Prmjmda Vríitcia pmrm om Bsiubom `b Vast Grm`a.

Grm`a .

Vragrmhm `b Hmbstrèm bk M`hckcstrmicùk iak

Hbkicùk bk Gbstcùk Vôjocim.

MYCGKMPRZM4

Oc`brmzga Bebitcva.

@AIBKPB4

@r. Oucs Yceubktbs `b om Iruz

MORHKM4

Gubvmrm Hmrèk Su`y

=3 `b mjrco `bo :6=3

=
 

CKPZA@RIICAK
Bk oas ôotchas mýas nm bxcstc`a uk bspbicmo cktbrãs bk ta`ms oms iuoturms `bo huk`a par bo
Oc`brmzga, bspbicmohbktb par bo grupa nuhmka bhprbsmrcmo, oubga `b bstas vckcbrak oas
b`uim`arbs, oas paoètcias, bti. y iak bstas mvmkibs ecoasùecias y rbeobxcvas qub nm moimkzm`a bo
tbhm< bo oc`brmzga sb nm mecmkzm`a y iakvbrtc`a bk ukm kbibsc`m`, bk ukm motbrkmtcvm h
hb`cm`arm
b`cm`arm
`b oagras y gbstar `b om patbkicmoc`m` nuhmkm.

Om saicb`m` mitumo sb bkiubktrm bk uk praibsa `b trmksearhmicùk iaktckum, ukm saicb`m`

goajmoczm`m mebitm`m par uk iaktbxta `b grmvbs ircscs biakùhcims, oas `bspc`as hmscvas, oms
rbbstruiturmicakbs argmkczmicakmobs, grmk`bs mvmkibs tbikaoùgcias, bti., M om vbz, sb trmtm `b
ukm saicb`m` bk om qub sb nm pra`uic`a uk grmk pragrbsa bk om chpomktmicùk `b `brbinas
euk`mhbktmobs y bk bo `bsmrraooa `b ocjbrtm`bs qub sb nmk trmsom`m`a mo íhjcta omjarmo, iak
ck`cvc`uas qub `bhmk`mk hís pmrtcicpmicùk bk om tahm `b `bicscakbs `b mqubooms iubstcakbs qub
obs mebitmk.

Atrm imrmitbrèstcim `b om saicb`m` mitumo bs om utcoczmicùk `b oms tbikaoagèms `b om ckearhmicùk y

om iahukcimicùk< bsta hmrim ukm grmk `cebrbkicm iak om earhm `b trmjmda trm`cicakmo, ym qub om

ckearhmicùk sb nm `bsibktrmoczm`a y bs hís miibscjob.

Var ta`a booa, sb iaksc`brm qub bo bstu`ca `bo oc`brmzga bs uk tbhm rbobvmktb sck ougmr m `u`ms.  

:
 

CK@CIB

IMZMIPBZCYPCIMY @BO OC@BZ VMZM BO YCGOA ^^C ............................................................

............................................................ =
@BECKCICÙK ..............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. :

Iakibptumoczmicùk ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ 9

Oc`brmzga y pa`br .......................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................... 2
Pcpas `b Oc`brmzga ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... 5

Pbarèms `b Oc`brmzga4 Bvaouicùk `b oas bstu`cas `b oas rmsgas `b om pbrsakm oè`br ............ 7

Oms imrmitbrèstcims `bo Oc`brmzga `bo scgoa ^^C ……………………………………………………………… 7 

Om chpartmkicm `b sbr uk oè`br …………………………………………………… >

Nbrrmhcbktms `bo Oè`br ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………… 3

Vbreco `bo Oè`br `b nay ……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………
…… =6

Oms imrmitbrèstcims `bo Oè`br `bo scgoa ^^C ……………………………………… =6

Iaksbdas pmrm sbr uk hbdar Oè`br ……………………………………………………… ==

==

IAKIORYCAKBY ………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………… =9 

ZBEBZBKICMY JCJOCAZMECIMY/ BKOMIBY @B KPBZKBZP   ....................................... =0

9
 

IMZMIPBZÈYPCIMY @BO OÈ@BZ VMZM BO YCGOA ^^C

^^C
C. @BECKCICÙK

  Oc`brmzga4 bs bo praibsa hb`cmktb bo iumo oas m`hckcstrm`arbs trmtmk `b ckeoucr

sajrb sus iaomjarm`arbs pmrm qub oagrbk hbtms `b trmjmda prbecdm`ms.  
  Oè`br4 bs om pbrsakm qub bkimjbzm, guèm, `crcgb a bstmjobib bo ruhja.   Zbmoczm
oms karhms qub bo grupa kas bstchm, oa iumo ob `m om imtbgarèm y par booa oagrm
mtrmbr m om gbktb. Irbm bo imhjca hís bebitcva y par bsa oagrm qub atras oa scgmk.
Bstm iak om gbktb, om hmktcbkb ukc`m y om guèm m om `crbiicùk iarrbitm.

 M su vbz, bo @ciicakmrca `b om Zbmo Mim`bhcm Bspmýaom (:66=), bk m`

m`bomktb
bomktb @ZMB, `beckb
oc`brmzga iaha om sctumicùk `b supbrcarc`m` bk qub sb nmoom ukm bhprbsm, uk pra`uita a uk
u k sbitar
biakùhcia, `bktra `b su íhjcta< iahpobtm om `beckcicùk bkomzík`aom iak om pmomjrm oc`brmta4 om
iak`cicùk `b oè`br.

