PDF Technology For Teaching and Learning 2 Compress

l d r B ` m n u ` n k K c u f ` t oodd m
Kmnbose/Lobopomd
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OQ B K _ B . @ _ @ D -@ D , Y e
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S k f e m d bd
b d n y lldd r S k ` f e oomm n ` m c B k ` r m o m n 1
ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm Kmnbose/Lobopomd
Fdpyronet, © 1919
L K B OM
OM @ Y . K V Y O P [ K , Y e
eCC
VEOQBK _ B. @_@ D-@D , YeC
`mc
B D Q O J @ Q Y [ A B O V E O M N OM
OM F .
OVAM ?>5 <10 596; 5? 5
Yuabosekc ay
BDQOJ@Q Y[ABOVEOMN, OMF.
>>< @urdr` Abvc., fdr. Adstdm Vtrkkt, Fua`d, Pukzdm Foty, Jktrd J`mob`
Skb. Mds. >10-1>0;, >1>-665<, >16-0;<9 Fkbbpedmk Md. 9?05-;6>;0?9
L`x <61) >1>-665<
Fdvkr cksonm ay QDMMOK BBKM@ J@QSOMKW
@bb ronets rkskrvkc.

r kskrvkc. , Md p`rt dl teos addh j`y ak rkprdcufkc dr tr`msjottkc
om `my ldrj dr ay `my jk`ms,
jk`ms, kbkftrdmof
kbkftrdmo f dr jkfe`mof`b, omfbucomn
omf bucomn
pedtdfdpyomn, rkfdrcomn, jojkdnr`peomn, dr ay `my omldrj`todm `mc rktrokv`b
systkj, wotedut wrottkm pkrjossodm lrdj tek fdpyronet edbckr.
Sd purfe`sk `ccoto
`ccotodm`b
dm`b fdpoks dl teo
teoss ^ drhaddh, pbk`sk
pbk`sk f`bb BDQOJ@ Q Y [A BOVEOMN OMF.
Skb. Mds. >10-1>0; • >16-0;<9 • FY Md. 9?05-;6>-;0?9
Skbkl`x
Skbkl `x <61) >1>-665< dr skmc k-jòb
k-jòb td
td puabosekcaybdr
puabosekcaybdrj`rI
j`rI yèdd.fdj
l
Ldrkwdrc
Vkttomn mkw akmfej`rhs ldr tk`fekr kcuf`todm os md jk`m t`sh.

Seos os sd om tek omst`mfk dl Yrdgkft ^QOSK (^rotomn Qksdurfks
ldr Ommdv`tovk Sk`fekr Kcuf`todm) weofe wk omoto`tkc dm @unust
3, 199< te`t bkc td tek prdcuftodm `mc puabof`todm dl tkxtaddhs `mc

wdrhaddhs.
Ot w`s ` ykdj`m's t`sh td n`tekr dur fdbbk`nuks lrdj Buzdm,
\os`y`s `mc Jomc`m`d `mc jdtov`tkc tekj td nkt omvdbvkc om `
tkxtaddh wrotomn prdfkss. Sek akst e`ppkmkc sufe te`t wk wkrk àbk
td ldrj ` prdbolof p`rtmkrseop `s prdvkm ay teos ^QOSK puabof`todm.
Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn OO os `bonmkc wote tek

Yeoboppomk Yrdlkssodm`b Vt`mc`rcs ldr Sk`fekrs (YYVS), tek st`mc`rcs
dl qu`boty tk`feomn om tek Yeoboppomks. Sek YYVS fdmsost dl skvkm (>)
cdjòms `mc teorty skvkm (6>) str`mcs `mc 035 pkrldrj`mfk omcof`tdrs
dl nddc tk`feomn. Sek YYVS `rk ldfuskc dm tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl tek
1 0 Fkmtury tk`fekr wed f`m rkspdmc td tek ckj`mcs8 dl tek H td
01 A`sof Kcuf`todm Furrofubuj weofe tek Ckp`rtjkmt dl Kcuf`todm
akn`m ojpbkjkmtomn om V_ 1901-1906. Seos tkxtaddh os `bsd `bonmkc
wote tek Yrdnr`j Dutfdjks fdjjdm td `bb tk`fekr kcuf`todm
prdnr`js `s fdmtòmkc om FJD Md. >3-59 `mc Md. 51, s. 190> `mc
wote tek furrkmt trkmcs om kcuf`todm sufe `s fdmstruftovost, omtknr`tovk,
omtkr`ftovk, fdbbàdr`tovk, omquory-a`skc, aròm-a`skc, rksk`rfe-a`skc `mc
rklbkftovk tk`feomn-bk`rmomn.
^k nr`tklubby `fhmdwbkcnk tek ùtedrs, Cr. Lkbom` Y. Kspoquk `mc
Cr. Veorbky B. @y`d-`d, ldr se`romn tekor kxpkrtosk.
Seos Yrdg kft> ^QOSK puabof`todm os dmk dl tek b`tkst kcotodms dl

tek jdrk te`m <9 puabof`todms te`t `rk om `ftovk forfub`todm terdunedut
tek fdumtry. ^k bddh ldrw`rc td jdrk puab puabof`todms
of`todms te`t wobb ekbp
ojprdvk tk`fekr pkrldrj`mfk ay kme`mfomn adte tek prk-skrvofk `mc
om-skrvofk pe`sks dl tk`fekr kcuf`todm.
Dmw`rc td Yrdgkft ^QOSK
AQKMC@ A. FDQY[W, YeC

JOB@NQDV B. ADQ@AD, YeC
J@QO@ QOS@ C. B[F@V, YeC
KBJKQ A. CK BKDM, CKJ
Y@LSK Yrdgkft ^rotk Fdjjottkk
YQKL@FK
^k mkkc tkfemdbdny om kvkry fb`ssrddj `mc om kvkry stuckmt om

tk`fekr's e`mc, akfùsk ot os tek pkm `mc p`pkr dl dur tojk, `mc ot os tek
bkms terdune weofe wk kxpkrokmfk jufe dl dur wdrbc.
- C`voc ^
^`rbofh
`rbofh
Sek hmdwbkcnk `mc shobbs om usomn kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks `rk ` lumc`jkmt`b

rkquorkjkmt te`t kvkry l`fobot`tdr dl bk`rmomn sedubc j`stkr. Om tek kcuf`todm`b
skttomn tdc`y, kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks `rk j`gdr tddbs, weofe `bb tk`fekrs `mc
stuckmts, just ak `rjkc wote. @s furrofubuj ckvkbdps, kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks
`bsd `cv`mfk. Kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdny `mc furrofubuj nd tdnktekr. @s furrofubuj
ckvkbdpkrs rkvokw `mc kme`mfk furrofub`r prdnr`js, sfeddbs mkkc td upc`tk tekor
tkfemdbdnof`b rksdurfks.
Seos rksdurfk addh dm Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 om jdcubk
ldrj os cksonmkc td ekbp tek l`fobot`tdr dl tek fdursk `mc tek prk-skrvofk tk`fekrs td
ckjdmstr`tk `bb tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks dl tek terkk-umot fdursk `s pkr FJD
>3 `mc >; dl tek 190> Mkw Sk`fekr Kcuf`todm Furrofub`.

Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 os ` rkquorkc fdursk ldr `bb tek cknrkk
prdnr`js om tk`fekr kcuf`todm. Sek fdmtkmts dl teos rksdurfk addh fdvkrs tek fdursk
cksfroptodm ldr tek AKKC `mc AVKC `mc AYKC Yrdnr`j `s prdvockc ay tek FJD
weofe rk`c `s ldbbdws7
• • AKKC - Seos fdursk os cksonmkc ldr prdspkftovk tk`fekrs td ckvkbdp `mc
usk conot`b `mc mdm-conot`b tk`feomn-bk`rmomn rksdurfks usomn tkfemdbdny
tddbs `pprdpro`tk om v`rodus suagkft `rk`s om tek kbkjkmt`ry bkvkb. Lurtekr,
tek fdursk wobb prdvock dppdrtumotoks ldr stuckmts td usk tkfemdbdny tddbs
td ckvkbdp prdgkft-a`skc fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovotoks `mc se`rk rksdurfks
`jdmn fdjjumotoks dl pr`ftofk.
• V K C - SSB 1 os ` terkk-umot fdursk te`t ldfusks dm tek `ppbof`todm,
cksonm, prdcuftodm, utoboz`todm, `mc kv`bu`todm dl Omldrj`todm `mc
Fdjjumof`todm Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn om tek Vkfdmc`ry
B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm, J`tekj`tofs, Vfokmfk, \`buks Kcuf`todm, `mc
Vdfo`b Vtucoks Yrdnr`js. Sek j`gdr rkquorkjkmt dl teos fdursk os `m
OFS-Oreknr`tkc `mc Yrdgkft-a`skc Bk`rmomn Yb`m `bonmkc td tek H td 01
Furrofubuj. @bb tek bk`rmomn `ftovotoks `mc fdursk rkquorkjkmts wobb
rkvdbvk `rdumc tek stuckmt-tk`fekr ckvkbdpkc Bk`rmomn Yb`m.
Om tek fdmtkxt dl tek spkfolof lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm tek prk-skrvofk tk`fekrs wobb
ak àbk td7
0. utobozk
uto bozk OF
OFS
S td prdjdtk qu`boty, rkbkv`mt, `mc sust
sustòmàbk
òmàbk kcuf`todm`b
pr`ftofks om tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn8 •
¼
v
1. ckvkbdp omquory-a`skc dr prdgkft-a`skc fdbbàdr`tovk pb`ms `mc `ftovotoks
usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs8
6. usk dpkm-kmckc tddbs td suppdrt tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl tek prdgkft-a`skc
fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovotoks om suagkft-spkfolof `ppbof`todm8
3. sedw shobbs om tek pdsotovk skbkftodm, ckvkbdpjkmt, `mc usk dl OFS td
l`fobot`tk tek prdcuftodm dl bk`rmomn rksdurfks om v`rodus suagkft `rk`s8
;. kv`bu`tk tek rkbkv`mfk `mc `pprdpro`tkmkss dl OFS tddbs `mc rksdurfks a`skc
dm tek bk`rmomn fdmtkxt8 `mc
<. usk tkfemdbdny tddbs td fdbbàdr`tk `mc se`rk rksdurfks `jdmn fdjjumotoks
dl pr`ftofk.
Sd kmsurk te`t tek àdvk-fotkc fdursk bk`rmomn dutfdjks wobb ak ckjdmstr`tkc

ay tek prk-skrvofk stuckmts `t tek kmc dl tek fdursk, teos rksdurfk addh os covockc
omtd tek ldbbdwomn7
Jdcubk 0 7 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10;t Fkmtury - Seos jdcubk òjs
td `bbdw tek prk-skrvofk dr wdubc-ak tk`fekrs td rkvosot tek furrofubuj dl
tekor lokbc dl spkPo`boz`todm terdune tek furrofubuj nuock prdvockc ay tek
Ckp`rtjkmt dl Kcuf`todm (CkpKc). Seos wobb `bbdw tekj td ak l`jobo`r
wote tek fdmtkmt `mc pkrldrj`mf
pkrldrj`mfk
k st`mc`rcs rrkquorkc
kquorkc ldr kvk
kvkry
ry nr`comn
pkrodc om kvkry nr`ck bkvkb. Seos wobb `bsd `bbdw tek stuckmts td rkvokw
kxostomn s`jpbks dl bk`rmomn pb`ms om tekor lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm lrdj
rkboàbk rksdurfks. Sek rkvokw wobb ldfus dm edw OFS w`s omtknr`tkc om
tek bk`rmomn pb`m td `bbdw tek bk`rmkrs td `fquork tek ockmtolokc bk`rmomn
dutfdjks dr bk`rmomn dagkftovks.
Jdcubk 1 7 Kxpbdromn Omqu
Omquory-
ory-A`skc
A`skc `mc Yrdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmom
Bk`rmomnn Yb`
Yb`ms
ms -
Seos òjs td omtrdcufk tek omtknr`todm dl Omquory `mc dr Yrdgkft-A`skc
Bk`rmomn (YAB) om pb`mmomn ` umot ldr ` spkfolof fdursk. [somn tek. omputs
t`hkm lrdj rkvokwomn tek CkpKc Furrofubuj Nuock dl tekor lokbc dl
spkfo`boz`tSem tek wdubc-ak tk`fekrs wobb ockmtoly weofe umot f`m a
akk akst
tùnet usomn Omquory-A`skc `mc dr YAB.
Jdcubk 67 [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs om L`fobot`tomn Bk`rmomn - Seos jdcubk òjs
td bkt tek prk-skrvofk tk`fekrs pb`m ldr bkssdms te`t f`m ak akst prkskmtkc
usomn dpkm-kmckc tddbs. Sek stuckmts wobb ak t`shkc td kxpbdrk `vòbàbk
dpkm-kmckc tddbs `ffdrcomn td tekor cosfopbomk `mc pb`m td ekbp tekor,
luturk stuckmts td ckjdmstr`tk te
tekk omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks `bon
`bonmkc
mkc td
ockmtolokc
ockmto lokc fdmtkmts `mc pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs.
Jdcubk 37 Frk`tomn Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts - Seos jdcubk wobb `bbdw tek
stuckmts td frk`tk stuckmt s`jpbk prdgkfts `s conot`b ùtedrs, frk`tk
sf`lldbcomn j`tkro`bs td suppdrt bk`rmomn, frk`tk prkskmt`todms ldr
prdgkft-a`skc dutputs, ckvkbdp `sskssjkmt tddbs ldr tek frk`tkc prdgkfts
`mc j`tkro`bs `ltkr tek stuckmts e`vk `ffdjpbosekc tekor OFS-a`skc umot
pb`ms.
\
`
Jdcubk ;7 Ckvkbdpomn OFS-A`skc Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs -. Seos jdcubk òjs

td l`fobot`tk `ftovotoks te`t wobb kme`mfk tek tkfemdbdnof`b, pkc`ndnof`b,
fdmtkmt, `mc hmdwbkcnk SY @ F H ) dl tektek stuckmts
stuckmts om tk`feomn
tk`feomn tekor lokbcs
lokbcs
dl cosfopbomk.
cosfopbomk. Sekor SY @ F H os kxpkftkc td ak ttr`msb`t
r`msb`tkckc td `pprdpro`tk
`pprdpro`tk
omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs ldr tekor umot pb`ms `ppbyomn tek promfopbks dl
umovkrs`b
umovkrs `b cksonm ldr bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn [ C B ).
Jdcubk <7 Vedwf`somn tek OFS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`tkc Bk`rmomn Yb`m Ydrtldbod

Om teos jdcubk, tek stuckmts wobb
w obb ak rkquorkc td sedw f`sk tekor pdrtldbod
fdmtòmomn tek [ mot Yb`m `mc `bb tek j`tkro`bs ckvkbdp kc ldr tek umot.
Sro`mnub`tkc kv`bu`todm wobb ak daskrvkc om tek kv`bu`todm dl tek fdmtkmt
`mc prkskmt`todm dl tek pdrtldbod.
\
7 Sàbk dl Fdmtkmts
Y`nk Md
Sotbk Y`nk
Fdpyronet Y`nk oo
Ldrkwdrc
Yrkl`fk ov
Sàbk dl Fd mtkmts voo
Vybbàus vooo
Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek F dmtkxt dl tek 10Vt
u
B
K 0
Fkmtury
Bkssdm 07 Sek H - 01 Furrofub

Furrofubuj
uj Lr`jkwd rh 1
OFS Ykc`ndny Omtknr`t

Omtknr`todm
odm om B`mnu `nk
Bkssdm 17 09
Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
Omtknr`tomn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @ pprd`feks om
Omtknr`tomn
1 ;<
-
.......G B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn
Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Qk sk`rfe-A`skc
Omquory-A`skc
Bkssdm
Bk`rmomn
Yrdabkj-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mcYrdgkft-A`skc
Bkssdm 17 <;
Bk`rmomn
[somn Dpk m-Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot`to

L`fobot`tomn
mn >1
.̀
. `mnu`nk
mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
Bk`r momn
Yrdcu ftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms ldr

Bkssdm 07 >6
B`mnu`nk S k`feomn
k`feo mn `mc Bk`rmomn
Bk`r momn
Bkssdm 17
Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc
090
Sddbs
_Da_[__K'••...3
Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn
019
Skfemd bdny Sddbs
Bkssdm O7- Fe`r`ftkrostofs dl @pprdpro`tk Omstruftodm`b 010

J`tkro`bss om
J`tkro`b om B`mnu `nk Sk`feomn
QKL KQKMFKV 0;0

^
FD[QVK D[SBO MK @MC SOJ

SOJ KLQ@J K
Fdursk Fdmtkmt/Vuagkft J`ttkr
V@JYBK BK@QMOMN YB@M
Cksorkc Fdursk Fdmtkmt" Skxtaddhs/ Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn @ftovotoks (SB@s) @sskssjkmt S`sh Qksdurfk bojk
Bk`rmomn Vuagkft J`ttkr Qklkrkmfks (@ SV) J`tkro`bs Sàbk
Dutfdjks (;3
(CB[) er. )
^kkhs 0-6
Fdursk Dutfdjk 0 [sk OFS td ckvkbdp 10Vt Fkmtury Vhobbs Fdjjumof`todm Vhobbs okwomn bostkmomn, spk`homn rk`comn `mc wrotomn shobbs
[mot Sdpof [somn OFS om Ckvkbdpomn 10st Fkmtury V hobb
hobbs/O
s/OFS
FS om tek 10Vt F kmtury Vhobbs
@m`byzk b`mnu`nk @. td 01 Kmnbose CkpKc Furrofubuj @ SB@0. Nuock tek stuckmts td nd dvkr tek Qkpkrtdry nrocs H td 01 3
bk`rmomn pb`ms `mc Lobopomd Nuocks ldr Kmnbose `mc H td 01 Furrofu buj Lr`jkw drh ldr Kmnbose/ te`t prkskmt Furrofubuj edurs
om tek fdmtkxt dl Furrofubuj Lobopomd (190;). Qktrokvkc Lobopomd (skfdmc`ry bkvkb) td l`jobo`rozk tekj umots lrdj tek Nuocks ldr
tek 1 0 V t Fkmtury Lr`jkwdrh lrdj ettp7//www.ckpkc . wote tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn fdjpktkmfoks dl furrofubuj Kmnbose `mc
fdjjumof`todm ndv.pe/h-td- 01/furrofubuj- kvkry yk`r bkvkb, nuock vos-á-vos Lobopomd
0Vt
shobbs A. Fkmtury
Fdjjumof`todm nuocks/Nr`ck-0-09 A SB@0 Nuock tek stuckmts td rkvokw ots ockmtolokc
10Vt Fkmtury V`jpbk
shobbs 10st Fkmtury sdjk umots om tek furrofubuj nuock wote fdjjumof`todm Bk`momn dr
Fdjjumof`todm ldfus dm tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10 Ot Fkmtury shobbs `mc OFS ttddbs
ddbs [mot Yb`ms
Vhobbs, Kcuf`todm `mc fdjjumof`todm shobbs7 vokwomn, bostkmomn, te`t wobb kme`mfkc
Fdjpktotovkmkss. (1995). spk`homn, rk`comn `mc wrotomn shobbs ots `fquosotodm
Y`rtmkrseop ldr 10st
Fkmtury Vhobbs. Qktrokvkc A SB@ 1 Bk`c tekj td tek spk folof umots te`t
lrdj ettp7//www.p10.drn/ f`m ak akst tùnet wote tek usk dl kxostomn Vedrt Aroklomn
stdr`nk/cdfujkmts/1 0 stT OFSs `mc bkt tekj r`todm`bozk wey. Y`pkr cksfroaomn
Fkmtury shobbs Tkcuf`todm T bkjomn `ftovotoks
`m c – fdjpktotovkmkssT F SB@ 0. A`skc dm tek ockmtolokc umots, te`t omtknr`tk
nuock.pc bkt stuckmts pb`m ldr `t bk`st 0 dr 1 j`gdr 10st Fkmtury
bk`rmomn `ftovoty/oks te`t w obb l`fobot`tk tek fdjjumof`todm
ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10st Fkmtury fdj jumof`todm shobbs ckvkbdpjkmt.
shobbs om tekor bkssdms. Bkt tekj se`rk `mc
gustoly td tek wedbk fb`ss `t bk`st dmk `ftovoty
teky e`vk fdmstruftkc.
@. k`rmomn Conhw Fotozkmseop Y S B @ 0. Yrkskmt omtrdcuftodm àdut conot`b

@ftovotoks (190<). Qktrokvkc lrdj fotozkmseop. @ a`sof fdmfkpt j`p j`y
td ckvkbdp ettp7//www
ettp7//www .ostk.drn/ ak sedwm td bkt stuckmts e`vk `m omoto`b
vokwomn, st`mc`rcs/st`mc`rcs/ldr- a`fhnrdumc dl we`t conot`b fotozkmseop
bostkmomn, tuckmts-190< os. Qkb`tk teos td tek 10st Fkmtury
spk`homn, fdjjumof`todm shobbs te`t wkrk prkskmtkc
rk`comn `mc [MKVF D (190<)
(190<).. om tek prkvodus `ftov otoks om teos umot. @ltkr
wrotomn shobbs. Ldstkromn Conot`b tek sedrt omtrdcuftodm, bkt stuckmts dpkm `
Fotozkmseop. Qktrokvkc sotks wekrk pkdpbk f`m fdjjkmt dm ` pdst
lrdj ettp7 Owww. (fdubc ak tekor LA `ffdumts--teos wobb ak `m
A. rdjdtomn umksfda hhdrn/kcuf`todm0

oft/rksdurfks/puabof`todms/ dppdrtum oty ldr
stuckmts pdst dmtek tk`fekr
tekor td prdfkss
LA). Bkt we`t`
tekj sedw
Conot`b kboar`ry-tekjks/tk`feomn- pdst wekrk teky ndt dllkmckc dr teky teomh tek
Fotozkmseop `mc-bk`rmomn/ldstkromn- fdjjkmts wkrk dllkmsovk. E`vk tekj se`rk
conot`b-fotozkmseop-terdune-
conot`b-fotozkmseop-terdune- we`t teky lkbt weobk rk`comn teksk fdjj kmts.
s`lk-`mc-rkspdmsoabk-usk- Yrdfkss tekor ock`s ay rkb`tomn tek fdmfkpt dl
dl-oft/ conot`b fotozkmseop.
C S B @ 1. Yrkskmt ` f`sk dl pb`no`rosj dl

dmbomk j`tkro`bs ay tk`fekrs `mc stuckmts.
Cosfuss tek a`sofs dl fdpyronet `mc lòr
usk nuockbomks ldr tk`fekrs. @sh w`ys ay
weofe tk`fekrs `mc stuckmts f`m sedw conot`b
fotozkmseop `bw`ys wekm teky utobozk conot`b
rksdurfks.
Kme`mfk tek F. Qkvosotomn [MKV FD Bk`rmomn K S B @ 0 Nuock tek stuckmts td kxpbdrk dm @mmdt`todms dm 1
b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn dl B`mnu`nk Yb`ms. Qktrokvkc lrdj kxostomn s`jpbks dl umot pb`ms om Kmnbose `mc edw sdjk OFS edurs
pb`m td ckvkbdp bk`rmomn pb`ms7 ettp7//oftomkcjaj- Lobopomd. tddbs j`y kme`mfk
1 b 0 Fkmtury omtknr`todm dl jy`mj`r.wohosp`fks.fdj/ s`jpbk umot pb`ms
fdjjumof`todm 10Vt Fkmtury Fdursk+6°J`tkro`bs K S B @ 1 Omstruft tek stuckmts td rkvokw om b`mnu`nk
shobbs terdune fdjj umof`todm kxostomn b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn pb`ms `mc ockmtoly
XFS omtknr`todm shobbs `mc OFSs sdjk bk`rmomn `ftovotoks teky j`y sunnkst te`t
j`y kme`mfk 10Vt Fkmtury fdjjumof`todm
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 x
Omtkb [mot Yb`m Omckx, shobbs omtknr`todm. Bkt tekj wrotk tekj wrotk
Qktrokvkc lrdj ettps7// teksk `mc cosfuss om fb`ss.
nr`nk.omtkb.fdj cdfs/
C F-;196 5#momk twkbvk K S B @ 6 L`fobot`tk ` cosfussodm ay `shomn
tek stuckmts td feddsk weofe spkfolof umot
lrdj tek furrofubuj nuock teky f`m wdrh
dm ldr tekor umot pb`mmomn weofe sedubc
ak OFS-omtknr`tkc. Bkt tekj kxpbòm edw
OFSs wobb kme`mfk tek ckv kbdpjkmt dl tek
10Vt fdjjumof`todm shobbs dr fdjpktkmfoks
rkquorkc om tek furrofubuj nuock.
^ kkhs 3-<
3-<
Fdursk Dutfdjk 17 Ckvkbdp prdgkft- `mc prdabkj-a`skc, fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovotoks usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs
[mot Sdpof7 Ckvkbdpomn Yrdabkj-a`skc `mc Yrdgkft-a`skc Omstruftodm`b Yb`ms
Kxpbòmm edw
Kxpbò @. `turk dl Sek 1906 Lrkk Kcuf`todm @ SB@ 0. Qkvokw s`jpbks dl prdgkft a`skc Ckvkbdpkc
prdgkft-a`skc Yrdgkft- Skfemdbdn y Qksdurfks, bk`rmomn pb`ms om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn (skk fekfhbost dl edur
`mc prdabkj- a`skc `mc (1901) Qktrokvkc
Qktrokvkc lrdj ettps7//kmn`nk.omtkb.fdj/cdfs/CDF-;1965). tek kbkjkmts dl
a`skc bk`rmomn prdabkj-a`skc ettp7//eujakr.f`/fkmtrkldr- Cdwmbd`c cksorkc s`jpbks `mc bkt stuckmts prdabkj- `mc
`m l`fobot`tk
l`fobot`tk `pprd`feks tk`feomn`mcbk`jomn/`ssksts/ rkvokw k`fe pb`ms. rdvock bdf`b CkpKc prdgkft-a`skc
`mnu`nk om b`mnu`nk lobks/Sk`feomn%19Qksdurf- s`jpbks dl bk`rmomn pb`ms ldr lurtekr rkvokw, `pprd`fe `s
fquosotodm dr `fquosotodm ks/1906 KjkrnomnKcSkfe Bkt stuckmts ldrjub`tk fdmfkpts dm prdabkj- kvockmfk dl tekor
kvkbdpjkmt dl ` rdabkj- Lrkk-Kcuf`todm-Skfemdbd- `mc rdgkft-a`skc k`rmomn `skc m ek umckrst`mcomn
djjumof`todm a`skc nv-Qksdurfks-kAddhpgl s`jpbks rkvokwkc. Bk`c tek stuckmts td tek dl tek rkvokwkc
shobbs. bk`rmomn om ockmtolof`todm dl tkfemdbdny tddbs uskc om tek bk`rmomn pb`ms.
b`mnu`nk s`jpbk bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pb`ms `mc e`vk tekj cksfroak
`fquosotodm edw teksk tddbs wkrk uskc om tek bk`rmomn pb`ms
td `feokvk tek fdjpktkmfoks omtkmckc.
a. k`feomn
@ S B @ 1. Fdjp`rosdm dl tek collkrkmfk dl
Yrdabkj `mc Yrdgkft A`skc Bk`rmomn (usk
Lobopomd wote
Yrdgkfts etop7//www.kcutdpo`.drn/abd1/pab-vs-pab-v s
xab-gdem-b`rjkr) -Novk tojk ldr stuckmts td
a`skc rk`c tek `rtofbk. [somn tek daskrv`todms om SB@
`pprd`fe O `mc tek fdmfkpts om tek wkasotk rkvokwkc,
bkt stuckmts prkp`rk ` tàbk fdjp`romn tek twd
`pprd`feks.
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
Jdttkr`j, [, (kc.). 1906. @ 'OB@ 6. Bkt tekj ldrj qu`cs `mc feddsk
Ommdv`todms om bk`rmomn umots lrdj H td 01 furrofubuj te`t f`m
tkfemdbdnoks ldr Kmnbose ak t`rnktkc ldr tek `ppbof`todm dl tek twd
b`mnu`nk tk`feomn. `pprd`feks. Novk tekj tojk td aròmstdrj
Qktrokvkc lrdj ettps7// `mc gustoly tekor fedofks td tek wedbk fb`ss.
www.tk`feomnkmnbose.drn .
uh/sotks/tï`fekmn/lobks/ @ S B @ 3. Covock tek fb`ss omtd ldur `mc
F<9>%190mldrj`todm%19 `ssonm k`fe nrdup `ffdrcomn td qu`rtkrs lrdj
`mc%19Fdjjurmf`todm tek H td 01 furmfubuj Om k`fe nrdup covock
^ K A % 1 PD M B _ L oM
oM @ B tekj om sj`bbkr nrdups dl 6 dr 3 jkjakrs
pf l Bkt tekj feddsk ` umot a`skc dm tek dutputs
om SB@ 6. Seos umot wobb ak `cdptkc ldr tek
prkp`r`todm dl tekor bk`rmomn pb`m ld r tek mkxt
tdpof Sekrk sedubc ak md rkpktotodm dl umots
Kxpbòm p`rts dl ` @ `sof Y`rts dl ` CkpKc Drckr md >9, s A S B @ 0 @ c`y akldrk, bkt stuckmts nd Ckvkbdpkc [MKVFD 1
prdgkft-a`skc `mc Bk`rmomn Yb`m 1901 dvkr tek rkpkrtdork dl s`jpbk bk`rmomn pb`ms Bk`rmomn Yb`m Bk`rmomn edurs
prdabkj-a`skc ldr Kmnbose Nuockbomks dm tek rkvokwkc curomn tek lorst 6 wkkhs dr tedsk Skjpb`tk (j`y Yb`m Skrm
bk`rmomn pb`m ldr Lobopomd (CkpKc Yrkp`r`todm dl Còby wote CkpKc E`vk tekj rkvokw tek p`rts `mc akmfej`rh lrdj pb`tk
b`mnu`nk s`jpbk BY j`y Bkssdms cksfroak tek fdmtkmts dl k`fe p`rt Ldfus tekor CkpKc, [MKVFD,
ak uskc) ettp7//www.ckpkc.ndv . `ttkmtodm dm tek p`rts wekrk tek kbkjkmts dl Omtkb `mc dtekr
pe/sotks/cklùbt/lobks/ prdabkj-a`skc/prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn sedubc Bk`rmomn Yb`m [MKVFD SY@FH
drckr/1901/CDs1901>9. ak omtknr`tkc. Bkt tekj ockmtoly lrdj tek Skjpb`tks)

pol s`jpbk pb`ms tek jòm bk`rmomn `ftovoty te`t
wobb rkquork stuckmts td cd omquory `ftovotoks
dr frk`tk prdgkfts Bk`c stuckmts td tek p`rt dl
tek s`jpbk pb`m wekrk tek prdabkj dr prdgkft
`ftovotoks `rk omcof`tkc
A S B @ 1. Yrkskmt td tek fb`ss sdjk

s`jpbks dl Bk`rmomn Yb`m @sskssj kmt tddbs
([MKVFD) te`t wobb nuock tekj td rkvokw
prdvockc s`jpbk
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 o
Frk`tk stuckmt A. rk`tomn A SB@ b`. L`fobot`tk ` cosfussodm dm tek rdbk Cksonmkc stuckmt
dutputs usomn stuckmt s`jpbk dl stuckmts `s conot`b ùtedrs. Bkt stuckmts s`jpbks ldr tek edurs
fdjputkr prdgkfts usomn rkvokw tekor fedskm fdjpktkmfoks ldr tekor umot ockmtolokc
`ppbof`todm dpkm-kmckc umot `mc pb`m tek omtknr`todm dl s`jpbk Kx`jpbk
• prdnr`js tddbs prdgkfts `s kvockmfk dl tek bk`rmomn dl Conot`b
`s kvockmfk stuckmts om tek umot, stdrytkbbomn
dl b`mnu`nk `. tuckmts
conot`b `s
ùtedrs usomn
bk`rmomn A SB@ 1a. Ved w s`jpbk, dl ` conot`b fb`yj`todmb
a rk`tomn stdrytkbbomn usomn fb`yj`todm/ stdp jdtodm stdp jdtodm
` conot`b `moj`todm. Kbofot tekor daskrv`todms om `moj`todm
stdrytkbbomn rkb`todm td tek b`mnu`nk shobbs te`t `rk (prkskmt`todm
dutput usomn ckvkbdpkc terdune teos dutput. Ckjdmstr`tk sdltw`rk)
fb`yj`todm/ edw teos os cdmk a`sof`bby. Yrkskmt tddbs
stdp jdtodm teky f`m usk ldr kcotomn dl tekor conot`b Ckvkbdpkc
`moj`todm stdrytkbbomn dutput. Bkt tekj aròmstdrj stuckmt
f. Frk`tomn àdut tek pdssoaoboty dl teos typk dl dutput td prdgkft s`jpbk
sf`lldbcomn ak omtknr`tkc om tekor prdgkft-a`skc umot pb`m. usomn Conot`b
j`tkro`bs @utedromn Sddbs
td suppdrt A SB@ 6f. Ydst ` qukstodm
qukstodm dm edw teky F`m
bk`rmomn ekbp tekor luturk stuckmts om `ffdjpboseomn Frk`tkc
stuckmt prdgkfts bohk c onot`b stdrytkbbomn, prkskmt`todm dl
c. Frk`tomn
Kjpe`sozk tek rdbk dl sf`lldbcomn om bk`rmomn tek prdgkft
prkskmt`todm
`mc lomoseomn rkquorkc t`shs td rk`bozk tek
ldr prdgkft-
fdjpktkmfoks skt ldr tek umot. Novk tojk ldr
a`skc dutput
tek stuckmts td prkp`rk s`jpbk sf`lldbcomn
j`tkro`b om rkb`todm td tek prdgkft ock` om
tekor umot.
A SB@ 6c. Bkt stuckmts aròmstdrj dm tek

usks dl sprk`csekkt om tk`feomn b`mnu`nk
Kmnbose/Lobopomd. Bkt tekj rkvokw tekor
umot pb`ms `nòm `mc skk tek pdssoaoboty dl
omfbucomn teos `s p`rt dl tek prdgkft ock` td ak
ojpbkjkmtkc om tek umot pb`m.
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xov
Yrkp`rk OJs te`t U0o

oO
oOJ F SB@ 0. Novk tojk ldr stuckmts td pb`m Frk`tkc tk`fekr
wobb kme`mfk usomn dpkm omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs te`t teky wobb usk sf`lldbcs dr OJs ldr edurs
b`mnu`nk kmckc tddbs om tk`feomn tek tdpofs om tekor fedskm tek umot pb`m usomn
bk`rmomn om tk`feomn umot fdmsockromn tekor dagkftovks. V`jpbk dpkm-kmckc tddbs.
utoezolln b`mnu`nk umots prkskmt`todms
prkskmt`t odms j`y ak vokwkc lrdj tek sotk Kx`jpbks `rk
skbkftkc dpkm pdstkc om [mot 0 Eonebonet tek l`ft te`t • E`mcduts (^drc
kmckc tddbs om teksk `rk s`jpbks te`t f`m ak tekor nuock om Yrdfkssomn)
ckbovkromn tek pb`mmomn `mc frk`tomn tekor dwm OJ. • Yrdgkft Nuock
bk`rmomn pb`m (^drc prdfkss-
F SB@ 1. Bkt stuckmts frk`tk tekor OJs usomn omn)
tekor b`ptdps dr ckshtdp om tek fdjputkr . Vtdryad`rcs ldr
bàdr`tdry. Vupkrvosk tek fdjpbktodm dl tekor tek umot prkskmt`-
OJs. Vkt ` tojk ldr stuckmts td sedwf`sk todm dr prdgkft
tekor OJs ldr pkkr kv`bu`todm, prkskmt`todm
(^drc Yrdfkssomn
Yrdgkft ojpbk-
jkmt`todm pb`m dr
tojkbomk (^d rc
Yrdfkssomn `mc
Vprk`csekkts)
Yrdgkft prks-
kmt`todm `mc dr
cosskjom`todm
(Yrkskmt`todm `mc
Yuabof`todm `ppbo-
f`todm prdnr`js)
A. kvosotomn dl C SB@. Akldrk bkttomn tek stuckmts prdfkkc Qkvoskc umot
Yrdgkft-a`skc td tekor umot pb`mmomn, rkjomc tekj dl tek pb`m wote tek edur
d Yrdabkj- `bonmjkmt dl tek fdjpktkmfoks, dagkftovks, omtknr`todm dl OJs
a`skc `mc bk`rmomn `ftovotoks `mc OJs te`t wobb ak frk`tkc tdnktekr
bk`rmomn pb`m omtknr`tkc om tek prdfkcurk dl tek umot pb`m wote s`jpbk
omtknr`todm Ot wdubc ak nddc td prkp`rk ` fekfhbost dl prdgkft/s
dl stuckmt tek rkquorkc kbkjkmts om tekor umot pb`mmomn
s`jpbks `mc td ak om hkkpomn wote tek kxpkft`todms ldr `
tk`fekr-j`ck prdgkft-a`skc/prdabkj-a`skc umot pb`m.
SJs
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xv
F . Bk`rmomn Yb`m [somn ` Bk`rmomn Yb`m `sskssjkmt tddb (k.n.,

@sskssjkmt [MKVFD Bk`rmomn Yb`m @sskssjkmt tddb),
bkt tek stuckmts `sskss tek bk`rmomn pb`ms dl
tek dtekr nrdups (pkkr `sskssjkmt)
^kkh 09 01
Fdursk Dutfdjk 37 Yrdcufk bk`rmomn rksdurfks usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs om v`rodus suagkft `rk`s
[mot Sdpof7 Yrdcufomn Bk`rmoon rksdurfks usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs
@ . Euj`m `mc NCF Sk`j.(190<). ;9 @ S B @ 0. Om ` tàub`r ldrj, bkt stuckmts @ffdjpbose ` 1
Ockmtoly RS`rodus mdm-euj`m Kcuf`todm

