Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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O \
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X
H D
N O
X XC
G
_D _^ AO
N \ N
I N _
Z\BDOTBT NHAC@CTX\NXCYBT
HO _@N OAZ\OTN
DB@TX\_DXB\N5 TBDCOHNHOT
AO\DN@XCGOT
AN\DB GOMNG S IC@N@DCO\B HOG N\^_CXODXB.-N\^. KN@OX K_Î\O[
>|Z î m c ` n
C@HCDO
C@X\BH_DDCÔ@…………………………………………………………..
C@X\BH_DDCÔ@………………………………………………………….............
........... pîm.4
K_TXCICDNDCÔ@………………………………………………………………...…
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HOTN\\BGGB………...…………………………………………………………
HOTN\\BGGB………...…………………………………………………………...
... pîm.8
*HCNM\NAN HO IG_KB HOG Z\BDOTB NHAC@CTX\NXCYB............ pîm.?
*XBAN HO HOTDCB@OT HO _@N OAZ\OTN………………………… pîm.9
-XCZBT HO HODCTCB@OT……………………………
HODCTCB@OT…………………………………………
…………… pîm.9-=
DB@DG_TCÔ@……………………………………………………………………...
DB@DG_TCÔ@……………………………………………………………………... pîm.=
TBDCOHNHOT AO\DN@XCGOT
C@X\BH_DDCÔ@…………………………………………………………..
C@X\BH_DDCÔ@………………………………………………………….............
........... pîm.6
HOTN\\BGGB………...…………………………………………………………
HOTN\\BGGB………...…………………………………………………………...
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DB@DG_TCÔ@..............................................................
DB@DG_TCÔ@................................... ......................................................
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........ pîm.>>
LCLGCBM\NIÁN……………………………………………………………………... pîm.><
pîm.><
<|Z î m c ` n
Z\BDOTBT NHAC@CTX\NXCYBT
HO _@N OAZ\OTN
DB@TX\_DXB\N
C@X\BH_DDCÔ@
Ho`trb ho gns oaprosns db`strudtbrns oxcsto`
hcvorsbs prblgoans quo so puhcorn` o`mgblnr o` u`
sbgb db`doptb; u`n hoicdco`to nhac`cstrndcô` ho gbs
rodursbs tn`tb ic`n`dcorbs, tod`bgômcdbs, dbab
fuan`bs. Xbhb ostb so roigokn o` u`n lnkn
prbhudtcvchnh y u` `cvog ho dbapoto`dcn hoicdco`to.
Og aîs capbrtn`to ho tbhbs os og fuan`b, pbrquo
osto os og quo prbhudo y og quo bporn gn tod`bgbmán.
Sn quo so puoho to`or gn aokbr tod`bgbmán o` og
aordnhb, porb sc og porsb`ng quo gn bporn `b ostî gb
suicdco`toao`to lco` dnpndctnhb, `b oxcsto u`n chon
dgnrn hog blkotcvb ng quo so qucoro ggomnr
K_TXCICDNDCÙ@
O` gns oaprosns oxcsto u`n db`dco`dcn abrng,
gns oaprosns `b tco`o` dbab û`cdb blkotcvb og
odb`ôacdb, `c oxcsto c`dbapntclcgchnh o`tro
gbs vngbros ãtcdbs y gbs odb`ôacdbs, gns
oaprosns tco`o` rospb`snlcgchnh abrng y gns
aokbros an`orns ho gbmrnr og duapgcaco`tb os
gn nutb db`dco`tczndcô`. O` u`n c`vostcmndcô` DGCO@XOT
rongcznhn n 49 oaprosns o` tbhb og au`hb,
Dbggc`s y Zbrrns (>33?) ggomnrb` n u`n
db`duscô` capbrtn`to. Gns oaprosns duyn
ic`ngchnh prc`dcpng orn mo`ornr mn`n`dcns
DNZCXNG
rosugtnrb` ao`bs oxctbsns dbapnrnhns db`
nquoggns duyn acscô` orn sorvcr n gn sbdcohnh OAZ\OTN
y blto`án` utcgchnhos dbab rosugtnhb. Btrb DB@TX\_DX_\N
nspodtb capbrtn`to; gns oaprosns db` anybr
ãxctb rosugtnrb` sor gns quo sbsto`án` n gb
gnrmb ho su vchn u` db`ku`tb ho vngbros y
ndtunln` db`ibrao n oggbs. Xbhn oaprosn \OD_\TBT
db`strudtbrn (Dnrgbs Tuîroz, >368) db`stn ho F_AN@BT
8 ogoao`tbs; dgco`tos, dnpctng, rodursbs
DB@BDCACO@XB
fuan`bs y db`bdcaco`tb hog prbdosb. Tco`hb
HOG Z\BDOTB
og aîs capbrtn`to,
n`torcbrao`to, dbab
og dnpctng gb ao`dcb`nabs
fuan`b.