Bk bstb sbktc`a, oè`br bs `beckc`a iaha om pbrsakm m om qub uk grupa scgub,

rbiakaicãk`aom iaha dbeb u arcbktm`arm. Bo iakibpta `b oè`br ka `bjb ocgmrsb `b earhm bxiouscvm
m om ecgurm `b uk grmk bhprbsmrca a uk hcoctmr< iumoqucbr ck`cvc`ua qub ckeouyb bk bo
iahpartmhcbkta `b `as pbrsakms nmstm moimkzmr sus ajdbtcvas bs uk oè`br.

Oc`brmzga, par tmkta, bs uk iakibpta ocgm`a m oas grupas, pubsta qub bk ta`a grupa
nuhmka surgb bstb ebkùhbka.

=.=. Iakibptumoczmicùk

‟Oas oè`brbs sak bo rbiursa jíscia y hís bsimsa `b 

`b iumoqucbr bhprbsm‘. 
bhprbsm‘. 
Bo oc`brmzga bs ukm iak`cicùk nuhmkm jíscim y ukcvbrsmo, ukm rbomicùk qub ckvaouirm
m ta`as m trmvãs `b ta`m su bxcstbkicm. Ckcicmohbktb sak oas pm`rbs qub mo bdbribr
jcbk a hmo om arcbktmicùk bk om vc`m `b im`m ncda, oas chpuosmk y pakbk oèhctbs bk
im`m emhcocm, msè tmhjcãk oas hmbstras, oa hcsha qub bk oms bhprbsms, iaha bk oms
cgobscms, bk bo bdãricta, bo `bpartb, om paoètcim, bti. … 
bti.…
Bstm`èstcims `b oas ôotchas mýas oa `bhubstrmk bk earhm iakirbtm4 om hmyarèm `b oas
ermimsas bhprbsmrcas pub`bk mtrcjucrsb m uk oc`brmzga ckbecimz.
Iumk`a nmjomhas `b oc`brmzga kas rbebrchas m om m`bium`m gbstcùk `b sbrbs
nuhmkas pmrm iaksbgucr uk eck iahôk m kcvbo praebscakmo y pbrsakmo. Bo oè`br par
tmkta bs om pbrsakm aiupm`m `b bxtrmbr oa hbdar `b oms pbrsakms qub earhmk pmrtb
`b om argmkczmicùk m oms qub `crcgb, pmrm om iaksbiuicùk `b oas rbsuotm`as y om
smtcsemiicùk goajmo `b oas iocbktbs `b om argmkczmicùk, iaha jmsb euk`mhbktmo `b om
iaktckuc`m` `b om hcshm.

Bo oc`brmzga bebitcva bs schpobhbktb mquão qub oagrm rbsuotm`as. Mquão qub sb vb y

ka `bo iumo sb nmjom.

0
 

Bo oc`brmzga bebitcva pub`b tbkbr mpmrcbkicms m`vbrsms, pbra mo eckmo bo rbsuotm`a bs

bo bspbrm`a a bo hbdar mpocimjob.
Oms imrmitbrèstcims `bo oc`brmzga bebitcva sb pub`bk `cstckgucr bk earhm
rbomtcvmhbktb eíico, pubs sb `bimktmk bk ar`bk dbrírqucia.
Vmrm mhpocmr bo iakibpta `b oc`brmzga, bs prbicsa `beckcr oms iumoc`m`bs qub uk oè`br
`bjb tbkbr. Bstms sak4 oagra `b rbsuotm`as becimibs, impmic`m` `b rbmiicùk, tahm

`b `bicscakbs, iakecmkzm, iakstruiicùk saicmo, sbr uk bdbhpoa m sbgucr, praybita `b

vc`m ãtcia, bktrb atrms (Pajùk, :662).
Vmrm `bsmrraoomr oms iahpbtbkicms mo sbrvcica `b om earhmicùk `b oè`brbs, bs
chpartmktb rbiakaibr mo sbr nuhmka iaha uk sbr naoèstcia y prbicsmr sus 2
`chbkscakbs euk`mhbktmobs4 BO YBKPCZ, BO YBZ, BO YMJBZ, BO YMJBZ NMIBZ
S BO PBKBZ (Nbrkík`bz, M.,:6=0)
M .,:6=0).. 
  Nbrkík`bz, M (:6=0). @bktra `b oms
oms prckicpmobs `ceciuotm`bs qub sb
bkiubktrmk pmrm bo `bsmrraooa `b iahpbtbkicms mo sbrvcica `b om earhmicùk
`b oè`brbs sb bkiubktrmk qub om b`uimicùk supbrcar sb bkeaim bk BO
YMJBZ, trmkshctcbk`a iakaichcbktas prapcas `b im`m imhpa, y bk bo
YMJBZ NMIBZ, pubs bo ajdbtcva bs qub bo praebscakmo oobvb m om príitcim bo

iakaichcbkta m`qucrc`a bk bo imhpa `b miicùk pmrm bo iumo sb nm

prbpmrm`a, pbra iak `ceciuotm` sb mrtciuom bo YMJBZ YBZ, pubs bo
`bsmrraooa `b oms iahpbtbkicms `b mitctu`, `b hatcvmicùk, `b oc`brmzga, `b
ckcicmtcvm, om impmic`m` `b ckeoucr bk atras par bo oagra `b ajdbtcvas ka sb
`bsmrraoom `bs`b om ukcvbrsc`m`.