Kcuf`todm Skfemdbdny bost cdwm euj`m `mc mdm-euj`m bk`rmomn tàbk wote twd
omstruftodm`b bk`rmomn Sddbs Kvkry Sk`fekr rksdurfks/omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs te`t `rk fdbujm s wrotomn
j`tkro`bs (OJs) rksdurfks
rksdurfks Vedubc Hmdw @adut. pdssoabk om rk`bozomn dagkftovks om tk`feomn euj`m rksdurfks
`mc tkfemdbdny omstruftodm`b Nbda`b conot`b Fotozkmseop ` bkssdm. Bkt stuckmts cksfroak tek bk`rmomn dm tek lorst fdbujm
tddbs om b`mnu`n k j`tkro`bs/ Ldumc`todm Qktrokvkc rksdurfks teky e`vk bostkc om k`fe fdbujm `mc mdm-euj`m
bk`rmomn A. Skfemdbdny lrdj E`vk tekj se`rk tek fdmcotodms wekm teksk rksdurfks dm tek
tddbs ldr ettps7//nbda`bconot`bfotozkm . rksdurfks `rk td ak uskc om tek fb`ssrddj. skfdmc.
k`feomn drn/VD-kcuf`todm- Fdmfbuck tek `ftovoty ay kjpe`sozomn dm
Kmnbose/ tkfemdbdny-tddbs-kvkry- tek mkkc td usk v`rokc j`tkro`bs om tk`feomn
obopomd tk`fekr-sedubc-hmdw-àdut fdmsockromn tek covkrsoty dl bk`rmkrs,, @mswkr sf`vkmnkr
• eumt
Y`bjkr, S. (190;). 0; @ SB@ 0. Ol tkfemdbdny tddbs wkrk mdt
Fe`r`ftkrostofs
Fe`r`ftkrosto fs dl ` 10Vt jkmtodmkc om tek prkvodus `ftovoty, bk`c tek J`hk ` bost dl
Fkmtury Sk`fekr, stuckmts td tek ock` te`t euj`m`rmomn tkfemdbdny
ettp7//www.kcutdpo` . rksdurfks j`y mdt ak kmdune omtk`feomn tddbs wote tek
drn/cosfussodmbbs om tek 10st Fkmtury. Kbofot rk`ftodms td tek gustolof`todm db ots
fe`r`ftkrostofs-1 0st- pdsotkc ock`. Bkt tekj gustoly tekor rkspdmsks. pdssoabk omtknrut odm
Fkmtury-tk`fekr Mdtk teksk dm tek ad`rc ldr prdfkssomn `ltkr om tekor umot pb`m.
tek se`romn. @sh tek stuckmts td symteksozk tek
ock`s dm tek ad`rc `mc wrotk ` aonnkr fdmfkpt
te`t wobb kmfdjp` ss `bb tek ock`s se`rkc.
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomfo `mc Bk`rmom` 1
A SB@ 0. E`vk stuckmts `mswkr w ote tojk

bojot ` sf`vkmnkr eumt `ftovoty ay pòr ldr
bdf`tomn tkfemdbdny tddbs akomn cksfroakc.
Seos wobb ak cdmk om ` fdjpu tkr bàdr`tdry
wote omtkrmkt `ffkss. Ol tekrk os md mkt `ffkss
gust bkt stuckmts bost `s j`my `s teky f`m
umckr tojk prkssurk. @ltkr tek cuk tojk , bkt
tekj kxfe`mnk p`pkrs wote 6 dtekr pòrs
`mc lomc dut tek jdst fdjjdm tkfemdbdny
tddb te`t stuckmts `rk l`jobo`r wote. Bkt dtekr
nrdups sonm tekor p`pkrs `s kvockmfk te`t
teky `ftu`bby se`rkc tekor `mswkrs wote dtekr
nrdups. Vujj`rozk ay t`bbyomn tek rkspdmsks
se`rkc. @sh stuckmts td ldrjub`tk ` sojpbk
fdmfbusodm àdut tek [aoquoty dl tkfemdbdny
tddbs te`t f`m ak utobozkc ay B`mnu`nkV
tk`fekrs.
A S B @ 1. Bkt stuckmts dpkm tek sotk prdv ockc
om tek rksdurfk skftodm `mc kxpbdrk tek
v`rodus tkfemdbdny tddbs kmujkr`tkc om
tekrkom. Novk `jpbk tojk ldr tekj td rk`c `mc
mdtk tek tddbs te`t teky teomh teky f`m usk
om tekor fedskm umot. Bkt tekj w rotk ` sedrt
gustolof`todm ldr tek tddb td ak omtknr`tkc om
tekor umot pb`m.
Kxpbòm tek @. e`r`ftkrostofs F S B @ 0. L`fobot`tk ` cosfussodm dm tek Yrkp`rk ` fekfhbost/ 1

fe`r`ftkrostofs dl Nddc/ fe`r`ftkrostofs dl nddc omstruftodm`b tddbs ruarof ldr feddsomn edurs
dl nddc @pprdpro`tk ay usomn ` jubtojkco` prkskmt`todm. Vedw tek `pprdpro`tk OJs
`pprdpro`tk OJs OJs `mc s`jpbk tkfemdbdny-a`skc OJs ldr stuckmts td `mc tkfemdbdny
`mc tkfemdbdny Skfemdbdny daskrvk. @sh tekj td mdtk sdjk daskrv`todms tddbs ldr tk`feomn
tddbs om bk`rmomn tddbs ldr b`tkr cosfussodm. Ydst ` qukstodm dm tek
b`mnu`nk ojpdrt`mfk dl feddsomn tek ronet tddbs ldr
tekor umot pb`ms.
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xvoo
F S B @ 1. Bkt stuckmts wdrh ay qu`cs

`mc e`vk tekj prkp`rk ` fekfhbost dl
fe`r`ftkrostofs dl ` nddc/`pprdpro`tk OJs
`mc tkfemdbdny tddbs usomn tekor mdtkc
daskrv`todms dl tek s`jpbks prkskmtkc om
tek prkvodus `ftovoty. E`vk tek collkrkmt
nrdups se`rk td dtekr nrdups tekor fekfhbost
`mc novk lkkca`fhs dm tek dtekr nrdups'
dutput. Bkt tekj lom`bozk tekor dwm dutput ay
omfdrpdr`tomn tek lkkca`fhs teky rkfkovkc.
Fdjk up wote gust dmk fekfhbost ldr tek fb`ss
td usk om tekor dutput om K SB@ 0
A. romfopbks @adut [CB C S B @ 0. Fdmsockromn tek covkrsoty om tek Dmbomk Srk`surk 1
dl [movkrs`b ettp7//www.f`st.drn/dur- fb`ssrddj, `sh stuckmts edw teky jonet Eumt (9SE) edurs
ksonm ldr wdrh/àdut-ucb etjb# ak àbk td prkp`rk bk`rmomn `ftovotoks `mc dutput dm
Bk`rmomn \3muDz[ppaE rksdurfks te`t wobb f`tkr td tek v`ryomn mkkcs OFS tddbs te`t
([CB) dl stuckmts. Nrdup tek stuckmts wote 09 ckjdmstr`tk [CB
Nuockbomks Lrkk Bk`rmomn tddbs jkjakrs om k`fe nrdup Bkt tekj rksk`rfe promfopbks
ettd7//www.f`st.drn/dur- dm sdjk OFS tddbs om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn
wdrh/bk`rmomn-tddbs.etjb te`t ckjdmstr`tks tek promfopbks dl [CB.
Bkt tekj ptkskmt tekor rksk`rfe om fb`ss `mc
kv`bu`tk edw teky j`y fdmsockr tek [CB
promfopbks om prkp`romn ldr tekor OJs om tekor
fedskm umot `s pb`mmkc.
C S B @ 1. @sh tekj td cksonm `m SJ ld r

tekor spkfolof umot te`t wobb omfdrpdr`tk tek
promfopbks dl [CB. Seos SJ sedubc t`rnkt
tek `fquosotodm dl tek fdjpktkmîoks dl tek
fedskm umot.
Frk`tk F. rk`tomn tk`fekr K S B @ 0. E`vk stuckmts usk tek e`mcdut ldr Frk`tk - OJ usomn ` Skfe ldr 6
`pprdpro`tk OJs 7
prdcuftovoty tek promfopbks dl [CB `s teky lom`bozk tekor tkfemdbdny tddb dl Sk`fekrs edurs
usomn tkfemdbdny j`tkro`bs usomn SJ. @bbdw stuckmts td wdrh dm tekor OJ `mc tekor fedofk ettp7O/www.
tddbs om bk`rmomn tkfemdbdny sedw tek p`rt dl tek umot pb`m wekrk teos wobb
b`mnu`nk tddbs ak uskc
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomfo `mc Bk`rmomfo 1 vor
(Edw os teos Novk tekj tek fe`mfk td feddsk tek tk`fetd-

cgllkrkmt lrdj tkfemdbdny tddb/s te`t teky wobb usk om jdrrdw.
dpkm-kmckc prkp`romn tekor OJ. Bkt tekj usk tek [sk fekfhbost td drnbkcuf`-
tddbs weofe fekfhbost te`t w`s frk`tkc om tek prkvodus `sskss stuckmt todm-tkfe-
`rk `bsd umot cosfussodm. dutput
tkfemdbdny ny-tddbs/
tddbs4 ockmtoly
teksk-skkjs td L S Bumot
tekor @ 0.pb`ms
Bkt stuckmts spkmc
omtknr`tomn tektojk wrotomn
fdmfkpts `mc
dvkrb`p wote tddbs cosfusskc prkvodusby.
[mot 3F)
@. kvosotomn dl
YA bk`rmomn
pb`m7
omfdrpdr`tomn
tkfemdbdny
tddbs om
prkp`romn OJs
om omtrdcufomn
tek umot
^kkhs 06-0;
Fdursk Dutfdjk ;7 Kv`bu`tk tek rkbkv`mfk `mc `pprdpro`tkmkss dl OFS rksdurfks om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
[mot Sdpof7 [somn OFS rksdurfks ldr B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
(190<).[somn @ S B @ 08 Novk ` wdrc puzzbk te`t fdmtòms Bostomn dl 1
Fe`r`ftkrozk Conot`b Qksdurfks. Ck`hom ` joxturk dl conot`b `mc mdm-conot`b rksdurfk fe`r`ftkrostofs dl edurs
OFS rksdurfks @ e`r`ftkrostofs [movkrsoty. Qktrokvkc lrdj kx`jpbks Bkt stuckmts lomc tek wdrcs conot`b `mc mdm
dl OFS tddbs ettp7//www.ck`hom.kcu . te`t teky fdmsockr `s rksdu rfks. @ltkr tekor conot`b rksdurfks
dr B`mnu`nk
- ù/stuckmts/stucy-suppdrt/ `mswkrs `rk fekfhkc, drn`mozk tek wdrcs
Bk`rmomn rklkrkmfomn/conot`b-sdurfks `ffdrcomn td ots typk. Bkt tekj pdst teksk
dm tek ad`rc ldr fekfhomn `mc lom`bozomn tek
bost. @sh tekj td gustoly wey teky fdmsockr
tek kx`jpbks `s conot`b dr mdm conot`b
rksdurfks. @s `m dutput, bkt tekj novk tek
fe`r`ftkrostofs dl tek twd typks dl rksdurfks.
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xo x

Cktkrjomk tek A. kbkv`mfk `mc A SB@ 0. Yrkskmt st dl bk`rmomn `ftovotoks ^ rotk ` 1
rkbkv`mfk `mc `pprdpro`tkmkss wote tekor rkspkfto onot`b `mc mdm conot`b gustolof`todm dl edurs
`pprdpro`tkmkss d l conot`b `mc rksdurfks. @ f`sk m`rod f`m `bsd novkm tekor ckfosodm
dl OFS rksdurfks mdm-conot`b td stuckmts ldr tekj td ckfock weofe typk dm tek sfkm`rod
a`skc dm tek rksdurfks dl rksdurfks `rk `pprdpro`tk ldr tekj td prkskmtkc
bk`rmomn fdmtkxt `cdpt om ckbovkromn tek bk`rmomn `ftovoty.
@sh stuckmts we`t teky fdmsockrkc om tekor
ckfosodm. Bkt tek fb`ss fdmtroautk dtekr
l`ftdrs td fdmsockr om mdtomn tek rkbkv`mfk
`mc `pprdpro`tkmkss dl conot`b `mc mdm-
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT conot`r rksdurfks.
Ckvkbdp F. sskssjkmt F SB@ 0. [somn tek ock`s nkmkr`tkc `mc Frk`tk ruarof/r`tomn ;
`sskssjkmt tddbs ldr mdtkc om tek prkvodus `ftovoty, bkt stuckmts sf`bk ldr kv`bu`tomn edurs
tddb td kv`bu`tk skbkftomn wdrh ay pòrs `mc frk`tk `m `sskssjkmt tddb conot`b `mc mdm-
rkbkv`mfk `mc rkbkv`mt `mc (ruarof/fekfhbost/r`tomn
(ruarof/fekfhbost/r`tomn sf`bk) td kv `bu`tk conot`b rksdurfks
`pprdpro`tkmkss `pprdpro`tk tek rkbkv`mfk `mc `pprdpro`tkmkss dl conot`b
dl OFS rksdurfks conot`b `mc mdm- `mc mdm-conot`b rksdurfks. Novk tekj 69-39 @ffdjpbose `
td tek bk`rmomn conot`b rksdurfks jomutks td kmfdck dr wrotk om wdrc ldrj`t. Bk`rmomn bdn àdut
fdmtkxt Bkt tekj ldrj`t tekor cdfujkmt sd te`t ot tekor kxpkrokmfk
C. kvosotomn dl fdubc ak rk`cy td usk. om frk`tomn `mc
.
YA bk`rmomn
pb`m7 omtknr`todm F SB@
tddb 1. Bkt tekj
ay wdrhomn wotev`boc`tk
Kmnbosetekor `sskssjkmt
pr`ftofk v`boc`tomn
dwm tddb tekor
dl tek usk dl tk`fekrs wed pr.kp`rkc rksdurfks ldr tekor
conot`b `mc ckjdmstr`todm. Bkt tekj p`ss tek tddb `ltkr ` Qkvosk umot pb`m
mdm-conot`b, wkkh. E`vk tekj rklbkft dm tekor kxpkrokmfks omfdrpdr`tomn tek
rksdurfks `mc `mc hky bk`rmomn om ckv kbdpomn `mc v`boc`tomn promfopbks dl usomn
`sskssjkmt tddbs tekor `sskssjkmt tddb. conot`bb `mc mdm-
conot`
om tek b`mnu`nk C SB@ 0. Bkt stuckmts rkvosot tekor umot pb`ms conot`b rksdurfks
Bk`rmomn Yb`m `mc cd sdjk rkvosodms td omfdrpdr`tk tek
prdfkcurk rksdurfks teky j`y omtknr`tk om tek bkssdms
ldr tek wedbk umot. Novk `jpbk tojk ldr
umot pb`mmomn. Eonebonet tek ojpdrt`mfk dl
ndomn a`fh td tek fdjpktkmfoks fedskm `mc
edw teksk wobb ak `feokvkc om tek bk`rmomn
`ftovotoks wote tek conot`b `mc mdm-conot`b
rksdurfks ockmtolokc.
V ybbà u s - S kfe m d bd n y ld r S k`fe om n `m c B k`r m om n 1 U U
^kkhs 0<-0>
Fdursk Dutfdjk <7 [sk tkfemdbdny tddbs td fdbbàdr`tk `mc se`rk rksdurfks `jdmn fdjjumotoks dlpr`ftofk
[mot Sdpof7 Skfemdbdny tddbs ldr fdbbàdr`todm
Dmbomk Sk`feomn Sddbs `mc @ SB@ 0 L`fobot`tk
L`fobot`tk ` fdbbàdr`tovk
fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovoty Vtuckmts wrotk V`jpbk 6
Ockmtoly lk`turks @. Lk`turks `mc Qksdurfks. (190<). _`bk wekrk stuckmts wobb rklbkft dm tek ksskmfk dl ` rklbkftodm dm sotks td ak edurs
`mc usks dl [sks dl OFS Fkmtkr ldt B`mnu`nk Vtucy. fdbbàdr`todm om nkmkr`b. Vt`rt ay nrdupomn ` wedbk sekkt dl rkvokwkc
OFS tddbs ldr tddbs ldr Qktrokvkc lrdj tek stuckmts wote <-5 jkjakrs. Yrdvock p`pkr eonebonetomn ldr tek
fdbbàdr`todm fdbbàdr`todm etop7Ef b s.y`bk.kcu/dmb o mk - T omcovocu`b fut-duts dl adcy p`rts novkm td tek ojpdrt`mfk nrdupomn s
obc se`romn dl `mc se`romn tk`feomnGtedbs-rksdurfks k`fe tekjakrs fdjpbktomn `bb tek adcy p`rts. dl fdbbàdr`todm 0. ôhos.
rksdurfks `jdmn rksdurfks om Bkt stuckmts pdst dm `m `ssonmkc fdrmkr om `mc tekor rdbk om (190<).
fdjjumotoks dl B`mnu`nk tek fb`ssrddj dmk ay dmk `s tekor adcy p`rt ckvkbdpomn teos om Fkmtkr ldr
pr`ftofk Bk`rmomn os f`bbkc td pdst. @ J`mob` p`pkr f`m ak uskc tekor stuckmts. Sk`feomn.
`. ôhos ldr frk`tovk ldr pdstomn tek adcy p`rts. êkm kv krydmk \`mckraobt
wrotomn os f`bbkc `mc e`s pdstkc, bkt tek dtekr nrdups [movkrsoty
a. Abdns ldr gdurm`b jdvk lrdj dmk fdrmkr td `mdtekr td skk tek @ffdjpbose ettps7//flt .
wrotomn dutputs dl tek dtekrs. Bkt tekj t`hk mdtk dl H-^ -B fe`rt v`mckraobt.
. Vdfo`b - tekor daskrv`todms td ak se`rkc curomn tek kcu/nuocks-
Addhj`rhomn . wedbk fb`ss cosfussodm. E`vk tek fb`ss bddh Vuajot bomh dl sua-p`nks/
ldr fdbbàdr`tovk `nòm `t tekor dutputs `mc bkt tekj m`jk tekor `ffdumts frk`tkc ay wohos
rksk`rfe om frk`todm weofe wobb rkprkskmt tek ksskmfk stuckmts ldr,wohos, -- kxpbdrk
Kmnbose dr dl we`t, teky e`vk cdmk. Yrdfkss tek wedbk abdns `mc sdfo`b woshosp`f-
Lobopomd Dtekrs4 `ftovoty ay `shomn edw teky `ffdjpbosekc addh-j`rhomn sotks ks, nddnbk
tekor dutput. Lose dut tek hky wdrc (connd/ckbofodus. sotks `mc
"fdbbàdr`todm" lrdj tek stuckmts `mc kbofot fdrm) YAwoho
ock`s td ak mdtkc dm tek ad`rc. @sh stuckmts (`mc dtekr
td se`rk tekor ock`s dm tek ojpdrt`mfk dl sotks te`t
fdbbàdr`todm om rk`b bolk sotu`todms. Yrkskmt ` Vuajot tàub`r j`y ak
sedrt cosfussodm dl tek m`turk dl fdbbàdr`todm prkskmt`todm dl tek uskc ldr
`s ` 10st Fkmtury shobb. Fdmfbuck tek skssodm usks `mc lk`turks fdbbàdr`-
ay `shomn stuckmts td wrotk ` sedrt rklbkftodm dl fdbbàdr`tovk todm), 1)
dm tek rkbkv`mfk dl fdbbàdr`todm `mc tekor tddbs `mc rksdurfk
rdof om ckvkbdpomn teos om tekor stuckmts, se`romn
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xU
@ S B @ 1. @sh stuckmts td `ffdjpbose `

H-^-B fe`rt ldr tek tdpof dm OFS Sdd bs ldr
fdbbàdr`todm `mc se`romn rksdurfks. Yrdvock `
tkjpb`tk dr stuckmts wobb gust ak omstruftkc td
prkp`rk tek fe`rt. Bkt tek stuckmts se`rk tekor
ock`s td tek wedbk fb`ss. Kmfdur`nk stuckmts
td se`rk tek fdbbàdr`tovk tddbs te`t teky
`brk`cy hmdw `mc tkbb edw teky `rk utobozomn
teksk tddbs ldr bk`rmomn. Bkt tekj se`rk we`t
lk`turks teky bohk om tek tddbs te`t teky `rk
usomn.
@ S B @ 6. Nrdup stuckmts omtd tro`cs. `mc

omstruft stuckmts td ardwsk tek `ssonmkc sotks
(ldumc om Qksdurfk j`tkro`bs) dr tddbs (wobcs,
abdns, sdfo`b addhj`rhomn sotks-connd `mc
ckbofodus) `mc mdtk tek hky lk`turks `mc usks
dl tek tddbs. Kmfdck teksk dm ` tàbk. Bkt
tekj kxpbdrk tek sotks `mc frk`tk tekor dwm
`ffdumts om tek prdfkss. Novk `jpbk tojk ldr
tekj td `ffdjpbose sonmomn up.
SB@
@ 3. Bkt tek collkrkmt nrdups se`rk
tekor kxpbdrkc sotks ldfusomn dm tek lk`turks
`mc usks dl teksk td tekj `s luturk b`mnu`nk
tk`fekrs.
dl tek OFSNovk
tddbsomputs eonebonetomn
om tk`feomn tek rdbk
om ` b`mnu`nk
fb`ssrddj. Novk e`mcduts `s mkkckc td skrvk
`s sf`lldbc ldr stuckmts.
Kmn`nk om ` A. djjumotoks
Fdjjumoty dl dl pr`ftofk/
Bk`rmomn (FDB) fdjjumoty
ldr b`mnu`nk dl Bk`rmomn
tk`fekrs `mc ldr B`mnu`nk
bk`rmkrs tk`fekrs
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xxoo
(bdf`b `mc A SB@ 0. @sh stuckmts td nrdup tekjskbvks @ffdjpbose ` Dmbomk 1

omtkrm`todm`b) `mc j`hk ` wdrc fbduc ldr FDJJ[MOS_. fekfhbost ldr Fdjjumoty edurs
@. llkftovkmkss . Seky f`m frk`tk teos dmbomk (k.n ettp7/Owww. kv`bu`tomn dmbomk ldr Sk`fekrs
dl FDBs om kcuckjof.fdjbwdrc-fbduc-nkmkr`tdrs/) dr fdjjumotoks dl Kmnbose
B`mnu`nk @
prdlkssodm`b teky f`m gust frk`tk usomn rkfyabkc admc
Bk`rmkrs
ckvkbdpjkmt p`pkr dr j`mob` p`pkr ol tekrk os md mkt Qkpdrt)
dl tk`fekrs `ffkss. Bkt tekj prkskmt tekor wdrh td `mdtekr [sk jubtojkco` ettp/Okbb
(@ffdrcomn twd nrdups Yrdfkss tek `ftovoty ay `shomn prkskmt`todm ruarof st`mldo c
td rksk`rfe tek fdjjdm wdrcs nkmkr`tkc ldr tek wdrc ldr tekor dutput. kcu/sotks/
`rtofbks) novkm. L`fobot`tk ` symteksos dl nkmkr`tomn cklùbt/lobks/
ekor wdrhomn cklomotodm dl dmbomk fdjjumoty. pcl/`f`-
Bkt stuckmts wdrh om pòrs `mc ardwsk tek mkt ckjof-p`-
`mc lomc dmbomk fdjjumotoks ldr B`mnu`nk pkrs/b 6-Bu-
tk`fekrs. [somn ` fekfhbost (td ak frk`tkc) f`s%19ôb-
ldr kv`bu`tomn `m dmbomk fdjjumoty, `bbdw bomshy 319
D mbomk % 1 9
`jpbk tojk ldr tekj td lomc dut rkbkv`mt Fdjjumo-
fdjjumotoks. Bkt tekj se`rk `t bk`st twd ty
te`t teky e`vk
rkfdjjkmc rkvokwkc
sufe sotks. `mc gustoly wey teky M@BT9.pcl
(Ykrjossodm
td ak sdunet
A SB@ 1. Vedw ` prkskmt`todm
prkskmt`todm dl tek lumftodm `s mkkckc
`mc lk`turks dl fdjjumotoks dl bk`rmomn ldr costroau-
(FDBs). @sh edw stuckmts j`y akmklot todm.)
lrdj teksk FDBs kvkm ol teky `rk dmby
stuckmts. Kmfdur`nk tekj td bddh ldr lrkk @jkrof`m
Fdumfob dm
FDBs te`t teky f`m sonm up td fdmsockromn
tek fe`r`ftkrostofs dl nddc sotks ldr tekor dl Ldrkonm
spkfo`boz`todm. Ldr bdf`b drn`moz`todms, omldrj B`mnu`nk
tekj dl tek Y@LSK drn`moz`todm, ots vosodm (V`jpbk
`mc jossodm. Dmbomk
fdjjumoty
ldr Kmnbose
tk`fekrs)
ettp7O/fdj-
rmumotv.`ftlb.
drn/edjk
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 U oo
F S B @ 0. Nrdup stuckmts `mc e`vk tekj

sk`rfe ldr `t bk`st 6-; pkkr rkvokwkc rksk`rfe
`rtofbks (k.n lrdj KAVFD) te`t t`bh àdut tek
kllkftovkmkss dl akomn ` jkjakr dl FDBs.
Bkt tekj mdtk cdwm hky lomcomns `mc prkskm t
teksk terdune ` prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk. Novk
tekj ` jubtojkco` prkskmt`todm ruarof (td
ak j`ck ykt) td ak uskc ldr pkkr kv`bu` todm/
tk`fekr kv`bu`todm dl tekor dutput. Eonebonet
tek hky pdomts lrdj tek prkskmt`todms `mc
symteksozk ay `shomn tekj edw FDBs f`m
ekbp om tek prdlkssodm`b ckvkbdpjkmt dl
B`mnu`nk tk`fekrs.
Cksonm ` A. kvosotomn dl @ffdjpbose ` 1
fdbbàdr`tovk YA bk`rmomn C SB@ 0. E`vk stuckmts pb`m ldr ` fdbbàdr`tovk edurs
`ftovoty usomn pb`m7 fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovoty usomn tek `pprdpro`tk bk`rmomn `ftovoty
`pprdpro`tk omtknr`todm dl fdbbàdr`tovk tddb te`t f`m ak omtknr`tkc
tkfemdbdny tddbs fdbbàdr`tovk om tek bk`rmomn ` ftovotoks dl tekor umot. @ffdjpbose `
`ftovotoks om Qkvosk tekor umot pb`m td `ffdjjdc`tk tek rkvoskc pb`m
B`mnu`nk fdbbàdr`tovk `ftovoty cr`ltkc.
[mot pb`ms C SB@ 1. Bkt tek stuckmts drn`mozk tekor Drn`mozk `
umot pb`ms td fdjpbktk `bb tek mkkckc dutputs pdrtldbod
te`t wkrk rkquorkc om k`fe umot. Yrdvock
` fekfhbost dl tek kbkjkmts teky e`vk td
fdjpbktk.
Ojpbkjkmt F. kjdmstr`todm £ SB@ 0. Novk tojk ldr stuckmts td drn`mozk @ffdjpbose ` 3
tek cksonmkc dl cksonmkc tekor omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs ldr tekor fekfhbost ldr tek edurs
OFS-a`skc bk`rmomn pb`ms jofrdtk`feomn. Yrdvock tek jofrdtk`feomn fdtepdmkmts dl tek
fdbbàdr`tovk ruarof ` c`y/wkkh akldrk tek `ftu`b umot pdrtldbod
`ftovoty ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tekor umot pb`m. Bkt
tekj jofrdtk`fe dmby tek p`rt wekrk tek Jofrdtk`feomn
tkfemdbdny omtknr`todm os suppdskc td t`hk ruarof (pkkr `mc
pb`fk om tek um ot, skbl-`sskssjkmt)
ldr tk`feomn `
B`mnu`nk umot
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 m
K S B @ 1. Akldrk tek `ftu`b tk`feomn, novk Qklbkftodm p`pkr

tek ruarof td tek pkkr kv`bu`tdrs. Seksk dm stuckmt
ruarofs wobb ak e`mckc ronet `ltkr tek ojpbkjkmt`todm
ckjdmstr`todm. Yrdfkss tek eonebonets `mc td ferdmofbk tekor
bdwbonets dl tek ckjdmstr`todm `ftovoty jofrdtk`feomn
ay bkttomn tek pkkr kv`bu`tdrs se`rk tekor kxpkrokmfk.
fdjjkmts a`skc dm tek ruarof uskc. Yrdvock ` sf`lldbc
qukstodm ldr tekor
K S B @ 6. Bkt stuckmts wrotk tekor rklbkftodm rklbkftodm. Seos
dm tekor jofrdtk`feomn eonebonetomn tekor hky f`m ak pdstkc vo`
bk`rmomn `mc tekor `rk`/s dl ojprdvkjkmt, tek fb`ss abdn
sotk. (Y`pkr wobb
ak uskc ldr tekor
rklbkftodm ol tekrk
os md `ffkss td tek
omtkrmkt.)
@. dursk L S B @ 0. Yrkp`rk tek survky qukstodms td ak [sk survky Sk`fekr

Qklbkftodm pdstkc om survky jdmhky te`t wobb ak skmt td jdmhky bomh (td wobb sonm edur
(dptodm`b) stuckmts td nkt tekor lkkca`fh dm tek fdursk ak prkp`rkc) up ldr `m
Sek rksubts wobb ak uskc ldr ojprdvomn tek `ffdumt
`ftovotoks om ettps7//
www.sur-
vkyjdm-
hky.fdj
Vybbàus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xxv
Vunnkstkc @mckrs, @. (190;). Sekdroks `mc `ppbof`todms dl j`ssovk dmbomk dpkm fdursks (JDDF)7 Sek f`sk dl eyaroc cksonm. Omtkrm`todm`b Qkvokw dl
Qk`comns `mc Qksk`rfe om Dpkm `mc Costroautkc Bk`rmomn, 0< (<).
Qklkrkmfks Fekm, _. (190;). Bomhomn bk`rmomn stybks `mc bk`rmomn jdaobk l`fkaddh. Omtkrm`todm`b Qkvokw dl Qksk`rfe om Dpkm `mc Costroautkc Bk`rmomn.
Nrè`j, F.Q. (1993). Abkmckc bk`rmomn systkjs7 Cklomotodm, furrkmt trkmcs, `mc luturk corkftodms, Om F. G. Addh, & F.Q. Nrè`j, E`mcaddh dl
Abkmckc Bk`rmomn Nbda`b Ykrspkftovk Bdf`bCksonm. V`m Lr`mfosfd,
Lr`mfosfd,--, [V@7 Gdem ôbky & Vdms, Omf.
Mto, H. (190;). Vuppdrtomn `ffkss td dpkm dmbomk fdursks ldr bk`rmkrs dl ckvkbdpomn fdumtroks. Omtkrm`todm`b Qkvokw dl Qksk`rfe om Dpkm `mc
Costroautkc Bk`rmomn, 0< (3)
Yoffo`md, @.N. (190;). Yb`mmomn ldr dmbomk kcuf`todm7 @ systkjs Jdckb7 Dmbomk Bk`rmomn, 0? (;).
Vfdtt, kt `b. (190;). [CB om dmbomk fdbbknk föurskwdrh7 Omsonets dl omlusodm `mc kcuf`tdr prkp`rkcmkss. Dmbomk Bk`rmomn, 0 ? (;).
[MK VF D 199<). OFS s om kcuf`todm ldr pkdpbk wote spkfo`b mkkcs. Jdsfdw, Qusso`7 [MKVFD Omstotutk dl Omldrj`todm Skfemdbdnoks om
Kcuf`todm.
^ `tsdm, G., kt `b, 190;). Yrdjosomn pr`ftofks om abkmckc dmbomk bk`rmomn usomn dmbomk bk`rmomn ldr frkcot rkfdvkry7 Nkttomn a`fh dm tr`fh td
nr`cu`todm. Om`fdb, Sek Omtkrm`todm`b @ssdfo`todm dl H-O 1 Bk`rmomn.
[MKVFD (190<). Vuppdrtomn fdjpktkmfy-a`skc
oftfdjpktkmfoksldrtk`fekrs.wohosp`fks.fdj tk`fekr tròmomn rkldrjs td l`fobot`tk OFS-pkc`ndny omtknr`todm. Qktrokvkc lrdj ettps7 /
@adut+tek+Yrdgkft.
[MKVFD (m.c.) Corkftdry dl OFS rksdurfks ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn dl Vfokmfk, J`tekj`tofs `mc B`mnu`nk. Qktrokvkc lrdj ettp7 /www.
bk`rmomn-sfokmfk-j`tekj`tofs-`mc-b`mnu`nk
[MKVFD (190<). OFS om kcuf`todm7 Jdaobk ard`ca`mc om Jy`mj`r. Qktrokvkc
Sdp 1; Kc Skfe Addhs.
ettps7 /kctkfeconkst.wdrcprkss.fdjbbosts tdp-1;-kctkfe-addhs/
Seos sotk bosts pdtkmto`b rklkrkmfks ldr SSB 1.
Fdursk @sskssjkmt tddbs (ruarofs, fekfhbosts,

Qkquorkjkmts [mot Yb`m dr Bk`rmomn pb`ms
Bk`rmomn Yb`m
Ydrtldbod
Jofrdtk`feomnoCkjdmstr`todm tk`feomn
Nr`comn Yrkbojs
Vystkj Joctkrjs om`bs
Fb`ssrddj • urm om dronom`b dutputs `s rkquorkc.
Ydbofoks • òr [sk Nuockbomks om usomn Jubtojkco` j`tkro`bs sedubc ak fdmsockrkc kvkrytojk dmbomk rksdurfks `rk utobozkc.
^kasotks te`t `rk omtknr`tkc om tek umot pb`ms sedubc jkkt tek frotkro` ldr rkboàoboty, tojkbomkss `mc rkbkv`mfk.
Yrkp`rkc ay7
Lkbom` Y. Kspoquk, BYS, YeC

Veorbky B. @y`d-`d, BYS, YeC
bbàus - S kkff em
em ddbb d l ddrr Sk
Sk ``ff eo
eo m ` mmcc BBkk `r
`r mmoo m 1 v
Jdcubk 0-Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 1\ Fkmtury

Bkssdm 0 -Sek Htd01FurrofubujLr`jksrh
__S
Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmo mn Y b `ms om tek
F dmtk
dmtkxx t dl tek 10
1 0 st
Fkmtury
G k`rm
k`rmom
omn7
n7 D utfdj
utfdj ks
@t tek kmc dl tek Jdcubk, tek stuckmts sedubc e`vk7

• cosfusskc tek rdbk dl tkfemdbdny ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn om
tek bonet dl tek H td 01
01 Furrofu
Furrofubuj
buj Lr`jkwdrh8
• rkvokwkc tek H td 01 F urrofubuj Nuock Nuock ldfusomn dm tek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10st Fkmtury shobbs8
• rkvokwkc bk`rmomn pb`ms lrdj v`rodus sdurfks te`t omtknr`tkc
OFSs om tek tk`feomn bk`rmomn prdfkss8
• pb`mmkc `ftovotoks omtknr`tomn OFSs te`t wdubcwdu bc l`fobot`tk tek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10st Fkmtury shobbs rkquorkc om tek furrofubuj
nuock8 `mc
• aròmstdrjkc àdut
àdu t conot`b fotozkmseop
fotozkmseop `mc rkb`tkc teos td tek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10st Fkmtury shobbs `jdmn bk`rmkrs.
•mrr0lo
Sek a`sof kcuf`todm furrofubuj dl tek fdumtry w`s kme`mfkc wote
tek ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tek H td 01 01 Furrofubuj.
Furr ofubuj. Sek H td 0 011 Yrdnr`j
fdvkrs Homckrn`rtkm `mc 01 yk`rs dl a`sof kcuf`todm (sOx yk`rs dl kbkjkmt`ry
kcuf`todm, ldur yk`rs dl Gumodr Eone Vfeddb, `mc twd yk`rs dl Vkmodr Eone
Vfeddb XVEVZ) td prdvock sullofokmt tojk ldr j`stkry dl fdmfkpts `mc shobbs,
ckvkbdp bolkbdmn bk`rmkrs, `mc prkp`rk nr`cu`tks
nr`cu `tks ldr tkrto`ry kcuf`todm,
joccbk-bkvkb shobbs ckvkbdpjkmt, kjpbdyjkmt, `mc kmtrkg
kmtrkgrkmkurseop.
rkmkurseop.
Sek ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tek H td 01 Furrofubuj os kxpkftkc td fdmtroautk
td tek fdumtry's ckvkbdpjkmt om y`rodus ldrjs. Ot os akbokvkc td ak mkfkss`ry
td ojprdvk tek qu`boty dl dur kcuf`todm weofe os frotof`b td dur prdnrkss `s `
m`todm.
Dmk dl tek lk`turks dl tek H td 01 furrofubuj os tek rkquorkjkmt td kquop

kvkry nr`cu`tk wote tek ldbbdwomn shobbs7
• omldrj`todm, jkco` `mc tkfemdbdny shobbs8
• bk`rmomn `mc ommdv`todm shobbs8
• kllkftovk fdjjumof`todm shobbs8 `mc
• bolk `mc f`rkkr shobbs.
Sek ckvkbdpjkmt dl teksk shobbs f`m ak cdmk wote tek òc dl tkfemdbdnoks
ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn weofe os tek ldfus dl teos fdursk. Seos fdursk òjs
td prkskmt `ftovotoks te`t wobb prkp`rk prk-skrvofk tk`fekrs td omtknr`tk OFSs om
tek tk`feomn-bk`rm g mn prdfkssks om tek v`rodus lokbcs dl spkfo`boz`todm. Ot òjs
td ekbp prk-skrvofk `mc om-skrvofk tk`fekrs td kxp`mc tek adumc`roks dl tekor

frk`tovoty `mc te`t dl tekor stuckmts akydmc tek ldur w`bbs dl tek fb`ssrddjs.
Ot òjs td kmàbk tk`fekrs td cosfdvkr tek pdwkr dl fdjputkr tkfemdbdnoks `s
tk`feomn tddbs ldr nrk`tkr bk`rmomn.
O
Sek H td 01 F urr
ur r o fub
fu b uj L r `j kw drh
dr h
'(?
@t tek kmc dl tek bkssdm, tek bk`rmkr sedubc ak àbk td7
• cosfuss tek s`bokmt lk`turks dl tek h td 01 Furrofubuj

rkquoromn OFS-pkc`ndny omtknr`todm shobbs.
• `m`byzk tek bk`rmomn fdjpktkmfoks dl kvkry yk`r bkvkb
`ffdrcomn td tek lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm dl tek prk-skrvofk
tk`fekrs.
• rkvokw sdjk umots om tek furrofubuj nuock wote ldfus dm tek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10st Fkmtury shobbs.
Kxutk Z
Vtkp 07 Hmdwomn K`fe Dtekr