4|Z î m c ` n
HOTN\\BGGB
Og prbdosb nhac`cstrntcvb pnrn su ostuhcb y
dbapro`scô` so hcvcho o` ? otnpns hc`îacdns y
rogndcb`nhns o`tro sá;
>. ZGN@ONDCÔ@
Db`scsto prc`dcpngao`to o` gn hotorac`ndcô` ho gb
quo vn n fndorso, og ostnlgodcaco`tb ho pbgátcdns,
blkotcvbs y aotns, nsá dbab gn bpbrtu`chnh ho gbs
acsabs
<. B\MN@C[NDCÔ@
Os og nmrupnaco`tb ho gns ndtcvchnhos `odosnrcns
pnrn ggovnr n dnlb gbs pgn`os n trnvãs ho ggns
ns u`chnhos
nhac`cstrntcvns, hoio`hco`hb gns rogndcb`os
korîrqucdns y ostnlgodco`hb gbs hcstc`tbs so`tchbs ho
dbau`cdndcô`. O` osto pnsb tnalcã` so hoscm`n ng
ogoao`tb fuan`b nhodunhb pnrn dnhn puostb, ho
nduorhb n gn oxporco`dcn quo so to`mn y tban`hb o`
duo`tn gn capbrtn`dcn ho hcdfb puostb
4. HC\ODDCÔ@
Os gn oxpohcdcô` ho c`struddcb`os y og ostnlgodcaco`tb
ho gn rogndcô`
sulbrhc`nhbs. porsb`ngso hoic`o
Gn hcroddcô` hcnrcn dbab
o`troog prbdosb
koio y
ho c`igucr sblro gns porsb`ns pnrn gbmrnr quo
db`trcluyn` n gns aotns ho gn brmn`czndcô` y hog
mrupb.
8. DB@X\BG
Os gn iu`dcô` quo db`scsto o` aohcr y dbrromcr og
hosoapoþb c`hcvchung y brmn`czndcb`ng pnrn nsomurnr
quo gbs fodfbs so nkusto` n gbs pgn`os y blkotcvbs ho
gn oaprosn. Os og o`gndo ic`ng o` gn dnho`n iu`dcb`ng
db` gns 8 ndtcvchnhos
quo db`ibran` n`torcbrao`to
og prbdosb ao`dcb`nhns
nhac`cstrntcvb.
8|Z î m c ` n
Osto prbdosb os db`soduo`to y so ropcto pbr dnhn blkotcvb hotorac`nhb pbr gn brmn`czndcô` b oaprosn.
?|Z î m c ` n
XBAN HO HODCTCB@OT
HO _@N OAZ\OTN
XCZBT HO HODCTCB@OT
C@HCYCH_NGOT
To hn` dun`hb og prblgoan os lnstn`to hciádcg ho rosbgvor y so rongczn db` nlsbgutn c`hopo`ho`dcn, so
hn `cvog porsb`ng y so sbgudcb`n db` gn oxporco`dcn
MO\O@DCNGOT
Tb` gns quo so hn` o` `cvogos ngtbs (`cvogos okodutcvbs), pnrn oggb so fn ho lusdnr brco`tndcô`, nsosbráns,
otd.