Bs par bsta, qub bo scgoa ^^C kas `bsmeèm m sbgucr iubstcakík`akas, ±bo oc`brmzga kmib1, ±sb
nmib1 M oa qub pa`rèmhas rbspak`br, kmib, sb earhm y sb praybitm. Bo
praybitm. Bo rbta bs irbmr
ckstctuicakbs y bktc`m`bs qub msuhmk `b par sè om ckcicmtcvm `b bstruiturmr iurrèiuoas earhmobs y
ka `bdmroa iaha uk ebkùhbka `bo mzmr, scka iaha uk praibsa `b pomkcecimicùk iuoturmo.

=.:. Oc`brmzga y pa`br.

Oms c`bms `b mutarc`m` y `b oc`brmzga vmk èktchmhbktb ukc`ms, ym qub, hb`cmktb bo
bdbricica `bo pa`br, bo oè`br bs impmz `b ckeoucr `b hmkbrm m`bium`m sajrb sus
sujar`ckm`as. Bo pa`br qub bdbrzm uk oè`br `bpbk`brí `b su arcgbk y `b oas hb`cas
bhpobm`as pmrm bdbribroa.

Ybgôk bstas emitarbs, `cstckgucrbhas4

  Va`br obgètcha4 iumk`a bo oè`br bstí rbspmo`m`a par su pascicùk bk om

 dbrmrquèm `b om bhprbsm, bo iumo oa nmjcoctm pmrm bdbribr su ckeoubkicm `bktra
`b oas oèhctbs bstmjobic`as.


  Va`br iabrictcva4
iabrictcva4 bo oè`br jmsm su ckeoubkicm bk su impmic`m` `b mhbkmzm,
imstcga a kbgmicùk `b rbiahpbksms.

2
 

   Va`br `b rbiahpbksm4 bs bo apubsta mo mktbrcar4 bo oè`br bdbrib su pa`br

pa`br par
hb`ca `b rbiahpbksms a ckibktcvas iaha om bochckmicùk `b ajstíiuoas.

=.9. Pcpas `b oc`brmzga.

Oa qub `cstckgub m uk oè`br bs qub tbkgm sbguc`arbs4 sck sbguc`arbs ka nmy oè`br kc

oc`brmzga.
Var bsa bs tmk chpartmktb qub oms argmkczmicakbs tbkgmk ukm hcscùk iak mota
iaktbkc`a trmsibk`bktb, ym qub bs ukm hmkbrm huy pa`brasm `b rbearzmr bo
oc`brmzga `b sus `crbitcvas.
Bxcstbk vmrcms tcpaoagèms `b oc`brmzga iakearhb prbsbktmhas m iaktckumicùk4
m) Ybgôk om earhmoc`m` bk su bobiicùk4
  Oc`brmzga earhmo4 prbbstmjobic`a par om argmkczmicùk.
  Oc`brmzga ckearhmo4 bhbrgbktb bk bo grupa.
j) Ybgôk om rbomicùk bktrb bo oè`br y sus sbguc`arbs4
   Oc`brmzga mutarctmrca.
   Oc`brmzga `bhairítcia
   Oc`brmzga Ocjbrmo
   Oc`brmzga pmrtcicpmtcva
   Oc`brmzga iakicocm`ar
   Oc`brmzga bdbhpomrczmktb.

Bo psciùoaga Lurt Obwck, `urmktb sus ckvbstcgmicakbs sajrb bo oc`brmzga `urmktb

om Ybguk`m Gubrrm Huk`cmo, eub qucbk `bstmiù bstas trbs bstcoas `b oc`brmzga qub m `èm
`b nay scgubk scbk`a oas hís nmjctumobs bk bo huk`a `b oms argmkczmicakbs. M pbsmr `b
qub oas bstu`cas mecrhmk qub bo oc`brmzga `bhairítcia bs bo hbdar, bo oc`brmzga
mutairítcia a mutarctmrca y bo oc`brmzga ocjbrmo sak ta`mvèm `as grmk`bs bstcoas huy
prbsbktbs bk huotctu` `b bhprbsms y argmkczmicakbs.
Oas trbs bstcoas `b oc`brmzga qub hís ãxcta tcbkbk bk oms argmkczmicakbs, y bs par booa
qub sak oas 9 bstcoas `b oc`brmzga hís iahukbs qub pa`bhas bkiaktrmr.
m. Oè`br mutarctmrca4 bo oè`br ecdm oms `crbitrcibs sck pmrtcicpmicùk `bo grupa. Bo oè`br
iakibktrm ta`a bo pa`br y om tahm `b `bicscakbs. Bs uk bdbricica `b oc`brmzga
ukc`crbiicakmo, oa ôkcia qub tcbkbk qub nmibr oas sujar`ckm`as bs ajb`bibr oms
`crbitrcibs qub hmrim bo oè`br.
j. Oè`br `bhairítcia4 oms `crbitrcibs sak `bjmtc`ms par bo grupa y `bic`c`ms par ãstb
iak bo bstèhuoa y mpaya `bo oè`br. Yb jmsm bk om iaomjarmicùk y pmrtcicpmicùk `b
ta`as oas hcbhjras `bo grupa. Bo oè`br y oas sujar`ckm`as mitômk iaha ukm
ukc`m`.

i. Oè`br ocjbrmo a oè`br Omcssbz Emcrb4 omcsbbz emcrb bs ukm bxprbscùk ermkibsm qub
scgkcecim `bdbk nmibr a `bdbk pmsmr. @b mnè, qub bstb bstcoa `b oc`brmzga sb

5
 

imrmitbrcib par ukm ocjbrtm` iahpobtm par pmrtb `bo grupa bk oms `bicscakbs y ukm
pmrtcicpmicùk hèkchm `bo oè`br. Bo oè`br ka bdbrib su eukicùk,
e ukicùk, ka sb rbspaksmjcoczm
`bo grupa y `bdm m ãstb m su prapcm ckcicmtcvm.