@t teos tojk, omtrdcufk ydurskbl `mc jkkt dtekr fb`ssj`tks
fb`ssj `tks ay
feddsomn `my homc dl kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdny
t kfemdbdny td rkprkskmt ydur pkrsdm`boty
`mc prdlobk. Sek omldrj`todm ydu wobb nkt lrdj ydur fb`ssj`tks lrdj tek
`ftovoty wobb ak v`buàbk omldrj`todm ldr ydu td usk `s ydu fdjpbktk teos
jdcubk `mc tek suffkkcomn jdcubks.
1 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
Omtrdcufk ydurskbl td tek nrdup usomn ` spkfolof tkfemdbdny teht w`s

omtrdcufkc om SSB O dr te`t ydu e`vk akkm usomn td rkprkskmt ydu Kxpbòm
wey ydu skbkftkc te`t tkfemdbdny.
Vtkp 1 7 Qkf`bb
Qkf`bbomn
omn Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn B kssdms
Om ` nrdup wote 3-; jkjakrs, se`rk tek bk`rmomn dutfdjks ydu wkrk
àbk td ckjdmstr`tk wkbb om SSB 0. Q
Qklbkft
klbkft `mc se`rk wey teksk bk`rmomn
dutfdjks wkrk ckjdmstr`tkc
ckjdm str`tkc wkbb om tek fb`ss. Jdrkdvkr, ockmtoly tek
omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks om tkrjs dl hmdwbkcnk `mc shobbs om SSB 0
te`t ydu wkrk mdt àbk td ckjdmstr`tk om tek fb`ss. Cosfuss edw ydu f`m
ekbp ydurskbl `s ` fb`ss. Ckjdmstr`tk teksk td kmsurk te`t ydu f`m fdpk
wote tek rkquorkjkmts dl Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1.
Vtkp 67 Qklbk
Qklbkftomn.
ftomn. dm Skfem dbdny-a`skc Bk`rmomn Kx pkrokmfks
Qkf`bb edw ydur tk`fekrs om ydur lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm
spkfo`boz`todm uskc
omldrj`todm `mc fdjjumof`todm tkfemdbdnoks td ekbp ydu umckrst`mc sdjk
fdmfkpts om ydur bkssdms.
Ockmtoly tek spkfolof bkssdm `mc bk`rmomn dagkftovks
dagkftovks dl ydur tk`fekr.
^krk ydu àbk td u umckrst`mc
mckrst`mc tek bkssdm `mc ckjdmstr`tk
ckj dmstr`tk tek bk`rmomn
dagkftovks wote tek tk`fekr's omtknr`todm dl OFS4 êy4
Ol ydu `rk td kme`mfk tek OFS uskc ay ydur tk`fekr, edw wobb ydu cd
ot4 ôbb ydu usk tek s`jk OFS dr wobb ydu jdcoly edw ot ^`s omtknr`tkc4
Sek ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tek H td 01 01 Furrofub

Fu rrofubuj
uj dl tek Ckp`rtjkmt
dl Kcuf`todm p`vkc tek w`y ldr tek kme`mfkjkmt dl tek Sk`fekr Kcuf`todm
Furrofubuj dl tek Fdjjossodm dm Eonekr Kcuf`todm (FEKC)
(FEKC).. Sek s`bokmt
lk`turks dl tek H td 01 Furrofubuj e`vk akkm tedrduneby fdmsockrkc td kmsurk
te`t `bb tek fdursks om tek tkàekr kcuf`todm prdnr`j

pr dnr`j wobb jkkt tek ckj`mcs
dl tek 10 0 t fkmtury fb`ssrddjs. Dmk dl tek fdmsockr`todms os tek mkkc td
ojpbkjkmt tek ldbbdwomn s`bokmt lk`turks dl tek furrofubuj terdune omtknr`tomn
tkfemdbdnoks ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn. Sek usk dl tkfemdbdnoks os cdmk om tek
collkrkmt bkvkbs dl bk`rmomn `mc om tk`feomn tek v`rodus lokbcs dl spkfo`boz`todm.
0. Vtrkmntekmomn `rby eobceddc cuf`todm [m ovkrs`b

ovkrs`b
Homckrn`rtkm)
ôte tek [movkrs`b Homckrn`rtkm prdnr`j dl te tek
k Ckp`rtjkmt,
kvkry Lobopomd feobc os kxpkftkc td e`vk `ffkss
`ff kss td k`rby feobceddc
kcuf`todm. Seos `ffkss f`m ak l`fobot`tkc usomn tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs te`t
`rk rk`coby `vòbàbk td tek sfeddb ldr tk`fekrs' usk.
Jdcubk O -Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10' Fkmtury

Bkssdm 0-Sek Htd 01 Fumofubuj Lr`jkwdrh
Sek usk dl tkfemdbdny om Homckrn`rtkm ay v`rodus sfeddbs os vkry

kvockmt om tk`feomn tek homckrn`rtkm pupobs tek `bpeàkt, mujakrs,
se`pks, `mc fdbdrs terdune n`jks, sdmns, `mc c`mfks om tekor Jdtekr
Sdmnuk.
1. J`homn tek Furrofubuj Qkbkv`mt td Bk`rmkrs (Fdmtkxtu`boz`todm

` mc K m e ` mfkjkmt )
Qksk`rfe sedws te`t bk`rmkrs wobb v`buk ` furrofubuj te`t
os rkbkv`mt td tekor bovks Vtuckmts `rk dltkm ek`rc s`yomn, "Cd O
mkkc td hmdw teksk td bovk ` jk`momnlub bolk4" "Edw wobb O usk
teos bkssdm om tek `ftu`b wdrhpb`fk4" "ê`t os tek rkbkv`mfk dl teos
td jk4" `mc sd dm. Sek `mswkr td tek qukstodm dl rkbkv`mfk os vot`b
td ekbp tek tk`fekrs teomh dl sdjk w`ys ay weofe teky wobb ak àbk
td bkt tekor stuckmts rk`bozk te`t tekor còby bkssdms `rk dl nddc usk
td tekor pkrsdm`b wkbb-akomn `mc td tekor prdlkssodm`b prkp`r`todm
V`r` Akrm`rc (1909)
(1909) strksskc te`t stuckmts mkkc td e`vk ` pkrsdm`b
fdmmkftodm td ` bkssdm j`tkro`b te`t f`m ak cdmk terdune kmn`nomn
tekj kjdtodm`bby dr terdune fdmmkftomn tek omldrj`todm wote te`t
weofe teky `brk`cy hmdw. Seos sek f`bbs "Novk Ot Fdmtkxt, `mc J`hk
ot Fdumt."
Aronns (1903)
(1903) se`rkc sdjk lkw to
tops
ps ldr j`homn bk`rmomn kmn`nomn
`mc pkrsdm`bby rkbkv`mt `s fotkc ay ôbbos, L`kte, `mc Ojjdrcomd
-_`mn7
• [sk suspkmsk `mc hkkp ot lrkse - Crdp eomts àdut ` mkw
bk`rmomn umot akldrk ydu rkvk`b we`t ot jonet ak bk`vk n`pomn
pùsks om ydur spkkfe fe`mnk
fe`mnk sk`to
sk`tomn
mn `rr`mnkjkmts `mc put
up mkw `mc rkbkv`mt pdstkrs dr cospb`ys `bb teksk f`m `ftov`tk
kjdtodm`b sonm`bs `mc hkkp stuckmt omtkrkst poqukc
• J`hk ot stuckmt corkftkc - Novk stuckmts ` fedofk dl

`ssonmjkmts dm ` p`rtofub`r tdpof, dr `sh tekj td cksonm
dmk dl tekor dw
dwm.
m. ê
êkmkm stu
stuckmts
ckmts `rk omvdbvkc om cksonmomn
tek bkssdm, teky
teky akttkr umckrst`mc tek nd`b dl tek bkssdm `mc
akfdjk jdrk kjdtodm`bby omvkstkc om `mc `tt`fekc td tek
bk`rmomn du
dutfdjks.
tfdjks.
• Fdmmkft ot td tekor bovks `mc td we`t teky `brk`cy hmdw

S`homn tek tojk td aròmstdrj àdut we`t stuckmts `brk`cy
hmdw `mc wdubc bohk td bk`rm àdut ` tdpof ekbps tekj td
frk`tk nd`bs. Seos `bsd ekbps tk`fekrs skk tek akst pdomts dl
ckp`rturk ldr mkw ock`s J`homn frdss-furrofub`r fdmmkftodms
`bsd ekbps sdbocoly tedsk mkur`b bddps..

• Yrdvock utoboty v`buk - [toboty v`buk prdvocks rkbkv`mfk lorst ay
poquomn stuckmts
stuckmts `mc ay tkbbomn tekj tek
tek fdmtkmt oos
s ojpdrt`mt

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcu f`tomd - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
td tekor luturk nd`bs8 ot tekm fdmtomuks ay sedwomn O dr
kxpbòmomn edw tek fdmtkmt lots omtd tekor pb`ms ldr tek luturk.
Seos ekbps stuckmts rk`bozk tek fdmtkmt os mdt gust omtkrkstomn
aut `bsd
`bsd w drte hmdw omn.
• Auobc rkb`tkcmkss - Qkb`tkcmkss, dm tek dtekr e`mc, `mswkrs
tek quksto
qukstodm,
dm, ê`t e`vk teksk td cd wote jk4 Ot os `m
omekrkmt mkkc stuckmts td lkkb fbdsk td tek sonmolof`mt pkdpbk om
tekor bovks, omfbucomn tk`fekrs. Qkb`tkcmkss
Qkb`tkcmkss os skkm ay j`my `s
e`vomn mdm-`f`ckjof `mc `f`ckjof socks.
Sd ak àbk td `ppby tek tops rkfdjjkmckc ay v`rodus kxpkrts

`mc td `bbdw stuckmts td rk`boz
rk`bozkk tek v`buk dl tekor furrofubuj,
tddbs f`m ak u skc. 1t Fkm tury bk`rmkrs
tkfemdbdn of`b tddbs bk`rmkrs `rk kxpkftkc
td ak ckjdmstr`tomn 1 0 s t Fkmtury fdjpktkmfoks sufe `s fdbbàdr`todm,
conot`b botkr`fy,
botkr`fy, frotof`b
frotof`b teomhomn, `mc prd abkj sdbv omn td a k àbk td
terovk
tero vk om teos wd rbc (Qofe,
(Qofe, 1903). Fdmtkxtu`bozomn
Fdmtkxtu`bozomn tek furrofubuj dl
tek stuckm
stuckm ts ldr
ldr jk`m omnlub bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pd sks fe`bbkmnks
fe`bbkmnks om kme`m fomn
tk`fekrs' pkc`nd nof`b shobbs `s wk bb `s tkfem
tkfem dbdn of`b shobbs.
shobbs.
6 . Au ob
obcomn
comn Yrdlofokmfy J dtekr-tdmnuk A`skc J ubtobo
Kcuf`todm) ubtobomnu`b
mnu`b
Sd a k àbk td prdjdtk tek feobc'
feobc'ss cdjom`mt b`mnu`nk `mc td usk
ot `s ` b`mnu`n k dl omstr
omstruftodm,
uftodm, j`xoju j u sk dl tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs
os eoneby kmfdur`nkc. Furrkmtby, ` bdt dl tk`fekrs `mc sfeddbs `rk
omtd ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs td ak. àbk td ojpbkjkmt tek JS 06-
JBK prdnr`j prdpkrby kspkfo`bby te`t tekrk os ` ck`rte dl promtkc
`mc f-j`tkro`bs om tek
tek jd tekr tdmnu
tdmnu k dl tek stuckm
stuckm ts. Jd tekr Sdmn uk
os uskc om omstruftodm `mc bk`rmomn j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs dl dtekr bk`rmomn `rk`s.
Sek bk`rmkrs rktòm tekor ktemof
ktemof ockmtoty, fubturk, ekrot`nk `mc v `buks.
Feobcrkm bk`rm
bk`rm akttkr `mc `rk jd rk `ftovk
`ftovk om fb`ss `mc bk`rm ` skfdmc
b`mnu`nk kvkm l`stkr wekm teky `rk lorst tùnet om ` b`mnu`nk teky
umckrst`mc.
3 . Kmsuromn Omtknr`tkc
Omtknr`tkc `mc Vk`jbkss Bk`rmomn Vpor`b Yrdnrkssodm)
Bk`rmomn a`sof fdmfkpts te`t bk`c td ` jdrk fdjpbkx `mc
sdpeostof`tkc vkrsodm dl tek nkmkr`b fdmfkpts
fdmfkp ts kmtòb SY@FH7
Skfemdbdnof`b hmdwbkcnk, pkc`ndnof`b hmdwbkcnk, `mc fdmtkmt
hmdw bkcnk. Qkcosfdvkromn fdmfkpts prkvodusby prksmtkc `s stuckmts
nd up om nr`ck bkvkb wobb ak lubby suppdrtkc ol `bb tek `rk`s dl
spkfo`boz`to
spkfo`bo z`todm
dm wobb ak òckc ay tkfemd bdnoks ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn.
Seos w obb
ob b lurtekr
lurt ekr strkmntekm rktkmtodm
rktkmtodm `mc wobb kme`mfk j`stkry, dl
tdpofs `mc shobbs
shobbs `s teky `rk rkv oso
osotkc
tkc `mc fd msdboc`tkc
msdboc`tkc tojk `mc `nòm.
Seos `bsd `bbdw s bk`rmkrs td bk`rm tdpofs `mc shobbs `pprdpro`tk td tekor
ckvkbdpjkmt`b `m c fd nmotovk
nmotovk shob
shobbs.
bs.
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Y b`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10' Fkmtury

Bkssdm 0 -Sek Htd 01 F urrofubuj Lr`jkwdrh
; . Nk`romn [p ldr tek Luturk
Sek H td 01 Furrofubuj kmsurks fdbbknk rk`comkss ay `bonmomn tek
fdrk `mc `ppbokc fdursks td tek Fdbbknk Qk`comkss Vt`mc`rcs (FQV)
`mc tek mkw Nkmkr`b Kcuf`todm (NK) Furrofubuj. Ekmfk, tek H td 01
Furrofubuj ldfuskc dm ckvkbdpomn `pprdpro`tk Vpkfo`boz`todm Vuagkfts
Vuagkfts
ldr tek @f`ckjof, Vpdrts, @rts `mc Cksonm, `mc Skfemof`b \df`todm`b
Bovkboeddc Sr`fhs @bb dl teksk spkfo`boz`todm suagkfts e`vk td ak
suppdrtkc ay kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdny ldr akttkr bk`rmomn
< . Murturomn tek Ed Edbostof`bby
bostof`bby Ckvkbdpkc
Ckvkbdp kc Lobopom
Lobopomd
d (Fdbbknk `mc
Bovkboeddc
Bovkbo eddc Q k`comkss, 10 Fkmtury Vhobbs)
Sd murturk edbostof`bby ckvkbdpkc Lobopomd, kvkry H td 01
01 nr`cu`tk
os kxpkftkc td ak rk`cy td nd omtd collkrkmt p`tes - eonekr kcuf`todm,
kjpbdyjkmt, dr kmtrkprkmkurseop. Kvkry nr`cu`tk os kxpkftkc td ak
kquoppkc wote omldrj`todm, jkco` `mc tkfemdbdny shobbs, bk`rmomn
`mc ommdv`todm shobbs, kllkftovk fdjjumof`todm shobbs, `mc bolk `mc
f`rkkr shobbs Seos j`y e`ppkm wote tek prdpkr ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tek
furrofubuj `mc wote tek l`fobot`todm ay kxfkbbkmt tk`fekrs Ldr tk`fekrs
td jòmtòm kxfkbbkmt pkrldrj`mfk, teky mkkc lubb suppdrt, dmk dl
weofe os tkfemdbdnof`b suppdrt.
Vtkp 0 Omtrdcufomn tek Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 Fdursk

Sek Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 Fdursk ekbps ydu usk
tek pdwkr dl fdjputkr tkfemdbdnoks om tek collkrkmt lokbcs dl spkfo`boz`todm
td sp`rh stuckmt oj`nom`todm `mc ubtoj`tkby jdvk,
j dvk, jdtov`tk, `mc suppdrt
stuckmts tdw`rc jk `momnlub bk`rmomn.
Bkt us `sskss ydur prodr hmdwbkcnk dm edw ydu f`m akst usk fdjputkr
tkfemdbdnoks td kme`mfk bk`rmomn,
bk`rmom n, `mswkr teos qukstodm ay wrotomn ydur
`mswkr om tek adx prdvockc7
Edw f`m tkfemdbdny ak uskc jdst kllkftovkby om tek v`rodus lokbcs

dl spkfo`boz`todm td suppdrt `mc `sskss stuckmt bk`rmomn4
<0 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
Vtkp 1 7 Vkttomn Jy Dutfdjks ldr teos Fdursk

Ot just ak mdtkc te`t fdursk dutfdjks f`m ak `feokvkc ol fbk`rby
skt. Sekrkldrk, tekrk os ` mkkc td nrdumc teos fdursk wote furrofub`r `mc
rksk`rfe-a`skc nd`bs `mc dagkftovks.
dagkftovks. Serdunedut teos fdursk, ydu wobb ak
t`shkc td usk v`rodus tkfemdbdnof`b rksdurfks `mc tddbs te`t f`m
f `m ekbp ydu
frk`tk ydur pb`ms `mc j`tkro`bs, ojprdvk ydur omstruftodm, `mc kme`mfk
ydur luturk stuckmts' bk`rmomn.
Fdbbàdr`tk wote ydur tk`fekr `mc fdbbk`nuks `mc teomh àdut we`t
ydu just cd td ak àbk td j`hk tek jdst dut dl teos fdursk. @mswkr tek
ldbbdwomn qukstodms7
0 Edw wobb O `ppby `bb tek hmdwbkcnk `mc shobbs te`t O bk`rmkc om
SSB 1 om tk`feomn jy lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm4
1. Edw wobb O ckvkbdp bk`rmomn pb`ms ldr jy fb`ssks td j`hk surk

te`t `vòbàbk tkfemdbdnoks ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn wobb ak put td
usk ldr jk`momsluo0 bk`rmomfs4
6 Edw wobb O kmsurk te`t jy nd`bs om teos fdursk wobb ak `feokvkc'

Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 100bFkmtury
Bkssdm 0 -SekHtdb1Fumofubuj Lr`jkwdrh
Kxfe`mnk
Sk`fekrs pb`y ` vkry ojpdrt`mt rdbk om tek l`fobot`to

l`fobot`todm
dm dl stuckmt bk`rmomn
ay cksonmomn , ojpbkjkmtomn `mc kv `bu`tomn tek furrofubuj. Om tek Yeoboppomks,
tk`fekrs `rk kxpkftkc
kxpkftkc td `ftovkby kmn`n k tekjskbvks om fu rrofubuj
rrofubuj cksonm td
kmsurk te`t tek H td 01 F urrofubuj w obb ak akst ckbovkrkc td lu bby rk`bozk
rk`bozk ots
ots
omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks.
Sk`fekrs j`hk ckfosodms
ckfosodms àd ut edw teky wobb ojpbkjkmt
ojpbkjkmt tek furrofubuj
furrofubuj
dl tekor spkfolof lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm. Seky ckfock dm edw teky just
strufturk tek
tek `ftovotoks dl tekor
tekor bbkssdm
kssdm s `mc j` m`n k stuckmts' rkspdm sks `mc
ock`s. Ekmfk, tek ckfosodm dl tk`fekrs os vkry ojp drt`mt. OOtt e`s `m ojp`ft dm
tek stuckmts' bk`rmomn. Sek ldbbdw omn `rk pdomts td fdmsockr om ockmtolyomn `mc
umckrst`mcomn tk`fekts' rdbks
rdbks ` s fu rrofubuj
rrofubuj cksonmkrs7
• [mcduatkcby, tek jdst ojpdrt`mt pkrsdm om tek furrofubuj
ojpbkj kmt`todm prdfkss os tek tk`fekr. ^ ote tekor hmdw bkcnk,
kxpkrokmfks `mc fdjpktkmfoks, tk`fekrs `rk fkmtr`b td `my
furrofubuj ckv kbdpj kmt klldrt. Akttkr tk`fek
tk`fek rs suppdrt akttkr
bk`rmomn
bk`r momn a kfùsk teky `rk jd st hmdwbkcnkàbk àdut tek pr`ftofk
pr`ftofk
dl tk`feomn `mc `rk rkspdmsoabk ldr omtrdcufomn
omtrdcufomn tek fu rrofubuj
rrofubuj om
tek fb`ssrddj (@bsuaòk, 190<)
190<)..
• Fu rrofubuj os tek pb`mmkc omtkr`ftodm dl pup obs w ote omstruftodm`b
omstruftodm`b
fdmtkmt, j`tkro`bs,
j`tkro`bs, rksdurfks, `mc prdfkssks ldr kv `bu`tomn
`bu`tomn tek
`ttòmjkmt
`ttòmjkmt dl kcu f`todm`b dagkftovks
dagkftovks – G`ce`v `mc Y`t`mh`r (1906)
(1906)..
• Fu rr
rrofubuj
ofubuj os fdm tkmt, aut w ekm fd mtkxtu`bozkc,
mtkxtu`bozkc, ot fdjks `bovk
ldr stuckmts. Sek rdbk dl tk`fekrs om tek furrofubuj
f urrofubuj prdfkss
os td ekbp stuckmts ckvkbdp `m kmn`nkc rkb`todmseop wote tek
fdmtkmt. @ftovk bk`rmomn omfrk`sks tek ldfus `mc rkt rktkmtodm
kmtodm dl
tek furrofubuj
furrofubuj , rksubtomn
rksubtomn om `m kxf ot
otomn
omn bk`rmomn kmv ordmjkm t.
Sk`fekrs a uobc bkssdms te`t omfbuck sojub`todms,
sojub`todms, kxpkrojkmts, f`sk
stucoks `mc `ftovotoks td ckbov
ckbov kr ` furrofubuj
furrofubuj . Seos omtkr`ftov
omtkr`ftov k
`pprd `fe omtkrtwomks furrofubuj `mc pr`ftof`b kxpkrokmfks te`t
• ojj
ojj krsk stuckm
stuckm ts om
om bk`rmomn. Sek furrofubuj prdfkss prdv ocks `m
dppd rtumoty ldr tk`fekrs
tk`fekrs td ak frk`tovk `mc pu t ttekor
ekor umoquk st`jp
dm tek fb`ssrddj kxp krokmfk (Jkokr, 1905).
1905).
• Sk`fe krs, dm tekor p`rt, e`v k pr`ftof`b hmdw bkcnk a`skc dm tekor
còby wdrh wote stuckmts. Seos hmdwbkcnk os u sklub td furro
furrofubuj
fubuj
fdj jottkks akfùsk tk`fekrs f`m `sskss we ktekr tek
tek ock`s akomn
ckvkbdpkc wobb wdrh om tek fb`ssrddj (_dumn, 0?55).
Vtkp 07 Fdmsockromn jy Qdbk `s Furrofubuj Cksonmkr
^ ote
ote tek pd omts dl rklkrkmfk
rklkrkmfk prdv ockc àdut furrofubuj `mc tek tk`fekr,
tk`fekr,
p`rtofop`tk om ` l`fk-td-l`fk
l`fk-td-l`fk cosfussodm
cosfussodm w ote tek
tek wed bk nrdup àd ut edw yd ur

lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm (Kx. Yeysof`b Kcuf`todm, Kmnbose, Lobopomd, Vdfo`b

Vtucoks, J`tekj`tofs, Vfokmfk `mc sd dm) w`s cksonmkc Om tek cosfussodm,
ydu `rk `shkc td tedunetlubby fdmsockr ydur rdbk `s ` furrofubuj cksonmkr.
Nd dvkr tek Furrofubuj Nuock `mc cosfuss tdnktekr tek ksskmto`b lk`turks,
ldfus, `mc tek nkmkr`b fdmtkmt `mc pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs dl ydur lokbc dl
spkfo`boz`todm dr j`gdr pkr nr`ck dr bkvkb.
Vtkp 17 Omtknr`tomn
Omtknr`tomn S kfemdbdno
kfemdbdnoks
ks ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
@ltkr e`vomn `m om-ckpte umckrst`mcomn dl tek nkmkr`b m`turk, ldfus, `mc
mdm-mkndtoàbk
mdm-mkndto` abk st`mc`rcs skt ldr ydur lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todlb,
spkfo`boz`todlb, se`rk wote tek
nrdup sdjk tkfemdbdnof`b rksdurfks `mc tddbs te`t f`m ekbp ydu ckbovkr ydu
bkssdm td ròsk `t ` eone bkvkb dl kxfkbbkmfk.
Aròmstdrj dm edw teksk tkfemdbdnoks f`m ak omtknr`tkc prdpkrby `mc
edw teky wobb jkkt tek ojpdrt`mt bk`rmomn dutfdjks `mc tek 1 t Fkmtury
shobbs. Ve`rk tek rksubts dl ydur nrdup cosfussodm om tek fb`ss.
@ mswkr tek ldbb

ldbbdwomn7
dwomn7
0 Edw wobb tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn prdjdtk tek
s`bokmt lk`turks dl tek H td 0
01
1 Furrofubuj'
1 Se`t `rk tek 10st Fkmtury shobbs te`t `rk eoneby rkquorkc td ak
Q`mh tekj om tkrjs dl tek
ckvkbdpkc ay ydur lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm' Q`mh
ockmtolokc st`mc`rcs `mc fdjpktkmfoks dl ydur furrofubuj nuock
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fd mtkxt dl tek 10" Fkmtury
Bkssdm 0-Sek Htd 01 Furrofubuj Lr`jkwdrh
p.
O F S Y k c ` n d n y OmOm t k n r ` t od m om
B ` m n u ` n k B k ` r m om n Y b` m s
Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks'
• cosfuss ksskmto`b pdomts td fdmsockr wekm omtknr`tomn `my

OFS om l`fobot`tomn b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm8
• prkskmt bk`rmomn pb`ms te`t omtknr`tk OFS om tek bk`rmomn
prdfkcurks td ak àbk td `ttòm tek bk`rmomn dutfdjks8 `mc
• pb`m ldr sdjk `ftovotoks te`t wobb ekbp ckvkbdp conot`b
fotozkmseop `mc rkb`tk teos
t eos td tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl 10Vt
Fkmtury shobbs `jdmn bk`rmkrs.
9 xctk 7
VS KY 07 Q kf`bb
kf`b b omn OFS -omtknr`tkc
-o mtknr`tkc @ftovo
@ftovoto
toks
ks Kx pkrokmfkc
Ydmckr dm ydur a`fhnrdumc, kcuf`todm`b kxpkrokm
kxpkrokmfks,
fks, `mc prodr
hmdwbkcnk `mc shobbs dm edw omldrj`todm, fdjjumof`todm,
fdjj umof`todm, `mc
tkfemdbdnoks (OFSs) wkrk suffksslubby uskc ay ydur tk`fekrs, om tek
bdwkr bkvkb. Qkf`bb tek OFS tddbs te`t wkrk uskc ay ydur tk`fekrs om
ydur b`mnu`nk fb`ss, Lobopomd dr Kmnbose, `mc cksfroak edw teksk wkrk
uskc td ekbp ydu umckrst`mc ydur bkssdms. Nkt ` p`pkr td sfroaabk ydur
rkfdbbkftodms. ^rotk
^rotk `t bk`st lovk bkssdms vos-é-vos tek OFS tddbs `mc ` sedrt
cksfroptodm dl edw teksk wkrk uskc.
V S K Y 1 7 Ve`romn dl tek
tek OFS-Ykc `ndny Kx pkrokmfks
ôte terkk (6) jkjakrs om ydur nrdup, k`fe dl ydu wobb se`rk eos/ekr
sfroaabkc kxpkrokmfks. Sd l`fobot`tk tek nrdup se`romn, `ssonm ` l`fobot`tdr,

` rkfdrck r, `mc ` rkp drtkr.
VS K Y 6 7 Q kp d rto
rt o mn
Sd `bbdw kvkryadcy om tek fb`ss td bk`rm lrdj tek sj`bb nrdup
se`romn, `ssonm ` rkpdrtkr lrdj ydur sj`bb nrdup td se`rk tek nost dl ydur
sj`bb nrdup se`romn wote tek wedbk fb`ss.
09 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

Kxpbdrk
Sk`feomn e`s `bw`ys akkm ` fe`bbkmnomn prdlkssodm somfk hmdwbkcnk e`s

akkm kxp`mcomn `m c ksskmto`b
ksskmto`b shobb
shobbss e`v k akkm omfrk`somn
omfrk`somn `mc fe`mn omn. ^ ot
otee
teksk fe`bbkmnks, tk`fekrs mkkc td kmn`nk k cuf`todm`b tkfemd bdnoks td `ssost
tekj om tek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn
tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prdfkss. Kmn`nomn kcuf` to todm`b
dm`b tkfemdbdnoks om
tk`feomn `rk ldumck c dm promfopbks `mc peobdsdpeoks. [mckrst`mcomn teksk
wobb ekbp ydu suffk sslubby oomtknr`tk
mtknr`tk tkfemdbdn oks td `bbdw
`bbdw yd ur stuckmts td
ckjdms tr`tk tek
tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdj ks dl ydu r lokbc
lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm.
spkfo`boz`todm.
Omtknr`tomn Skfe mdbdny om OOmstruftodm

mstruftodm
\ `rodus kcuf`tdrs `mc rksk`rfekrs
rksk`rfekrs prdvockc tek ldbbdwomn
ldbbdwomn fd mfkpts `mc
promfopbks àdut omtknr`tomn tkfemdbdny om omstruftodm7
0 . Gdem Yos`po` (0??3)
Omtknr`tomn tkfemdbdny w ote ttk`feomn
Omtknr`tomn k`feomn j k`ms tek usk dl bk`rmomn
tkfemdbdnoks td omtrdcufk, rkomldrfk, suppbkjkmt `mc kxtkmc shobbs. Ldr
kx`jpbk, olol ` tk`fekr jkrkby tkbbs ` stuckmt td rk`c ` ad dh w otedut `my
prkp`r`todm ldr ldbbdw u p `ftovotoks te`t
te`t put tek addh om ` pkc`n dnof`b
fdmtkxt, tek
tek ad dh os mdt omtknr`tkc. Om tek s`jk w `y, ol tektek tk`fek r
usks tek fdj putkr td t d rkw` rc feobcrkm
feobcrkm ay `bbdwomn tekj td pb`y `
n`jk, tek fdj putkr os mdt omtknr`tkc.
Dm tek d tekr e`mc, omtknr`to
omtknr`tomn
mn tkfem dbdny omtd fu rr rrofub`
ofub` f`m
jk`m collkrkmt
collkrkmt teomns7 0) fdjpu tkr sfokmfk fdursks, fdj putkr-`ssost
putkr-`ssostkc
kc
omstruftodm,
omstr uftodm, `mc/dr fdj putkr-kme`mfkc dr kmrofekc omstruftodm,
omstruftodm, 1)
j`tfeomn
wote wdrc sdltw`rk w ote
prdfkssomn ldbba`sof
dwkcshobb
ldbbdwkc sho
upbbwfdjpktkmfoks,
prkskmt`todm`mc
ote prkskmt`todm 6) hkyad `rcomn
tddbs.
1 . Omtkrm`todm`b Vdfokty ldr Skfemdbdny om Kcuf`todm (OVSK)
Kllkftovk omtknr`todm dl tkfemdbdny os `feoîvkc w ekm stuckmts `rk
Kllkftovk
àbk td skbkft tkfem
tkfem dbdny tdd bs td
td ekbp tekj da tòm omldrj`
omldrj` to
todm
dm om `
tojkby j`mmko `m`byzk `mc symteksozk tek omldrj`todm, `mc prkskmt ot
prdlkssodm`bby.
prdlkssodm`bby. Sek tkfemdbdny sedubc akfdj k `m omtknr`b p`rt dl edw
tek fb`ssrddj lumftodms -- `s `ffkssoabk `s `bb dtekr fb`ssrddj tddbs.
6 . J `rn`rkt Bbdyc 199;)
OFS omtknr`todm kmfdjp`ssks `m omtknr`b p`rt dl ard`ckr
furrofubuj rkldrjs w eofe omfbuck a dte omlr`-stmoftur`b
omlr`-stmoftur`b `s w kbb `s
pkc`nd nof`b fdmsockr`todms
fdmsockr`todms te`t `rk
`rk fe`mnomn md t dmby edw bk`rmomn
dffurs au t we`t os bk`rmkc.
bk`rmkc.
3. Poyum ^`mn `mc Eu`y Bot ^dd (199>)
Omtknr`tomn Omldrj`todm `mc Fdjjumof`todm (OFS) omtd tk`feomn
`mc bk`rmomn os ` nrdw omn `rk` te`t e`s `ttr`ftkc
`ttr`ftkc j`m y kcuf `tdrs'
klldrts om rkfkmt yk`rs. A`skc dm tek sfd pk dl fdmtkmt fdv krkc, OFS
omtknr`todm f`m e` ppkm om terkk collkrkmt `rk`s7 furrofubuj
furrofubuj , ttdpof,
dpof, `mc
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10 Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1- FS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
0
bkssdm.
; . Akrm`rc Aè`to (1909)
Sek prdfkss dl omtknr`tomn OFS om tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn e`s
td ak cdmk `t adte pkc`ndnof`b `mc tkfemdbdnof`b bkvkb
bkvkbss wote jufe
kjpe`sos put dm pkc`ndny. OFS omtknr`todm omtd tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn
e`s td ak umckrpommkc ay sdumc pkc`ndnof`b promfopbks.
<. [ M
MKK VF
V F D 1199 9 ; )
OFS omtknr`todm
omtknr`todm os mdt jkrkby j
j`stkromn
`stkromn tek e`rcw`rk `mc
sdltw`rk shobbs. Sk`fekrs mkkc td rk`bozk edw td drn`mozk tek
fb`ssrddj td strufturk tek bk`rmomn t`shs sd te`t OFS rksdurfks
akfdjk ùtdj`tof `mc m`tur`b rkspdmsk td tek rkquorkjkmts ldr
bk`rmomn kmvordmjkmts om tek s`jk w`y `s tk`fekrs usk j`rhkrs `mc
weotkad`rcs om tek fb`ssrddj.
Omldrj`todm `mc Fdjjumof`todm Skfemdbdny (OFS)

Akldrk ydu f`m suffksslubby omtknr`tk OFSs om ydò b`mnu`nk omstruftodm,
tekrk os ` mkkc td e`vk ` nddc nr`sp dl we`t Omldrj`todm `mc Fdjjumof`todm
Skfemdbdny (OFS) os `bb àdut. Vpkfolof`bby, tekrk os ` mkkc `bsd td cktkrjomk
tek OFSs te`t `rk `vòbàbk ldr b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm. Sek ldbbdwomn `rk tek
cklomotodms dl OFS lrdj v`rodus sdurfks7
0. Jdu
urr s u mc
mc 1 9 9 ; )
OFS omfbucks `bb tek lubb
lubb r`mnk dl fdj putkr e`rcw`rk,
fdjputkr sdltw`rk, `mc tkbkfdjjumof`todms l`fobotoks. Seus, ot
omfbucks fdjputkr ckvofks r`mnomn lrdj e`mcekbc f`bfub`tdrs td
jubtojobbodm wdrte supkrfdjputkrs. Ot omfbucks tek lubb r`mnk dl
cospb`y `mc prdgkftodms ckvofks uskc td vokw fdjputkr dutput.
Ot omfbucks bdf`b `rk` mktwdrhs `mc wock `rk` mktwdrh te`t wobb
`bbdw fdjputkr systkjs om pkdpbk td fdjjumof`tk wote k`fe dtekr.
Ot omfbucks conot`b f`jkr`s, fdjpu
fdjputkr tkr n`jks, FCs, C\ C\Cs,Cs, fkbb
tkbkpedmks, tkbkfdjjumof`todm s`tkbbotks, `mc loakr dptofs. Ot omfbucks
fdjputkrozkc j`feomkry `mc fdjputkrozkc rdadts.
1 . Somod 199?)
OFS os ` covkrsk skt dl tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs `mc rksdurfks uskc
td fdjjumof`tk, frk`tk, cosskjom`tk, stdrk, `mc j`m`nk omldrj`todm.
Seksk tkfemdbdnoks omfbuck e`rcw`rk ckvofks, sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms,
omtkrmkt
omt krmkt F dmmkftovoty,
dmmkftovot y, ard`cf`stomn tkfemd bdnoks, `mc tkbkpedmy.
6. [MKVFD 1919)
Ot (OFS ) os ` covkrsk skt dl tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs `mc rksdurfks
uskc td tr`msjot, stdrk, frk`tk,
fr k`tk, se`rk dr kxfe`mnk omldrj`todm Seksk
tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs `mc rksdurfks omfbuck fdjputkrs, tek Omtkrmkt
(wkasotk, abdns `mc kjòbs), bovk ard`cf`stomn tkfemdbdnoks (r`cod,
tkbkvosodm `mc wkaf`stomn), rkfdrckc ard`cf`stomn
ard`cf `stomn tkfemdbdnoks
kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