Z\BM\NANLGOT
Tb` tbanhns ho nduorhb db` ngmû` fîlctb, romgn, prbdohcaco`tb os pnrto ho u` pgn` ostnlgodchb,
dbaû`ao`to lnsnhb o` hntbs ostnhástcdbs ho dnrîdtor ropotctcvb.
O@ DB@HCDCÔ@ HO DO\XCH_AL\O
Tb` nquoggns quo so tbanrî` db` dortozn ho gb quo sudohorî (so duo`tn db` c`ibrandcô` db`icnlgo,
yoxndtn, aohclgo). Gn sctundcô` os prohodclgo, pnrn gn tban ho hodcscô` so utcgczn` tãd`cdns dun`tctntcvns
dungctntcvns.
9|Z î m c ` n
O@ DB@HCDCB@OT HO C@DO\XCH_AL\O
Tb` nquoggns quo so tbanrî` dun`hb `b oxcstn dortozn ho gb quo sudohorî (ingtn ho c`ib, hntbs, otd.).
Gn sctundcô` os prohodclgo, pnrn gn tban ho hodcscô` os dbaû` utcgcznr gns ttãd`cdns
ãd`cdns dun`tctntcvns.
O@ DB@HCDCB@OT HO \COTMB
Nquá so db`bdo` gns rostrcddcb`os y oxcsto c`ibrandcô` c`dbapgotn porb blkotcvn y db`icnlgo, so hn
dun`hb hbs b aîs indtbros quo niodtn` og gbmrb ho gbs blkotcvbs ospodcicdnhbs sb` rogovn`tos
dbaû`ao`to pnrn gn tban ho hodcscô` so npgcdn` tãd`cdns dun`tctntcvns.
\_XC@N\CNT
To tban` n hcnrcb, sb` ho dnrîdtor ropotctcvb, so hn` o` og `cvog bporntcvb y pnrn
pn rn ogomcrgns so dbaû` usnr
tãd`cdns dungctntcvns.
HO OAO\MO@DCN
To hn n`to sctundcb`os sc` prodoho`tos, so tban` hodcscb`os o` og abao`tb, n aohchn quo trn`sdurro`
gbs ovo`tbs. Zuoho` tbanr gn anybr pnrto hog tcoapb ho u` moro`to
BZO\NXCYNT
To mo`orn` o` `cvogos bporntcvbs, so o`duo`trn` ostnlgodchns o` gns pbgátcdns y gbs an`ungos, sb`
prbdosbs ospodáicdbs ho gn brmn`czndcô` y so npgcdn` aohcn`to tãd`cdns dungctntcvns y dun`tctntcvns.
DB@DG_TCÔ@
Fby o` hán ostnabs o` u` au`hb tn` dbapotctcvb quo og db`bdor y og npgcdnr gbs prbdosbs nhac`cstrntcvbs
ho u`n oaprosn o` `uostrb trnlnkb o cr hosnrrbggn`hb ostrntomcns, `bs hn vo`tnkns roigokn`hb gn
prbhudtcvchnh ho `uostrb trnlnkb. Ostn luo`n nhac`cstrndcô` holo usnrso o` dnhn prbyodtb y n gb gnrmb
ho dnhn u`b, sc` hosduchnr gns otnpns quo gn dbapb`o` pbr aîs poquoþb b mrn`ho son gn oaprosn b
prbyodtb5 holorî fndor ggomnr n tbhns gns îrons y hopnrtnao`tb ho gn brmn`czndcô` og db`bdcaco`tb ho
gbs prbdosbs y prbdohcaco`tbs quo so capgoao`tn` pnrn gn aokbrn db`tc`un ho`trb ho oggn.