=.0. Pbarèms `b oc`brmzga4 Bvaouicùk `bo bstu`ca `b oas rmsgas

rmsgas `b om pbrsakm oè`br

Bo oc`brmzga nm sc`a rbeobdm`a bk hmkcebstmicakbs mrtèstcims iaha om octbrmturm m oa

omrga `b ta`m om ncstarcm. Nay bk `èm, vbhas m oè`brbs tahmr `bicscakbs qub mebitmrík mo
huk`a bktbra bk oas ckearhmtcvas, kas rbomicakmhas iak booas bk om aecickm a cktbktmhas
b`uimr m oas `crcgbktbs `bo eutura. Vraebscakmobs `b vmrcms `csicpockms sb cktbrbsmk par
bstmjobibr oas rmsgas `b om pbrsakm oè`br y sus iaksbiubkicms. Bs prcarctmrca sbgucr
ckvbstcgmk`a y tbarczmk`a pmrm iaksbgucr oè`brbs hís becimibs.

Om psciaoagèm saicmo bhpbzù m cktbrbsmrsb sajrb oas rmsgas `b ukm pbrsakm oè`br m
prckicpcas `bo scgoa ^^. Bxcstbk vmrcas ha`boas sajrb bo oc`brmzga qub iabxcstbk. Vbra
sbgôk Jryhmk (=33:) su bstu`ca nm rbiarrc`a iumtra btmpms.

=) Bkeaqub `b rmsga4 Yaoa mogukms pbrsakms kmibk impmictm`ms pmrm bo oc`brmzga.

Yck bhjmrga, mitumohbktb tbk`bhas m irbbr qub om gbktb pub`b hbdarmr sus
nmjcoc`m`bs.
:) Bstcoas `b oc`brmzga4 Jusimk `bsircjcr oms `cebrbktbs pmutms `b iahpartmhcbkta
`b oas oè`brbs y iùha mebitmk sus sbguc`arbs. Nbhas praeuk`czm`a bk booas bk
bo mpmrtm`a mktbrcar.
9) Ha`boas `b om iaktckgbkicm4 Ck`mgmk bk bo iaktbxta bk bo qub sb `bsmrraoom bo
oc`brmzga. Ka sùoa oa qub nmgm bo oè`br chpartm, sus miicakbs cktbrmitômk iak
`cvbrsms sctumicakbs.
0)  Mpraxchmicùk `bo kubva oc`brmzga4 Bstb bkeaqub rbsmotm bo imrcshm `bo oè`br y su
pbrspbitcvm. Yurgbk iakibptas iaha bo ‟oc`brmzga trmksmiicakmo‘ y bo
‟trmksearhmicakmo‘.  
‟trmksearhmicakmo‘.

Var atrm pmrtb, om rbomicùk bktrb oc`brmzga y gãkbra nm `m`a ougmr m uk mpmscakm`a
`bjmtb. Yb bstí ckvbstcgmk`a huina pmrm rbcvck`cimr om prbsbkicm `b hís hudbrbs bk oas
motas imrgas. Oas bstbrbatcpas, qub iak erbiubkicm sb vbk rbearzm`as par oas hb`cas `b
iahukcimicùk, `ceciuotmk msaicmr m oms hudbrbs iak oas rmsgas `b om pbrsakm oè`br. Bstb
iaktravbrtc`a tbhm sbgucrí gbkbrmk`a `cobhms `urmktb oas prùxchas mýas.

=.2. Oms imrmitbrèstcims `bo oc`brmzga `bo scgoa ^^C.

Vrbsbktm oms scgucbktbs imrmitbrèstcims4

  Ianbrbkicm. Rk oè`br bs cktbgra su `csiursa vm `b om hmka iak sus miicakbs,
su pbksmhcbkta oa pakb bk miicùk, par bsm rmzùk su bqucpa oa tcbkb iaha
bdbhpoa y oa rbspbtm.

7
 

  Oè`brbs irbmk`a kubvas oè`brbs. Oms bhprbsms bhpcbzmk m iahprbk`br om

chpartmkicm `b irbmr y earhmr oè`brbs, sb bkeaimk bk oms nmjcoc`m`bs `b bstms
pbrsakms y bk su `bsmrraooa bk om argmkczmicùk
  Bo oc`brmzga rbsakmktb. Bstb tcpa `b oc`brmzga
oc`brmzga sb nmib prbsbktb im`m v
vbz
bz
hís bk oms argmkczmicakbs, pmrm oagrmr bo trmjmda iaar`ckm`a `b bqucpas y
su oè`br.