01 ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf `todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
(pdcf`stomn, ùcod `mc vockd pb`ykrs `mc stdr`nk ckvofks) t`mc

tkbkpedmy (loxkc dr jdaobk, s`tkbbotk, vosod/vockd-fdmlkrkmfomn, ktf.)
[MKVFD cklomks ot `bsd `s ` sfokmtolof, tkfemdbdnof`b, `mc

kmnomkkromn cosfopbomk `mc j`m`nkjkmt tkfemoquk uskc. OFS `bsd
rklkrs td e`mcbomn omldrj`todm, ots `ppbof`todm, `mc `ssdfo`todm wote
sdfo`b, kfdmdjof, `mc fubtur`b j`ttkrs.
3. Q`tekksw`ro 1905)
Omldrj`todm Fdjjumof`todm Skfemdbdnoks (OFS) omlbukmfk
kvkry `spkft dl euj`m bolk. Seky pb`y s`bokmt rdbks om wdrhpb`fks,
om asomkss, kcuf`todm, `mc kmtkrtòmjkmt. Jdrkdvkr, j`my pkdpbk
rkfdnmozk OFSs `s f`t`bysts ldr fe`mnk te`t omfbuck fe`mnk om wdrhomn
fdmcotodms, e`mcbomn `mc kxfe`mnomn omldrj`todm, tk`feomn jktedcs,
bk`rmomn `pprd`feks, sfokmtolof rksk`rfe `mc om `ffkssomn omldrj`todm
fdjjumof`todm tkfemdbdnoks. Om teos conot`b kr`, OFS os ojpdrt`mt om
tek fb`ssrddj ldr novomn stuckmts dppdrtumotoks td bk`rm `mc `ppby
tek rkquorkc 10Vt Fkmtury shobbs. OFS ojprdvks tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn
`mc ekbps tk`fekrs pkrldrj tekor rdbk `s frk`tdrs dl pkc`ndnof`b
kmvordmjkmts. OFS ekbps ` tk`fekr td prkskmt p rkskmt eos/ekr tk`
tk`feomn
feomn
`ttr`ftovkby `mc kmàbks bk`rmkrs td bk`rm `t `my bkvkb dl `m kcuf`todm`b
prdnr`j.
[somn OFS Omtknr`todm Lr`jkwdrhs om B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm
Kcuf`to dm Bk`rmomn
Yb`ms
Sekrk `rk ` bdt dl fdmfkpts prdvockc ay kxpkrts rkbkv`mt td omtknr`tomn

tkfemdbdny om omstruftodm `p`rt lrdj tek àdvk fot`todms. Seksk fdmfkpts `rk
vkry ekbplub td fb`roly bomnkromn ossuks dm edw tkfemdbdnoks `rk prdpkrby
omtknr`tkc om tek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn
tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prdfkss. Ot just ak mdtkc te`t tekrk `rk
pdssoabk omst`mfks wekm tkfemdbdnoks `rk uskc om tek fb`ssrddj aut tek w`y
teksk `rk uskc cdks mdt prqjdtk bk`rmomn `mc cdks mdt ekbp l`fobot`tk tek
`ttòmjkmt dl tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks skt ldr ` fb`ss Sekrk os ` mkkc,
tekrkldrk, td kmbonetkor ydu dm tek promfopbks dm edw kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks
fdmtroautk td tek l`fobot`todm dl tek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prdfkss. Ldr teos
purpdsk, tek ldbbdwomn lr`jkwdrh j`y skrvk `s ` nuock om omtknr`tomn OFSs om
ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn pb`ms dr bkssdm pb`ms om tek collkrkmt suagkfts p`rtofub`rby
om ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn pb`ms dr bkssdm pb`ms om
o m b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm.
@. Fdmvkrs`todm`b Lr`jkwdrh
Lr`jkwdrh dl Bùrobb`rc (1991)
Sek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prdfkss pdsks vkry fdjpbkx t`shs td `bbdw

bk`rmkrs td umckrst`mc tekor bkssdms `mc j`stkr tek shobbs teky `rk kxpkftkc
td ckjdmstr`tk. Seus, ot wobb ak rk`ssuromn ol tk`fekrs wobb w obb kxpbdrk
dm kmn`nomn v`rodus jkco` td suppdrt v`rodus bk`rmomn `ftovotoks om
fb`ssrddjs. Seos os edw tek Fdmvkrs`todm`b Lr`jkwdrh (Bùrobb`rc, 1991)
j`y suppdrt. Sek lr`jkwdrh pdstub`tks ` w`y dl prkskmtomn tk`feomn `mc
Jdcubk 0 . Bk`rmomn Y b`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dltek 10's Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1- OFS.Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
6
bk`rmomn om tkrjs dl kvkmts. Seksk `rk lovk (;) hky tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn
kvkmts om tek lr`jkwdrh weofe `rk ockmtolokc `s7
`fquosotodm8
`. cosfdvkry8
a.
f. co`bdnuk8
c. pr`ftofk8 `mc
k. frk`todm.
\os-é-vos tek lovk kvkmts `rk spkfolof tk`feomn str`tknoks, bk`rmomn

`ftodms dr kxpkrokmfks, rkb`tkc jkco` ldrj, kx`jpbks dl mdm-fdjputfb
a`skc `ftovoty, `mc kx`jpbks dl fdjputkr-a`skc `ftovoty.
Sk`feomn OSlb0 o,
0 '..
oo
`mc dr @ftodm dr Qkb`tkcb ooo

Jkco` Fdjputkr- Fdjputkr.
•
0 t r`tkny
@ftovoty
Vedw, @ttkmcomn, M`rr`tovk7
`rr`t ovk7 S\, vockd, Bkfturk mdt
Ckjdmstr`tk, @pprkekmcomn, lobj, bkfturks, dmbomk, strk
Bomk`r
Cksfroak, Bostkmomn addhs, vockds dl 0₢
prkskmt`todm`b.
Kxpbòm dtekr promt C\C, jubtor
[su`bby s`jk
puabof`todms omfbucomn co
tkxt' `fquorkc
vockd, ùcot
sojubt`mkdusby
`mc `moj`t
ay j`my pkdpbk
Cosfdvkry Frk`tk dr skt Omvkston`tomn, Omtkr`ftovk7 Boar`roks, FC a`skc,

up dr lomc Kxpbdromn, n`bbkroks, dr ^ka rks
Mdm-bomk`r
dut dr nuock
terdune
Ardwsomn,
Vk`rfeomn prkskmt`todm`b, juskujs omfbucomn
eypkrtkxt,
sk`rfeàbk,
cosfdvkry kme`mfkc
lobtkràbk ktf. aut
sp`fks `mc eypkrjkco
md lkkca`fh
rksdurfks jubtojkco`
rksdurfks.
omldrj`todm
n`tkw`ys.
Co`bdnuk Vkt up, Cosfussomn, Fdjjumof`tovk7 Vkjom`r, Kjòb, cosfo

Lr`jk, Fdbbàdr`tomn, Fdmvkrs`todm tutdro`bs, ldrujs, abd
Jdckr`tk, Qklbkftomn, wote dtekr fdmlkrkmfks
Bk`c, @rnuomn, stuckmts,
L`fobot`tk @m`byzomn, bkfturkr dr skbl
cosfussodms Ve`romn
Yr`ftofk Jdckb Kxpkrojkmtomn, @c`ptovk7 Bàdr`tdry, Crobb `mc

Yr`ftofomn lokbc trop, pr`ftofk, tu
Lkkca`fh, sojub`todm, prdnr`jj₢
bk`rmkr fdmtrdb rdbk pb`y sojub`todms
kmvordmjkr
Frk`todm L`fobot`tomn @rtofub`tomn, Yrdcuftovk7 Kss`y, Vojpbk kxo

Kxpkrojkmtomn, dagkft, tddbs, `s w
Bk`rmkr fdmtrdb
J`homn, `moj`todm, kspkfo`bby
Vymteksozomn jdckb prdnr`jjk
sdltw`rk
S k ` f e o m n ` m c B k ` r m oomm n K v k m ttss ` m c @ s s d f oo`` t k c J k c o ` L d r j s

(F z k r mok w of z & A r dw m (1 9 99;; ) ` c` ptk c l r dj B` u r ob obbb ` r c ((11 9 9 1 )

ldr B ` m n u ` n k K c u f ` t odo d m K m n b oso s e O L o b o p o m d
Sek Bùrobb`rc'
Bùrobb`rc'ss Fd mv krs`to
krs`todm`b
dm`b Lr`jkw drh (BFL) os rkbkv`mt om teklokbc
teklokbc
dl b`mnu`n k kcuf`todm somfk teos lokbc rkquorks
rkquorks `pprdpro`tk `mc fdjpbkx usk dl
v`rodus tkfemdbdnoks. Sek lr`jkwdrh fbk`rby
fbk`rby prkskmts tek w `y tk`feomn kykmbs-"
om b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddjs
fb`ssrddjs f`m ak tedrduneby rkb`tkc td tekor b`mnu`nk
b`mnu`nk hobloo
hoblooomn
omn
kv kmts. B`mnu`n k tk`fekrs mkkc td systkj`tof`bby
systkj`tof`bby j`tfe tekor"tk`feomn
tekor"tk`feomn stybks
td tek bk`rmomn mkk cs dl tekor stuckmts. Ay teos, tek omtknr`todm dl OFS ` mc
pkc`ndny wobb ak cdmk om ` fdjprkekmsovk `mc jk`momnlub ^ `y.'
Sek usklubmkss dl BFL om b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm
kcuf`todm w `s `m`byzkc om om ` stucy
te`t w`s fdmcu ftkc ay @akkr @oce @bsewoè om 190<. Sek stucy omv kston`tkc
`mc kv `bu`tkc
`bu`tkc tek kllkftovkmkss
kllkftovkmkss dl BFL om ckvkbdpomn tek w rotrotomn
omn fdjp dmkmt
dl ldrkonm b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs' (LBBs') fdjjumof`tovk fdjpktkmfk om abkmckc
bk`rmomn (AB) fdmtkxt, `s 'fdjp`rkc td ` l`fk-td-l`fk (0 > 1L) fdmtkxt. Sek LBBs
om tek stucy fdj proskc terkk omt`ft
omt`ft fb`ssks lrdj ` ldum c`todm fdu rsk `t `'
Vù co umovkrsoty. Sek terkk shobbs
shobbs `ccrksskc fdmsostkc dl tek usk dl tek p`st
tkmsk td cksfroak p`st kvkm ts `mc ldrj we-qukstodms, `s p`rt dl nr`jj `tof`b
fdj pktkmfk, `mc wrotomn
wrotomn ` bkttkr
bktt kr dl fd jpbòmt, `s p`rt dl sdfodbomnu
sdfodbo mnu ostof
ostof
fdjpktkmfk.
Sd kv`bu`tk tek kllkfto
kllkftovkm
vkm kss dl BFL, ` joxkc-jktedcs `pprd`fe w`s
uskc. Se k qu`so-kxpkrojkm
qu`so-kxpkrojkm t`b cksonm w `s `ppbokc ay jk` suromn bk`rmkrs'
ckvkbdpjkm t om tek terkk `ldrkjkmtodmkc shob
shobbs.
bs. Sek fdrrkspdmcomn tkst rksubts
wkrk tekm fdj p`rkc wote tedsk dl ` fdmtrdb nrdup. Jdrkd vk r, tek, akmk lots dl
BFL w krk kx`jomkc ay n `tekro
`tekromn
mn tek bk`rmkrs' pkrfkptodms
pkrfkptodms dl tek omtkrvkmtodm
`mc `m`byzomn tekor kmn`nkj kmt wote tek tk`fekr, pkkrs, t`shs `mc b`mnu`nk .
Sek stucy rkvk`bkc te`t BFL w`s jdrk kllkftovk om tek AB te`m om
tek L1L fd mtkxt, om tkrjs dl ckv kbdpomn tek bk`rmkrs' shobb shobb om ldrjomn w e-
qukstodms. Edw kv kr, adte fdm tkxts `bjdst kqu`bby ckvk bdpkc tek bk`rmkrs'
shobbss om usomn tek' p`st tkmsk `mc w rotomn
shobb rotomn ` bkttkr dl fdjp bòmt. Jd rkdv kr,
omtkrvokws wote vd bumtkkrs lrdj
lrdj tek twd kxpkrojkmt`b nrdups, daskrvomn tekor
kmn`nkj kmt, `mc `m`byzomn
`m`byzomn tekor fdmv krs`todms,
krs`todms, rkvk`bkc pdsotovk pkrfkptodms
`jd mnst bk`rmkrs wote `m omtkrjkco`tk bkvkb dl Kmnbose b`mnu`n k prdlofokmfy.
Dm tek d tekr -,e`mc
-,e`mc , 7w
7w d collkrkmt l`ftdrs `llkftkc
`llkftkc tekor pkrfkptodms dl tek
omtkrvkmtodm7 b`mnu`nk prdlofokmfy
omtkrvkmtodm7 prdlofokmfy `mc tek wobbomnmkss
wobbomnmkss dl pkkrs td fdbbàdr`tk.
fdbbàdr`tk.
@mdtekr l`ftdr `llkftomn pkrfkptodms dl AB w `s b`fh dl l`jobo`ro
l`jobo`roty
ty wote tek
tkfemdbdny `ppbokc Ot os
os tekrkldrk rkfdjjkmckc te`t teos
teos a`rrokr ak dv krfdjk
`mc tek usk dl AB, novkm ots kllkfto
kllkftovk
vk mkss ldr ttek
ek ckv kbdpjk mt dl jdrk
wrotomn shobbs
shobbs ak kmfdu r`nkc.
A . Serkk Lumc`jkmt`b Kbkjkmts dl OFS Omtknr`todm ay ^`mn (1995)

^`mn om 1995 pdsotkc te`t omtknr`todm dl OFS fdmsosts dl terkk
lumc`jkmt`b kbkjkmts. Seksk `rk pkc`ndny, sdfo`b omtkr`ftodm, `mc
tkfemdbdny. Seksk kbkjkmts `rk co`nr`jj`tof`bby
co`nr`jj`tof`bby rkprkskmtkc ay ^ `mn om
Lonurk 0.
Jdcubk O - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 1OFkmtury

0;
Omtkrfdmtkmt
Omtkr`ftodm
`ftodm wote
kc`ndny
Omtkr`ftodm
Omtkr `ftodm wote
pkdpbk
kfemdbdny
Vd fo`b Omtk`ftod
Omtk`ftod
Lonurk 07 Sek OFS Omtknr`to

Omtknr`todm
dm Lr`j kwdrh
Sek OFS Omtknr`to

Omtknr`todm
dm Lr`jkw drh dl ^ `mn f`m ak lubby j`xojozkc
j`xojozkc om
ckv kbdpomn bk`rmomn pb`ms ldr b`mnu
b`mnu `nk bk`rmomn. OmOm ` b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn
fdmtkxt, pkc`n dny d ltkm rklkrs
rklkrs td tek
tek b`mnu `nk tk`feomn str`tknoks
str`tknoks dr
tkfemoquks te`t b`mnu`n
b`mnu`n k tk`fekrs usk td ckbovkr tekor bkssdms `mc td `bbdw
tekor bk`rmkrs
bk`rmkrs td ckjdmstr`tk tek furrofub`r b`mnu`n k fdjp ktkmfoks. Sek
pkc`ndnof`b kbkjkmt om b`mnu`n k bk`rmomn os vkry ojpd rt`mt `s ot proj`roby
proj`roby
rklbkfts tek `rt dl tk`feomn
tk`feomn ` tk`fekr w obb kjpbdy om tek bk`rmom n prdfkss.
prdfks s.
Sek pkc`ndnof`b cksonm ` b`mnu`nk tk`fekr wobb usk mkkcs td
omfbuck prdpkr skbkftodm dl `pprdpro`tk fdmtkmt `mc. b`mnu` nk bk`rmomn
`ftovotoks. Om
Om tek cksonm, tek tk`fekr mkkcs td bddh omtd edw tek `v` obàbk
tkfemdbdnof`b rksdurfks wobb ekbp prdv ock sf`lldbcs te`t wobb `ssost tekor tekor
b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs curomn tek bk`rmomn prdfkssks. B`mnu`nk tk`fekrs mkkc
td mdtk te`t om ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn
bk`rmo mn pb`ms te`t kjakc tek pkc`nd nof`b
cksonm, ot os frufo`b td
td bddh omtd tek bk`rmomn kmv ordmjkm t `mc kmsurk te`t
teos kmvordmj kmt wobb prdvock ekbp td lublobb
lublobb tek
tek mk kcs `mc d agkftov
agkftov ks dl
tek b`mnu`n k fb`ss wote bk`rmkrs dl cov
cov krsk kxpkrokmfks `mc a`fhnrdu mcs.
Sek bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pb`ms sedu bc `bsd omvdbvk tek `pprdpro`tk
`pprdpro`tk usk dl bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn
rksdurfks `m c `ftovotoks te`t suppd rt bk`rmkrs' bk`rmomn `mc ` bbdw tk`fekrs
td l` fobot`tk
fobot`tk bk`rmomn.
Vd fo`b omtkr`ftodm
omtkr`ftodm `ftovotoks `s dmk d l tek kbkjkmts om tek lr`jkw
lr`jkw drh
`rk frufo`b 'om
'om b`mnu `nk bk`rmomn . ^ ot otee sdf o`b omtkr`ftodm,
omtkr`ftodm, bk`rmkrs
bk`rmkrs w '
m`tur`bbyy `fquork ` b`mnu`nk `mc ckv kbdp b`mnu`nk hmd wbkcnk `mc shobbs
m`tur`bb
te`t `rk
`rk ojpdrt`mt ldr tekj td bov bov k `mc w drh om v`rodus fdj ju motoks.
motoks.
Om tek
tek v` rodus bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn kv kmts, tek b`mnu`nk tk`fe kr j`y usk fdj putkrs
weofe j `y `bbdw tek bk`rmkrs
bk`rmkrs td omtkr`ft
omtkr`ft `mc ckj dmstr`tk
dmstr`tk tek b`mnu`n k
shobbs
shobbs `mc fdj pktkmfoks rkquorkc
rkquorkc lrdj tekj. S ek tk`fekr `mc tek bk`rmkrs
j`y u sk fdj putkrs td td fdm mkft `mc bk`rm terdun
terdun e tek fdjp utkrs te`t
te`t
0< kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose / Lobopomd
`rk mdw fdmmkftkc wdrbc-wock. ôte tek `cvkmt dl fdjputkr-jtco`tkc

fdjjumof`todm (FJF), pb`mmkc sdfo`b omtkr`ftodm `ftovotoks te`t òj
td kme`mfk b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn akfdjks jdrk
j drk fdmvkmokmt `mc lbkxoabk.
B`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs j`y j`xojozk fdjputkrs omcovocu`bby aut teky j`y
`bsd fdbbàdr`tovkby usk tekj wote dtekr bk`rmkrs. @s mdtkc ay [roak,
Hbkom, & Vubbov`m (1996), fdjputkr-suppdrtkc fdbbàdr`tovk bk`rmomn e`s
sedwm pdsotovk kllkfts dm stuckmts' pkrldrj`mfk.
Sd kmn`nk tek bk`rmkrs om tek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prdfkss lubby `mc
`m c
ok`momnlubby, tek sdfo`b cksonm dl tek OFS-a`skc bk`rmomn kmvordmjkmt
mkkcs td ckbovkr ` skfurk `mc fdjldrtàbk sp`fk. Seos wobb `bbdw
tek
fdjjbk`rmkrs td`jdmn
umof`todm
umof`todm wobbomnby
tekj.se`rk tekor tedunets `mc ock`s td l`fobot`tk
Sek teorc kbkjkmt dl tek lr`jkwdrh os tek tkfemdbdnof`b fdjpdmkmt
te`t nkmkr`bby usks fdjputkrs td suppdrt v`rodus bk`rmomn `ftovotoks.
Serdune tek usk dl fdjputkrs,
fdjpu tkrs, v`rodus tk`feomn jdcks j`y, e`ppkm.
Omtkr`ftodm cdks mdt sdbkby e`ppkm om ` l`fk-td-l`fk kmvordmjkmt. Ot
j`y `bsd e`ppkm dmbomk. Om drckr ldr `my dmbomk omtkr`ftodm `ftovotoks
om ` b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj td ak kllkftovk, tekrk os ` mkkc td fdmsockr tek
`vòbàoboty dl tek l`fobotoks teky rkquork `mc k`sk dl `ffkss. Sek euj`m–
fdjputkr omtkrl`fk cksonm os `bsd frotof`b akfùsk teos wobb cklomk tek
utoboty dl tek tkfemdbdny-a`skc bk`rmomn kmvordmjkmt. Ot Ot just ak mdtkc
te`t om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn, tek k`sk dl bk`rmomn om tek omtkrl`fk cksonm os
ksskmto`b. Ot mkkcs td jdtov`tk tek bk`rmkrs td
t d lubby p`rtofop`tk.
Om tek 10 Fkmtury fb`ssrddjs, tek terkk fdjpdmkmts7
fdjp dmkmts7 pkc`ndny,
sdfo`b omtkr`ftodm, `mc tkfemdbdny, `rk
`r k mkkckc om `m OFS-
OFS-a`skc
a`skc bk`rmomn
kmvordmjkmt. Cuk td tek `cvkmt dl kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks weofe `rk
lumc`jkmt`b rkquorkjkmts om OFS-pkc`ndny omtknr`todm, tek fe`bbkmnk
`jdmn bk`rmomn omstotutodms os td prdvock suppdrt ldr tek omtknr`todm td
e`ppkm.
F. F`tkndroks ldr Bmldrj`todm Fdjjumof`todm `mc Skfemdbdny (OFS) om
Sk`fekr Sròmomn
Sekrk os ` bdt dl rksk`rfeks te`t wobb prdvk te`t tek omtknr`todm dl
OFSs f`m lubby tr`msldrj fb`ssrddj omstruftodm. E`cc`c om 1996 st`tks
te`t tek tk`fekrs' usk dl OFS suppdrts tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl eonekr-drckr-
teomhomn shobbs (EDSV) `mc prdjdtks fdbbàdr`todm.
fdbbàdr`todm . Seos os tek rk`sdm
wey tròmomns om OFS pkc`ndny-omtknr`todm `rk prdjdtkc.
Ldr ` suffksslub OFS-pkn`cdny omtknr`todm tròmomn td t`hk pb`fk,
p b`fk, ot
wobb ekbp ol ` tròmomn lr`jkwdrh wobb ak uskc `s ` nuock. Gumn (199;) w`s
àbk td drn`mozk v`rodus OFS tk`fekr tròmomn klldrts omtd ldur f`tkndroks.
Seos os prkskmtkc om teos lr`jkwdrh.
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn. Yb`ms om tek Fdm tkxt dl tek 1\ Fkmtury

>
Fdrk Skfemdbdny
FS `s fdrk ckbovkry
OFS `s jòm fdmtkmt ldfus
tkfemdbdny
Bk`rmomn Edw td [sk OFS k`rmomn \O@ OFS
OFS `s p`rt dl fdmtkmt dr FS `s l`fobot`tomn dr

jktedcs ktwdrhomn tkfemdbdny
Fdjpbkjkmt`ry Skfemdbdny
C [MKVFD OFS Fdjpktkmfy Lr`jkwdrh ldr Sk`fekrs

E`vomn ` sdfokty te`t os omfrk`somnby a`skc dm omldrj`todm `mc hmdwbkcnk
`mc wote tek uaoquoty
uaoquoty dl Omldrj`todm `mc Fdjjumof`todm Skfemdbdny
(OFS) ldr omstruftodm, [MKVFP w`s àbk td ckvkbdp OFS Fdjpktkmfk
Lr`jkw drh ldr Sk`f ekrs ([M
([M KVF D, 1905)
1905)..
Hmdwbkcnk mdwbkcnk mdwbkcnk
[mckrst`mcomn
ckrst`mcomn FO d[fy 31 dbofy
mckrmt`mcomn pphftodm
Om Kcuf`todm LKQ JOQ
Furrofub
urrofubuj
uj `mc ,ssf mdwbkcnk wosck
dwbkcnk ppGf`sdd dfokty Vhcbs
.
Ykc`ndny .
-
-
--
--
,
-,
@ppbof`todm
@ppbof`todm dl
Conot`b Vhobbs -
-
-
-
-
- • -
Drnmozutodm
dòdb d` `trkk
`mc
``ssrddj d. mDo;$'F
@cjOmostr`todm
bk`fekr
Yd0ksofrmÒ
Bk`fmmn
OFS Fd jpktkmfy Lr`jkwdrh ldr S k`fekrs ([MKVFD, 190

1905)
5)
Seos lr`jkwdrh, weofe

w eofe os ` p`rt dl ` r`mnk dl omoto`tovks ay tek
[M `mc ots spkfo`boz
spkfo`bozkc
kc `nkmfoks omfbucomn [M
[MKVFD,
KVFD, òjs td prdjdtk

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - K mnbose O Lobopomd
¼
kcuf`todm`b rkldrj `mc sustòmàbk kfdmdjof ckvkbdpjkmt `mfbdrkc

dm tek promfopbks `mc dagkftovks dl tek Jobbkmmouj Ckvkbdpjkmt. Nd`bs
(JCN), Kcuf`todm ldr @bb (KL@), tek [M Botkr`fy Ckf`ck ([MBC), `mc
tek Ckf`ck dl Kcuf`todm ldr Vustòmàbk Ckvkbdpjkmt (CKVC). @s sedwm
ay tek lr`jkwdrh, tek tk`fekrs e`vk sox `spkfts dl wdrh7 umckrst`mcomn
OFS om kcuf`todm, furrofubuj `mc `sskssjkmt pkc`ndny, `ppbof`todm dl
conot`b shobbs, drn`moz`todm
drn`moz`todm `mc `cjomostr`todm, `mc tk`fekr, prdlkssodm`b
bk`rmomn. @frdss tek sox `spkfts, dl wdrh `rk tek terkk `pprd`feks td
tk`feomn a`skc dm euj`m f`p`foty ckvkbdpjkmt - hmdwbkcnk `fquosotodm,
hmdwbkcnk ckkpkmomn, `mc hmdwbkcnk frk`todm.
Sek' lr`jkwdrh `bsd spkfolof`bby 'òjs td kquop tk`fekrs td ak àbk td
'tekor rdbks `feokvomn tek ldbbdwomn sdfokt`b nd`bs7
• auobc wdrhldrfks te`t e`vk omldrj`todm `mc fdjjumof`todms
fdjjum of`todms
tkfemdbdny (OFS) shobbs
shobbs `mc `rk rklbkftovk, frk`tovk `mc `ckpt `t
prdabkj-sdbvomn om drckr td nkmkr`tk hmdwbkcnk8
• kmàbk pkdpbk td ak hmdwbkcnkàbk `mc rksdurfklub sd teky `rk
àbk td j`hk omldrjkc fedofks, j`m`nk tekor bovks kllkftovkby `mc
rk`bozk tekor pdtkm to`b8
• kmfdur`nk `bb jkjakrs dl sdfokty orrkspkftovk dl nkmckr, b`mnu`nk,
`nk, a`fhnrdumc, bdf`todm `mc collkromn àobotoks td p`rtofop`tk lubby
om sdfokty `mc omlbukmfk tek ckfosodms te`t `llkft tekor bovks8 `mc
• ldstkr frdss-fubtur`b umckrst`mcomn, tdbkr`mfk
tdbkr`mfk `mc tek p
pk`fklub
k`fklub
rksdbutodm dl fdmlboft.
Sek Fdjjossodm dm Eonekr Kcuf`todm (FEKC) terdune ots Ydbofoks,

Vt`mc`rcs, `mc Nuockbomks (YVNs) rkquorks tek omtknr`todm dl OFSs om
b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn.
bk`rmom n. Ekmfk, tek OFS Fdjpktkmfy Lr`jkwdrh
ldr Sk`fekrs os vkry usklub td , suppdrt tek st`mc`rcs `s teky wobb skrvk `s `
nuock td `ssost tek tk`fekrs td suffksslubby omtknr`tk OFS omtd tek b`mnu`nk
fb`ssrddj. Serdune tek lr`jkwdrh, tek b`mnu`nk tk`fekrs j`y strufturk tekor
bk`rmomn kmvordmjkmt om mkw w`ys, jkrnk mkw tkfemdbdny `mc pkc`ndny,
ckvkbdp sdfo`bby `ftovk fb`ssrddjs, `mc kmfdur`nk fd-dpkr`tovk omtkr`ftodms,
fdbbàdr`tovk bk`rmomn `mc nrdup wdrh. '
7d KxpkrokmfkZ
Vtkp 07 Qk`comn OFS Omtknr`tkc Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om Kmnbose `mc Lobopomd
Qk`c tek ldbbdwomn kx`jpbks dl Bk`rmomn Yb`ms ldr b`mnu`nk tk`feomn.

Seksk s`jpbk bk`rmomn pb`ms j`y ekbp ydu ckvkbdp ydur dwm bk`rmomn pb`ms
te`t omtknr`tk OFS td `ttòm ydur bk`rmomn dutfdjks. @ltkr rk`comn tek bk`rmomn
pb`ms, cd tek skroks dl `ftovotoks te`t ldbbdw.
J dcubk
dcubk 0 - Bk`rmo
Bk`rmomn
mn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 1'0F kmtury
Bkssdm 1 - F S-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm-om B`mnu
B`mnu`nk
`nk Bk`rmo
Bk`rmomn
mn Y b`ms
?
Bk`rmomn Yb`m 0
Qkpdrtkr's Mdtkaddh
Ay Ek`tekr @mm L. Yu bocd `mc Jkbdcy F . A`d-om
A`d-om
S`rnktkc Yeoboppomk A`sof Kcuf`todm Furrofubuj Fdjpktkmfoks

KMNBOVE 5, Ldurte Nr`comn, Qkpdrtkr's Mdtkaddh (Gumodr Kcotodm), 01 c`ys
Fdmtkmt Vt`mc`rc
Sek bk`rmkr ckjdmstr`tks `m umckrst`mcomn dl Vdute `mc ^kst
@so`m botkr`turk `s `m kxprkssodm dl peobdsdpeof`b `loc rkbonodus akbokls8
omldrj`todm lbdw om v`rodus tkxt typks8
typk s8 rk`boty, l`mt`sy, `mc dpomodm om
bostkmomn `mc vokwomn j`tkro`bs8 wdrc ckfdcomn str`tknoks8 `mc usk dl
omldrj`todm sdurfks, `ftovk/p`ssovk fdmstruftodms, corkft/rkpdrtkc spkkfe,
pkrlkft tkmsks, `mc bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs om gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
Ykrldrj`m
Ykrldr j`m fk Vt`mc`rc
Sek bk`rmkr tr`mslkrs bk`rmomn ay fdjpdsomn ` v`rokty dl gdurm`bostof
tkxts, tek fdmtkmts dl weofe j`y ak uskc om fdjpdsomn `mc ckbovkromn
` jkjdrozkc
omldrj`todm dr`b spkkfe
sdurfks, lk`turomn
nr`jj`tof`b tek usk
sonm`bs ldr dl prdpkrby-`fhmdwbkcnkc
dpomodm-j`homn, pkrsu`sodm,
`mc kjpe`sos, `mc `pprdpro`tk prdsdcof lk`turks, st`mfk, `mc ake`vodr.
Bk`rmomn F dj pktkmfoks
pktkmfoks
• [sk `ftovk `mc p`ssovk fdmstruftodm om ` gdurm`bostof fdmtkxt.
• [sk p`st `mc pkrlkft tkmsks om gdurm`bostof
gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
• [sk corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe om gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
• [sk `pprdpro`tk bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs ldr kjpe`sos.
[mo t Vuj j ` ry 7
Om teos umot, tek stuckmts wobb `ft bohk gumodr rkpdrtkrs `s teky bk`rm tek
prdpkr usk dl bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs, `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks, p`st `mc pkrlkft
tkmsks, `s wkbb `s corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe om gdurm`bostof wrotomn. Sek
tk`fekr wobb utobozk
utobozk omtkr`ftovk YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todms, s`jpbk promtkc `mc
dmbomk, `rtofbks `s wkbb `s rkb`tkc wka p`nks `mc vockds om kxpbòmomn
kxp bòmomn tek
nr`jj`tof`b . strufturk `mc gdurm`bostof fdmtkmt dl mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk
stdroks. A`skc am tek cosfusskc fdmfkpts, tek stuckmts
stu ckmts wobb frk`tk tekor ,dwm
gdurm`bostof `rtofbks. Sek stuckmts wobb tekm fdbbàdr`tk `mc j`hk ` mkwsp`pkr
sprk`c terdune JV Yuabosekr. Seky wobb ak kv`bu`tkc ay tekor nrdup jkjakrs,
ay dtekr nrdups `mc ay tek tk`fekr. Seos wobb ak tek stuc stuckmts'
kmts' lom`b dutput
ldr Kmnbose om tek 3 0 e qu`rtkr. Ot wobb ak `sskskc usomn gdurm`bostof st`mc`rcs
ldr fdmtkmt `mc drn`moz`todm `mc rkb`tkc nr`jj`r rubks. [btoj`tkby, stuckmts
wobb `pprkfo`tk tek rdbk dl gdurm`bosj om hkkpomn tek sdfokty omldrjkc `mc om
ldrw`rcomn sonmolof`mt fe`mnks.
19
¼O
dr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose / Lobopomd
Vtuckmt Dagkftovks/Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks7
^ k kkhh 0
C`y 0 7
Serdune `m omtrdcuftdry YdwkrYdomt bkfturk prkskmt`todm dm tek fdmfkpts
dl gdurm`bosj,
gdurm`bosj, tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
`. rkfdnmozk tek a`sof fdmfkpts dl gdurm`bosj `mc mkws, dpomodm, `mc
lk`turk wrotomn8
a . cksfroak tek pkrsdm`b sonmolof`mfk dl rk`comn mkws, dpomodm, `mc
lk`turk `rtofbks td tekor còby bolk ay j`homn ` frk`tovk dutput
(pdkj, kss`y, dr pdstkr)8 `mc
f. cktkrjomk, terdune kmujkr`todm, tek costomft qu`botoks dl tek novkm
s`jpbks dl mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk `rtofbks.
C17
Ay `m`byzomn
`m`byzomn s`jpbks dl gdurm`bostof `rtofbks, tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td
`. rkfdnmozk tek ksskmto`b gdurm`bostof fdmtkmt `mc prdpkr nr`jj`tof`b
strufturk dl mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk stdroks8

a. fdjp`rk tek fdmtkmt `mc strufturk dl mkws `rtofbks wote tek twd
dtekr gdurm`bostof tkxts terdune ` co`nr`j8 `mc
f. `sskjabk novkm gdurm`bostof fdmtkmt omtd ` prdpkrby strufturkc mkws
sprk`c te`t wobb skrvk `s ` jdckb ldr tekor bdmn-tkrj prdgkft usomn
JV Y uabosekr.
C`y 67
Serdune `m omtkr`ftovk cosfussodm àdut tek p`st `mc tek pkrlkft tkmsks,
tek, stuckmts w ob
obbb ak àbk td7
`. ockmtoly edw td `ppby p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsks om j`homn fbk`r
`mc jk`m omnlub skmtkmfks8
skmtkmfks8
a . cosfuss tekk lumftodms dl p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsks om wrotomn `
gdurm`bostof `rtofbk ay ` aròmstdrjomn skssodm8 `mc
f. fdmldrj td tek rubks dl p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsks om rkwrotomn
skmtkmfks lrdj mkws, dpomodm, dr lk`turk `rtofbks.
C`y 37
Serdune `m omtkr`ftovk cosfussodm àdut tek `ftovk `mc tek p`ssovk

vdofks, tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
`. cosfkrm tek usk dl `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks om j`homn fbk`r `mc
jk`m omnlub sskmtkmfks8

kmtkmfks8
a. collkrkmto`tk tek lumftodm dl `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks terdune `
frk`tovk co`bdnuk8 `mc
f . rkvosk skmtkmfks `ffdrcomn td tek rubks dl `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofk
om gdurm` bostof
bostof wrotomn.
Jdcubk 0 . Bk`rmomn Y b`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10" Fkmtury

0
C`y 7
Serdune `m omtkr`ftovk
omtkr`ftovk cosfussodm àdut corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe, tek
stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
` . cktkrjomk
cktkrjomk tek prdpkr usk d l corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe om w rotomn
rotomn
fbk`r `mc jk`momnlub skmtkmfks8
a. kxpbòm tek collkrkmfk
collkrkmfk aktw kkm corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe `s uskc
om gdurm`bostof `rtofbks terdune ` nr`ckc rkfot`todm8 `mc
f . fdmv krt corkft
corkft spkkfe td omcorkft
omcorkft spkkfe `mc vofk v krs` terdune
terdune `
wrotomn `ftovoty.
^kkh
C`y <7
Serdun e ` Ydw krYdomt bkfturk
bkfturk prkskmt`todm
prkskmt`todm dm bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs,
fdmmkftdrs, tek
• stuckmts w obb ak àbk td7
` . cktkrjomk tek prdpkr usk dl bdnof`b fdm mkfårs om w rotomn
rotomn fbk`r `mc
jk`momnlub p`r`nr`pes8
a. kxpbòm tek collkrkmt
collkrkmt usks dl k`fe bdnof`b fdmm kftdr `s uskc om
gdurm`bostof `rtofbks terdune ` nr`ckc rkfot`todm8 `mc
f j `tfe tek fbùsks wote tek fdrrkft bdnof`b
bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs tterdune
erdune `m
omtkr`ftovk
omtkr `ftovk fb`ssrddj `ftovoty.
C`y > 7
Ay du tb
tbomomn
omomn tek a`sof strufturk
strufturk dl ` mkw s `rtofbk
`rtofbk usomn ` Yd wk rYdomt
prkskmt`todm, tek stuckm ts wobb ak àbk td7
` . costomnuose
costomnuose tek stkps om w rot
rotomn
omn ` p roj`ry bk`c, skfdmc`ry bk`c `mc
a`fhnrdumc om ` mkw s `rtofbk8
`rtofbk8
a. tek
cosfuss
qu`bowote
qu`botoks dtekrs
toks dl `ltkr
` nddc rkvokwomn
mkws bk`c `mcd mbomk mkw s `rtofbks
a`fhnrdumc8 `rtofb
`mcks td ockmtoly
f . frk`tk ` mkws stdry àdut ` sonmolof`mt furrkmt kvkmt usomn `
v `rokty dl promt `mc mdm-promt rksdurfks.
C`y 57
Se rdune w `tfeomn vockds cktòbomn
cktòbomn tek a`sofs dl dpomodm `mc lk`turk
wrotomn `rtofbks, tek stuckmts w obb ak àbk td7
` . ockmtol
ockmtolyy tek ksskmto`b fdmtkmt `mc a`sof strufturk dl dpomodm `mc
lk`turk `rtofbks8
a. obb
obbustr`tk
ustr`tk edw lk`turk `mc dpomodm `rtofbks ekbp ldrw`rc fe`mnks om
sdfokty terdune
terdune ` frk`tovk du tput (pdkj dr fdj of strop)8
strop)8 `mc
f . rkvokw tek fdmtkmt `mc strufturk
strufturk dl s`j pbk dpomodm `mc lk`turk
lk`turk
`rtofbks.

