbputmtàk ag Nmcc`ymtj1
?6. La yau tj`kn btj`hmc objmvàur `s mk ìpartmkt akb gar tjb haipmky1
Wbry Gm`rcy Xcèjtcy ]u`tb Kakb
?=. La yau merbb tjmt tjb HX_ mht`v`t`bs ag Nmcc`ymtj `s m harb haipbtbkhy gmhtar gar tjbi
miake tjb`r haipbt`tars1
??. Ujmt mrb tjb imdar mrbms ag sah`mc rbspaksò`c`t`bs iarb sèk`g`hmkt gar yaur haipmky1
Haksuibr smt`sgmhtàk Bkv`rakibktmc pratbhtàk Eav. rucbs mkl rbeucmtàks
]umc`ty mssurmkhb _bcmtàksj`p w`tj hc`bkt mkl suppc`br
?8. La yau jmvb mky cì`tmtàks `k hakluht`ke HX_ `k yaur cahmc`ty1
Pbs Ka

A Study On CSR of Steel Industry

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HJMV\B_ =

Mctjauej HX_ `s vacuktmry oy G`kk`sj cmw, `t `s `khrbms`kecy haipucsary gar m haipmky ta

bkemebibkts, mkl `g sa, wjy.

tmnb rbspaks`o`c`ty gar tjb sah`mc, bhakai`h mkl bhacae`hmc haksbqubkhbs

bkemeb `k l`mcaeubs w`tj tjasb wja mrb `kvacvbl `k tjbsb l`ibks`aks.

bkhaipmssbs aremk`smt`ak‐s haii`tibkt ta objmvb `k mk bhakai`hmccy

sustm`kmocb imkkbr, wj`cb jakar`ke `ktbrbsts ag l`rbht stmnbjaclbrs.

=.? X@E K@ G @ HMKHB AG \JB X\

\a uklbrstmkl Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaks`o`c`ty, tjb stuly ag Harparmtb sah`mc rbspaks`o`c`ty `s

`s ta uklbrstmkl vmràus ibmsurbibkts, ìpartmkhb mkl mppc`hmtàk prbh`sbcy

\jb praocbi `s stmtbl ms – \a uklbrstmkl

=.2 AOD B H\@ WB X AG

 \a `lbkt`gy wjbtjbr HX_ mkl prag`tmo`c`ty jms m iutumc

=.5 C@ I@ \M\@ AKX A

 Mk bxjmust`vb stuly wms kat pass`ocb

=.: HJMV\B _@ XM\@ AK

Hjmptbr ?4 @klustry Vrag`cb

Hjmptbr 84 Aremk`zmt`ak Vrag`cb

Hjmptbr <4 C`tbrmturb _bv`bw

Hjmptbr 24 _bsbmrhj Ibtjalacaey

Hjmptbr 74 Mkmcys`s mkl `ktbrprbtmt`ak

Hjmptbr54 G`kl`kes (mkmcys`s + `ktbrprbtmtàk), sueebstàks mkl hakhcusàk

\JB ECAOMC X\BBC @KLRX\_P

@KL@MK X\BBC @KLRX\_P ‘ MK AWB_W@BU

mkl up-ermlmt`ak ag aclbr pcmkts mkl j`ejbr bkbrey bgg`h`bkhy cbvbcs.

IMDA_ VCMPB_X @K X\BBC @KLRX\_P @K @KL@M

 _MXJ\_@PM @XVM\ K@EMI ctl. (_@KC)

 \mtm stbbc ctl

 Eavbrkibkt `ktraluhbl Xtbbc Xhrmp _bhyhc`ke Vac`hy m`ibl ta rbluhb `ipart.

suppcy ta laibst`h stbbc `klustry.

NMCC@PM\J \I\ X\BBC OM_X

HAIVMKP KMIB NMCC@PM\J LBWBCAVB_X V_@WM\B

HAIMVMKP X\M\RX MH\@WB

_BE@X\_M\@AK KRIOB_ =0072

HAIVMKP HM\BEA_P HAIVMKP C@I@\BL OP XJM_BX

HCMXX AG HAIVMKP V_@WM\B

LM\B AG @KHA_VA_M\@AK 68 KAWBIOB_ ?667

MEB AG HAIVMKP ?5 PBM_X, 0 IAK\JX, =6LMPX

MH\@W@\P Imkugmhtur`ke ag oms`h `rak & stbbc. _bmc

 @lbkt`gy`ke tjb kbbls ag hustaibrs gar praluht sbrv`hbs mkl ibbt`ke.

8) Gmh`c`tmt`ke lbmcbr mkl trmkspartmt`ak kbtwarn gar pr`ib stbbc praluhbrs.

]umc`ty ]umc`ty Mss`stmkt

Vurhjmsb Vurhjmsb Mss`stmkt

Hjm`rimk & W`h b p rbrb ss``l bbkk t Eb kkbb rrmm c

J_ mkl Mli`kstrmt`ak Imkmebr

\jb imdar lbpmrtibkt `k Nmcc`ymtj `s4

IMDA_ V_ALRH\X RKLB_ NMCC@PM\J LBWBCAVB_X VW\ Ctl

Grai ibem `kgrmstruhturb ta cmklimrn hakstruht`ak ta `kl`v`lumc jaibs, tjbrb `s mk bxpakbkt`mc

A_@E@KMC \I\ OM_

\I\ Omr mcsa nkawk ms Xtbbc _b`kgarhbibkt

XBCBH\@KE \JB _MU IM\B_@MCX

 \jb uk`qub haio`kmt`ak ag mcc hjbi`hmcs mkl suostmkhbs

 Ka lbhrbmsb `k strbketj bvbk mgtbr rbluht`ak

MR\AIM\BL J@EJ XVBBL _ACC@KE I@CC

b ke`kbbrs ag Nmcc`ymtj pmssbs tjb =,?66 6H

bxhbccbkt l`ibks`akmc tacbrmkhb mkl surgmhb g`k`sj.

MR\AIM\BL HAAC@KE OBL

X\_@KEBK\ ]RMC@\P HAK\_AC

Nmcc`ymtj \I\ omrs jmvb prbh`sb, uk`gari mkl pmrmccbc

stmnbjaclbrs `k Bhakai`h m imkkbr lbbibl mhhbptmocb `k h`v`c`zbl sah`bt`bs. Xah`mc `khculbs

?6. Grblr`hn =0:7-=00<4 @lbkt`g`bl HX_ ms mk bxmi`kmtàk harparmtàk‐s rbspaksò`c`ty ta warn

\JBA_B\@ HMC G_MIB UA_N