Holoabs an`oknr u` scstoan ho mostcô` ho dngchnh y ac`cacznr gbs orrbros quo dbaû`ao`to so susdctn`
o` gns btrns oaprosns db`strudtbrns sc` ropordutcr `c`mû` îalctb o` og `uostrb, sor aokbros
=|Z î m c ` n
TBDCOHNHOT AO\DN@XCGOT
C@X\BH_DDCB@
Znrn porsb`ngcznr dungqucor
dungqucor `ombdcb, gn an`orn ho fndorgb os n trnvãs ho vbgvorgb u`n sbdcohnh
aordn`tcg.
HOTN\\BGGB
Znrn db`stctucr u`n sbdcohnh aordn`tcg holorîs nduhcr db` u` `btnrcb b dbrrohbr pûlgcdb (db` oxdopdcô`
ho TNT), quco` oactcrî og hbduao`tb db`stctutcvb, og dung holorî db`to`or o`tro btrbs rulrbs ho
rulrbs ho nduorhb
db` gn
gn Goy Mo`orng ho Tbdcohnhos Aordn`tcgos,
Aordn`tcgos, ostbs sb` gbs hotnggos quo gn osdrcturn db`stctutcvn holo
to`or;
C.- Gbs `balros, `ndcb`ngchnh y hbacdcgcb ho gns porsb`ns iáscdns b abrngos quo db`stctuyn` gn sbdcohnh.
CY.- Tu hurndcô`.
6|Z î m c ` n
YC.- Gn oxproscô` ho gb quo dnhn sbdcb npbrto o` hc`orb b o` btrbs lco`os5 og vngbr ntrcluchb n ãstbs y
og drctorcb somuchb pnrn su vngbrczndcô`.
Dun`hb og dnpctng son vnrcnlgo, nsá so oxprosnrî c`hcdî`hbso og aá`cab quo so icko;
YCCC.- Gn an`orn db`ibrao n gn dung fnyn ho nhac`cstrnrso gn sbdcohnh y gns indugtnhos ho gbs
nhac`cstrnhbros.
CV.- Og `balrnaco`tb ho gbs nhac`cstrnhbros y gn hoscm`ndcô` ho gbs quo fn` ho ggovnr gn icran sbdcng.
V.- Gn an`orn ho fndor gn hcstrcludcô` ho gns utcgchnhos y pãrhchns o`tro gbs acoalrbs ho gn sbdcohnh.
VCCC.- Gns lnsos pnrn prndtcdnr gn gcquchndcô` ho gn sbdcohnh y og abhb ho prbdohor n gn ogoddcô` ho gbs
gcquchnhbros, dun`hb `b fnyn` schb hoscm`nhbs n`tcdcpnhnao`to.
Os nquoggn quo oxcsto lnkb u`n rnzô` sbdcng y o` gn quo tbhbs gbs sbdcbs rospb`ho`, ho abhb
sulschcnrcb, cgcactnhn y sbgchnrcnao`to, ho gns blgcmndcb`os sbdcngos. Gn rnzô` sbdcng so ibranrî
i branrî db` og
`balro ho u`b b aîs sbdcbs, y dun`hb o` oggn `b icmuro` tbhbs so nþnhcrî` gns pngnlrns y dbapnþán
b oqucvngo`tos.
@b so ostnlgodo u` aá`cab ho dnpctng, y gns rosorvns roproso`tn` ?% ho gns utcgchnhos n`ungos fnstn
rou`cr <:% hog dnpctng sbdcng ickb. Oxcsto u` aá`cab ho hbs sbdcbs, porb u` aîxcab cgcactnhb.
3|Z î m c ` n
<. T BD CO H N H O @ DBAN
D BAN @H CX
CXNN T C AZ
AZGG O (T . O @ D .)
To dbapb`o ho u`b b vnrcbs sbdcbs dban`hctnhbs quo rospb`ho`, ho an`orn sulschcnrcn, cgcactnhn y
sbgchnrcnao`to, ho gns blgcmndcb`os sbdcngos, y ho u`b b vnrcbs dban`hctnrcbs quo û`cdnao`to ostî`
blgcmnhbs ng pnmb ho sus npbrtndcb`os.