C`y ?7
Ay feddsomn ` vockd àdut tek prds `mc fdms dl `m ossuk pdstkc
p dstkc dm `
rkbkv`mt _duSuak fe`mmkb, tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
`. rkfdnmozk tek strufturk `mc fdmtkmt dl dpomodm `rtofbks8
a . rkb`tk tek ossuk t`fhbkc om tek vockd td tekor pkrsdm`b bovks terdune
` sed rt kss`y8
f. fdjpdsk tekor dwm dpomodm `rtofbks ay rk`ftomn td tek vockd teky
w`tfekc.
C`y 097
Ay ardwsomn wka p`nks te`t pdst "euj`m omtkrkst" wrotomn (k.n. Euj`ms
dl Mkw _drh), tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
`. pdomt dut collkrkmt `mnbks dl euj`m omtkrkst te`t `rk ksskmto`b td
lk`turk wrotomn8
a . se`rk tekor l`vdrotk
l`vdrotk `mkfcdtks lrdj tek wka p`nks te`t teky
ardwskc `mc kxpbòm wey teky fedsk tekj8 `mc
f. usk ` euj`m omtkrkst `mnbk td wrotk ` lk`turk `rtofbk àdut ` pkrsdm

omsock tek fb`ssrddj te`t teky lomc omtkrkstomn.
C`y 007
Ay fdjpobomn tekor omcovocu`b dutputs
dutp uts (mkws, dpomodm, lk`turk `rtofbks),
tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
` . kxpbòm tek ojpdrt`mfk dl gdurm`bosj td hkkpomn fotozkms omldrjkc
àdut tek fe`mnks e`ppkmomn om sdfokty ay j`homn ` frk`tovk `mc
omldrj`tovk mkw s sprk`c8
a . gdom dtekrs om kxpbdromn tek kllkftovk usk dl JV Yuabosekr td frk`tk
mkws sprk`cs dut dl tekor gdurm`bostof wdrhs8 `mc
f. fdmstruft ` mkws sprk`c te`t fdmtòms tek nrdup's fdjpobkc
fdj pobkc
gdurm`bostof wdrh usomn JV Yuabosekr weobk ldbbdwomn st`mc`rcs dl
b`y-dutomn,
b`y-duto mn, gdurm`bost
gdurm`bostof
of fdm tkmt `mc nr`jj `r.
C`y 017
@ltkr fdbbàdr`tomn wote dtekrs om frk`tomn `mc sedwf`somn ` mkws sprk`c te`t
fdmtòms tekor mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk `rtofbks,
`rto fbks, tek stuckmts wobb ak àbk td7
`. `ppby tek fdjjkmts lrdj dtekr nrdups te`t `rk ekbplub om ojprdvomn
tek gdurm`bostof fdmtkmt `mc nr`jj`tof`b strufturk dl tekor nrdup's
mkws sprk`c8
a. se`rk rkbkv`mt
kv`bu`tomn omsonets
tek mkws wote
sprk`c tekornrdups8
dl dtekr nrdup jkjakrs
`mc om dagkftovkby
f. `ppby fdmfkpts dl nr`jj`r (corkft `mc, omcorkft spkkfe, bdnof`b

fdmmkftdrs, p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsks, `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofk),
gdurm`bostof wrotomn, `mc prdpkr fot`todm dl sdurfks om frotoquomn tek
mkws sprk`cs dl dtekr nrdups.
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10Fkmtury

6
Còby Yrdf kcurks

C`y
0. Vt`rt tek fb`ss wote ` sedrt pr`ykr.
1. Bkt stuckmts cd tek "J`hk ê`t _du Hmdw" `ftovoty.
6. Vt`rt wote tek omtrdcuftdry bkfturk dm gdurm`bosj `mc mkws, lk`turk, `mc
dpomodm `rtofbks.
`rtofbks.
` . @sh tek stuckmts we`t os gdurm
gdurm`bosj
`bosj os.
a . @sh tek stuckmts, "^"ê`t
e`t os tek pu
purpdsk
rpdsk dl gdurm`bosj4"(Bost tek
`mswkrs dl tek stuckmts dm tek ad`rc.)
f. Vuppbkjkmt tek stuckmts' `mswkrs wote teos omsonet7
"Sek promfopbks `mc purpdsk dl gdurm`bosj `rk cklomkc ay sdjkteomn
jdrk a`sof7 tek lumftodm mkws pb`ys om tek bovks dl pkdpbk."- Aobb
Hdv`fe `mc Sdj Qdskmstokb
c . Bkt tek stuckmts wrotk tek collkrkmt typks dl `rtofbks. @sh tek stuckmts
td aromn du t tekortekor mkw sp`pkr.

k . Y r ks
k s k mt t ek
e k co
coll
llkk rk
r k mt t y p k s dl mkw
mk w s p ` p kr
kr .
l. @sh tek stuckmts ldr omsonets àdut wey wk mkkc td rk`c tek mkws.
3. Omtrdcufk tek `ftovoty "Sekrk's ` Collkrkmfk @jdmn tek Serkk."
` . Sek stuckmts wobb frk`tk ` tàbk àdut tek terkk typks dl `rtofbks.
a . [somn tek s`jpbk `rtofbks, tek stuckmt wobb kmujkr`tk tek costomft
qu`botoks dl tek novkm s`jpbks dl mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk `rtofbks.
f. Sek stuckmts wobb bost tek qu`botoks om tek sòc tàbk.
c . Lovk jomutks akldrk tek tojk, `sh tek stuckmts td p`ss tekor p`pkr.
C`y
1. Omtrdcufk tek n`jk "Yut ot A`fh Sdnktekr."
`. Bkt tek stuckmts ak nrdupkc omtd skvkm jkjakrs k`fe.
a. Novk k`fe nrdup dmk skt dl `rtofbks fdmtòmomn tek terkk typks (mkws,
lk`turk, kcotdro`b/dpomodm). Sek futduts dl tek novkm `rtofbks just ak
gujabkc aut skp`r`tkc `ffdrcomn td typk.
f. Omstruft tek fb`ss td rk`rr`mnk tek cosdrn`mozkc `rtofbks om twd jomutks.
c . @sh sdjk dl tek stuckmts td rk`c tekor dutput om lrdmt dl tek. fb`ss.
6. Yrdfkkc td tek a`sof cosfussodm àdut tek ggdurm`bostof
durm`bostof fdmtkmt dl mkws,
dpom odm, `mc lk`turk `rtofbks.
3. Bkt stuckmts rkjòm om tekor nrdups `s teky kxpbdrk tek lumftodms `mc
lk`turks dl JV Yuabosekr om rkb`todm td `sskjabomn `rtofbks.
` . @sh tek nrdups td dpkm tekor b`ptdps. Fbofh td JV Yuabosekr.
a . Feddsk ` b`ydut dl mkwsp`pkr tkjpb`tk. (Ol tek Omtkrmkt os `vòbàbk,

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose O L o b o p o m d
. ZEeo^
tek stuckmts `rk `bbdwkc td pofh ` tkjpb`tk lrdj tek wka).

f. @sh tek stuckmts td sk`rfe ldr s`jpbk `rtofbks lrdj tek omtkrmkt (1
mkws `rtofbks, 0 dpomodm `rtofbk `mc 0 lk`turk `rtofbk).
c . Omstruft tek stuckmts td p`stk tek fdmtkmt dl tek novkm `rtofbks om tek
b`ydut dl tekor mkwsp`pkr sprk`c (5.; omfeks x 03 omfeks). Seos
mkwsp`pkr sprk`c wobb skrvk `s ` jdckb ldr tekor bdmn-tkrj prdgkft.
k. Lovk jomutks akldrk tek tojk, `sh tek stuckmts td s`vk tekor dutput.
Omstruft tekj td skmc tekor wdrh om ydur `ffdumt om Nddnbk cdfs dr
Vfeddbdny akldrk tek fb`ss kmcs. (Ol tek omtkrmkt os um`vòbàbk, tkbb tek
stuckmts td skmc tek lobk akldrk ? pj terdune k-jòb).
C`y
1. Omtrdcufk tek `ftov
`ftovoty
oty "^
"ê`t's
e`t's ^rdmn wote tek Vkmtkmfk4"
`. Yrkp`rk tek Ydw krYdomt Yrkskmt`todm
Yrkskmt`todm .dl tek `ftovoty.
`ftovoty.
a. V ed
e d w te
te k ssbb o c k s .
f . @sh tek stuckmts td fdjp`rk tek pofturks td tek skmtkmfks ay `shomn
"ê`t's wrdmn wote tek skmtkmfks4"
c . @sh tek stuckmts edw teky wobb fdmvkrt tek skmtkmfks.
k . Y rk
r k sskk mt
m t t e k ` ms
m s w k rs
rs .
6. Yrdfkkc td tek cosfussodm àdut p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft skmtkmfks `mc tekor
ojpdrt`mfk om gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
` . @sh tek fb`ss wey vkra tkmsks `rk ojpdrt`mt om wrotomn skmtkmfks `mc
wey ot os `bsd ojpdrt`mt om mkws wrotomn.
a . [sk tek e`mc dut td rkvokw vkra tkmsks.

f Omldrj tek fb`ss te`t tek jdst fdjjdm
fdjj dm tkmsks uskc om mkws wrotomn
`rk p`st tkmsk `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsk. Kxpbòm teksk terdune tek novkm
kx`jpbks.
c Serdune tek e`mcdut, `sh tek fb`ss td novk tekor dwm kx`jpbks
k. êy `rk rkpdrtkrs ldmc dl usomn p`st `mc p`st pkrlkft tkmsks4 (Bkt tek
stuckmts se`rk tekor `mswkr om lrdmt dl tek fb`ss).
3. Bkt stuckmts `mswkr `m kxkrfosk àdut tkmsks.
` . Yrkp`rk ` e`rc fdpy dl `m kxkrfosk lrdj kmnbosfe-eoblkm.fdj.
a. Omstruft tek stuckmts td rk`c tek omstruftodms. Qkjomc tekj td wrotk
tekor m`jks `mc tek c`tk dm tek
t ek p`pkr.
F. @sh tek stuckmts td p`ss tekor p`pkr
p `pkr ` lkw jomutks akldrk tek akbb
romns.
C`y
0 . Vt`rt tek fb`ss wote ` sedrt pr`ykr.
1 . Omtrdcufk tek stuckmts td tek `ftovoty "Sek Vuspofodus Vuotf`sk"
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek F dmtkxt dl tek 10'Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1. FS -Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm
Omtknr`todm om B`mnu `nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
;
`. Novk tek stuckmts ` e`mcdut àdut p`ssovk `mc `ftovk vdofks.

a . Yrkskmt tek novkm p` r`nr`pe.
f. @sh tek stuckmts td fdmvkrt tek skmtkmfks om tek p`r`nr`pe td `m `ftovk
vdofk. Sekor `mswkrs sedubc ak wrottkm om ` \ 1 frdsswosk pokfk dl
p`pkr.
c . Qkq
Qkqukst
ukst dmk dl tek stuckmts td rk`c eos/ekr dutput oom
m lrdmt dl tek fb`ss.
fb `ss.
k. @sh tek fb`ss we`t e`ppkmkc td tek tdmk dl tek stdry. Coc ot akfdjk
jdrk kmn`nomn4 omtkrkstomn4 êy4
6. Bkt stuckmts fdbbàdr`tk om drckr td frk`tk co`bdnuks omfdrpdr`tomn
omfdrpdr `tomn tek
`ftovk `mc tek p`ssovk vdofks.
` . Sek stuckmts wobb nrdup tekjskbvks omtd lovk nrdups7
a . [somn tekor e`mcduts, tek twd stuckmts wobb frk`tk ` twd-pkrsdm
co`bdnuk (ldr twd jomutks) usomn `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks.
f. Seky wobb prkskmt tekor dutput om lrdmt dl tek fb`ss.
3 Yrkskmt tek bkssdm àdut `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks `mc tekor rkb`todm td
gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
`. Vedw tek YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm. Novk ` rkvokw dm vdofks.
a Kxpbòm tek lumftodms dl `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks Novk kx`jpbks
f. Kxpbòm edw td `ppby `ftovk `mc p`ssovk vdofks om wrotomn ` mkws
`rtofbk. Novk kx`jpbks.
c . Kxpbòm edw td fe`mnk ` skmtkmfk lrdj tek `ftovk vdofk td tek p`ssovk
vdofk. Novk kx`jpbks.
k. Bkt tek stuckmts kxpbòm edw `ftovk vdofk novks `m omtkrkstomn mkws
stdry `mc edw tek p`ssovk vdofk os `ppbokc.
;. Bkt stuckmts `mswkr tek `ftovoty "Jdcolokc @ftovk dr Y`ssovk \dofk".
`. Yrkp`rk tek ldbbdwomn ek`cbomks om ` J`mob` p`pkr7
• Sdrdmtd m`jkc 'jdst ydutelub' foty om tek wdrbc
• Swd aày aàddms dm cospb`y `t Arddhbym zdd
• S`ybdr Vwolt e`c gust wdm tdp proz
p rozk
k `t @jkrof`m Jusof @w`rcs
• Vfdttose ndvkrmjkmt rkvk`bkc tekor omckpkmckmfk pb`m
• ^drbc's
^drbc's lorst sdb`r pdwkr
p dwkr pb`mk t`hks lbonet om E`wòo
• Da`j` w`s kbkftkc prksockmt ldr tek skfdmc tkrj
• Jdtekrs `sh mk`rby 699 qukstodms ` c`y
a . Omstruft tek stuckmts td wrotk tek skmtkmfks om ` dmk wedbk sekkt Dl

p`pkr. Bk`vk terkk sp`fks `ltkr k`fe skmtkmfk.
f . Kxpbòm td tek stuckmts te`t dmk dl tek ek`cbomks prkskmtkc `rk om
tek `ftovk vdofk `mc sdjk `rk om tek p`ssovk vdofk. Vdjk dl tek
ek`cbomks wobb st`y tek s`jk weobk dtekr ek`cbomks wobb rkjòm
tek s`jk. Ol teky wobb rkwrotk ` skmtkmfk, teky sedubc wrotk (om dmk
skmtkmfk) wey teky sedubc fdmvkrt tek ek`cbomk td `ftovk dr p`ssovk
vdofk.

c. OOmstruft
mstruft tek stuckmts td p`ss tekor p`pkr ` lkw j omutks akld rk tb@k
tb@k akbb
romns.
C`y ;
1. OOmtrdcufk
mtrdcufk tek `ftovoty
`ftovoty "^ e`t Coc Seky Gust V`y4 "
`. Vedw tek vockd fbop7fbop7 Hura``m - Fb`ssrddj
Fb`ss rddj Cka `tk Vfkmk - \ov kh
Dakrdo (1 jomutks
jomutks `mc 3> skfdmcs bdmn).
a. Qkpk`t tek vockd. @sh tek stuckmts td t`hkt`hk cdw mtek ojpdrt`mt bomks dm
` sfr`p p`pkr.
f. Omstruft tek
tek stuckmts td rkw rotk tekor
tekor fedskm bomks `mc f dj pobk k`fe om
` p`r`nr`pe `sh tekj td prkskmt tekor dutput om ` \ 1 frdsswosk pokfk dl
p`pkr.
c. @sh tek stuckm ts td p`ss tekor p`pkrs `ltkr 09 jomu tks.

6. Yrdfkkc td tek cosfussodm àdut corkft `mc omcorkft spkkfe `mc tekor
rkb`todm td gdurm`bostof wrotomn.
`. @sh tek fb`ss wey teky fd mvkrtkc tek bomks om tek vockd.
a. Vt`rt tek
tek Yd w krYdomt prkskmt`todm. @sh we` t os
os corkft `mc rkpdrtkc
spkkfe. Seksk `rk twd w `ys td rkpdrt we`t sdjkdmk s`ys dr teomhs.
f Novk tek lumftodms dl corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe Nov k kx`jpbks
c. Kxpbò
Kxpbòmm edw td `ppby corkft `mc rkpd rtkc spkkfe om wrotomn
wrotomn ` mk w s
`rtofbk.
`rto fbk. @sh tek stuckmts td fdm vkrt tek novkm kx`jpbks.
k Cd yd u teomh hmdw omn corkft `mc rkpdrtkc spkkfe w ob obbb ekbp ydu om
mkws wrotomn4
wrotomn4 Edw4
3. Omtrdcufk
Omtrdcufk tek `ftovoty "S kbb Jk @adu t _durskbl."
`. Sek fb`ss w obb nrdup tekjskbvks om pòrs.
a. Dmk omtkrvokws tek d tekr. Sek fdmtkmt dl tekor omtkrvokw
omtkrvokw sedubc ldfus
dm d mk tròt àd ut tek pkrsdm. (Frusek s, Edaaoks, S`bkmts, L`joby).
Se k omtkrvokw fd msosts dl dmby lovk qukstodms. Se ky w obb wrotk tekor
`mswkrs dm tek u ppkr e`bl dl tek
tek dmk w edbk sekkt dl p`pkr.
f. @ltkr, lovk j omutks, tek
tek twd stuckmts w obb kxfe`mnk pb`fks. Sek lorst
lorst
pkrsdm wed w`s omtkrvokwkc w obb mdw omtkrvokw
omtkrvokw eos/ekr
eos/ekr p`rtmkr.
c. @ltkr lovk
lovk j omutks, tek
tek twd stuckmts wobb mdw p` r`per`sk tek `mswkrs
omtd ` skmtkmfk, teus fdm vk rto
rtomn
mn corkft spkkfe td omcorkft spkkfe (dr
vofk v krs`) wekmkv kr mkfkss`ry. Sek stuckmts w ob obbb fdj pobk ot omtd `
p`r`nr`pe.
k. @sh tek stuckmts td p`ss tekor p`pkr ` jomutk akldrk tek akbb romns.
C`y
1 . Bkt stuckmts kmn`nk om tek `ftovoty
`ftovoty "@cc ^ e`t os Josso
Jossomn"
mn"
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10' Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1 - FS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
>
` . Yrkskmt fdpoks dl tek `rtofbk.

a . Omstruft tek fb`ss td lobb om tek ab`mhs td fdjpbktk tek `rtofbk.
f . @ltkr 09 jomutks, `sh tek fb`ss td p`stk tekor p`pkrs. @sh we`t wdrcs
`rk jossomn om tek `rtofbk. Bkt tekj cosfuss.
6. [sk `m omtkr`ftovk YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm f`bbkc "Sek Jossomn Bomh."
` . Kxpbòm te`t ` p`rtofub`r gdurm`bost mkkcs tekor ekbp td lomose eos mkws
`rtofbk. Omtrdcufk tek fe`r`ftkr dl tek YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm. Sekm
novk tek cklomotodm dl tek bkssdm.
a . @s ydu lobb om tek ab`mhs om tek `rtofbk, novk tek collkrkmt typks dl
bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs7 Ved w kx`j pbks.
f. @ltkr tek fb`ss e`s ekbpkc tek fe`r`ftkr lomose tek `rtofbk, `sh tekj tek
ojpdrt`mfk dl bdn of`b fdmmkftdrs.
3. Omtodcufk tek `ftovoty "F`m

` . Sek YdwkrYdomt _du Ekbp
prkskmt`todm wobbEos Lrokmcs4"
prdvock `m kxkrfosk ldr tek stuckmts
td `ppby bdnof`b fdmmkftdrs om dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtofbks.
a. Sek stuckmts wobb lobb om tek ab`mhs wote tek `pprdpro`tk bdnof`b
fdmmkftdr.
f. Sek stuckmts wobb tekm usk tekor `mswkrs td rkwrotk tek novkm `rtofbk om
`m omtkrjkco`tk p`pkr.
c . @sh tek stuckmts td p`ss tekor p`pkr
p `pkr ` lkw jomutks akldrk tek akbb
romns.
;. Omtrdcufk td tek fb`ss tekor `ssonmj kmt. Omst
Omstruft
ruft tekj td n`tekr.
omlDrj`todm àdut,
kx`jpbk, ` stuckmt wea` mkwswdrtey
wdm `m `w`rcrkfkmt kvkmt om tekor
om `m omtkr-sfeddb sfeddb. Ldr
fdjpktotodm dr
` prdnr`j om sfeddb te`t wobb ak ekbc mkxt wkkh. Sek omldrj`todm f`m ak
n`tekrkc ay omtkrvokwomn hmdwbkcnkàbk ùtedrotoks dr fdmsubtomn
f dmsubtomn dtekr
rkboàbk sdurfks (k.n. tek sfeddb wkasotk).
<. Novk tek omstruftodms ldr tek fb`ss' 'dmbomk quoz.
` . Omstruft tek stuckmts td bdn om td Kcjdcd `ltkr fb`ssks.
a . @sh tek stuckmts td cdwmbd`c tek lobk7 Bdnof`b Fdmmkftdrs Puoz. cdk.
f. Sek stuckmts wobb tekm `mswkr tek qukstodms dl tek novkm quoz.
quoz.
c . Omstruft tek fb`ss td suajot tekor dutputs td tek tk`fekr's Kcjdcd
`ffdumt akldrk ? p.j. dm C`y >.

C`y >-5
0 . Vt`rt wote ` pr`ykr td ak bkc ay dmk dl tek stuckmts.
1 . [sk ` YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm td cosfuss tek bkssdm àdut mkws wrotomn.
Sek lorst sbocks wobb lb`se ` lkw ek`cbomks. @sh tek stuckmts we`t teky
hmdw dr we`t teky f`m `ssujk àdut teksk
t eksk ek`cbomks.
` . '@bCua' rofk p`ccy `rt edpks td `ttr`ft jobbkmmo`bs td l`rjomn
a . Cutkrtk toks Ydk om b`tkst Yubsk @so` pdbb

f.. S`bh àdut tek a`sof strufturk dl ` mkws `rtofbk. Omfbuck s`rmpbs dl
mkwsp`pkr `rtofbks lrdj promt puabof`todms `mc dmbomk mkws sotks om tek
prkskmt`todm. Sek cosfussodm wobb t`hk 0; jomutks.

c7 @t tek kmc dl tek bkfturk prkskmt`todm, omstruft tek stuckmts td j`hk
pkrsdm`bozkc
pkrsdm`boz kc co`nr`js te`t dutbomk ttek
ek a`sof strufturk dl ` mkws `rtofbk
om tekor mdtkaddhs.
k. @ltkr lovk jomutks, lb`se s`jpbks dl co`nr`js te`t cksfroak tek
strufturk dl mkws `rtofbks ldr stuckmts td fdjp`rk
fdj p`rk `mc rklomk tekor
dutputs, ol mkkckc.
l. @sh tek stuckmts we`t homc dl mkws bk`c j`hks tekj w`mt td rk`c
tek kmtork `rtofbk `mc we`t teky teomh `rk tek qu`botoks dl ` nddc mkws
`rtofbk a`fhnrdumc. @bbdw stuckmts td cosfuss tekor `mswkrs wote
tekor sk`tj`tks. @ltkr ` lkw jomutks, `sh sdjk dl tekj td se`rk tekor
rkspdmsks aroklby.
aroklby.
- -n. [somn tekor edjkwdrh lrdj C`y sox, omstruft tek stuckmts td wdrh
omcovocu`bby dm ` mkws `rtofbk àdut ` sonmolof`mt ossuk woteom tekor
sfeddb terdune
ter dune Jofrdsdl
Jofrdsdltt ^ drc.
e . Skbb stuckmts td prdpkrby fotk tekor sdurfks Om tek mkws `rtofbk (k.n.
promtkc j`tkro`bs dr hmdwbkcnkàbk ùtedrotoks).
o. Qkjomc stuckmts dl tekor lom`b prdgkft, ` mkwsp`pkr sprk`c fdjproskc
dl ldur p`nks. Omldrj tek stuckmts dl tekor nrdups, fdjpdskc dl ;
jkjakrs k`fe. @bb wrotomn dutputs wobb ak upbd`ckc td N Nddnbk
ddnbk Crovk
terdune ` ldbckr te`t wobb ak `ffksskc ay tek tk`fekr `mc tek nrdups.
g. Costroautk tek ruarofs ldr tek mkwsp`pkr sprk`c ldr stuckmts' rklkrkmfk
om fdmfkptu`bozomn
fdmfkptu`bozomn `mc cksonmomn tekor, mkwsp`pkr ssprk`cs
prk`cs `s wkbb
`s ldr luturk kv`bu`todm dl dtekr nrdups' wdrhs. Nrdups f`m st`rt
fdjpobomn tekor wdrhs `mc cksonmomn tekor mkwsp`pkr sprk`c st`rtomn
tdc`y.
6., Bddh ldr bkfturk vockds dm _duSuak cktòbomn tek a`sofs dl dpomodm `mc
lk`turk `rtofbks. Vedw teksk vockds td tek fb`ss. Sek vockds wobb t`hk àdut
; jomutks k`fe.
Dpomodm wrotomn7
wrotomn7 ettps7
ettps7//
//ww
ww w.ydu tuak.fdj
w`tfe4v:\5Nu6Jc;r-J
. Lk`turk wrotomn7 ettps7//www.vdutuak.fdmobw`tfe 4v:KfDOsub@fUw
3. N
Novk
ovk ` shkbkt`b strufturk
struf turk dl `m dutbomk
d utbomk ldr tek twd vockds
v ockds om weofe tek
a`sof fdmtkmt `mc strufturk dl dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtobks `rk ockmtolokc.
` . Syp k dl @ rtofbk
rtofbk
a . Ksskmto`b Fdmtkmt dl tek @rtofbk
f . Y`rts dl tek @rtofbk `mc Cksfroptodm
c . @ccotodm`b Sops
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Y b`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10 'Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1- OFS-Ykc`ncny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`mso
1 ?0
;. Skbb stuckm ts td lobb

lobb om tek dutbomks dm tekor mdtkad dhs.
<. Costro
Costroautk
autk s`j pbks dl dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtofbks. K`fe stuckmt w obb e`v k
dmk s`jpbk dl k`fe.
>. Lrdj teksk `rtofbks
`rtofbks `mc tek v ockds teky prkvodusby w `tfekc, `sh stuckmts
stuckmts
td rkvokw tek fd mtkmt `mc strufturk dl dpomodm `mc lk` turk `rtofbks
`rtofbks ay
frk`tomn jmkjdmof ckvofks.
5. @ffdrcomn td tekor omcovocu`b prklkrkmfks,
prklkrkmfks, tek stuckmts f`m j `hk ` sed rt
pdkj dr fdj of strop
strop te`t obbustr`tks
obbustr`tks edw lk`turk `m c dpomodm , `rtofbks
`rtofbks ekbp
ldrw`rc fe`m nks om sdfokty.
sdfokty. Seky wobb ak novkm tek rkst dl tek tek edu r td
fdjpbktk teos
teos dm ` sedrt fdupd m admc
C`y
0 Vt`rt wote ` pr`ykr td

td ak bkc ay d mk dl tek stuckmts
1. @sh stuckmts ol teky `rk dm sdfo`b jkco` `mc `sh weofe sotks teky
lrkqukmtbyy usk.
lrkqukmtb
6. Yd sk tek qukstodm,
qukstodm, "Cd ydu teomh sdfo`b, jkco` osndd c dra`c ldr ydu `s
`m `cdbksfkmt4" @sh stuckmts td ròsk tekor e`mcs td prkskmt tekor dpomodm.
Fdu mt vdtks ldr Nddc `mc A`c.
3. Bkt stuckmts w`tfe ` vockd àdu t tek Yrds `mc tek Fdms d l sdfo`b jkco`.
jkco`.
Sek Yrds `mc tek Fdm s dl Vdfo`b Mktwdrhomn `mc @cd bksfkmts7
bksfkmts7 epBO
www.ydutuak.fdj/w`tfe4v --V@_wPJ - 9
Dmfk `n òm, `sh tek qukstodm, "Cd ydu teomh sdfo`b jkco` os nddcdr a`c
ldr ydu ` s `m `cdbksfkm t4" @sh stuckm ts td
td ròsk tekor e`mc s td prkskmt
tekorr dpomodm. Mdtk tek collkrkmfk
teko collkrkmfk om tek muj akr dl stuckmts wed vd tkc
ldr Nddc `mc ldr A`c akldrk `mc `ltkr w`tfeomn tek vockd. @sh tekj edw
w`tfeomn tek v ockd `llkftkc tekor
tekor dpomodms
<. @sh tek stuckmts td wdrh ay pòrs `mc aroklby `mswkr tek ldbbdwomn
qukstodms dm `m omtkrjkco`tk p`c7
`. ^ e ` t w ` s te
t e k vvoo c k d ` a dduu tt44 @ m sw
s w k r oomm 0 - 1 sskk m tk
tk mmff kkss .
a . Edw w`s tek vockd strufturkc om tkrjs' dl
• tek omtrdcuftodm4
omtrd cuftodm4
• prkskmtomn tek Yrds4
• prkskmtomn tek Fdms4,
• fdmfbusodm4
f . Edw cdks tek strufturk dl tek vockd fdjp`rk wote tek strufturk dl
`m dpomodm `rtofbk, `s cosfusskc prkvodusby4
c . Edw os tek tdpof dl tek vockd rkb`tkc td ydur pkrsdm`b bolk `mc
kxpkrokmfks4
kxpkrokmf ks4 @msw kr om 3 td < skmtkmfks
skmtkmfks..
>. Bkt stuckm
stuckm ts kxpbdrk _duS uak ldr v ockds te`t t`bh
t`bh àdu t tek prds `mc tek
fdms dl d mk dl tek ldbbdwomn tdpofs7
`. Skfemdbdny om tek fb`ssrddj
fb`ssrddj
.69 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcufèdm - Kmnbose / Lobopomd
¼
a. Vfeddb [moldrjs
[moldr js
f . H td 01 Fu rrofubuj
rr ofubuj om tek Y eob
eoboppomks
oppomks
5 . Skbb stuckmts td wrotk `m dpomodm `rtofbk rk`ftomn td tek vockd teky
w`tfekc. Serdune tek `rtofbk, teky wobb j`hk ` st`mc dm tek ossuk teky
fedsk `mc gustol' ot ay bdnof`b `m`bysos `mc fotomn rkboàbk sdurfks. @bbdw
tekj td usk tok omtkrmkt td sk`rfe ldr frkcoabk sdurfks. Seky wobb ak novkm
tek rkst dl tek edur td fdjpbktk teos dm Jofrdsdlt ^drc.
? . Ldoo tekor `ssonmjkmt, `sh stuckmts td fdmcuft ` sedrt omtkrvokw wote `-
pkrsdm om tek fb`ssrddj teky lomc omtkrkstomn. Kmfdur`nk tekj td feddsk
sdjkdmk teky `rk mdt rk`bby fbdsk td aut wdubc bohk td-hmdw akttkr. Sek
omtkrvokw wobb`saktek
cktòbs sufe uskc td j`hk ` a`sof
omtkrvokwkk's p krsdm`boty
pkrsdm`boty
aortec`tk, shktfe (k.n.
kcuf`todm`b pkrsdm`b
a`fhnrdumc,
omldrj`todm àdut p`rkmts `mc soabomns).
C`y 09

1 . Fdjpobk `mc lb`se botkr`ry pokfks lrdj tek wkasotk www.`rtp`r`sotks.fdj
om ` YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm. @sh stuckmts edw teky lkbt `ltkr rk`comn tek
• p`ss`nks.
6 . @sh tek stuckmts, "Edw wkrk tedsk p`ss`nks àbk td `ppk`b td ydu4"
3 . Qkfdjjkmc sdjk wkasotks `mc p`nks te`t pdst "euj`m omtkrkst wrotomn"
(k.n. Euj`ms dl Mkw _drh) `mc bkt stuckmts kxpbdrk tek omtkrmkt ldr 09
jomutks td rk`c terdune
t erdune jdrk s`jpbks.
; . @sh tek stuckmts weofe `mkfcdtks teky bohkc tek jdst. Bkt tekj kxpbòm
wey teky fedsk tekj `s tekor l`vdrotk.
< . Yrkskmt ` ab`mh s`jpbk dl ` wdrc wka àdut tek collkrkmt euj`m omtkrkst
`mnbks om lk`turk wrotomn
> . Bkt stuckmts fdjpbktk tekor dwm w drc wka dm Jofrdsdlt ^drc. ^drc.
@ltkrw`rcs8 tkbb tekj td aroklby `mswkr tek qukstodm, "êy `rk euj`m
omtkrkst `mnbks ojpdrt`mt om lk`turk wrotomn4"
5 . Skbb stuckmts td aromn dut tekor edjkwdrh (a`sof pkrsdm`boty shktfe). Seky
wobb usk `m `pprdpro`tk euj`m
euj `m omtkrkst `mnbk td wrotk ` lk`turk `rtofbk
àdut tek pkrsdm teky omtkrvokwkc.
? . @bbdw stuckmts td `pprd`fe tek pkr eky fedsk `s- suagkft om drckr td
`sh ldbbdw-up qukstodms ldr tekor `rtofbk.
0 9 . @ltkr fdjpbktomn tek mkfkss`ry omldrj`todm, tek stuckmts wobb ak t`shkc td
lomose
lomo se tekor lk`turk `rt
`rtofb
ofbks
ks dm Jofrdsdlt ^ drc.
0 0 . @ssonm tek fdjpbktodm `mc tek rkvosodm dl `bb tek stuckmts' gdurm`bostof
`rtofbks `s tekor edjkwdrh. @mdtekr `ssonmjkmt os td aromn sdlt fdpoks dl
`bb tek `rtofbks (mkws, dpomodm, `mc lk`turk) te`t
t e`t teky j`ck.
Jdcubk O - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek F dmtkxt dl tek 10' Fkmtury

0
C`y 00
1 . Omstruft stuckmts td oj`nomk ` wdrbc wekrk tekrk `rk md gdurm`bosts `mc
jkc o` ((r`cod,
r`cod, S\ , ktf).
ktf).
6 . [somn fdbdrkc fe`bh, stuckmts wobb wrotk tekor ock`s (wdrcs dr pe`sks) dm
tek ab`fhad`rc om tek ldrj dl nr`lloto.
3 . Yrkskmt ` sedrt bkfturk àdut mkws
mkw s sprk`cs `s ` ldrj dl gdurm`b
gdurm`bostof
ostof
puabof`todm omfbucomn ` s`jpbk b`ydut dl ` mkws sprk`c. Seos bkssdm skrvks
`s ` rklrksekr dl we`t w`s bk`rmkc lrdj tek prkvodus wkkh (C`y 1).
; . Omstruft stuckmts td sot wote tekor nrdup jkjakrs `s teky lomose fdjpobomn
tek sdlt fdpoks dl tekor `rtofbks. Qkjomc tekj td p`rtofop`tk `ftovkby
akfùsk teky wobb ak kv`bu`tkc ay tekor pkkrs usomn tek novkm ruarof.
< . @bbdw nrdups td kxpbdrk tek kllkftovk usk dl Jofrdsdlt Yuabosekr om
j`homn ` mkwsp`pkr sprk`c. Vtuckmts wobb suajot tekor lom`b dutput vo`
Nddnbk Crovk akldrk 01 jocmonet dl te`t c`y.
> Akldrk bk`vomn tek rddj, tkbb stuckmts td suajot tekor pkkr kv`bu`todms ay
nrdup.
C`y 01
0. Vt`rt wote ` pr`ykr td ak bkc ay dmk stuckmt.

1 J`hk ` sbocksedw prkvokw dl `bb tek dutputs suajottkc ykstkrc`y.
6 . Qkvokw tek ruarofs novkm ldr kv`bu`tomn mkwsp`pkr sprk`cs. @ssonm nrdups
td kxfe`mnk tekor mkwsp`pkr sprk`cs
spr k`cs ldr fekfhomn (k.n. N
Nrdup
rdup 0 `mc 1, 6
`mc 3, `mc sd dm).
3 . Bkt stuckmts woteom k`fe nrdup sot tdnktekr
tdn ktekr `s teky r`tk tek mkwsp`pkr
sprk`cs dl tek nrdup `ssonmkc td tekj. Seky, just wrotk fdjjkmts wekm
teky r`tk tek dutputs dl tek dtekr nrdup. Seky wobb cd teos ldr 69 jomutks.
; . Nrdups wobb kxfe`mnk tekor wrottkm fdjjkmts wote k`fe dtekr. K`fe nrdup
wobb ckfock weofe fdjjkmts td `ffkpt om drckr td ojprdvk tekor dutput.
< . Omstruft stuckmts td j`hk lom`b rkvosodms dl tekor dutput usomn JV
Yuabosekr.
> . @t tek kmc dl tek pkrodc,
p krodc, `sh stuckmts td up
upbd`c
bd`c tekor lom`bozkc
lom`bozkc dutput
usomn tek `pprdpro`tk
`pprdpr o`tk ldbckr om N
Nddnbk
ddnbk Crovk. Seksk wobb ak r`tkc
r `tkc ay tek
tk`fekr. Sek lom`b prdgkft wobb ak wdrte 099
099 pdomts, ;9 ppdomts
domts lrdj tek
Ykkr Kv`bu`todm, `mc ;9 pdomts lrdj tek tk`fekr (usomn tek s`jk ruarof).
O't-rk(b[o oB& Vhobbs
A`sof rksk`rfe shobbs

A`sof hmdwbkcnk om ldrj`b nr`jj`r
1 Skfemdbdn y ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

Skfemdbdny-E`rcw`rk Qkquorkc ldr tek [mot
• Ckshtdp dr b`ptdps
• Vj`rtpedmks Opedmks
• Omtkrmkt fdmmkftodm
• Conot`b F`jkr`
• Yromt
Yromtkr
Skfem dbdny - V dltw`rk Qkquorkc

Qkquorkc ldr tek [mot
• C`tà`sk/Vprk`csekkt
• ^ka ardwskr
• ^drc prdfkssomn
• Ckshtdp puabosekr
• ^ka p`nk Ckvkbdpjkmt
• Yrkskmt`todm
Yromtkc J `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs
• Mkwsp`pkr,
Mkwsp`pkr, Dpomodm, `mc Lk`turk @rtofbks
• Coftodm`ry / Seksùrus
• Nr`jj`r nuockaddh dr promtkc nr`jj`r nuockbomks
• Skxtaddh àdut Gdurm`bostof ^rotomn
• @ E`mc-dut dl tek Bkssdm
Vuppboks
• Omtkrjkco`tk p`pkr
• Fdupdm
Fdupdm admc
• ^rotomn j`tkro`bs
*Jd s t `ftovotoks `rk cdmk usomn fdjputkrs `mc tek omtkrmkt
Omtkrmkt Qksdurfks
• ettps //fjm`6?; lo
lobks
bks w drcprkss fdj /1
/1909/
909/95/
95/mkw
mkw sp`pkrTa`sofs
sp`pkrTa`sofsT199?
T199? pcl
• ettp7//wwwdabdmk.kcuGpkdpbk/ap`rhs/cdfs/a`sofmkwswrotomn.pcl
• ettp //www bssf kcu/l`fubty/ek`tekrgTkbj`tto/Ve`rkc%1dCdfujkmts/
JJF % 191 0 9D/Mkws%
9D/Mkws% 19 ^ ro
roto
tomn%
mn% 19 0099 pcl
• ettp //www kvkrnrkkm kcu/wrotrmnfkmtkr/e`mcduts/nr`jj`r/tkmsks pcl
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Y b`ms Olo tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10 3 Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1 - Oc-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm
Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
6
• ettps7//www.nDdnbk.fdjourbs`
ettps7//www.nDdnbk.fdjourbs` :t&rft:g&q:&ksrf:s&sdurfk:wka&f-
c:0 &v kc:Dè[HK
kc:Dè[HKwo;yBYxt
wo;yBYxtlLH@e\L<`_H}{aw
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ncJ@@&urb:ettp%6@%1L%1Lwww.vnuh.er%1Lcdwmbd`c.
pep% 6Cst
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bk1;>F
;>F 01;3&usn:@LPgFME? hh@W 0 AB>Gz1Nes>
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gy-
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• ettps7//www.nddnbk.fdjburb 4s`:t&rft:g&q:&ksrf:s&sdurfk:wka&f-
c: 0 &v kc:Dè[
kc:Dè[HKwo;yBYxt
HKwo;yBYxtlSH@e\
lSH@e\ L<`_HEawh@;PPLn-
ncJ@@&urb:ettp%6@%1L%1Lwww.vnuh.er%1Lcdwmbd`c.
pep% 6Lcdwmb
6Lcdwmbd`cY`r`js%
d`cY`r`js% 6Cs
6Cstucmkwslo
tucmkwslobk%
bk% 1;>F 0 1;3&usn:@LPg FM
E? hh@W 0 AB>Gz1Nes>g
AB>Gz1Nes>gyD^
yD^ wdhDSJ@& f`c:rg`
f`c:rg`
• ettp7//www
ettp7//www 6 .fàbkvosodm.qf.f`/rdm`bcs/kmnbosefb
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`ss/nr`jj` r/@ftovk%
r/@ftovk% 19
`mc%19Y`ssovk%1D\dofk%19-%1DQubks.pcl
• ettps O/www
O/www uv u kcu bwrot
bwrotomnfkmtkr
omnfkmtkr/cdfsb
/cdfsbe`mcdu
e`mcdu ts/
ts/`fto
`ftovkv
vkv sp`ssovk pcl
• ettp7//www.stoff.kcubVtuckmtQk
ettp7//www.stoff.kcubVtuckmtQksdurfks/@f`ckjofQksd
sdurfks/@f`ckjofQksdurfks/^
urfks/^rotomn
rotomn
Qksdurfks/Nr`jj`rTE`mcduts/rkpdrtkcTspkkfe.pcl
• ettp7//
ettp7//ww
ww w.pkrlkft-kmnbose-
w.pkrlkft-kmnbose-nr`jj
nr`jj `r.
`r.fdj
fdj bsuppdrt °lobks/rkpdrtkcTspkkfeT
kxpb`m`todm.pcl
• Dmbomk mkws sotks sufe `s Q`ppbkr.fdj , Omquorkr.mkt , `jdmn d tekrs
MDQ OM
fdj j dtelbodm
dtelbodm ldr Collkrkmto`t
Collkrk mto`tkc
kc Omst
Omstrufto
ruftodm
dm J^
Vtuckmts wote V pkfo`b Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn Mkkcs7
• Yrdvock mdtks lrdj fb`ss cosfussodms ldr rkvokw dr rkjkco`bodm.
• Dllkr suppbkjkmt`ry kx`jpbks/kxpb`m`todms `mc dtekr rk`comn
j` tkro`bs dr sdurfk s.
• Dobkr sedrt `ltkr-fb`ss omstruftodm ldr spkfolof fdmfkpts dr bkssdms te`t
tek stuckmts cd mdt lubby umckrst`mc.
• Yrkp`rk `btkrm`tovk `ftovotoks te`t `rk ckvkbdpjkmt`bby `pprdpro`tk ldr
stuckmts.
Vtuckmts wote \osu`b Ojpòrjkmt7

• Yrkp`rk spk`hkrs wekmkvkr vockds `rk td ak pb`ykc. J`hk surk tek
fdmtkmts dl vockd s `rk
`r k umckrst`mcàbk kvkm w ote
ote ùcod DM B_.
Fdmvkrt tek novkm vockds td `m ùcod ldrj`t.
• Yrkp`rk aròbbk pb`tks ldr kvkry e`mcdut/promtkc `ftovoty (`s prklkrrkc
ay tek stuckmt).
• Yrkp`rk sdlt fdpoks ldr quozzks `mc e`mcduts (`s prklkrrkc ay tek
stuckmt)
• Vk`rfe ldr ` VYKC omstruftdr dr sdjkdmk wed e`s hmdwbkcnk om
aròbbk td `ssost ydu om rk`comn aròbbk pb`tks.
Vtuckmts wote Ek`romn Ojpòrjkmt7

• @cc suatotbks td tek vockds uskc om fb`ss.