  Bo oc`brmzga
oc`brmzga omtbrmo. Ka sùoa bs kbibsmrca tbkbr bo rbspbta y sbr uk bdbhpoa
pmrm su bqucpa `b trmjmda. Bo oè`br iahprbk`b qub bs kbibsmrca nmibr oa
prapca iak sus pmrbs bk om bsimom argmkczmicakmo.
  @bobgmr y `mr apartukc`m` `b bobiicùk. Bsta myu`m mo bqucpa m sbktcrsb
iakecm`a bk tahmr `bicscakbs `b chpartmkicm pmrm bo oagra `b rbsuotm`as.
  Bo oè`br bstí ckearhm`a. Bo kbgaica nay bk `èm `bpbk`b `b pbrsakms
argmkczm`ms, bktuscmstms, b`uim`ms b ckearhm`ms. Oms pbrspbitcvms `b nay
pub`bk sbr imhjcm`ms hmýmkm m prchbrm narm.
  Zbiakaib m tu bqucpa. Pa`a bo trmjmda qub nmibk pmrm oagrmr rbsuotm`as,
`bjbs rbiakaibroa y nmibroa smjbr m ta`m om bhprbsm. Ka tb gumr`bs bsm
ckearhmicùk.

  Mjrcrsb m om `cvbrsc`m`. Mitumohbktb, bo hbrim`a goajmo bxcgb `cebrbktbs

bkeaqubs, iakaichcbktas `b `cebrbktbs iuoturms y huina hís. Vmrm sbr
bxctasas y `b mota rbk`chcbkta.
  Gbkbrmr om ebocic`m`
ebocic`m` bktrb oas cktbgrmktbs `bo bqucpa. Im`m vbz hís oms
bhprbsms iahcbkzmk m chpobhbktmr mitcvc`m`bs arcbktm`ms m om ebocic`m` bk
bo trmjmda. Jusimk`a iakscga bo sbktc`a `b pbrtbkbkicm y om aptchczmicùk `b
om mitcvc`m` `bo kbgaica.
  Nmjomr iomrm y mibrtm`mhbktb. Bsta scgkcecim qub tbk`rís qub
qub hbdarmr tus
nmjcoc`m`bs `b iahukcimicùk iak tu bqucpa.
  C`bktcecimr m oms pbrsakms tùxcims y prbsick`cr `b booms. Bs chpartmktb
pratbgbr m om bhprbsm `b bstms pbrsakms, par om smou` hbktmo `b ta`as oas
cktbgrmktbs `b om argmkczmicùk.
  Mpartmr iakaichcbktas.
iakaichcbktas. Rk oè`br iaktrcjuyb m qub oms
oms pbrsakms jmda sus
`crbitrcibs oagrbk mprbk`br sajrb su trmjmda. @bsmrraoobk ta`a oa qub
mprbk`bk bk bo praibsa y bsta sbm rbobvmktb pmrm om bhprbsm.

=.5. Om chpartmkicm `b sbr uk oè`br.

oè`br.

Bo oè`br bs bsm pbrsakm iahprahbtc`m bk msuhcr ukm pascicùk `b pa`br `bjc`a m uk

iahprahcsa y iakvciicùk `bktra `b uk mhjcbktb `b bqucpa. Oa qub `cebrbkicm m uk
oè`br iak oas `bhís, bs su imrcshm y bspèrctu `b ouinm ckibsmktb iak bo eck `b oagrmr
uk jcbk iahôk a hbtm bk om vc`m.
v c`m. Rk oè`br bebitcva, pakb par bkichm `b su `bsba par

>
 

ajtbkbr rbiakaichcbkta, om kbibsc`m` `b trcukemr y moimkzmr bo ãxcta tmkta pmrm sè

hcsha, iaha pmrm oas `bhís.
Oas oè`brbs iak prapùscta `crcgbk argmkczmicakbs hís bxctasms, bk om qub par uk om`a
nmibk ebocibs m sus iocbktbs y par bo atra, prapcicmk ukm hbdar imoc`m` `b vc`m pmrm
sus iaomjarm`arbs.
Om chpartmkicm `bo prapùscta iaha oè`br rm`cim bk bo mutaiakaichcbkta, bk smjbr quã

tb hubvb, iùha bs tu `bsbhpbýa y quã tb nmib `cebrbktb, bs iaha tu hmrim pbrsakmo

bk iumoqucbr iasm qub nmgms, oa qub tb chpuosm m oagrmr tus hbtms b ckspcrmr m om
gbktb. Ka bs oa qub nmibs, scka om rmzùk, bo iùha oa nmibs y par quã.
Pa`a oè`br `bjb bstmjobibr uk prapùscta ecrhb bk su iahpmýèm, `bjb sbr impmz `b
`btbitmr y `beckcr uk ajdbtcva pbrsakmo qub ob scrvm `b guèm.
Rk jubk oè`br bs mqubo qub4
   Bk vbz `b prbguktmr ±quã qucbra nmibr ya1,
ya1, sb iubstcakm ±]uã nmib
emotm qub nmgm1
   Yb prbguktm ±quã iaktrcjuicùk rbmohbktb bspbicmo pub`a nmibr1
   Yb iubstcakm ±iùha iaksbgucr uk mota rbk`chcbkta `b om
argmkczmicùk1
   Jusim `cvbrsc`m` bk oms pbrsakms `bo grupa `b Prmjmda, m`hctcbk`a
ta`a tcpa `b apckcakbs.
   Bs bxcgbktb iak bo rbk`chcbkta `bo bqucpa.
   Ka tbhb `cspakbr `b pbrsakms `b bkarhb nmjcoc`m` bk bo grupa.
   Yb sahbtb m om prubjm `bo bspbda im`m hmýmkm.
   Bs mitcva. Ka sùoa prb`cim m oas `bhís, scka qub mitôm.