To ibranrî db` gbs `balros ho u`b b aîs dban`hctnhbs, somuchbs ho gns pngnlrns "y dbapnþán" u
btrbs oqucvngo`tos, dun`hb o` oggn `b icmuro` gbs ho tbhbs. N gn rnzô` sbdcng so nmromnrî` scoapro gns
pngnlrns "Tbdcohnh o` Dban`hctn" b su nlrovcnturn
nlrovcnturn "T. o` D".
@b so <:%
rou`cr ostnlgodo u` aá`cab
hog dnpctng sbdcngho dnpctng,
ickb. Oxcstoy u`
gnsaá`cab
rosorvns
horoproso`tn` ?%nhogn`to,
hbs sbdcbs o` ho gns utcgchnhos
`b tco`on`ungos
`c`mû` fnstn
gáacto
ho sbdcbs.
4. T BD CO H N H O @ DBAN
D BAN @H CX
CXNN Z B\ N D D C B@
B@OO T (T . O @ D.
D . ZB\
Z B\ N .)
Ostn sbdcohnh tco`o hbs tcpbs ho sbdcbs; gbs dban`hctnhbs y gbs dban`hctnrcbs. Gn hcioro`dcn os quo
su dnpctng so roproso`tn pbr nddcb`os, pbr gb quo `b tbhbs gbs sbdcbs ostî` blgcmnhbs n gns acsans
rospb`snlcgchnhos.
Og sbdcb dban`hctnrcb quohnrî blgcmnhb sbgchnrcnao`to pnrn db` gbs tordorbs pbr tbhns gns blgcmndcb`os
ho gn sbdcohnh o` quo fnyn tbanhb pnrto b o` gns quo `b fnyn to`chb pnrto, porb o` ngmû` abao`tb
nhac`cstrô gbs `ombdcbs ho gn sbdcohnh.
Os capbrtn`to to`or o` duo`tn quo gbs sbdcbs dban`hctnrcbs `b puoho` sor nhac`cstrnhbros, n posnr
ho pbhor nutbrcznr y vcmcgnr su sbdcohnh.
@b so ostnlgodo u` aá`cab ho dnpctng, y gns rosorvns roproso`tn` ?% ho gns utcgchnhos n`ungos fnstn
rou`cr <:% hog dnpctng sbdcng ickb. Oxcsto u` aá`cab ho hbs sbdcbs, porb u` aîxcab cgcactnhb.
8. T BD CO H N H HO
H O \ O T Z B@
B@TT N L CG CH N H G C ACX
ACXNN H N (T . HO \ .G .)
Ostn sbdcohnh os gn quo so db`stctuyo o`tro sbdcbs quo sbgnao`to ostî` blgcmnhbs ng pnmb ho sus
npbrtndcb`os, sc` quopuos
brho` b ng pbrtnhbr, gns pnrtos sbdcngos
sôgb sorî` puohn`
dohclgos o` ostnr roproso`tnhns
gbs dnsbs y db` gbs pbr tátugbs `ombdcnlgos,
roqucsctbs quo ostnlgodon gn
gn
proso`to goy.
?. T BD CO H N H N @Ô
@Ô@C
@C AN (T .N .)
Os gn quo oxcsto lnkb u`n ho`bac`ndcô` y so dbapb`o oxdguscvnao`to ho sbdcbs duyn blgcmndcô` so
gcactn ng pnmb ho sus nddcb`os.
Og aá`cab ho dnpctng os ho dc`duo`tn acg posbs. Gns rosorvns roproso`tn` ?% ho gns utcgchnhos n`ungos
fnstn rou`cr <:% hog dnpctng sbdcng ickb. Oxcsto u` aá`cab ho hbs sbdcbs y `b tco`o gcactndcb`os o` og
`ûaorb ho sbdcbs. Tu hurndcô` puoho sor ho > n 33 nþbs. Ostns sbdcohnhos puoho` sor dorrnhns b
nlcortns, os hodcr, puoho` fndor biortn pûlgcdn ho nddcb`os.