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - K mnbose O Lobopomd
Yrkp`rk p romtkc tr`msfroptodms
tr`msfroptodms ldr ù cod-rkb`tkc
cod-rkb`tkc jkco`.
Bk`rm a`sof sonm b`mnu`nk.
Vk`rfe ldr ` VY KC omst
omstruftdr,
ruftdr, dr sdjkdmk w ed hmdws sonr
`ssost ydu om fdj jumof`tomn wote tek stuckmts.
Vtuckmts we d `rk N ol
oltkc7
tkc7
• Yrdv ock `ccotodm`b j`tkro`bs dr rksdurfks (promt
(promt `mc d mbom
rk`comn.
• Yrkp`rk `m `btkrm`tovk dr `ccotodm`b `ftovoty te`t os
os ckv kbdpj kmt`bby
`pprdpro`tk ldr tek n oltkc stuckmt.
• @ffdjj dc`tk qukstodms td tek akst dl ydur àoboty.
• Qklkr tek stuckmt td ` hmdwbkcnkàbk pkrsdm dr ` rkboàbk addh/
wkasotk ldr qukstodms ydu f`mmdt `mswkr.
Vtuckmt @sskssjkmt
Ldrj`tovk @sksjkmt
• J`hk ^ e`t _du Hmdw
A`skc dm tek `rtofbks
`rtofbks om tekor rk`comn `ssonmj kmt, tektek stuckm ts
wobb frk`tk
frk`tk ` sedrt kss`y
ks s`y dr pdkj dm tek ojpdrt`mfk dl mkw s. Sek
stuckmts just omfbuck tek m`jk dl tek mkw sp`pkr. Sekor sfdrk wobb ak
a`skc dm tekor fot`todms
fot`todms `mc kxpb`m`todm s àdu t tek `rtofbks
`rtofbks Sekrk w obb
ak ` ck cuftodm dl pd omts ol
ol tek tuckm
tuckm t cocm't
cocm't omfbuck tek m`j k dl tek
mkwsp`pkr.
• Yu t oott A`fh Sd nktekr
Sek stuckmts `rk nrdupkc
nrdupkc omtd skvkm j kjakrs k`fe K`fe nrdup
wobb ak novk m dm k skt dl `rtofbks
`rtofbks fdmtòmomn tek terkk typks (mkw s,
lk`turk, kcotdro`b/dpomodm)
kcotdro`b/dpomodm) Sek f ut-duts dl tek nov km `rtofbks just
ak gujabkc au t skp`r`tkc
skp`r`tkc `ffdrcomn td typk Se k fb`ss wobb e`v k td
rk`rr`mnk tek cosdrn`mozkc `rtofbks
`rtofbks om twd j omutks Se kor dutput w obb
ak nr`ckc `ffd rcomn td edw tek `rtofbks `rk `rr
`rr`mnkc
`mnkc
• ^ e`t ^ rdmn wote
wote tek Vkmtkmfk4
Vkmtkmfk4
Ved w ` Ydw krYdomt prkskmt`t
prkskmt`todm
odm wote terkk pofturks
pofturks `mc terkk
skmtkmfks. @sh tek, stuckm
stuckm ts td j`tfe tek pofturks wote tek skmtkmfks.
Serd une ` nr`ckc rkfot`todm, tek stuckmts wobb ak j`rhkc dm ed w teky
wobb fdmvkrt tek skmtkmfks.
• Se k Vuspofodu
Vuspofodu s Vuotf`sk
Yrkskmt tek p`r`nr`pe7 Se k V uspofodus
uspofodus Vuotf`sk. "@sh tek 'stuckmt
td fdmv krt tek
tek skmtkmfks om tek p`r`nr`pe td `m `ftovk v dofk. Sekor
`mswkrs sedubc ak w ro rott km dm ` 0 / 1 frdsswosk sekkt dl p`pkr. @ssonm
ttkm
dmk pdomt ldr k`fe skm tkmfk te`t wobb ak fdmv krtkc fdrrkftby.
fdrrkftby.
• ^ e`t Coc
Coc Seky Gust V`y4
Vedw tek vockd fbop "Hura``m - Fb`ssrddj Cka`tk Vfkmk -
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek .10" Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1 - Oc-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm
Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
;
\ovkh Dakrdo" (1 jomutks `mc 3> skfdmcs bdmn) td tek fb`ss. @sh
tek stuckmts td t`hk cdwm, tek ojpdrt`mt bomks dm ` sfr`p p`pkr.
Sek stuckmts wobb rkwrotk tekor fedskm bomks `mc fdjpobk
fdj pobk tekj td `
p`r`nr`pe. Sekor dutput wobb ak prkskmtkc om ` _ 1 frdsswosk. Sek wdrh
wobb ak sfdrkc `ffdrcomn td edw tek stuckmts drn`mozkc tek bomks omtd `
p`r`nr`pe.
• @cc ê`t os Jossomn
Akldrk tek cosfussodm, prkskmt fdpoks dl tek `rtofbk7 "Sek \ortu`b
Gkwkbry Kxeoaot". Omstruft tek fb`ss td lobb tek ab`mhs td fdjpbktk
tek `rtofbk. Dmk pdomt wobb ak novkm ldr k`fe otkj. Fdmcuft ` nr`ckc
rkfot`todm a y tkbbomn tek wdrcs te`t `rk jossomn om tek `rtofbk.
• @ltkr Sek \ockd
Sek stuckmts wobb novk ` shkbkt`b dutbomk ldr tek twd vockds om
weofe tek a`sof fdmtkmt `mc strufturk dl dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtofbks
`rk ockmtolokc. Lrdj teksk `rtofbks `mc tek vockds teky prkvodusby
w`tfekc, `sh stuckmts td rkvokw tek fdmtkmt `mc Sek strufturk dl
dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtofbks ay frk`tomn jmkjdmof ckvofks. K`fe
jmkjdmof ckvofk wobb ak sfdrkc om `ffdrc`mfk td tek strufturk dl tek
dpomodm `mc lk`turk `rtofbks.
• Yut ot A`fh Sdnktekr 1
Bkt tek stuckmts rkjòm om tekor nrdups. K`fe nrdup wobb 'feddsk
` b`ydut dl mkwsp`pkr tkjpb`tk om JV Yuabosekr om rkb`todm
rkb`todm td
`sskjabomn `rtofbks. Sek stuckmts wobb tekm sk`rfe ldr s`jpbk `rtofbks.
lrdj tek omtkrmkt
omtkrm kt (1 mkws `
`rtofbks,
rtofbks, 0 dpomodm `rtofbk `mc
` mc 0 lk`turk
`rtofbk) `mc frk`tk ` B`ydut dl tekor mkwsp`pkr sprk`c (5.; omfeks x 03
omfeks). Sekor dutput wobb ak skmt td N Nddnbk
ddnbk cdfs dr Vfeddbdny. Sek
B`ydut wobb ak nr`ckc om tkrjs dl ots drn`moz`todm, mujakr dl `rtofbks,
`mc tk`jwdrh. Fdjjkmts wobb ak novkm td ojprdvk tekor dutput.
• \kmm C o`n
o`nr`j
r`j
[somn JV ^drc, frk`tk ` \kmm co`nr`j te`t kmujkr`tks tek
gdurm`bostof fdmtkmt `mc nr`jj`tof`b strufturk dl mkws, dpomodm, `mc
lk`turk stdroks. Sek stuckmts wobb promt tekor dutput `mc tekm suajot ot
mkxt jkktomn. Sek qu`botoks novkm just ak a`skc dm tek novkm `ftovoty
dl tekor cosfussodm. Seos wobb skrvk `s ` a`sos dl tekor sfdrk.
6< 0 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn. `mc Bk`rmomn 1
d Kx krfosk7
krfosk7 Y`st `mc Y `st Ykrlkft
Yrkp`rk ` e`rc fdpy dl `m kxkrfosk lrdj www.kmnbosfe-eoblkm.
fdrm. Sek stuckmts wobb `mswkr tek kxkrfosk ay lobbomn tek fdrrkft vkra
om tek ar`fhkts. Sek rksubts dl teos kxkrfosk wobb ak `cckc td tekor
nr`ck.
• J dcolokc
dcolokc @ftovk dr Y`ssovk \dofk
Yrkp`rk
stuckmts te`ttek
dmkskvkm
dl tekek`cbomks
ek`cbomksdmosòm
J`mob` p`pkr.
tek `ftovk Kxpbòm
vdofk td tek
`mc sdjk
`rk om tek p`ssovk vdofk. Vdjk dl tek ek`cbomks wobb st`y tek s`jk
weobk dtekrs wobb rkjòm tek s`jk. Ol teky wobb rkwrotk ` skmtkmfk,
teky sedubc wrotk (om dmk skmtkmfk dmby) wey teky sedubc fdmvkrt tek
ek`cbomk td `ftovk dr p`ssovk vdofk. Sekor `mswkrs wobb ak wrottkm om
` dmk wedbk sekkt dl p`pkr. Bk`vk terkk sp`fks `ltkr k`fe skmtkmfk.
Serkk pdomts wobb ak `ssonmkc ldr k`fe otkj.
• Skbb J k @adut _du rs
rskbl
kbl
Sek fb`ss wobb nrdup tekjskbvks om pòrs. Dmk dl tek twd sedubc
omtkrvokw tek dtekr. Sek omtkrvokw fdmsosts dl dmby lovk qukstodms.
@ltkr lovk jomutks, tek twd stuckmts wobb kxfe`mnk pb`fks. Sek pkrsdm
wed w`s omtkrvokwkc wobb mdw omtkrvokw eos/ekr p`rtmkr. @ltkr `mdtekr
lovk jomutks, tek twd stuckmts wobb mdw p`r`per`sk tek `mswkrs
omtd ` skmtkmfk, teus fdmvkrtomn corkft spkkfe td omcorkft spkkfe (dr
vofk vkrs`) wekmkvkr mkfkss`ry. Sek stuckmts wobb fdjpobk ot omtd `
p`r`nr`pe. Sek stuckmts wobb ak sfdrkc a`skc dm tek fdjpbktkmkss,
drn`moz`todm,
drn`moz `todm, `mc nr`jj`r dl tekor p`r`nr`pe. Fdj
Fdjjkmts
jkmts wobb ak
novkm om tekor dutput.
• F`m _ du E kbp Eos Lrokmcs
Lrokmcs44
Sek YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`tode wobb prdvock `m kxkrfosk wekrk tek
stuckmts lobb .om tek ab`mhs wote tek `pprdpro`tk bdnof`b fdmmkftdr. Sek
stuckmts wobb tekm rkwrotk tek novkm `rtofbk dm `m omtkrjkco`tk p`pkr.
Dmk pdomt wobb ak `ssonmkc ldr k`fe otkj.
Pu oz7 Bdnof`b Fdm mkftdrs
@sh tek stuckmts td cdwmbd`c tek lobk7 Bdnof`b Fdmmkftdrs Puoz.
cdf. lrdj tekor `ffdumts om Kcjdcd. Sek stuckmts wobb tekm `mswkr
tek qukstodms dl tek novkm quoz. Omstruft tek fb`ss td suajot tekor
dutputs td tek tk`fekr's Kcjdcd `ffdumt. Vkt ydur ck`cbomk ldr
suajossodm.
• Co`nr`j
[sk ` YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm td cosfuss tek bkssdm àdut mkws
wrotomn. @t tek kmc dl tek bkfturk prkskmt`todm, omstruft tek stuckmts
td j`hk pkrsdm`bozkc
pkrsdm`bozkc co`nr`js te`t dutbomk tek a`sof strufturk dl `
mkws `rtofbk dm tekor mdtkaddhs. @ltkr lovk jomutks, lb`se s`jpbks dl
co`nr`js te`t cksfroak tek strufturk dl mkws `rtofbks ldr stuckmts td
fdjp`rk `mc rklomk tekor dutputs ol mkkckc.
Jdcubk . Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 1 Os' Fkmtury

>
• Mkws Vprk`c
[somn tekor edjk wd rh lrdj
lrdj C`y V ox, omstruft tek stuckmts td
wd rh omcov
omcov ocu`bby dm ` mkw s `rtofbk
`rtofbk àdu t ` sonmolof`mt
sonmolof`mt ossuk woteom
tekorr sfeddb terdune J ofrdsdlt
teko ofrdsdlt ^ drc Quarofs wobb ak nov km ldr tek
mkw sp`pkr sprk`c ldr stuckmts' rklkrrklkrkmfk
kmfk om fd mfkptu`bozo
mfkptu`bozomn
mn `m c
cksonmomn tekor mkwsp`pkr sprk`cs `s wkbb `s ldr luturk kv`bu`todm dl
dtekr nrdups' wdrhs.
• Dp omodm
omodm `mc L k`turk @rt
@ffdrcomn td tekor omcovocu`b prklkrkmfk, `sh tek stuckmts td wrotk
` sedrt pdkj dr fdj of stropstrop te`t obbustr
obbustr`tks
`tks edw lk`turk `mc d pomodm
`rtofbks
`rt ofbks ekbp ldrw`rc fe`mnks om sdfokty. Sekor dutput w obb ak nr`ckc
a`skc dm tekor frk`tovot
frk`tovotyy `mc rkbkv`m fk td tek tekjk
• E uj `m Omtkrkst
Omtkrkst
Qkfdj jkm c td ttekek fb`ss sdj k wkasotks `mc p`nks te`t pdst
"euj `m omtkrkst wrotomn"
wrotomn" (k .n. Euj`ms d l Mkw _drh) `mc bkt stuckmts
kxpbdrk tek omtkrmkt
omtkrmkt ldr 0099 jomutks td rk`c terdune jd rk s`jpbks.
Yrkskmt ` ab`mh s`jpbk dl ` wd rc wka àd ut tek t ek collkrkmt
collkrkmt euj`m
omtkrkst
omtkr kst `mnbks om lk`turk w rot
rotomn
omn S kbb st
stuckm
uckm ts td aromn d ut tekor
edj
euj `m kwdrh (a`sof
(a`so`mnbk
omtkrkst f pkrsdm`boty
pkrsdm`bot
wrotky `shktfe)
td wrotk lk`turkSeky
`rtofbkwobb
`rtofbk àdutusk tek
`m pkrsdm
`pprdpro`tk
`pprdpro`t
tekyk
omtkrvokw kc @ltkr fdj pbktomn tek mkfkss`ry omldrj`todm, tek tek stuckmts
w ob
obbb ak t`shkc td lomos
lomosee tekor lk`turk `r
`rto
tofbks
fbks dm J ofrdsdlt ^ drc
@ssonm tek fd jp bktodm
bktodm `m c rkv osodm dl `bb tek
tek stuckm ts' gdurm`bostof
gdurm`bostof
`rtofbks
`rtofb ks `s tekor edj kwd rh @mdtekr `ssonmj kmt os td td aromn sdlt fdpoks
dl `bb tek `rtofbks
`rtofbks (mkws, dpomodm , `mc lk`turk) te`t teky
teky j` ck

• Mkws Vprk`c (C`y 00)

Omstruft stuckm ts td sot wote tekor nrdup j kja krs `s teky lomose
Omstruft
fdjpobomn tek sdlt fdp oks dl tekor `rt
`rtofbks
ofbks.. @bbdw nrdu ps td kxpbdrk tek
kllkftovk usk dl Jofrdsdlt Yuabosekr om j`homn ` mkw sp`pkr sprk`c.
Vtuckm ts wobb suaj ot tekor
tekor lom`b
lom`b dutput v o` Nddnbk Crovk. V kt ydur
ck`cbomk
ck`cbo mk ldr su ajossodm. Akldrk bk`vomn tek rddj, tek stuckmts wobb ak
kv `bu`tkc ay tekor pkkrs usomn tek novkm ru arof. @ skp`r`tk ruarof ooss
prdv ockc ldr tek
tek sprk`c sekkt.
Bk`rmomn Yb`m 1
Yeoboppomk Vkfdm c`ry Eone Vfed db H td 01 Furrofubuj ldr Lobopomd
0 Mòpèè`y`n `mn jèè`b`n`mn hòsop`m s` m`p`homnn`mn
jotdbdeoy`.
1. M `susuro `mn mob`b`j`m, kbkrmkmtd,
kbkrmkmtd, `t h`h`myè`m, mn -aom`s`mn
s`m`ys`y n`jot `mn jn` oaomon`y m` t`mdmn
6. Mòaàè`n o `mn s`rob
s`robomn
omn rk`hsoydm
rk`hsoydm s` ob
ob`mn
`mn jèè`b`n`mn ocky`mn
m`h`p`bdda s` aom`s`mn p`ràub`.
3. M` oaoaon`y `mn s`robomn
s`robomn omtkrprkt`sydm humn a` hot `mn j n` subor`mom
`y opom`r`r`m`s
opom`r`r`m`s mn j `y-`hc` s` p`mnumèomn tùe`m mn kpohd.
;. M`p`tutum`y `m `mn jn` m`m ny`y`ro s` jòhbomn
jòhbomn huwkmtd `y j```romn
j`mn y`ro s`
s` tum`y màue`y.
< Mòb`b`r
Mòb`b`r`w
`w `m `mn hubtur` mn jn ` tùe`m m` j `s`s`b`jom s` ob`mn
ob`mn
hà`m`t` mn md akb`.
Jn` B`yumomn Y`jp`n-``r`b

@r`w 0 H`s`ys`y`m mn Jotdbdeoy` `t Jn` Coyds `t Coyds` mn Qdjk
V` p`j`j `not`m mn p`np`p`mddc mn os`mn jòhbomn
jòhbomn cdhujkmt`ryd
tumhdb s` Jotdbdeoy`mn Qdjk, `mn jn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 m`ms`-s`
m`ms`-s` `mn jn` tùe`m s` m`p`mddc m` cdhuj kmt`ryd,
kmt`ryd,
1. m`tutuhdy `m n jn ` h``hot
h``hot-`ho
-`hott m` h`t`mno`m mn jn ` coyds `t
coyds` m` j```m m ob`mn jòsàue`y8 `t
6. m`h`susub`t mn s`robomn
s`robomn j otdbdeoy`
otdbdeoy` a`t`y s` p`hs` m n `hc`mn
aom`s`.
@r`w 17 Fupoc `t Ysyfek `t N`jot mn Y`mcow`

Yrkskmt`todm tumnhdb s` Fupoc `t Ysyfek `t
V` tubdmn mn Yd wkrYd omt Yrkskmt`todm
n`jot mn p`mcow`, émn rmn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 m`h`p`naoaon`y mn eèja`w` mn n`jot mn p`mcow` a`t`y s`
`hc`mn Fupoc `t Ysyfek8
1. mào
màoaony`mn
aony`mn e`b`n` `mn t`j`m n n`j ot mn p`mcow ` s` p`nsusub`t
mn s`robomn
s`robomn p`mnu mnus`p8 `t
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdm tkxt dl tek 10sFkmtury

Bkssdm 1. FS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`mso
?
6. mònunueot `mn s`robo

s`robomn
mn p`nb`b`r`w`m
p`nb`b`r`w`m s` jn ` m`m ny`ro s` `hc`mn
Fupoc `t Ysyfek.
@r`w 6 7 Kbkj
Kbk j kmtd mn V`m`ys`y `t @mn @ bk
bkndry`
ndry` .mn _umnoa
N`jot `mn p`mnh`t`mn aròm stdrjomn p`tumnhdb s`jn` kbkjkmtd mn
s`m`ys`y `t `mn @bkndry` mn _ umnoa, `mn j n` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0. mòt`t
mòt`t`b`
`b` `mn jn` k bkjkmtd mn s`m`ys`y a`t`y s` `hc`mn @bkndry`
mn _umnoa8
1. mòb`b
mòb`bè`c
è`c `mn `ràb m` opom`pè`toc mn s`m`ys`y8 `t
6. m`h`n`n`w` m n s`robomn
s`robomn s`m`ys`y m` hom`p`p`bdda`m mn bè`t mn
kbkjkmtd mn s`m`ys`y.
@r`w 37 @mn Momnmomn `t `mn Bow`m`n `t Khsprksoydmn Nom`n`jot s`

Y`np`pè`y`n mn Y`m`m`w
V` p`j `j`not`m mn hdj ofs stro
stropp tumnhdb s` Momnmomn `t Bow`m`n,
`mn jn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0. m`tutuhdy `mn jn` s`bot`mn m`np`p`hot` mn khsprksydm s`
p`np`pè`y`n mn p`m`m`w j ub` s` `h `hc`mn
c`mn Momnmomn `t Bow`m`n8
1. mòpèè`y`n `mn j ` jèè`b`n`mn j kmsèk m` opom`p`r`to
opom`p`r`tomn
mn
mn `hc`8 `t
6. m`h`nunu eot mn s`robomn
s`robomn hdj ofs strop
strop p`tumnhdb s` p`mn`r`p m`
mòs j`tup`c.
@r`w ;7 @mn Susd

Susdmn
mn H`tow
H`tow`b`
`b` `t Jn`
J n` Yobomn Y`mn-unm`y s`
Y`ns`s`b`ys`y
V` tubdmn mn p`naàè` no`m tumnhdb s` `hc`mn
`hc`mn Susdmn H`tow` b`, `mn
jn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0. mòaoaon`y `mn jn ` pobomn
pobomn p`mn -unm`y s` p`ns`s`b`ys`y m` mà`s`
jub` s` `hc`8
1. mòaàè`no `mn jn` `r`b s` aue`y m` m` tutum`m s` p`ràub`8 `t
6. m`h`susub`t mn sbdn`m m` m`nb`b`r`w`m s` p`ràub`mn mà`s`.
@r`w <7 Jkmsèk mn Autob mn H`pk `t Jn` Nom`n`jot s` Y`nsusumdc-

sumdc mn jn` Y`mny`y`ro
V` tubdmn mn sà`y`mn p `naonh`s tumnhdb
tumnhdb s` `hc`mn Jkmsèk mn
Autob mn Hãpk, `mn jn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0. mòaoaon`y `mn jn` h`t`mno`m mn tùe`m s` `hc`8
1. mòb`bè`c `mn jn` hàutoe`mn `s`b m` m`pubdt s` `hc` m`
j```romn jòsàue`y8 `t
6. m`h`susub`t pn s`robomn `hc` a`t`y s` jn` nom`n`jot s`
p`nsusumdc-sumdc mn jn ` p`mny`y`ro.

@r`w > 7 H`s`ys`y`m mn Kpohd `t Kpohd mo N`bn`jkse

N`jot `mn nr`pohdmn rkprkskmt`sydm m` tujutuhdy s` h`s`ys`y`m mn
kpohd `t Kpohd mo N`bn`jkse, `mn j n` j`n -``r`b
-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 m`p`mn`mn`b`m`m `m n jn` tùe`m s` kpohd,
1 . mòb
mòb`bè`c
`bè`c `mn hè`b`nè`m mn p`n-`b`j s` h`s`ys`y`m mn k pohd
s` p`n-p`pùmb`c mn h`mob`mn
h`mob`mn au e`y, `t
6 . m`hàua ud mn j`bohe`jn tojkbomk
tojkbomk m` m`nb`b`r`w`m
m`nb`b`r`w`m s` p`n-umb`c
mn kpohd.
@r`w 57 Jn` Y`m`mc` mn Jàos`mn Y`nb`bè`c `t Suw``mn

V` p`j `j`not`m mn Yd wkrYd omt Yrkskmt`todm
Yrkskmt`todm tumnhdb s` jàos`mn
p`nb`bè`c mn p`nonomn, `mn jn` j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0. mòaàè`no
mò aàè`no `mn jn` p`m`mc`
p` m`mc` mn jàos`mn
jàos `mn p`nb`b
p`nb`bè`c
è`c jub` s`
s`
`hc`mn
Suw``mn,
1 . m`h`p`na` aè`no mn jn` j`n`n `mc`mn `s`b m` m`tutum`m
m`tutum`m s` `hc`8
`t
6 . m`h`susub`t mn os`mn tub` m` m`nb`b`j`m mn jn` p`m`mc` mn
jàos`mn p`nb`bè`c.
@r`w ?7 @mn Huwomt`s `t Hubtur` mn Lr`mfk7 Hùn`bo`m `t Sr`cosydm

N`jot `mn jà os`mn t`b`h`y`m
t`b`h`y`m uhdb s` @mn Huwomt`s `t hubtur` mn
Lr`mfk, `mn jn` j `n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn
0 mòaoaon`y
mòaoaon`y `mn jn` m`n omn tumnnè`m s` `hc`mn @mn Huwomt`s
1 m`tutuhdy `mn jn` h``hot-`hot m` h`t`mno`m mn jn` tùe`m s`

jòhemn huwkmtdmn m`p`hjnn`m, `t
6 mòb`b`r`w`m `mn hubtur` mn Lr`mfk s` p`j`j`not`m mn os`mn
pomt`
@ r` w 0 97 @ m` p d r` ` t H` t ` p d r`
V` p`j`j`not`m mn nr`peof drn``moz
drn``mozkr
kr tumnhdb s` `m`pedr` `t
h`t`pdr`,
h`t`pdr `, `mn j n` j `n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 mòb`bè`c
mòb`bè`c `mn p`nh`hòa` mn `m`pd r` `t h`t`pdr`,
h`t`pdr`,
1 mòaàè`no `mn j èè`b`n`mn tumnhubom mn `m `pdr` `t h`t`pdr`
h`t `pdr`
s` h`mob`mn aue`y a ob`mn jn` j `n-``r`b, `t
6. m`h`susub`t
m`h`susub`t mn jn` p`mnumnu s`p m` a`t`y s` òo`pdr` `t h`t`pdr`.
h`t`pdr`.
3r`w 00 @mn
@ mn Hua` mn Mdtrk
Mdtrk C`j k `t Jn` C`p `t S`mc``m s`
Y`nsusub`t mn Mda kb
kb``
N`j ot `mn p`m nh`t`mn p`n-uub`t tumn
t umn hdb sá @mn Hua`
Hua` mn Mdtrk
C`jk `t jn` c`p`t t`mc``m s` p`nsub`t mn mdakb`, `mn r`n` j `n-``r`b
`n-``r`b `y
om``sè`mn7
Jdcubk O - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek F dmtkxt dl tek 10 0 Fkmtury

0
0 . mòos
mòos`-o
`-os`
s` `mn jn` c`p`t t`mc``m s` p`nsub`t mn mdakb`8
1 . mòaàè`no `mn h`homt`b`mn
h`homt`b`mn mòow`m
mòow`m mn `hc`mn Hua` oon Mdtrk
C`jk s` h`m ob`8 `t
6 . mòs`s`cub` `mn os`mn p`mny`y `ro s` mdakb` m` j`y p`nh`h`tub`c

s` tum`y m` aue`y.
@r`w 017 Ckh`c` '>9

V` tubdmn mn n`w òmn r`co
r`codd cr`j` mn `hc`mn Ckh`c` '>9, `mn rmn`
j`n-``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 . mòos`-o
mòos`-os`
s` `mn jn` t`npu`m `t tumnn`bo`m s` huw kmtd8
1 . mòpèè`y`n `mn jn` jàuautomn h`t`mno`mn Yobopomd m`
j`s`s`b`jom s` `hc`8 `t
6 . m`h`susub`t mn os`mn p`nsusuro tumnhdb s` mdakb`mn m`p`mddc.
@r`w 067 Y`mumddc

V` p`j`j `not`m mn p`np`p`mudc mn màudmn v ockd, `mn jn` j`n-
``r`b `y om``sè`mn7
0 . m`susuro `mn mob`b`j`m mn m`bohe`mn dar` mn j n` j`n -``r`b8
-``r`b8
1 . m`h`p`nb`bè`c mn hdjkmtd m ` j```romn pdsotoad `t mkn`toad8 `t
6 . m`h`p`naoaon`y mn j umnhèo p`r` s` ohàuauto mn prdykhtd.
Y`j `j`r``m
@mn jn ` sujusumd c `mn jn` ckt`byk m` os`s`n`w`
os`s`n`w` p`r` s` oh`t`t`jd
oh`t`t`jd mn
jn` m`tuhdy m` O`yujm m n p`n-``r`b.
@r`w 07 H`s`ys`y`m mn Jotdbdeoy` `t Jn` Coyds `t Coyds` mn Qdjk

0 . @mn j n` j`n -``r`b
-``r`b `y j`mdmddc mn os`mn jòhbomn
jòhb omn cdhujkmt`ryd
tumnhdb s` h`bonor`mn
h`bonor`mn p`mnh`s`ys`y`m mn jotdbdeoy`.
jotdbdeoy`.
1 . Op`p`hob`b` mn nurd `mn p`mnumèomn p`hs` m` j`t`t`b`h`y `t `mn
jn` sua-tdpofs
sua-tdpofs m` m`h`p`bdda cotd7
• H`s`ys`y`m mn jotdbdeoy`
• Jn` coyds `t coyds` mn Qdjk
• Fupoc `t Ysyfek (`hc`mn p`j p`motoh`m)
p`motoh`m)
•. N`jot mn Y`mcow`
6 . @mn j n` j`n-``r`b `y j`naàè`no mn h`mob`mn
h`mob`mn j n` jèè`b`n`mn
hòsop`m
hòsop`m j ub` s` h`mob`mn
h`mob`mn m`p `homnn`m.
3 . Op`p`hot`
Op`p`hot` mn nurd `m n os`mn pdw krpdomt prkskmt`t
prkskmt`todm
odm m` tuj`t`b`h`y
s` jnc coyds `t coyds`
coyds` mn Qdjk.
; . Ouunm`y mn jn ` j`n-``r`b `mn jn` h`t`mno`m mn jn` coyds `t coyds
coyds``
s` h`mob`mn tum`y m` aue`y ` t tum`y m` bopum`m.

O
dr B`mnu`nk Kcu f`todm - Kmnbose Lobopomd
0
<. Yopobo `mn jn` j`n-``r`b

j`n-``r`b mn os`mn coyds d coyds` `t h`mob` o`dmn
aoaony`m mn aue`y s` p`j`j `not`m mn jdmdbdnd.
@r`w 17 Fupoc `t Ysyfek `t N`jot mn Y`mcow`

0. Op`hohob`b` mn nurd `mn os`mn `hc` m` Fupoc `t Ysyfek s`
p`rm`j`not`m mn os`mn p dwkrpdomt prkskmt`todm.
1. OObs`-o
bs`-osèom
sèom mn jn ` j`n-``r`b `mn jn ` tùe`m mn `hc ` `t `mn h`mob`mn
h`mob`mn
jn` h`t`mno`m `t jn` nom`jp`m`m.
6. Sutuhuyom mn j n` j `n-``r`b
`n-``r`b `mn jn` j èè`b`n`mn p`mny`y`ro m`
mãn`m`p s` p`mnum èomn tùe`m s` huwkmtd.
• @mn p`nh`h`hob`b
p`nh`h`hob`b`` moy` h`y Wkpeyr
• @mn p` h`h`hob`b`
h`h`hob`b` moy` h`y Fup oc.
• @mn h`my`mn m`n`w `mn h`s`b`m`m s` `s`w`.
• @mn j n` m`nomn p`rus` mo \ kmus s` h`moy`.
3. Op`p`bow`m`n
Op`p`bow`m`n `mn J n` N`jot mn Y`mcow`.
• @hsoydm
• H`r`m`s`m
• Y`mny`y`ro
; J`na oaon`y mn e`boja`w
e`boja`w ` `mn jn` j `n-``r`b a`t`y s` `hc`
• Nom`w` mo Ysyfek `mn bè`t up`mn j òp`nbà`m
òp`nbà`m `mn h`moy`mn
p`nj`jè`b h`y F upoc.
• Bàos m` m`moauned so \ kmus s` H`n`m cè`m mo Ysyfek
• Y`tubdy m` m`n b`ha`y so Ysyfek `t pomob
pomobot
ot m` j `hue` `m n p`mon
mn jn` coyds
@r`w 67 Kbkjkmtd mn V`m`ys`y `t @mn @bkndr` mn _umnoa

0 . Y`p`mn h`tom `mn jn` j`n-``r`0 s` boj`.
1 . J`nh`h`rddm `mn jn` ot
otdd mn p`mnh`t`mn aròm
aròm stdrjomn tumnhdb s`
jn ` jèèÒà`mn hòsopòbn
hòsopòbn h`jb`mn m`hue` s` s`m`ys`y m` @mn
@bkndry` mn _umnza
6 Y`nh`t`pds mn s`jp umn j rmutd `y oaàè`no jo` otd
otd s` ho`sk
3. J`nh`h`rddm mn j`s j `b`boj`m

`b`boj`m p`mn t`b`h`y`m
t`b`h`y`m tumnhdb s` @bkndry`
mn _ umnoa.
;. Ob`b
Ob`bè`c
è`c mn nurd `mn jn` kbkjkmtd mn s`m`ys`y.
• Skj`
• @myd `t Kstruhtur`
• Hòsop`m
• ôh` `t Ostobd
• B`r`w`m mn Aue`y
• C`jc`jom
• Eojon
6
<. Sutuhuyom mn jn` j`n-``r`b `mn jn` kbkjkmtd mn s`m`ys`y s`

@bkndry` mn _umnoa `t osusub`t otd
otd s` os`mn audmn p`pkb.
@r`w 37 @mn Momnmomn `t `mn Bow`m`n `t Khsprksoydmn Nom`n`jot s`

Y`np`pè`y`n mn Y`m`m`w
0 . Oaàè`no mn nurd `m n hdpy` mn hdjofs strop
strop s` jn` j `n-``r`b.
1 . Aà`sèom mn jn` j `n-``r`b `mn `hc` s` ada mn s`jpumn j omutd.
6 . Oaàè`no mn jn ` j`n -``r`b
-``r`b `mn h`mob`mn jn` mòmtomcoe`m
mòmtomcoe`m s` `hc`.
3 . J`nh`h`rddm `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn os`mn b`rdmn pom`j`n`t`mn
"Bonets F`jkr` @ftodm" humn s``m j`y o- o-``rt
``rtkk sob`mn E`mn aè`n o mn
`hc`.
• Bow`m`n
• Momnmomn
• Bow`m`n `t Momnmomn
Momnmomn
; . S`t`b`h`yom `mn Khsprksoydmn Nom`n`jot s` Y`np`pè`y`n mn
Y`m`m`w a`t`y s` @hc`mn aom`s`.
< . Vuj ub`t mn jn` e`boja`w` a`t`y s` `hc`mn m`t`b`h`y.
@r`w ;7 @mn Susdmn H`tow`b`

H `tow`b` `t Jn` Yobomn
Yobomn Y`mn-unm`y
Y`mn-unm`y s`
Y`ns`s`b`ys`y.
0 . S`t`mum nom mn nurd `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn E`mn h`t`mumn`m.
•• M`r`m`s`m
M`r`m`s`m jd
jd m`
m` a`mn
a`mn jj`bdhd
`ntow`b`4
`nto w`b`4
j`t`pds j`ntow`b`4
j`ntow`b`4
• J`t`pds mn bè`t mn p`mbobomb
p `mbobomb`mn
`mn m` nom`w` s` oyd,
j`ntotow`b`
j`ntoto w`b` h` p` a` mn ju bo4
1 . Aoaony`mn hèubun`m mn nurd humn `md mn` a` `m n Y`ràub`.
6 . J`naàè`no `mn E`mn j`n-``r`b mn jn` p`ràub`mn h`mob`mn
m`b`b`j`m.
3 . S`t`b`h`yom mn nurd `mn .p`ràub`mn `mn Susdmn H`tow`b` s `
p`j`j `not`m
`not`m mn cuntumn`mn p`n -huhuwkmtd mn jn` j`n -``r`b.
-``r`b.
; . Op`p`hob`b` `mn hdmskptd mn Jn` Yobomn Y`mn-unm`y s`
Y`ns`s`b`ys`y
< . J`naoaon`y `mn nurd mn jn` e`boja`w` a`t`y s` jn` m`nomn
p`naàè`no mn jn` j `n-``r`b.
`n-``r`b.
> . Auaud mn ton-os`mn
ton-os`mn e`boja`w` mn jn` pobomn p`mn-unm`y s`
p`ns`s`b`ys`y `mn jn ` j`n-``r`b a`t`y s` `hc`.
@r`w <7 Jkmsèk mn Autob mn H`pk `t Jn` Nom`n`jot s` Y`nsusumdc-

sumdc mn jn` Y`mny
Y`mny`y`ro
`y`ro
0. J`nb`bè`c `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn jn` jkmsèk mn h`mob`mn jn`

j`nub`mn m` h`mob`mn aàùmom eà`mn aue`y.