Om ecgurm `bo oè`br mitumo `bjb smtcsemibr om kbibsc`m` `b oms argmkczmicakbs ha`brkms
`b m`mptmrsb pra`uitcvmhbktb m oms iak`cicakbs `bo bktarka, im`m vbz hbkas
prb`bicjobs. Bstm iakibpicùk rbqucbrb uk kubva tcpa `b oè`brbs, `cebrbktbs m oas
trm`cicakmobs. Mktbs bo ãkemscs brm om pra`uitcvc`m`, mitumohbktb bs om imoc`m` `b vc`m, om

smtcsemiicùk y jcbkbstmr `b oas trmjmdm`arbs, scbk`a om pra`uitcvc`m` ukm iaksbiubkicm

`b oa mktbrcar. Bo oc`brmzga mitumo `bjb emvarbibr bo `bsmrraooa `b argmkczmicakbs
smou`mjobs b ckiouybktbs `ak`b sb vmoarb om `cvbrsc`m`.

=.7. Nbrrmhcbktms `bo Oè`br.

  Mutarc`m` y pa`br `bo oè`br4 Om mutarc`m` `b uk ck`cvc`ua bhmkm `b su

sctumicùk dbrírqucim< ka msè om `bo oè`br, iuya pa`br sb euk`mhbktm bk su
impmic`m` `b ckeoubkicm sajrb bo rbsta.
  Nmjcoc`m` pmrm iahprbk`br m oas sujar`ckm`as4 bo oè`br nm `b smjbr
m`mptmrsb m oms sctumicakbs psciasaicmobs `b sus sujar`ckm`as.

3
 

   Nmjcoc`m` `b ckspcrmr m oas sbguc`arbs mitctu`bs y prb`cspascicakbs

m`bium`ms4 ta`a oè`br tcbkb qub pasbbr uk imríitbr memjob qub irbb ukm
jubkm rbomicùk iak sus sujar`ckm`as.
   Bo bstcoa `bo oè`br y bo iochm4 uk oè`br `bjb smjbr irbmr y hmktbkbr uk
mhjcbktb m`bium`a pmrm uk iarrbita `bsbhpbýa `b om tmrbm `bo grupa.  

=.>. Vbreco `bo Oè`br `b nay.

Bo oè`br `b nay rbspak`b m oms bxpbitmtcvms b ckqucbtu`bs qub nmk `bobgm`a bk ão y

iahpmrtb iak atras sus c`bms y praybitas. tcbkb ukm vcscùk bstrmtãgcim, om iumo
iaksc`brm vctmo pmrm bo ãxcta `b su gbstcùk.
Yb bkerbktm m prajobhms, tbk`bkicms, prbscakbs a sctumicakbs, jusim oms saouicakbs
iak bo mkíocscs `b oms imusms, mpocim iarrbiicakbs, prbvcbkb y gbkbrm kubvms c`bms.
 M`bhís, bs uk trmksearhm`ar, rbspak`b
r bspak`b iak tmobkta, vcscùk y mu`micm m oas rbtas
r btas `b
uk hb`ca turjuobkta, `m rbspubstm m oms miicakbs apbrmtcvms, pbra su arcbktmicùk
bstí `crcgc`m mo moimkib `b oms grmk`bs hbtms `b oms argmkczmicakbs

=.3. Oms imrmitbrèstcims `bo OÈ@BZ `bo scgoa ^^C.

Rk oè`br bs mqubo qub sb mtrbvb m `mr bo prchbr pmsa, pmrm gucmr m su bqucpa m ajtbkbr
grmk`bs oagras< bstms y atrms ermsbs sak oms qub usmk pmrm `beckcr m oas oè`brbs `b
bhprbsms qub mpocimk bstm iumoc`m` bk sus bqucpas `b trmjmda< sck bhjmrga, sbgôk
 Moeaksa Mrtbmgm, `crbitar `b Gbstcùk Nuhmkm `b om Zbgcùk Mk`ckm `b Veczbr, uk jubk
oè`br4
m) Bs ianbrbktb.
Rk oè`br sb prbaiupm parqub su `csiursa sbm ianbrbktb iak sus miicakbs.
Iumk`a hubstrm ukm rbomicùk oùgcim bktrb su pbksmr y su mitumr, oagrm qub
su bqucpa scbktm rbspbta y obgctchb sus miicakbs, oa qub sb trm`uib bk uk
trmjmda iakdukta.
j) @bsmrraoom bo tmobkta `b oas trmjmdm`arbs.
Oms iahpmýèms sb bkeaimk bk om prbpmrmicùk `bo bqucpa `b trmjmda pmrm
bkerbktmr kubvas `bsmeèas.
i) @bobgm y bhpa`brm mo bqucpa.
Rk jubk oè`br bsiagb m oas hbdarbs pmrm qub trmjmdbk bk su bqucpa, rmzùk
par om iumo iakeèm bk su trmjmda y bk su irctbrca. @bobgmr rbspaksmjcoc`m`bs y
tbkbr bk iubktm su apckcùk nmib qub oas trmjmdm`arbs sb scbktmk pmrtb
euk`mhbktmo `bo praybita iarparmtcva y sb iahprahbtmk iak sus hbtms.
`) Bstí ckearhm`a y oa `bhubstrm bk om príitcim.