>: | Z î m c ` n
9. T BD CO H N H D BB
BBZZ O \ N XC
XCYY N (T .D .)
Ostn birodo ro`hcaco`tbs pbr trnlnkb b pbr db`suab, y tbhbs gbs sbdcbs porto`odo` n gn dgnso
trnlnknhbrn. Gn rospb`snlcgchnh puoho sor gcactnhn (fnstn pbr og ab`tb ho su npbrtndcô`) b
supgoao`tnhn (pbr gn quo gbs sbdcbs rospb`ho` fnstn gn dn`tchnh hotorac`nhn o` og ndtn db`stctutcvn).
@b so ostnlgodo u` aá`cab ho dnpctng sbdcng5 sc` oalnrmb, ãsto scoapro holo sor vnrcnlgo. Og ib`hb ho
rosorvns so db`stctuyo db` >: n <: pbr dco`tb ho gbs ro`hcaco`tbs ho dnhn okordcdcb sbdcng, og dung pbhrî
sor hogcactnhb
D. ho o` gns`clnsos
prbhudtbros, db`stctutcvns,
ho >:% o` gns ho porb `b puoho sor
db`suachbros. ao`br
Oxcsto u` ho <?% hog
aá`cab ho dnpctng sbdcng o`
dc`db sbdcbs, gns u`
porb T.
aîxcab cgcactnhb.
DB@DG_TCÔ@
Gns sbdcohnhos aordn`tcgos sb`
u` mrupb ho porsb`ns (< b aîs,
ggnanhbs sbdcbs), quo so u`o`
pnrn blgcmnrso n db`trclucr (db`
rodursbs dbab; hc`orb, osiuorzb
b trnlnkb) o` u` blkotcvb pnrn
blto`or u` ic` dbaû`
Gn sbdcohnh aordn`tcg `ndo dun`hb so govn`tn u` ndtn db`stctutcvn iro`to n u` `btnrcb pûlgcdb quo fnmn
vngchb tbhb og prbdosb y nhqucorn porsb`ngchnh kuráhcdn y ng acsab tcoapb horodfbs y blgcmndcb`os.
Gn vo`tnkn
Gn vo`tnkn ho db`vortcrto o` u`n sbdcohnh aordn`tcg,
aordn`tcg , os quo to poracto rou`cr u`n anybr dn`tchnh ho
dnpctng pnrn hosnrrbggnr y porsb`ngcznr `ombdcbs.
>> | Z î m c ` n
LCLGCBM\NICN
Dnrgbs Tuîroz Tngnznr , Nhac`cstrndcô` ho oaprosns db`strudtbrns (gclrb)5 Aãxcdb, GCA_TN <`hn
pr caorns pnmc`ns)
ohcdcô` (<::<) (c`trbhuddcô`, prcaorns
Ogvcn Ogvcrn Yngo`dcn Ostn`dcgnb, Gn nhac`cstrndcô` npgcdnhn n gns oaprosns db`strudtbrns (toscs)5
Aãxcdb, _`cvorschnh ho Ycggn \cdn (<:><) dnpctugb 4 y dnpctugb 8
Dîanrn ho hcputnhbs hog F. db`mrosb ho gn u`cô`, Goy mo`orng ho sbdcohnhos aordn`tcgos5 Ûgtcan
\oibran HBI :<-:9-<::3 (prcaorns >: pnmc`ns)
Nr tádu
Nrtá dugb
gb o` gágá`o
`on;
n; sb
sbdc
dcoh
ohnh
nhos
os ao
aord
rdn`
n`tctcgo
goss o` Aã
Aãxc
xcdb
db;; tctcpb
pbss y dn
dnrn
rndt
dtor
orás
ástctcdn
dnss
(<:>6);FXXZT;//]]].O@X\
(<:>6) ;FXXZT;//]]].O@X\OZ\O@O_\.DB
OZ\O@O_\.DBA/N\XCDGO/4:
A/N\XCDGO/4:=?3:
=?3:
>< | Z î m c ` n