• J`n-`r`b
J`n-`r`b mn jàuto u
up`mn
p`mn aue`y `y j`pàuto.
• J`nomn
J`nomn j`sop`n `t j`toy`n` s` bè`t mn p`nh`h`t`dm.
• Euw`n h`bojut`mn on`b`mn `mn oa` `t euw`n j`nomn j`r`jdt.
1 J`nh`h`rddm mn os`mn sà`y`mn p`naonh`s `mn j`n-``r`b tumnhdb s`
Jkmsèk mn Autob mn H`pk.
O S`t`b`h`yj `mn p`ràub` mn nurd.
3 . Auaud mn s`robomn jkmsèk `mn jn` j`n-``r`b `t oaàè`no otd s
ho`sk.
• Eomco bè`t mn a`n`y m` jèor`p àutom `y jèor`p t`b`n`,
joms`m hòb`mn`m jd b`mn p`ntoy`n``m.
• Humn m`c`p`, j`tutdmn auj`mndm. Jèor`p. h`y`mn j`m`tobo
s` sèon ldrkv kr.
; . Op`p`bow`m`n `mn jn` Nom`n`jot s` Y`nsusumdc-sumdc mn jn`
O
Y`mny`y`ro.
@t, s`h`, p`to, j`boa`m, auhdc s`, tubdy, aumn` motd.
< . Jubomn os`s`b`ys`y mn jn` j`n-``r`b `mn Jkmsèk mn Autob mn H`pk
n`jot `mn pon` eucy`t m` p`nsusumdc-sumdc mn jn` p`mny`y`ro.
> Op`p``b`b` `mn h`mob`mn pom`b m` prdykhtd `t humn h`bo`m otd op`p`s` `t
op`p`mddc.
@r`w > 7 H`s`ys`y`m mn Kpohd `t Kpohd mo N`bn`jkse

0 . N`rmot `ðn nr`pohdmn rkprkskmt`sydm, op`bobow`m`n m`mn nurd `mn
h`s`ys`y`m mn kpohd.
1 . Ob`bè`c mn nurd`mn
nu rd`mn jn` ttùe`m
ùe`m s` Kpoh
Kpohdd mo N
N`bn`jkse.
`bn`jkse.
• @mu
• K`
• Kmhocd
• Kmbo
mbob
b
. Noon`
Noon`jk
jks^
s^
6 . Ohuhwkmtd mn jn` j`n-``r`b `mn audc mn Kpohd s` p`j`j`not`m mn
cuntumn`mn p`nb`bè`c.
3 . Ot`t`mne`b mn jn` rm`n-``r`b `mn h`t`mno`m mn tùe'`m s` huwkmtdmn
h`mob`mn màumd t.
J`w 57 Jn` Y`m`mc` mn Jàos`mn Y`nb`bè`c `t Suw``mn

0 . Op`p`hob`b`
Op`p`hob`b` `mn a`ndmn p`hs` s` p`j`j`not`m
p`j`j `not`m mn pdwkrpdomt
prkskmt`todm.
1 . Aà`sèom mn boj`mn j`n-``r`b `mn audc mn tuw``mn m` j`y
c`jc`jom.
6 . S`t`b`h`yommn nurd `mn jn` p`m`mc` mn jàos`mn p`nb`bè`c.
Jdcubk "O Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdm tkxt dl tek 10 Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1- F S-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
;
• V` p`mèdm-mddm, sujumdc, m`mn, p`nh`t`pds

• V`meo `t aumn`-rksubt` mn, humn n`ydm, cubdt cu bdt motd,
s`j`h`tuwoc
• Y`ne` e`j aomn-eonot p` rotd,
rotd, co tub`c
tub`c mn, s` hàobmn c`hd
• Y`bow`m`n-aob`mn h`r`nc`n`m, e`boja`w` motd, c`nc`n p`
cottd, hàob`mn
hàob`mn cotd
3. Sutuhuyom mn j`n -``r`b
-``r`b `mn jn` p`m`mc` mn j àos`mn p`nb`bè`c s`
kpohdmn Suw``mn.
@r`w ? 7 @mnHuwomt`s `t Hubtur` mn Lr`mfk7 Hùn`bo`m `t Sr`cosydm
0. J`naà è`no `mn jn ` j`n-``r`b mn hubtur`

hubtur` mn Y Obopom`s
Obopom`s m` h`mob`mn
h`mob`mn
m`b`b`j`m.
• F@Q- H`my`w
• Eomco p`nh`w`b` mn h`mom s` e`p`n hòm`m
• p`m`m`b`mnom
p`m`m`b`mnom a`nd hujòm
• Jòmot m` p`nt`mnn`p
1. S`b`h`yom `mn hubtur` mn Lr`mfk h`s`j` m` `mn h`mob`mn hùn`bo`m `t
tr`cosydm.
• ôh`-Lrkmfe
• Qkboeoydm- H`tdbohd
• J`bk cdjom`tkc fubturk
• "feùvomosj"
6. Op`mddc `mn Jòhbomn Huwkmtdmn, @mn Huwomt`s.
3. Sutuhuyom mn j n` j`n-``r`b `mn jn` h`t`mno`m `t n`jp`m om mn jn`
tùe`m s` huwkmtd.
• J`teobck
• Nkdrnk Q`jpdmm kù
• J`c`j Ldrkstkor
• @s`w` mo J `teob
`teobck
ck
;. Y`mnh`tom.`mn
Y`mnh`tom.`mn hb`sk s` boj`
boj` `t a`w `tos`
`tos` `y aony`m mn aè`no mn a udc
mn huw kmtd.
<. Obè`c
Obè`c `mn au dc s` p`j`j `not`m mn j`boheòmn
j`boheòmn p`n t`t`mne`b
t`t`mne`b mn j n`
j`n-``r`b.
@r`w 097 @m`pdr` `t H`t`pdr`

0. O p`p`hob`b`
p`p`hob`b` mn nurd `m n @m `pdr` `t H`t`pdr` s` p`j`j `not`m
`not `m mn
os`mn n r`peof drn`mozkr.
1. J`nb`bè`c mn s`robomn
s`robomn e`bojaéw` `mn nurd.
• H`r`joe`m s` j n` t`d `y ohom`hàot `mn hubtur`mn Yr`msks s`
Y`ros. Otd `mn skmtrd mn jdc`, p`nbubutd, somomn `t `rhotkhtur`..
• @mn Lr`mfk `y um` m`mn tom`w`n m` Qeomkb`mc. Mddmn
p`mèdm mn ordm `nk `t Qdj`m kr`, otd'y
otd'y tom`w`n m` Nù b.

6. J`naàè`no `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn s`robo mob`mn e`boja`w` s`

@m`pdr` `t H`t`pdr` a`t`y s` @mn Huw omt
omt`s.
`s.
• Vob` `y supostoh`cd humn j`m`j ot. Jèobon
Jèobon com sob`
sob` s`
j`s`s`r`p m` p`nhòm `t `b`h. @mn j n` t`n`-Lr`
t`n`-Lr`mfk
mfk `y
j`s`yèom `t jèobon cuj`bd s` jn` h`soyè`m.
• Vo J`teobck `y supostoh`c`mn j`mujot, soy` `y jèobon s` jn`
h`soyè`m.
@r`w 007 @mn Hua` mn Mdtrk C`jk `t Jn` C`p`t S`mc``m s` Y`nsusub`t
mn M dakb`
dakb `
0 . J`naàè`no `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn jn` c`p`t t`mc``m s` p`n-``r`b.

• J`nomn j`sop`n
j`sop` n Euw`n boboa`m
boboa`m s` ho`sk
• J`nomn j`toy`n` Euw`n jèueubo s` ho`sk
1 . Ouunm`y mn nurd `mn jn` m`nomn h`s`nut`m mn jn` j`n-``r`b s` Jn`
c`p`t S`mc``m s` Y`nsusub`t mn Mdakb`.
• @mn jn` tùe`m `y hus`mn nuj`n`b`w `t eomco pom`p`n`b`w
mn j`y-`hc`
. Jn` j`s`s`ho`w m` sojubòm mn p`ns`s`b`ys`y
6 . Jèè`to `mn ho`sk s` t`tbdmn p`mnh`t.
3 . @mn um`mn p`mnh`t
p `mnh`t `y j`n-uub`t mn jn` tùe`m, t`npu`m `t
c`jc`jom mn Mdakb`mn @mn Hua` mn Mdtrk C`j k.
; . @mn oh`b`w`mn p`mnh`t `y j`n-sub`t mn audc mn mdakb`.
< . @mn eubo `y `mn eojon, tdmd `t jn` jkmsèkmn m`h`p`bdda s` mdakb`.
@r`w 017 Ckh`c` '>9
0 . Op`roromon mn nurd `mn os`mn r`cyd cr`j` tumnhdb s` Ckh`c` '>9.

1 . Sutuhuyom mn jn` j`n-``r`b `mn jn` jèè`b`n`mn p`mny`y`ro s`
mdakb`.
• J`rto`b
J`rto`b B`w a`t`s jobot`r
• Q`bboks/ jn` wkbn`mn m`n`m`p

• Y`ntor` mo Kvkbym s` àrd`c
• Y`na`boh mo @bj` s` jn` j`s`s`y`mn `b`b` mn h`my`mn
p`nhà`t`.
• V`bv`nk Frosos
6 . S`t`b`h`yom'`mn Huwkmtd s` p`j`j`not`m mn p`ntuhdy mn jn` j`n-
``r`b s` jn` tùe`m.
• @bj`
@bj` A`rtdbdjk N`mo
• G`sdm Kj
• Kvkbym @j`mc`
3 . p`j`j`not`m
Cuntumn`mn ob`bè`c mn jn` j`n-``r`b `mn audc mn huwkmtd s`
mn "spom tek adttbk". Auaud mn os`mn j`b`homn aobdn `mn
Jdcubk 0 - Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fd mtkxt dl tek 1 0 Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1 - OFS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
>
jn` j`n-``r`b `t j`y o-oohDt m` adtk s` notm`, humn h`momd otd tututdh
`y soy` `mn j`nhu-huwkmtd.
; . Vusub`t `mn jn` j`n-``r`b mn os`mn jòhbomn huwkmtd m` `mn tkj` `y
j`y p`nh`hè`won s` Ckh`c` '>9.
< . Ot`t`mne`b otd mn jn` j`n-``r`b s` p`j`j`not`m mn r`cod cr`j` m`
j`y h`s`j`mn sdumc kllkfts `t a`fhnrdumc jusof.
@r`w 067 Y`mdmddc

0 . Op`p`mddc `mn jn` m`bohe`mn dar` mn jn` j`n-``r`b.
1 . J`naoaon`y
J`naoaon`y `mn jn` t`n`p`mddc mn h`mob`mh hdjkmtd,
hdj kmtd, j```romn
pdsotoad `t mkn`toad.
6 . J`naoaon`y `mn nurd mn h`moy`mn s`robomn hdjkmtd `t jumnhèo p`r`
s` ohàuauto mn prdykhtd.
Jn` H`s`m`y`mn Hom`hòb`mn`m

• H`s`m`y`m s` p`na`s` H`s`m`y`m s` p`nsub`t
• H`s`m`y`m s` p`ns`s`bot`
p `ns`s`bot` H`s`m`y`m s` p`hohomon
• H`s`m`y`m s` nr`j`toh` H`s`m`y`m s` p`mdmddc
J n` Hom`hòb`mn`mn
Hom`hòb`mn`mn Skhm dbdeo
dbdeoy`
y`
• F`jkr` Omtkrmkt Fdmmkftodm
• Fdjputkr(s) Yromtkr
• Conot`b F`jkr` Yrdgkftodm
Yrdgkftodm V
Vystkj
ystkj
Jn` Hom`h`bb`mn`mn V`mnnumo`m

• Jn` hdpy` mn `hc` s` a`w`t `myd mn m n p`motoh`m (jotdbdeoy`,
p`ràub`, s`m`ys`y, kpohd, jòhbomn huwkmtd, `t mdakb`)
• ettps7/
ettps7//www.nrkkhjytedbdny.ï
/www.nrkkhjytedbdny.ïdjb
djb
• www.conot`0gdurm`0.fdj/`rtof0k/63333?
www.conot`0gdurm`0.fdj/`rtof0k/63333?
onets
• ettps7//www.sbockse`rk.mkt/fekrrygdya`sun/p`mcow`
@hdrmdc`sydm p`r` s` j n` J `n-

`n-``r`b
``r`b m` j `y M`t`t`mno
M`t`t`mnomn
mn
Y`mn`mnòb`mn`m
Jn` j`n..`cr`b m` mèoeor`p`m s` p`nh`tutd
j`n..`cr`b
• J`naon`y mn jn` n`wòm m` j```romn j`h`p`np`c`bo s` h`mob`mn

p`nh`tutd.
• J`ntuturd a`t`y s` hom`b`hoe`m mn a`t` d a`t`y s` jn` nustdmn-nustd
moy`mn n`wom up`mn s` n`mdm `y j`s j`c`bo soy`mn j`h`humkht` s`
t`b`h`y`m.

J n` J `n-``r`b
`n-``r`b m` N ol
oltk
tkcc
• J`ne`mc` mn jn` p`mnh`t`mn n`wòm m` j```ro sob`mn j`nomn
pomumd m` n`nà`y `t tutubdmn s` oa` mob`mn h`j`n-`r`b.
J n` j`y H`p`ms`m`m s` Y`momnom

Y`momnom
• Nuj`jot
Nuj`jot mn jn` jn` cdhujkmt`rydmn p`mr`cyd `t jn` huwkmtdmn
p`mr`mcyd.
• Nuj`jot mn jn` boardmn m`hàròbk.
J n` j`y H`p`ms`m`m s` Y`mcomon

Y`mcomon
• Nuj`jot mn jn` p`mddromn j`y suatotbk.
• J`np`tubdmn s` jn` j`y h``b`j`m s` sonm b`mnu`nk
Vtkp 1 7 @m`byzomn tek V`bokmt Y`rts dl tek Bk`rmomn Yb`m

Ockmtoly `mc cksf
sfro
roak
ak tek fdjjdm
fdjjdm p`rts dl tek twd
bk`rmomn pb`ms ydu e`vk rk`c. ^rotk ydur daskrv`todms akbdw.
Ksskmto`b Y`rts dl ` Bk`rmomn Yb`m

?
Vtkp 67 Bk`rmomn lrdj tek B k`rmomn Yb`ms
Ay tek ekbp dl tek ldbbdwomn qukstodms, se`rk ydur dwm rkfdjjkmc`todms
`mc daskrv`todms dm edw ydu j`y usk `mc kme`mfk tek twd bk`rmomn pb`ms.
Bk`rmomn SY
uock oPukstodms
Qkpdrtkr's Mdtkaddh
Jkcotkrr`mk`m
@rk tek bk`rmomn dagkftovks '
`bonmkc wote tek t`rnktkc

a`sof kcuf`todm, furrofubuj
furrofubuj
fdjpktkmfoks4 êy cd ydu
s`y sd4
Os tek pb`m dl tkfemdbdny

omtknr`todm suppdrtovk dl tek
`ttòmjkmt, Dl tek bk`rmomn
fdjp ktkmfoks
ktkmfo ks `mc bk`r
bk`rmomn
momn
dagkftovks4 Kxpbòm ydur
`mswkr.
Edw cd ydu pb`m td usk tek

bk`rmomn pb`m om tk`feomn
b`mnu`nk bkssdms om tek
luturk4
Ol ydu `rk td ojprdvk tek pb`m

ldr tek `ffdjjdc`todm ldr
collkrkmto`tkc
collkrkmto `tkc omstruftodm, edw
wdubc ydu ckvkbdp ot4
ê`t sonmolof`mt promfopbks om

OFS omtknr`todm cd ydu teomh
`rk eoneby rkfdjjkmckc om
ckvkbdpomn ` bk`rmomn pb`m
om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc
bk`rmomn4
;9 Skfemd bdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcu f`todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
3?K:
Vtkp 07 Qk`c tek ldbbdwomn bk`rmomn pb`ms, `mc teomh dl ` w`y ay weofe ydu
j`y ojprdvk ot nuockc ay tek promfopbks dl OFS omtknr`todm om b`mnu`nk
tk`feomn.
^k Lobopomds `rk Jobc Cromhkrs
S`rnktkc Yeoboppomk A`sof Kcuf`todm Furrofubuj Fdjpktkmfoks
(Nr`ck 09, Kmnbose, Vkfdmc

(Nr`ck V kfdmc Nr`comn
r`comn,, ^drbc Botkr`turk
Botkr`tu rk omfbucomn
omfbu comn
Ye oboppomk
oboppomk Botkr`turk, ; c`ys)
Fdmtkmt Vt`mc`rc7
Sek bk`rmkr ckjdmstr`tks umckrst`mcomn dl edw wdrbc botkr`turks `mc
dtekr tkxt typks skrvk `s vkeofbks dl kxprkssomn `mc rksdbvomn fdmlbofts `jdmn
omcovocu`bs dr nrdups `mc `bsd edw td usk str`tknoks om frotof`b rk`comn,
bostkmomn, `mc vokwomn, `mc `llorj`todm `mc mkn`todm j`rhkrs td ckbovkr,
ojprdjp tu `mc kxtkjp
kxtkjp dr`mkdu s sspkkfeks.
pkkfeks.
Ykrldrj
Ykrldr j `mfk Vt`mc`rc7
Sek bk`rmkr prdlofokmtby ckbovkrs
c kbovkrs `m `rnujkmt`tovk spkkfe kjpe`sozomn
edw td rksdbvk fdmlbofts `jdmn omcovocu`bs dr nrdups.
• Qk`c fbdskby td nkt tek ùtedr's purpdsk.
• Qk`c fbdskby td nkt kxpbofotby `mc ojpbofotby st`tkc omldrj`todm
.. Cktkft ao`s `mc prkgucofk
prkgucofk om tek j`tkro`b vokwkc.
• Ockmtoly umsuppdrtkc nkmkr`boz
nkmkr`boz`todms
`todms `mc kx`nnkr`todms.
• [sk wdrcs `mc kxprkssodms te`t `llorj dr mkn`tk.
• Fdjpdsk `m `rnujkmt`tovk kss`y.
• Ckjdmstr`tk fdmlockmfk `mc k`sk dl ckbovkry.
• Qkf`bb prkvodus kxpkrokmfks `s sf`lldbc td tek jkss`nk
j kss`nk fdmvkykc
ayj`tko`b vokwkc.
Bk`rmomn Yb`m Vujj`ry

Seos bk`rmomn pb`m òjs td lomc fubtur`b syjadbosjs uskc om ` stdry.
Ckcufk tek jk`momn dl tek syjadbosjs td umckrst`mc tek ckkpkr jk`momn dl
tek m`rr`todms Sek stuckmts wobb lorst vokw ` vockd `mc rk`c tek stdry, "^k
Lobopomds `rk Jobc Cromhkrs" Ay @bkg`mcrd Q. Qdfks. @ltkr tek lobj vokwomn,
tek stuckmts wobb lomc
lomc tek syjadbosjs uskc om tek stdry `mc ckcufk tek
jk`momn dl tek syjadbosjs teky ldumc td nkt tek ckkpkr jk`momn dl teos sedrt
stdry. Sek stuckmts wobb ockmtoly sdjk n`ps `mc/dr pdomts td ojprdvk lrdj
tek vockd, `ffdrcomn td tekor `rnujkmts, frk`tk ` vockd fdjjkmt`ry dl lovk
jkjakrs. Seos prdgkft wobb ak cdmk dutsock fb`ss edurs.
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10' Fkmtury
Bkssdm 1- Oc-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
0
Sd ckbovkr ` tedunet-prdvdhomn `mc f`ptov`tomn fdjjkmt`ry, nuockbomks

dm wrotomn `mc spk`homn wobb ak kjpe`soz
kjpe`sozkc.kc. Akldrk tek vockd fdjjkmt`ry
dm vockd j`homn st`rts, tek stuckmts wobb ak omldrjkc te`t tek lom`b 'dutputs
wobb ak fekfhkc terdune tek usk dl ` ruarof novkm td tekj prodr td st`rtomn
tek prdgkft. Seos wdubc omfbuck fdmfkpt, sfropt/ stdryad`rc, fdmtkmt `mc
drn`moz`todm,
drn`moz `todm, qu`boty, tk`jwdrh `mc tojkbomkss. @bsd, ` ruarof ldr pkkr
kv`bu`todm wobb ak costroautkc td stuckmts ldr tekj td nr`ck tekor dwm
nrdupj`tks `ffdrcomn
`ttotuck, ldfus td tekor
dm tek t`sh `mc fdmtroautodms,
fd mtroautodms,
wdrhomn wote prdabkj-sdbvomn,
dtekrs. Seos wobb aktkfemoquk,
cdmk td
kmsurk tek v`bocoty `mc rkboàoboty dl tek frkcots te`t wobb ak novkm td stuckmts,
`mc `bsd ldr tek. kqu`b costroautodm dl sfdrks `ffdrcomn td k`fe stuckmt's
pkrldrj`mfk `mc fdmtroautodm om tek prdgkft.
Sek omtknr`todm dl tek promfopbks dl ckbovkromn `rnujkmt`tovk spkkfe uskc
om tek fdjjkmt`ry wobb ak nr`ckc wote ` ruarof `s wkbb. Sek frotkro` wdubc ak
pkrsu`sovk kllkft terdune tek prdpkr usk
u sk dl kmkrny `mc vdofk, fe`r`ftkroz`todm,
ckvkbdpjkmt dl rofe `mc wkbb-nrdumckc
wk bb-nrdumckc fdmtkmt ay prdvocomn `m om-ckpte
trk`tjkmt dl tek tdpof8 usk dl kx`jpbks `mc tekdroks tsupprt pdsotodm, `mc
`pprdpro`tk usk dl tkfemdbdny td kme`mfk tek ckbovkry dl tek `rnujkmts om tek
fdjjkmt`ry.
Vtkp 17 Nuockc ay tek st`mc`rcs `mc tek promfopbks dl OFS omtknr`todm, `mc
bkssdm pb`mmomn promfopbks tùnet om ydur prkvodus
pr kvodus fb`ssks, ckvkbdp tek
bk`rmomn dutfdjks dl teos bk`rmomn pb`m. Kmfdck ydur còby dagkftovks
`mc suajot teksk usomn tek fdursk Bk`rmomn J`m`nkjkmt Vystkj (BJV)
Ydrt`b.
C`ys Còby Dagkftovks/Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks

;1 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
Vtkp 67 Qk`c tek ldbbdwomn bk`rmomn pb`ms ay nrdup `mc ckvkbdp tek bk`rmomn
prdfkcurks wote sdjk pb`ms ldr `ffdjjdc`tomn stuckmts wote spkcoò
bk`rmomn mkkcs. Kmfdck ydur còby dagkftovks `mc suajot teksk usomn tek
fdursk Bk`rmomn J`m`nkjkmt Vystkj (BJV) Ydrt`b.
S`rnktkc Yeoboppomk
Yeoboppomk A`sof Kcuf`todm Furrofubuj Fdj pktkmfoks
NQ@CK ?, Kmnbose, Lorst Nr`comn, Kbkjkmts dl Ydktry
Furrofubuj
Furrofub uj -Lr`jomn P ukstodms
ukstodms
Ksskmto`b Pukstodms
• Edw cdks botkr`turk hkkp dmk's ockmtoty4
[mot Pukstodms
• êy
êy cd wk sstobb
tobb rk`c @mnbd-@jkrof`m wrotkrs' botkr`ry wdrhs4
• Edw rkbkv`mt `rk @mnbd-@jkrof`m botkr`ry pokfks td pkdpbks' bovks4,
• Edw cd botkr`ry pokfks rklbkft dur fdmtkjpdr`ry sotu`todm4
Fdmtkmt Pukstodms
• ê`t
ê`t `rk tek usks dl kbbopsos, sb`se, f`pot`boz`todm
f`pot`boz`todm `mc omtkrgkftodm4
• ê`t `rk tek collkrkmt kbkjkmts dl pdktry4
• ê`t `rk tek covosodms dl pdktry4
• ê`t os tek collkrkmfk dl pdktry lrdj prdsk4
• êkm `rk wk ndomn td `ppby wdrc drckr `mc wdrc ldrj`todm
(fboppomn, abkmcomn, fdjpdumcomn, ldbh ktyjdbdny8 ktf.) om ` botkr`ry
pokfk4
[mot Vujj`ry
Om teos [mot, ydu wobb fdjp`rk
fdjp `rk `mc fdmtr`st
fdm tr`st tek collkrkmt typks dl
pdktry, hmdw tek kbkjkmts dl pdktry, `ppby tek usks dl wdrc drckr `mc
wdrc ldrj`todm om c`Sy fdmvkrs`todm, `mc tek prdpkr us`nk dl kbbopsos,
sb`se, f`pot`boz`todm `mc omtkrgkftodm Jdrkdvkr, ydu wobb ak àbk td kxpbdrk
tek covosodms dl pdktry `mc tek collkrkmfk dl prdsk lrdj pdktry. Aut jdrk
te`m gust
gust `ftov`tomn ydur omtkbbkftu`b àoboty, ydu `rk bkc td p`rtofop`tk om `
spkkfe fedor usomn vkra`b `mc mdm-vkra`b str`tknoks (e`mc, l`fk, `mc adcy),
kmàbomn ydu td bostkm wote umckrst`mcomn, spk`h prkfoskby `mc `ssurkcby,
`mc wrotk fdekrkmtby `mc fbk`rby. Bk`rmomn wobb mdt ak lum ol tekrk's md spofk
Skfemdbdny os dmk dl tedsk spofks, omckkc Vdjk dl tek `ftovotoks `rk frk`tomn
` pdkj `mc wobb cr`j`tozk ot usomn ` jdvok j`hkr `mc cksfroaomn ydurskbvks
terdune ` pdkj wote tek òc dl Jofrdsdlt wdrc Seksk wobb kme`mfk ydur
frk`tovoty, tk`jwdrh, rksdurfklubmkss,
rksdurfklubmkss, ktf Jdrkdvkr, ydu wobb rkfdrc ydur
spkkfe fedor (pdåt*y rkfot`b) usomn vkra`b `mc mdm-vkra`b str`tknoks @bsd, ydu
wobb `mswkr sdjk dl tek quozzks terdune tek usk dl collkrkmt dmbomk vkmuks
Jdcubk O Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 10 Fkmtury

6
bohk Kcjdcd `mc Vfeddbdny. _du wobb j`xojozk tek `pprdpro`tk usk dl
jubtojkco` ay bostkmomn `mc vokwomn `ftovotoks sufe `s w`tfeomn ` vockd fbop
td suppdrt tek kxostomn omldrj`todm n`tekrkc curomn tek cosfussodms.
Ve`pomn Bolks Yurpdsk terdune `m Kvkryc`y Cosfdvkry
Vtuckmt D agkftovk
agkftovks/
s/Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn Du tfdjks
C`y 07
Ay jk`ms dl skmtkmfk `m`bysos, tek
t ek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
`. cktkrjomk tek usks dl kbbopsos, sb`se, omtkrgkftodm `mc f`pot`boz`todm
td fdmvky jk`momn8
a . cospb`y tek klldrts `mc s`frolofks dl ` l`tekr ay wrotomn a`fh `
bkttkr8
bktt kr8 `m c
f. fdjpdsk ` pdkj usomn kbbopsos, sb`se, omtkrgkftodm `mc
f`pot`boz`todm.
C`y 17
Yrdvocomn tek `ftovoty, 'Yoftodm`ry',

'Yof todm`ry', tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
`. omtkrprkt skt dl pofturks td ldrj wdrc jk`momns8
a . cosfuss sdbutodms td ` fdjjdm prdabkj ay tekor prkvodus
kxpkrokmfks8 `mc
f. `rr`mnk tek omvkrtkc skmtkmfks td mdrj`b wdrc drckr.
C`y 6 7
Yrdvocomn tek `ftovoty, Ak Jy Sdur Nuock, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
` . skbkft tek wdrc ldrj`todm uskc om tek prdabkj8

a . se`rk sunnkstodms a`skc dm kxpkrokmfks8 `mc
f . wrotk sunnkstodms om ekbpomn tek bdst j`m.
C`y 37
Serdune ` pdkj, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7

`. costo
cos tomnuose
mnuose ttek
ek collk
collkrkmt
rkmt lk`t
lk`turks
urks dl bot
botkr`t
kr`turk8
urk8
a . vkra`bozk tek rdbk dl tekor jdtekrs om tekor bovks terdune ` spkkfe
fedor8 `mc
f. obbustr`tk tek rdbk dl tekor jdtekrs om tekor bovks.
C`y ;7
Ay jk`ms dl pdkj `m`bysos, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
t d7
`. sujj`rozk ` pdkj terdune ` pdkj `m`bysos8
a . cospb`y wobbomnmkss td `ffkpt ldrnovkmkss ay tekor prdjosks8 `mc
f . cksonm bosts dl pdkts `mc tekor pdkjs om ` novkm l`m.

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose Lobopomd
C`ys òby Yrdfkcurks
C`y
C`y
C`y 6
C`y 3
C`y
:
`
0 . Sk `fekrs `bsd w drh `s furrofub`rost.

furrofub`rost. @s ` furrofub`rost,
furrofub`rost, edw cd ydu omtkmc
td j`hk ydur OFS omtknr`to
omtknr`todm
dm j drk rkspdmsovk `mc rkbkv`mt4
1 . ^ e`t os umoquk
umoq uk w ot
otee OFS omtknr`t
omt knr`todm
odm om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn
tk`f eomn te`t just ak
tedrduneby fdmsockrkc
fdmsockrkc wekm ckvkbdpomn ` bk`rmomn pb`m4
Jdcubk 0 Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek F dmtkxt dl tek 10s' Fkmtury

Bkssdm 1- Oc-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`todm
Omtknr`todm om B`m nu`nk Bk`rmomn Yb`ms
;
;< kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
^M
@t tek kmc dl tek
t ek jdcu
jdcubk,
bk, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
• cosfuss tek fdmfkpts dl tek collkrkmt bk`rmomn `pprd`feks
om b`mnu`nk
b`mnu`nk tk`feomn
tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn8
• cosfuss edw omldrj`todm `mc fdjjumof`todm

tkfemdbdnoks wobb ekbp ckvkbdp `mc prkskmt b`mnu`nk
bkssdms usomn tek collkrkmt `ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks8
• aròmstdrj dm tek pdssoabk prdcufts dr dutputs te`t
wobb skrvk `s `m kvockmfk dl bk`rmomn dl tek ckvkbdpkc
bk`rmomn dutfdjks dl tek bk`rmomn pb`m usomn Omquory-
A`skc Bk`rmomn, Yrdabkj-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Yrdgkft-
A`skc Bk`rmomn8 `mc
• omtknr`tk `ftovk bk`rmomn `ftovotoks om tek ckvkbdpj
ckvkbdpjkmt
kmt dl
b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn pb`ms.
XOmtrdcufthmZ
B`mnu`nk bk`rmomn kmfdjp`ssks tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl tek j`frd shobbs

sufe `s rk`comn, wrotomn, bostkmomn, spk`homn, `mc vokwomn. Sek fdmfkrm
dl tek b`mnu`nk tk`fekr os edw td tk`fe teksk shobbs om ` edbostof j`mmkr `s
teksk shobbs fdjpbkjkmt k`fe dtekr wekm uskc ay pkdpbk om fdjjumof`tomn.
Os ot
ot pdssoabk td t`rnkt
t`rnkt jd rk te`m 1 dr 6 dl tek j `frd shobbs
shobbs om dmk bk`momn
`ftovoty4 Sek `msw kr os yks. Edwkv kr, teos b`rb`rnkby
nkby ckpkmcs dm tek `pprd`feks
uskc ay tek b`mnu`nk tk`fekr om o m l`fobot
l`fob ot`to
`tomn
mn tek ckv kbdpjk mt dl bk`rmomn
bk`r momn
fdjpktkmfoks om tek b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj. Dmk w`y td `feokvk teos kmc os tek
uto0oztodm dl `ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks.
@ótovk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks `rk fe`r`ftkrozkc
fe`r`ftkrozkc ay bk`rmkrs' kmn`nkj kmt om
`ftovotoks
`ftovotoks te`t `rk nk`rkc tdw`rcs tek nkmkr`todm dl mkw hmdw bkcnk dr j`homn
jk`momn td `m kxos
kxostomn
tomn hmdwbkcnk we obobkk ckvkbdpomn dtekr 1 0 s t Fkm tury shobb
shobbss
(sufe `s fdbbàd r`todm, jkco` botkr`fy,
botkr`fy, frotof`b
frotof`b teomhomn) om tek prdfkss. Ldu r
dl tek rkfkmt `ftovk
`ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`fe ks omtrdcufk
omtrdcufk c td kme`mfk tek tk`feomn
bk`rmomn prdfkss `rk Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn (OAB), Qksk`
Omquory-A`skc Qksk`rfe-a`skc
rfe-a`skc
Bk`rmomn,, Yrdabkj-a`skc Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn Bk`rmomn,, `mc Yrdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmomn (YAB).
Seksk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks `rk cksonmkc td novk j drk ckpte `mc ark`cte om
tek bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn dl fdm tkmt om
om tek H td 01 Furrofubuj.
Furrofubuj. ^ eobk
eobk teksk `pprd`feks
`rk jk`mt td prdvock dpp drtumotoks
drtumotoks ldr `ftovk kxpbdr`todm
kxpbdr`todm dl fd mtkmt, k`fe dl
teksk `pprd`feks e `s ` costomft fe`r`ftkros
fe`r`ftkrostof
tof te`t mkkcs td ak fdmsockrkc ay
tk`fekrs om tek rk`boz`to
rk`boz`todm
dm dl bk`rmomn fd jpk tkmfoks kspkfo`bby om b`mn
b`mn u`n k
tk`feomn. Hmdw omn tek costomfto
costomftodms
dms `jd mn teksk `ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks
wobb ekbp tek b`mnu`nk tk`fekr om ckfocomn we`t `pprd`fe td `cdpt.
F kmtr`b td
td `ftovk bk`rmomn `p prd`fek s os tek fdmstruftodm dl lr`jomn
qukstodms
quksto dms te`t w obb nuock tek bk`rmkrs om tekor omvkston`todm kotekr dm ` spkfolof
tdpof dr umot. Omvkston`todms akfd jk jd rk jk`momn lub wekm teksk `rk rkb`tkc
td rk`b bolk kxpkrokmfks dr rk`b wdrbc ossuks dr prdabkjs.
@s bk`rmkrs akfdjk `ftovk p`rtofop`mts om tek
tek prdfkss dl nkmkr`tomn mkw
hmdw bkcnk, tkfemd
tkfemd bdny w ektekr conot`b
conot`b dr mdm-conot`b,
mdm-conot`b, pb`ys `m ojpd rt`mt
rdbk om tek
tek utoboz`todm
utoboz`todm dl teksk `ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`fe ks ^ ote tek uaoquoty
dl tkfem dbdn y tddbs te`t bk`rmkrs `rk kxp dskc td, ot os tek tk`fekr's rdbk td td
kmsurk tek `pprdpro`tkmkss
`pprdpro`tkmkss `mc rkbkv`m
rkbkv`m fk dl sufe tddbs omom tek ckv kbdpjkmt
dl bk`rmomn fdj pktkmfoks @sock lrdj bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn b`mnu`n k shobbs,
shob bs, ot os
os `bsd
ojpdrt`mt td tròm bk`rmkrs dl tekor rkspdm soaoboto
soaobotoks
ks `s teky km n`n k om conot`b
bk`rmomn `ftovotoks
`ftovotoks `mc kmàbk tekj td cosfrojom`tk conot`b
conot`b tddbs te`t `rk usklub
om kme`mfomn tekor hmdwbkcnk dm tek fdmtkmt dl omvkston`todm.
omvkston`todm.
Jdcubk 1- Omtknr`tomn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn

Bkssdm 0 - Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Qksk`rfe-A`skc Bk`rmomn
>
VN
Omq uory-A
uory-A`skc
`skc B k`rmomn
k`rmomn `mc
Q ksk`rfe-A`skc
ksk`rfe-A`skc Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmo mn
• cosfuss tek s`bokmt lk`turks dl omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn

`mc rksk`rfe-a`skc
rksk`rfe-a`skc bk`rmomn `mc ttekor
ekor `ppbof`todm td
tek `ttòmjkmt dl b`mnu`nk
b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn fdjpktkmfoks `mc
b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn dutfdjks8
• `m`byzk edw tkfemdbdnoks ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn
b`mnu`nks f`m ak j`xojozkc om omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn `mc
rksk`rfe-a`skc
rksk`rfe-a`skc bk`rmomn8 `mc
• st`tk sdjk pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs lrdj tek Furrofubuj
Nuock te`t f`m kjpbdy omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn `mc
rksk`rfe-a`skc
rksk`rfe-a`skc bbk`rmomn.
k`rmomn.
Kxctk 7
Sd ak àbk td `ttòm tek àdvk-st`tkc bkssdm dagkftovks, cd tek ldbbdwomn

kxkrfosks stkp-ay-stkp7
Vtkpp 07 Sek H^ B F e`rt

Vtk
L`jobo`rozk
L`jobo`rozk ydurskbl
ydursk bl wote tek fdmfkpt
fdmf kpt dl H^B fe`rt. @m`byz
@m `byzk
k tek
fdmtkmts dl tek fe`rts `mc teomh dl edw ydu f`m usk teos fe`rt om l`fobot`tomn
ydu r bb`mnu
`mnu `nk bkssdms.