=6
 

Iumk`a uk oè`br ckvbstcgm y bstu`cm `cvbrsas puktas `b vcstm bs impmz `b

tahmr `bicscakbs ckearhm`ms, m`bhís `b `bhastrmr mktb su bqucpa y
iaobgms qub sb cktbrbsm par iakaibr atrms pbrspbitcvms.
b) Hatcvm y rbiakaib om jubkm omjar.
Zbiakaibr om omjar `bo trmjmdm`ar nmib qub bstb sb scbktm hatcvm`a pmrm
iaktckumr iak su `bsbhpbýa y eartmobib oas omzas bktrb bo oè`br y su bqucpa.

e) Vrahavbr om `cvbrsc`m`.
Bstb bobhbkta, qub ka saoa sb imrmitbrczm par iaktmr iak `cebrbktbs pbrecobs
praebscakmobs, sb nm iakvbrtc`a bk uk chpbrmtcva bstrmtãgcia `b `cebrbktbs
iahpmýèms bk bo huk`a, pubs jmda bstb ha`boa `b pbksmhcbkta sb nmk
iakearhm`a hbdarbs bqucpas `b mota rbk`chcbkta y par bk`b, bqucpas hís
pra`uitcvas.
g) Nmib qub bo trmjmdm`ar sb scbktm ebocz.
Chpobhbktmr ckcicmtcvms arcbktm`ms m om ebocic`m` bk bo trmjmda rb`uk`m bk om
gbkbrmicùk `b sbktc`a `b pbrtbkbkicm y aptchczm om pra`uitcvc`m` `bo
kbgaica.
n) Nmjom iomra y `b erbktb.
Obvmktmr om hmka bk bo hahbkta m`bium`a y bxprbsmr `bsmiubr`a `b
hmkbrm rbspbtuasm sb trm`uib bk bo irbichcbkta `b om argmkczmicùk.
c) Ka mibptm oas iahpartmhcbktas iarrascvas.
Rk jubk oè`br rbinmzm tmdmktbhbktb oas iahpartmhcbktas kbgmtcvas qub
mebitmk bo jubk eukicakmhcbkta `bo bqucpa y `b om bhprbsm.
 d) Bksbým y guèm.
Bo iakaichcbkta qub sb m`qucbrb bk ukm iahpmýèm bs uka `b oas emitarbs
`btbrhckmktbs bk om `bicscùk `bo trmjmdm`ar `b pbrhmkbibr bk om
argmkczmicùk.

=.=6. Iaksbdas pmrm sbr uk hbdar oè`br

  M`íptmtb m tu grupa.
Bs prbicsa rbimoimr qub nmy `cebrbktbs tcpas `b grupas b ckeckctas iaktbxtas
`cstcktas. Var oa tmkta, bs chprbsick`cjob iakaibr huy jcbk m qucãkbs
qubrbhas oc`brmr pmrm m`mptmrkas m booas. Yc ka m`aptmhas ukm mitctu`
eobxcjob y iahprbkscvm, bs huy prajmjob qub ermimsbhas bk bo cktbkta.  
  Hmktbktb mjcbrta m kubvms motbrkmtcvms
Bo oc`brmzga nmy qub rbkavmroa iaktckumhbktb. Rkm pascicùk emvarmjob
pub`b nmibr qub kas bstmkqubhas bk kubstrm zakm `b iakeart y bstbhas
hbkas mtbktas m kubvms pascjcoc`m`bs. Ka aovc`bs ckkavmr, sbgura qub tb
sarprbk`bs iak emjuoasas b ckbspbrm`as rbsuotm`as.
  Bsiuinm m tus iahpmýbras.

==
 

Nmstm om pbrsakm hís chpbksm`m pub`b tbkbr ukm prapubstm qub kas
nmgm iuhpocr kubstrms bxpbitmtcvms iak irbibs. @bdbhas oas prbducicas `b
om`a. Vrbguktm m tus moobgm`as su pukta `b vcstm, cktbktm mvbrcgumr iùha sb
scbktbk y iuío bs su sckibrm apckcùk. Vrmitcim om bsiuinm mitcvm.
  Kukim `bdbs `b hbdarmr tus nmjcoc`m`bs `b iahukcimicùk.
Pa`as qubrbhas sbktcrkas iahpbtbktbs bk kubstra trmjmda y sbr vmoarm`as.

 M vbibs, kubstras cktbroaiutarbs ka bstík huy `cspubstas m bsiuinmrkas

(par pbrbzm, imksmkica, emotm `b cktbrãs…), pbra pa`bhas rbhb`cmroa. Ka
`bdbs `b hbdarmr tus nmjcoc`m`bs
tus  nmjcoc`m`bs saicmobs. Bksmym
saicmobs. Bksmym tu obkgumdb iarparmo y tu
bxprbscùk vbrjmo, prbpmrm tu `csiursa y iakeèm bk tc. Ucvchas bk om brm `b
oms chígbkbs. Mpùymtb bk rbiursas vcsumobs.
  @bobgm iumk`a sbm kbibsmrca
 M vbibs sb kas aovc`m qub sahas nuhmkas y tbkbhas kubstrms
ochctmicakbs. @bjbhas rbiakaibr iumk`a ym ka tbkbhas tcbhpa hmtbrcmo
pmrm mimjmr uk praybita a iumk`a mogukm iubstcùk sb bsimpm `b kubstrms
iahpbtbkicms. Om iakecmkzm bk oas `bhís bs bsbkicmo pmrm bo jubk
oc`brmzga.

=:
 

CC. IAKIORYCAKBY

Yb rbsmotm bo chpartmktb pmpbo qub dugmrí bo oc`brmzga bk bo kubva scgoa. Ckcicmtcvms `b

oc`brmzga qub ckvaouirbk vmoarbs y tbkgmk iaha ajdbtcva om jôsqub`m `b ukm saicb`m` hbdar y
hís cgumoctmrcm pmrm ta`as sus hcbhjras, sbrík pbricjc`ms iaha m`bium`ms.

Iak jmsb bk oa bxpubsta mktbrcarhbktb, sb iaksc`brm imtbgùrcimhbktb qub bo oc`brmzga `bo

scgoa ^^C sb nm `b `bsmrraoomr bk ukm `chbkscùk mxcaoùgcim bk om qub sb bkicbrrbk oas vmoarbs
iuoturmobs `b om argmkczmicùk, bo pomktbmhcbkta ãtcia bk su rbomicùk iak tbribras y om
rbspaksmjcoc`m` iak om saicb`m`< `ak`b om pbrsbvbrmkicm,
pbrsbvbrmk icm, ianbrbkicm, iakecmkzm y prajc`m` sbmk
oas mtrcjutas hís `bstmim`as `bo oè`br.

Rkm mitcvc`m` `b ckeoubkicm, iak mutarc`m` sùoc`m qub bxcgb cktbocgbkicm, `bstrbzm y vmoar pmrm
`bsmrraoomr uk pa`br iahpmrtc`a, par hb`ca `b oa iumo sb oagrb hmktbkbr bqucpas sckãrgcias,
irbmtcvas, pmrtcicpmtcvas y iahprahbtc`as iak oas ajdbtcvas prapubstas y iak ukm vcscùk goajmo
g oajmo bk
om gbstcùk `bo imhjca y bo hmkbda `bo imas y om iahpobdc`m`.

 M`bhís, sb oobgù m oms scgucbktbs iakiouscakbs4

  Bo oc`brmzga gbkucka scrvb pmrm mpaymr, ka bs iabrictcva.

  Oc`brmzga scgkcecim nmibr pmrtèicpbs m atras.
  Bo oc`brmzga
oc`brmzga bs vcscùk prchbra< miicùk sbguk`m, scgkcecim bktbk`br qub oms
pbrsakms sak hís chpartmktbs qub oms iasms. Bs uk mrtb, m sbr mprbk`c`a y
mpocim`a y ka sb `bjb iakeuk`cr iak ukm schpob pascicùk `b trmjmda.
  Bo oè`br `bjb `bsmrraoomr prckicpcas,
prckicpcas, hatcvmicakbs, rmsgas pbrsakmobs y
imríitbr bspbièecia< hcbktrms qub bk bo smjbr sb rbecbrb m oms `bstrbzms,
nmjcoc`m`bs y rmsgas y bk bo Nmibr, sb `cstckgubk oms iak`uitms, níjctas,
bstcoas y iahpbtbkicms.
  M oas oè`brbs `bo Ycgoa := sb obs bxcgb ukm prbpmrmicùk `cebrbktb pmrm pa`br
mtbk`br oms kbibsc`m`bs `b oms bhprbsms ha`brkms. Iakaichcbkta `b hís
`b uk c`cahm, bstu`cas ukcvbrsctmrcas, iakaichcbktas `b ckearhítcim y
impmic`m` `b iahukcimicùk sak mogukas `b oas mspbitas m tbkbr bk iubktm
pmrm sbr oè`brbs bxctasa y iahpbtctcva.
  Bo oè`br `b nay `bjb `ahckmr uk sckkôhbra `b eukicakbs, qub ob emicoctbk
cktbrmitumr iak bo hb`ca. @bjbrí sbr bstrmtbgm, argmkczm`ar y oè`br pramitcva

=9
 

CCC. ZBEBZBKICMY JCJOCAGZMECIMY/BKOMIBY @B CKPBZKBP

  Nbrkík`bz, M (:6=0). Oc`brmzga, iahpbtbkicms y b`uimicùk supbrcar bk Iaoahjcm.

Rkcvbrsc`m` Hcoctmr Kubvm Grmkm`m.

  Pajùk, Y. (:662). Earhmicùk jmsm`m bk Iahpbtbkicms. Vbksmhcbkta

Vbksmhcbkta iahpobda,

`csbýa iurrciuomr y `c`íitcim (Uao. Ybguk`a). Jagatí, Iaoahjcm4 Biab B`cicakbs.

  nttp4//moomjautpbapob.hx/joag/om-chpartmkicm-`b-sbr-uk-oc`br-iak-prapascta/

  nttp4//irbichcbkta-pbrsakmo.ckkmtcm.iah/i-oc`brmzga/m-oc`brmzga-bebitcva.ntho

  www.sbjmsibocs.iah/oc`brmzga-bebitcva/

  RZO `bo mrtèiuoa4 nttps4//www.saoabdbhpoas.iah/qub-bs-bo-oc`brmzgatcpasiumoc`m`bs-

y-imrmitbrcstcims-`b-uk-oc`br/Eubktb4 ]uã bs bo oc`brmzga,tcpas,iumoc`m`bs y

imrmitbrèstcims `b uk oè`br

  nttp4//www.bohmyarpartmo`bgbrbkicm.iah/@aiuhbktas/Oc`brmzga/\V@X%:6@aiuhb

ktas%:6-%:6]ub%:6bs%:6bo%:6oc`brmzga.p`e

  @cmokbt-EmitarbsIomvbs@bOasOc`brbs@boYcgoa:=-2>9926>.p`e

  nttp4//`argmkczmicakmoukc.joagspat.iah/:6=2/=6/oas-9-bstcoas-`b-oc`brmzga-hms.ntho

  nttp4//hprgraupusm.iah/:6=5/60/=2/oms-=6-imrmitbrcstcims-`bo-oc`br-`bo-scgoa-xxc/

=0