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose / Lobopomd
H^B FE@QS
t
G o
bBB
ê`t O Hmdw ê`t O ^`mt

^`mt td Hmdw ê`t O Bk`rmkc
Vtkp 17 Vt`rtomn wote `m Ksskmto`b dr Aon Pukstodm
Vomfk omquory-a`skc
omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn usu`bby st
st`rts
`rts wote ksskmto`b dr aon qukstodms
te`t kbofot v`rokc `mswkrs lrdj tek rkspdmckmts, teomh dl ` qukstodm te`t ydu
wdubc bohk td `sh yduostuckmts rkbkv`mt td ` spkfolof bkssdm om ydur b`mnu`nk
fb`ss. Cd teos om ` nrdup wote lovk (;) jkjakrs. Vdjk kx`jpbk qukstodms j`y
ak7
`. êy cd wk mkkc td bk`rm edw td bostkm4
a . êy os tekrk ` mkkc td ak kmn`nkc om puabof spk`homn4
f. Edw cd feobcrkm wote spkfo`b bk`rmomn mkkcs fdjjumof`tk4
c . Edw cd wk hmdw tek b`mnu`nk strunnbks `mc stdroks dl tek pkdpbk dl
bdmn `nd4
ê`t os dmk jòm fe`r`ftkrostof dl ` ydumn feobcrkm te`t ekbps tekj td

hmdw àdut tek wdrbc teky bovk om4
^ rotk
rotk ydur aon qukstodm.
qukstodm. dm tek H^ B fe`rt.
fe`rt .
Jdcubk 1- Omtknr`tomn
Omtknr`tomn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu` nk Bk`rmomn
Bkssdm - Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Qksk`rfe-A`skc Bk`rmomn
?
Vtkp 6 7 Lomcomn Dut ê`t ^k Hmdw
Kbofotomn lrdj ydur fdbbkftovk bovkc kxpkrokmfks `s nrdupj`tks, prdvock

`m `mswkr td tek aon qukstodm ydu ockmtolokc. Qkfdrc ydur `mswkrs terdune
lobbomn om tek lorst fdbujm dl tek H^B Fe`rt. Om teos stkp, k`fe jkjakr os
kxpkftkc td `ftovkby p`rtofop`tk td lubby `mswkr tek H^B fe`rt. @s ydu cd tek
`ftovoty, wrotomn `mc spk`homn shobbs f`m ak daskrvkc td ak ckjdmstr`tkc ay
k`fe jkja kr.
Seos `ftovoty f`m ak cdmk `t `my bkvkb om ydur b`mnu`nk fb`ssks om tek
luturk. _du mkkc td `bbdw sdjk stuckmts bohk om tek prk-sfeddb bkvkb td cr`w
tekor `mswkrs om tek, fe`rt ol teky f`mmdt wrotk tekor `mswkrs om vkra`b ldrj.
Vtkp 3 Lomcomn Dut ê`t ^k ^`mt td Hmdw
Sd `bbdw ydu td lrkkby kxpbdrk àdut we`t os om stdrk om tek wdrbc `rdumc
ydu, lobb-om tek skfdmc fdbumj dl tek H^B fe`rt Ay `mswkromn tek skfdmc
fdbujm, ydu wobb ak àbk td teomh dl dtekr pdssoabk omldrj`todm te`t os akydmc
tek hmdwbkcnk te`t ydu e`vk àdut tek aon qukstodm. Seos `ftovoty fdmtroautks
td tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl omquosotovkmkss dl stuckmts
Vtkp ;7 Lomcomn Dut tek @mswkr lrdj Kxpkrts

Sd ak àbk td bk`rm akttkr àdut tek tdpof `mc aon qukstodm, nkt dm
sk`rfeomn ldr `m `mswkr td tek qukstodms lrdj rkboàbk sdurfks. Vdurfks
j`y rklkr td ydur b`mnu`nk tk`åekrs dr lrdj tek boar`ry rksdurfks (conot`b dr
promtkc), fdmcuft omtkrvokw wote sdjk tk`fekrs dr dtekr euj`m rksdurfks
wed j`y novk `m `mswkr td tek qukstodm dr nkt omldrj`todm lrdj ydur boar`ry
rksdurfks Qkfdrc ydur omtkrvokw c`t` dr botkr`turk
bo tkr`turk rkvokw c`t`
Vtkp <7 Lomcomn Dut ê`t ^k E`vk Bk`rmkc

Lom`bby, drn`mozk tek rksubts dl ydur n`tekrkc c`t` `mc wrotk ydur `mswkr
om Fdbujm 6 dl ydur H^B fe`rt.
KxpOdrk
6 M`turk dl Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn

Omquory, om ots sojpbkst cklomotodm, os ` prdfkss dl `shomn qukstodms. Seos
Omquory,
e`s spurrkc' tek kmujkràbk ckvkbdpjkmts te`t wk fdmtomuk td kmgdy om dur
sdfokty tdc`y. Ot fdmtomuks td usekr tek stucy dl sd j`my lokbcs te`t kmàbk
v`rodus sfokmtosts `mc kxpkrts td prdvock sdbutodms td kjkrnomn ossuks `llkftomn
tek sdfokty om nkmkr`b. Om tek fb`ssrddj, om p`rtofub`r, tek prdfkss
p rdfkss dl omquory
os ` a`sof bk`rmomn `ftovoty te`t kvkry tk`fekr os kxpkftkc td l`fobot`tk. Sek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl tek àoboty td '`sh `jdmn bk`rmkrs os a`sof om tek `nk dl tek
Ldurte Omcustro`b Qkvdbutodm. @ffdrcomn td tek Luturk dl Gdas Qkpdrt curo
<9 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf` todm - Kmnbos
Kmnbosee O Lobopomd
tek ^drbc Kfdmdjof Ldruj, tek tdp terkk dl tek tkm shobbs mkkckc om teos s `nk
`rk fdjpbkx prdabkj sdbvomn, frotof`b teomhomn `mc frk`tovoty (Nr`y, 190<)
weofe `bb st`rt lrdj tek prdfkss dl `shomn.
omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn (OAB) `s `m `pprd`fe ksskmto`bby omvdbvks t`shs
rkquobomn bk`rmkrs' `ftovk p`rtofop`todm om lomcomn `mswkrs td furrofub`r
qukstodms. Sek qukstodms f`m rum lrdj vkry spkfolof sojpbk qukstodms td
jdrk fdjpbkx qukstodms om rkb`todm td tek furrofubuj.
furrofubuj . Bk`rmkrs `rk novkm
dppdrtumotoks td kmn`nk om skbl-rknub`tkc `ftovotoks `s teky pursuk tekor
omvkston`todm.
omvkston`t odm. [somn teos om tek b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj f`m l`fobot`t
l`fobot`tk
k tek
ckvkbdpjkmt dl fdjjumof`todm shobbs `s ot omvdbvks `ftovotoks sufe `s wrotomn
qukstodms, ckboakr`tomn dm w`ys dl lomcomn `mswkrs td furrofub`r qukstodms,
`mc prkskmtomn dutputs `s kvockmfk dl omquory `jdmn dtekrs. Seos `pprd`fe
kmfdur`nks stuckmts td wdrh tdnktekr om `ffdjpboseomn tekor t`sh.
• Sek prdfkss dl omquory st`rts lrdj pdsotomn ` qukstodm `bonmkc td `
fdmtkmt st`mc`rc om tek H td 0
01
1 furrofubuj ldr Kmnbose. Omvkston`todm prdfkkcs
usomn v`rodus sdurfks dl omldrj`todm `mc prkskmt`todm dl dutputs dl tek
stuckmts usomn ` prdcuftovoty
prdcu ftovoty tddb. Ckpkmcomn dm tek rkquorkc dutput, tek
`sskssjkmt tddb te`t wobb ak uskc sedubc ak novkm td tek stuckmts akldrk tek
omquoryy fdjj kmfks.
omquor
êkm td [sk
Feosedbj, `mc Ndcbky (1900) purpdrt te`t omquory-a`skc omstruftodm (OAO)

dllkrs `m kspkfo`bby `pprdpro`tk `pprd`fe td bk`rmomn àdut b`mnu`nk v`ro`todm,
ockmtoty, `mc pdwkr somfk OAO f`m prdvock stuckmts ^
ôte
ote dppdrtumotoks td bk`rm
àdut furrkmt ossuks om sdfodbomnuostofs terdune se`romn `mc cka`tomn dm `
pkrsdm`b kxpkrokmfk wote b`mnu`nk lrdj jubtopbk pkrspkftovks.
Syp ks dl Omquory
\O[ (1919) prkskmtkc ldur typks dl omquory te`t f`m ak uskc om
l`fobot`tomn
l`fobot `tomn fb`ssks. S eksk ` rk7
0 . Vtrufturkc 'Omquory - Seos bkts tek stuckmts ldbbdw tek bk`c dl tek
tk`fekr `s tek kmtork fb`ss kmn`nks om dmk omquory tdnktekr.

1 . Fdmtrdbbkc Omquory - Sek tk`fekr feddsks tdpofs `mc ockmtoloks tek
rksdurfks te`t tek stuckmts wobb usk td `mswk r qukstodms.
6. Nu ockc
ockc Omquory - Sek tk`fekr feddsks tdpofs dr qukstodms `mc
stuckmts cksonm tek prdcuft dr sdbutodm. -
3 . Lrkk Omquory - Vtuckmts `rk `bbdwkc td feddsk tekor dwm tdpofs
wotedut `my rklkrkmfk td ` prksfroakc dutfdjk.
Jdcubk 1 - Omtknr`tomn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu`nk Bkjomn

Bkssdm 0 - Omquory-A`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Q ksk`rfe-,A
ksk`rfe-,A`skc*Bk`rmomn
`skc*Bk`rmomn
0
Qdbk dl tek Sk`fekr

Se k suffkss dl OAB b`r b`rnkby
nkby ckpkm cs dm tek f`rklub pb`mmomn dl tek
tk`fekr om rkb`todm
rkb`todm td tek furrofubuj. Se k b`mnu`n k tk`fekr mkkcs td bddh omtd
tek bk`rmomn fdjp ktkmfoks te`t f`m ak s`toslokc
s`toslokc ay ` sojp bk omquory dr jdrk
fdj pbkx omquory.
omquory. Ek/sek fdmtrdbs `mc prkp`rks tek tdpof ldr omv kston`todm
kston`todm
`mc nu ocks tek bk`rmkrs ay skttomn tek qukstodms td ak kxpbdrkc. Bk`rmkrs `rk
`bbdwkc td cksonm tekor dw m w` y dl omvkston`todm `mc prkskmt tekor dutputs
usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs te`t `rk `lldrckc td
td tekj. ^ ekm tkfemdbdny os fdu pbkc
wote OAB, ` n`tkw`y td omldrj`todm os dpkmkc `m c stuckmts f`m e`v k `ffkss
td omldrj`todm `t `mytojk
`mytojk `mc `my we krk. Ot
Ot os
os `ssuj kc te`t tek tk`fekr
tk`fekr os
hmdwbkcnkàbk dl tek
`ffkss td teksk sd urfks, .dl omldrj`todm
sdurfks. omldrj`todm `mc w ektekr tek bk`rmkrs
bk`rmkrs e`vk
^ ekm cksonmomn `m OAB, tektek tk`fekr e`s td fdmsockr tek
tek ldbbdwomn lokbcs
prdpdskc a y @v skf `mc Hd fogmfof (190<)
(190<)77
0. Yrodr hmdwbkcnk `mc f`p`foty
1. Fdmtkxt - Bk`rmkrs rkquork jk`momn lrdj kxpkrokmfk.
6. Fdm tkmt `mc bk`rmomn j`tkro`bs
3. Yrdfkss
;. Vtr`tkny dl rk`ftodms `mc ake`vodr
<. Fdursk dutfdjks
Qdbk dl Skfem dbdny

db dny
Sek omtkrmkt'.
omtkrmkt'. dr tek
tek ^ drbc ^ ock ^ ka dllkrs bdts
bdts dl pb`tldrjs
pb`tldrjs ldr jomomn
omldrj`todm. Ot e`s akfdjk tek jdst sdunet dut sdurfk dl omldrj`todm
akfùsk dl tek v`rokty dl tddbs
tddbs te`t àdumc B`m nu`nk os md bdmnkr ` a`rrokr
a`rrokr
om dmk's sk`rfe ldr
ldr omldrj`todm. Ckpkmcom n dm tek umot dl stucy om om ` b`mnu`n k
furrofubuj, tekrk
tekrk `rk j `my lrkk kcu f`todm`b wkasotks te`t `rk `vòbàbk ldr tek
b`mnu`nk tk`fekrs `mc bk`rmkrs. Cuk td tek v`stmkss dl sdu rfks dl omldrj`todm
lrdj tek ^ ^ ^ , `my bb`mnu`n
`mnu`n k tk`fekr wed os usomn OAB
OAB e`s tek rkspdmsoaobo
rkspdmsoaoboty
ty
td corkft bk`rmkrs td wkasotks te`t prdvock tek prdpkr omldrj`todm. Sek
tkfemdbdny tddbs te`t `rk j`ck `v òbàbk ldr tektek bk`rmkrs, wektekr dmbomk dr
dllbomk, sedu bc suppd rt tek
tek dagkft dl omquory-weofe os `bonmkc td tek bk`rmomn
fdjpktkmfoks om tek H td 01 B`mnu`nk F urrofubuj.
urrofubuj.
Ot sedu bc ak mdtkc te`t tek usk dl tkfemd bdny om OAB os gust
gust dmk dl tek
j`m y dtekr sdurfks d l omldrj`
omldrj` todm om tek
tek prdfk ss dl omquory.
omquory. Seos cdks md t
kxfbuck tek dtekr rksdurfks, euj`m `mc md m-euj`m, om n`tekromn omldrj`todm.
omldrj`todm.
Edw kv kr, bk`rmkr
bk`rmkrss `rk umckmoàby l`j obo`r
obo`r `mc prdaàby j drk `ckpt om
kxpbdromn tek omtkrmkt. Nuocomn
Nuocomn tekj om bdf`tomn dmbomk rksdurfks te`t `rk
rkbkv`mt om ckv kbdpomn tekor rksk`rfe
rksk`rfe `mc fdjj umof`todm shobbs
shobbs wobb bkt ttekj
ekj
bk`rm tek ojpdrt`mfk dl u somn kcuf`todm`b rksdurfks om `m kxpbofot
kxpbofot `mc ojpbofot
w`y.
<1 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf `todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
V.
pkmkmfk
Sd ak àbk td `ppby omquory-a`skc bk`momn om ydur lokbc dl spkfo`boz`todm,

cd tek ldbbdwomn stkps7
:
Vtkp 07 Qk`comn Furrofubuj Nuock om Kmnbose dr Lobopomd Vuagkft
Vtkp
Ockmtoly ` nr`ck bkvkb lrdj tek H td 01 Furrofubuj `mc rk`c tek
RRurrofubuj Nuock ldr Kmnbose dr Lobopomd dl teos bkvkb. Ldfus ydur rk`comn
dm tek collkrkmt b`mnu`nk fdjpktkmfoks dl kvkry b`mnu`nk bkssdm.
Vtkp 17 Ockmtolyomn B`mnu`nk Fdjpktkmfy ldr OAB

Lomc bk`rmomn fdjpktkmfoks om tek fedskm Furrofubuj Nuock te`t `rk
suotkc ldr `m OAB. Cktkrjomk tek typk dl omquory te`t ydu wobb ak usomn.
Mdtk tekj cdwm dm tek tàbk prdvockc.
Vuagkft7
Nr`ck Bkvkb7
B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn Fdjpktkmfoks y p kO

.bmquory
<
J dcubk 1- Omtknr`tomn @ftov k Bk`rmom

Bk`rmomnn @ pprd`feks om B`mn
B`mnu`nk
u`nk Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn
Bkssdm 0 - Omq uory-A`skc Bk`rmo
Bk`rmomnmn `mc Q ksk`rfe
ksk`rfe-A`skc
-A`skc Bk`rmomn
6
Vtkp 67 Ckvkbdpomn Fdrk Pukstodms

Frk`tk fdrk qukstodm/s àdut tek fdjpktkmfoks te`t bk`rmkrs jonet ak
`shkc td `mswkr.
Vuagkft7
Nr`ck Bkvkb7
Fdrk Pukstodms
<
>
09
<3 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

VD M N
Y rdab
rdabkj
kj -A`skc
-A`skc Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn `mc
Y rdgkft
rdgkft-A
-A`skc
`skc B k`rmomn
k`rmo mn
00 (
DutfdjksZ
0
@t tek kmc dl tek bkssdm, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
• cosfuss tek s`bokmt lk`turks dl prdabkj-a`skc bk`rmomn

`mc prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn `mc tekor `ppbof`todm td
tek `ttòmjkmt dl bk`rmomn fdjpktkmf
fdjpktkmfoks
oks `mc bk`rmomn
dutfdjks8
• `m`byzk edw tkfemdbdnoks ldr tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn f`m ak
j`xojozkc
j`xoj ozkc om prdabkj-a`
prdabkj-a`skc
skc bk`rmomn `mc prdgkft-a`skc
bk`rmomn8 `mc
• se`rk sdjk pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs lrdj tek Furrofubuj
Nuock te`t f`m kjpbdy prdabkj-
p rdabkj-a`skc
a`skc bk`rmomn `mc
prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn.
0 Kxfotk
Vtkp 07 Vtucy ` pofturk

pofturk lrdj tek omtkrmkt `mc frk`tk ` jkj k dr ` qukstodm
àdut ot.
Vtkp 17 ^ rotk
rotk 0-1 skmtkmfks àdut botkr`turk.
botkr`turk.
Vtkp 67 Aktwkkm frk`tomn

frk`tomn ` j kj k dr ` qukstodm
qukst odm àdu t pofturk
pofturk lrdj
l rdj tek
omtkrmkt `mc w rotomn
rotomn skmtkmfks àdut botkr`turk,
botkr`turk, weofe coc ydu lomc k`sokr
td wrotk àdut4 Kxpbòm ydur `mswkr.
Sek `ftovoty àdvk davodusby sedws te`t ot os k`sokr td wrotk àdut

sdj kteomn te`t os rkb`tàbk,
rkb`tàbk, oomm d ur rk`b bolk
bolk sotu`todms
sotu`todms a kfùsk dl du r prodr
Jdcubk 1 - Omtknr`t
Omtknr`tomn
omn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
Bkssdm 1 - Yrdbkj-a`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Y rdgkft-A`skc
rdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmomn
;
hmdwbkcnk dr kxpkrokmfk. B`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn om tek a`sof

kcuf`todm `rk md t gust
gust àdu t p`rts
p`rts dl spkkfeks, nr`jj `r `mc dtekr, fdmtkmts
aut jd rk sd dm edw teksk `rk uskc td ck` b wote rk`b-b
rk`b-bolk
olk kxpkrokmfks.
kxpkrokmfks. [somn
prdabkj-a`skc bk`rmomn os dmk dl tek `pprd`feks te`t j`y a romn ldrt ldrtee jd rk
jk`momnlub bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn kxpkrokmfks om `mc akydmc tek fb`ssrddj.
M`turk dl Yrdabkj-A`skc Bk`rmomn
Yrdabkj
`mc sdbv -a`skc
omn dpkm bk`rmomn
-kmckc os `m
dms`pprd`f
qukstodms
quksto e vk
te`t`somvd
te`t skrvk
skr tek bvks
j òm` prdfkss
prdabkjdlte`t omquory
omquor
teky
bk`rmkrs wobb wdrh dm. Sek typk dl quk stodms pdsotkc os ldfusk c dm ` spkf olof olof
fdmtkmt st`mc`rc `mc ot otss `ppbof`todm
`ppbof`todm td rk`b bolk
bolk ossuks. Ot `bsd rkquorks
rkquorks j drk
te`m dmk `m swkr dr sdbutodm. Bk`rmkrs `rk `rk kmn`n kc om ` fd bb bbàdr`to
àdr`tovkvk t`sh `s
teky wd rh tdw`rcs tek sdbutodm td tek tek prdabkj . Seos bk`rmomn `ftov`ftov ot
otyy os cdmk
om sj`bb nrdups w ot
otee k`fe jkj akr `ssonmkc ` fkrt fkrtòm
òm t`sh td `ffdj pbose.
pbose. Om
tek prdfkss dl kmn `nomn om Y AB, teky teky bk`rm skv kr`b shobbs
shobbs sufe `s prda bkj-
sdbvomn, fdjj umof`tomn,
umof`tomn, rksk`rfe, `jdm n dtekrs w eofe ` x k ksskmto`b om tek
wdrhpb`fk. Sek kmc nd`b dl YAB os td kmsurk te`t tek t`rnkt, tek bk`rmomn
fdjpktkmfoks, `rk `feokvkc om tek prdfkss.
@bo (190?
(190? ) cksfroakc YAB `s ` p rdfkss te`t os uskc td ockmtoly prdabkjs
wote ` sfkm`rod td omfrk`sk hmdw bkcnk `mc u mckrst`mcomn . Om
Om ekr `rtofbk,
`rtofbk, sek
prdpdskc tek ldbbdwomn lovk promfopbks dl YAB te`t j`y a k fdmsockrkc ay
tk`fekrs om pb`mmomn dr usomn tek `pprd` fe7
0 . Ot os
os ` pdw kr dl omckpkmc kmt `mc skbl-corkftkc bk`rmomn.
1 . Bk`rmomn e` ppkm s om ` nrdup `mc tk`fe kr os ` l`fobot
l`fobot`tdr.
`tdr.
6 . @bb nrdups e`v k td p`rto
p`rtofop`tk
fop`tk kqu`bby.
3 . Vtuckmts' bk`rm àdut jdtov`todm, tk`jwdrh, prdabkj-sdbvomn `mc
kmn`nkj kmt wote tek t`sh.
; . J`tkro`bs sufe `s c`t`, pedtdnr`pes, `rtofbks,
`rtofbks, f`m a k uskc td sdbv k
tek prdabkj. p. >6)
B d 199?, p. 195) prdpdskc ` sox-st`nk prdfkss uskc om tek `cdptodm dl

tek dmbomk Y AB7
0 . Ockmtolyomn
Ockmtolyomn tek prdabkoj–
prdabkoj– furrkmt ossuks
ossuks te`t cd mdtL`vk gust dmk
`msw kr dr dmk cklomotk
cklomotk sdbutodm8
1 . Aròmstdrjomn–
Aròmstdrjomn– nkmkr`tk ock`s8 tt`fhbk
`fhbk tek prdabkj terdune skbl-
corkftkc qukstodmomn8 `rdusk stuck mts' omtromsof
omtromsof jdtov`todm8
6 . Fdbbkftomn `mc `m`byzomn tek omldrj`todm–`ssonmomn nrdup
jkj akrs td fdbbkft
fdbbkft omldrj`todm8
omldrj`todm8 pdstomn we`t teky ldumc `mc w e`t
teky bk`rmkc8 fdbbàdr`tovk fdbbkftodm dl usklub omldrj`todm8
3 . Vymteksozomn omldrj`todm–sdbvomn tek prdabkj terdune
symteksozkc rkbkv`mt c`t`8 hmdwbkcnk auobcomn8
<< kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbome O Lobopomd
;. Fd-auobcomn hmdwbkcnk–prkskmt`todm dl tek sdbutodm td tek

bk`rmomn prdabkj/ ossuk8 `mc
<. Qklomomn
Qklomomn tek dutfdjks– novomn dl lkkca`fh `mc sunnkstodms ay ttek
ek
omstruftdr td
td ekbp stuckm ts ojprd
ojprd yk8 bk`rmomn lrdj d tekr nrdup's
prkskmt`todm.
Akm klots
klots dl Yrdabkj-A `skc Bk`rmomn
Vkv kr`b stucoks
stucoks e`vk rkvk`bkc pdsotovk
pdsotovk ojp`fts dl YAB dm bk`rmkrs `s
teky kmn`nk om tek prdfkss. @jdmn teksk `rk tek ldbbdw
ldbbdw omn7
(Neulrdm
(Neulrdm & Krj`w`to, 1905,
1905, p. <<<–
<<<– om m KLB wrotomn
wrotomn f b`ss)
0 Yrdjdtks skbl-fdmlockmfk
skbl-fdmlockmfk `mc jdtov`todm
1R Qkcufks stuckmts' mkrvdusmkss curomn tek bk`rmomn prdfkss
6. Omfrk`sks stuckmts rkspdmsoaoboty om bk`rmomn
3. J`hks stuckmts k`soby bk`r
bk`rmm tek j`tkro`b
j`tkro`b terdune se`romn dl ock`s
;. Yrdjdtks prdabkj-sdbvomn shobbs
<. Yrdjd tks skbl-corkftkc
skbl-corkftkc bk`rmomn
>. Yrdjdtks `ftovk bk`rmomn
5. J`hks stuckmts kxpbdrk j`my bk`rmomn rksdurfks
?. J`hks stuckmts ckv kbdp pdsotovk
pdsotovk `tto
`ttotuck
tuck tdw`rcs bk`rmomn
Ldr A`rkse, @bo, .& C`rj o, 190? – KLB stuckmts7

• Kme`mfks lbukmfy om fdjj umof`todm
umof`todm
• O jprdvks nr`jj`r
Ojprdvks
• Omfrk`sks fdjp rkekmsodm
Omfrk`sks
• Kme`mfks nddc prdmumfo`todms
prdmumfo`todms
`mc omtdm`todms
omtdm`todms
. Kme`mfks skbl-fdmlockmfk
skbl-fdmlockmfk
• Omfrk`sks
Omfrk`sks r`mnk d l vd fàub`ry
Ldr Kmnbose `s ` Ldrkonm B`mnu `nk (KLB) st

stuckmts,
uckmts, YAB7
• Kme`mfks lbukmfy om fdjj umof`todm
umof`todm
• Ojprdvks nr`jj `r
• Omfrk`sks fdjp rkekmsodm
Omfrk`sks
• Kme`mfps nd dc prdmumfo`todms
prdmumfo`todms
`mc omtdm`todms
omtdm`todms
• Kme`mfks skbl-fdmlockmfk
• Omfrk`sks
Omfrk`sks r`mnk d l vd fàub`ry
Sek stucy dl Bom (190>) rkv k`bkc st`tostof`bby te`t
te`t tek YAB p`rtofop`mts
sedwkc j drk ojprdvkj kmt om tekor
tekor rk`comn
rk`comn fdj prkekmsodm te`m tek mdm-YAB
p`rtofop`mts.
p`rtofo p`mts. Sek stucy lurtekr bddhkc
bddhkc omtd tek YAB ` ftovk Kmnbose bk`rmomn
Jdcubk 1 - Omtknr`to
Omtknr`tomn
mn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
Bkssdm 1 - Yrdbkrm-a`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Yrdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmomn
>
shobbs terdune YrAB. Sekor lomcomns rkvk`bkc te`t `ltkr t`homn tek YAB
fdursk, tekrk w`s ` sonmolof`mt collkrkmfk om tek jk`m sfdrks
sfdr ks ldr tek
ldbbdwomn bolk shobbs rkspdmsoaoboty
rkspdmsoaoboty,, prdabkj sdbvomn, skbl-corkftodm
skbl-corkftodm
fdjjumof`todm, `mc frk`tovoty
f rk`tovoty shobbs. OOtt w`s fdmfbuckc te`t YrAB
omckkc prdjdtks lurtekr ckvkbdpjkmt dl bolk shobbs.
A`skc dm tek st`tkc omputs, ot os ydur turm td prkp`rk ldr ` pdtkmto`b YrAB
`ftovoty om ydur luturk fb`ssrddj Ldbbdw tek stkps `mc tek omstruftodms novkm
Vtkp 0. [somn Mdtkt`homn @ppbof`todms

Lomc ` pkkr te`t ydu f`m wdrh wote ldr teos `ftovoty. Aromn dut ydur H
td 01 Furrofubuj om Kmnbose. [sk `my mdtkt`homn `pp dr tddb ldr rkfdrcomn
ydur du tput.
Vtkp 1 . Fdmstruftomn Hky Pukstodms ldr YAB

[somn ydur H td 01
01 Furrofubuj om Kmnbose, feddsk 6 bk`rmomn
fdjpktkmfoks lrdj collkrkmt qu`rtkrs, ockmtoly tek fdmtkmt st`mc`rcs `mc
fdmstruft hky qukstodms te`t f`m jdtov`tk stuckmts td kmn`nk om ` YrAB
`ftovoty. [sk tek tàbk prdvockc
Vtkp 6. Nrdup Ve`romn
@ssonm wed wobb se`rk tek nrdup dutput `ltkr 19 jomutks.
>9 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose / L obopomd
krokm fk
Vtkp 07 Vk`rfeomn ldr ^ ka 1.9 Sddbs

^ ote
ote ` n rdup dl lovk jkja krs, lobb
lobb dut tek tàbk te`t prkskmts
prkskmts v`rodus
^ ka 1.9 tddbs
tddbs `mc b`mnu`nk `ftovotoks
`ftovotoks wekrk sufe tddbs j`y ak uskc.
^ k a 1 .9
.9 V ` j p bbkk ` f t ov
o v oto t ok
o k s l d r b`
b` m n u ` n k
Yurpdsk
tddbs bk`rmomn
Vtkp 17 Vk`rfeomn ldr ^ ka 6.9 Sddbs

Ockmtoly sdjk ^ka 6.9 Sddbs te`t f`m ak uskc om tek b`mnu`nk
fb`ssrddj `mc se`rk ot td tek fb`ss7
^ka
O
Vtkp 67 Ve`romn
Ve`rk ydu `mswkrs td Vtkp 0 `mc 1 td tek wedbk fb`ss
Jdcubk 1- Omtknr`tomn @ftovk Bk`rmomn @pprd`feks om B`mnu`n k Bk`rmomn

Bkssdm 1 - Yrdbkj-a`skc Bk`rmomn `mc Y rdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmomn
0

'
[somn
[somn Dpkm-
D pkm-K
K mckc
Sddbs
Sdd bs oom
mLL`fo
`fobot`
bot`tomn
tomn
B`mn
B` mnu`nk
u`nk B
Bk`rmomn
k`rmomn
KM
@t tek kmc dl tek jdcub
dcubk,
k, tek stuckmts sedub
sedubc
c ak àbk td7
• pb
pb`m
`m ld
ldr
rbb`mn
`mnu`nk b
bkssdms
kssdms te`t f`m ak akst prkskmtkc
usomn
usomn dpkm-
dpkm-km
kmck
ckc
c tddbs dr p
prdcuf
rdcuftovoty
tovoty sdl
sdltw
tw`rk
`ppbof`todms8
• kxpbdrk
kxpbdrk ldr `vòbàbk dpkm-kmckc tddbs l
ldr
dr b
b`mn
`mnu`nk
tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn8
• sk`rfe ldr b`mnu`nk tddbs ldr dpkm-kmckc tddb
ddbs
slldr
dr tek
ldbbdwomn shobbs7
• bostkmomn
• spk`h
spk`ho
omn
• rk`c
rk`co
omn
• wrotomn8
wrotomn8 `mc
• ckjdmstr`tk
ckjdmstr`tk edw t
teksk
eksk dpkm-kmckc t
tdd
ddb
bs dr
prdcuftovoty
prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppb
`ppbo
of`todms f`m ak j`xojo
`xojozkc
zkc
ldr b`mn
b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn.
O Vd);7
Y rdcuftov
rdcu ftovoty
oty Vdltw `rk @
@pp
ppbobof`todms
f`todms ldr
B`mnu`nk Sk`feo
Sk`feomn
mn `m c Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmo mn
B k`rmo
k`rmomn
mn Dutfdj ks
@t tek kmc dl tek bkssdm, tek stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
• ockmtoly usks dl prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms om tek

tk`feomn-bk`rmomn dl b`mnu`nk,
• se`rk kxpkrokmfks om usomn prdcuftovoty
p rdcuftovoty sdltw`rk
`ppbof`todms `s ` b`mnu`nk bk`rmkr.
• kxpbdrk s`jpbks dl cdfujkmts, prkskmt`todms, `mc
sprk`csekkts te`t wkrk uskc om ckbovkromn bk`rmomn pb`ms
ldr b`mnu`nks.
• rkpdrt mkw dpkm-kmckc tddbs dr prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk
`ppbof`todms te`t `rk akmklofo`b ldr b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn.
Kxfotk
<.- Jjj
Ot os `ssujkc te`t ydur tk`fekrs `mc ydu e`vk akkm usomn prdcuftovoty
sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms `mc/ dr jkco` tddbs td kme`mfk
kme`m fk tek tk`feomn `mc tek
bk`rmomn prdfkss dl ydur fdursks dr d r suagkfts
suagkfts om tek a`sof kcuf`todm `mc om
tek tk`fekr kcuf`todm prdnr`j akldrk kmrdbbomn om SSB 1. Sek fdjjdm
prdcuftovoty tddbs te`t teky dr ydu j`y e`vk uskc `rk wdrc w drc prdfkssomn
sdltw`rk, sprk`cs ekkts, `mc prkskm t`todms
t`todms .
@t teos tojk, ydu wobb ak `shkc td rkf`bb `mc se`rk ydur jkjdràbk
bkssdms wote tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks te`t wkrk lubby `ttòmkc akfùsk
dl tek `pprdpro`tk OFS omtknr`todm cdmk ay ydur tk`fekr dr ay ydu. Ve`rk ydur
kxpkrokmfks ay fdjp bktomn
bktomn tek Sàbk akbdw .
dw prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms dr
Sdpofs `mc B k`rmomn
kco` tddbs wkrk uskc td `ttòm tek bk`rmomn
Dutfdjks/Dagkftovks
dutfdjks
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Kmckc Sddbs om L `fobo

`fobot`tomn
t`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
6
Bkssdm 0 - Yrdcuftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms
@ppbof`todms ldr B`mnu`nk Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
Kxpbdrk 7
ckc Sddbs `mc tekor [sks om Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn B`mnu`nk

Dpkm-kmckc
Dpkm-km
Vhobbs
Dpkm-kmckc tddbs dr prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms `rk OFS tddbs,
weofe ekbp tek tk`fekrs `mc tek bk`rmkrs j`hk j`h k tekor bk`rmomn tdnktekr
fdmfrktk, kllofokmt, kmfdur`nomn, `mc jk`momnlub. Om `my tk`feomn-bk`rmomn
prdfkss, tek usk dl teksk tddbs pb`y .` vot`b rdbk `s ot ekbps jkkt tek ckj`mcs
dl tek bk`rmkrs om tek 1 0 V t Fkmtury fb`ssrddjs. @s cksfroakc ay Y`bjkr (190
(190;),
;),
tk`fekrs mkkc td ckjdmstr`tk 10 ; Fkmtury fe`r`ftkrostoàs td ak àbk td jkkt
tek ckj`mcs dl tek 1 0 0 t Fkmtury bk`rmkrs. Seksk fe`r`ftkostofs om tek fdmtkxt
dl b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `rk aroklby prkskmtkc ldr tk`fekrs td7
0 . frk`tk ` bk`rmkr-fkmtkrkc fb`ssrddj `mc j`hk omstruftodm pkrsdm`bozkc
1 . akfùsk bk`rmkrs e`vk collkrkmt pkrsdm`botoks, nd`bs,f`mc

l`fobot`tk tek stuckmts' prdcuftovoty shobbs sd teky f`m
mkkcs8
`m prdcufk, wekm
`ssostkc `mc novkm tek fe`mfk, jdvoks te`t `rB'ekbploob td kme`mfk tekor
b`mnu`nk prdlofokmfy8
prdlofokmfy8
6 . bk`rm mkw tkfemdbdnoks somfk tkfemdbdny hkkps dm ckvkbdpomn `mc
bk`rmomn ` tddb dmfk os mdt `m dptodm ldr tk`fekrs8
3 . nd nbda`b td `bbdw stuckmts td bk`rm b`mnu`nks, fubturk, `mc `fquork
fdj ju mof`todm
mof`todm shobb
shobbss vortu`bb
vortu`bby8
y8
; . ak sj`rt `mc `bbdw tek usk dl ckvofks `s òcs td b`mnu`nk `fquosotodm8
< . cd abdnnomn. Seos wobb novk tk`fekrs rk`b kxpkrokmfk td sk tek v`buk
- dl wrotomn ldr rk`b ùcokmfk `mc kstàboseomn tekor conot`b prkskmfk8
> . nd conot`b td ekbp prdjdtk tek "nd p`pkrbkss" `cvdf`fy `mc td ekbp
bkvkb up tek b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn kxpkrokmfk dl tek stuckmts
stuc kmts terdune
conot`b cosfussodms `mc `bohk8
5 . fdbbàdr`tk wote dtekr kcuf`tdrs `mc stuckmts td novk dppdrtumoty ldr
tek se`romn dl nrk`t ock`s akydmc ` fdmvkrs`todm `mc p`pkr fdpy8
? . usk wka fe`ts td se`rk rksk`rfe `mc ock`s `mc st`y upc`tkc om tek
lokbc8
0 9 . fdmmkft wote bohk-jomckc omcovocu`bs terdune usomn jkco` tddbs 0obk
tek sdfo`b jkc o`8
0 0 . omtrdcufk Yrdgkft-A`skc Bk`rmomn td `bbdw stuckmts td ckvkbdp teor
crovomn qukstodms, fdmcuft rksk`rfe, fdmt`ft kxpkrts, `mc frk`tk tekor

prdgkfts ldr se`romn wote' tek usk dl kxostomn ckvofks prkskmt8
0 1 . auobc pdsotovk conot`b lddtpromt te`t òjs td jdckb `pprdpro`tk
`pprdpr o`tk usk
dl sdfo`b jkco`, prdcufk `mc puabose
p uabose v`buàbk fdmtkmt, `mc frk`tk
se`rkàbk rksdurfks8
0 6 . fdck `s ot os tdc`y's botkr`fy êofe ekbps addst stuckmts' wrotomn shobbs
`s tek lkkbomn dl wrotomn ` p`nk wote ESJB os `j`zomn8
03., ommdv`tk td kxp`mc tekor tk`feomn tddbadx ldr tek s`hk dl tekor stuckmts
ay kmn`nomn, sdfo`b jkco` ldr cosfussodms `mc `mmdumfkjkmts `mc
Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
>3
usomn mkw ldrj`ts bohk SKC t`bhs om prkskmtomn tekor bkssdms8 `mc
0;. hkkp bk`rmomn.
Sd ak àbk td ckjdmstr`tk tek fe`r`ftkrostofs dl `m OFS-kmn`nkc

fb`ssrddj `mc tk`fekr fotkc àdvk, ot os `pprdpròtk td cosfuss edw tek v`rodus
prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms f`m ak uskc om tek b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddjs.
@. [somn ^drc om Vf`lldbcomn Vtuckmt Bk`rmomn om ` B`mnu`nk

Fb`ssrddj
Sd `pprkfo`tk tek v`buk dl ^drc @ppbof`todms om sf`lldbcomn stuckmt
bk`rmomn, wk e`vk td kxpbdrk edw teksk `rk j`xojozkc ay tk`fekrs. Om
kcuf`todm,, sf`lldbcomn os uskc td rklkr td v`rodus ldrjs dl suppdrt novkm
kcuf`todm
/ td `ssost, nuock, dr l`fobot`tk tek bk`rmomn prdfkss (^drbc Bomhs, 1995).
( Kx`jpbks dl sf`lldbcomn ldr bk`rmomn te`t `rk usu`bby prkp`rkc
p rkp`rkc usomn
wdrc `ppbof`todms `rk bk`rmomn pb`ms, `sskssjkmt tddbs, tkjpb`tks `mc
ldrjs, nr`peof drn`mozkrs, `mc dtekrs.
@ftovoty 07 Frk`tomn Bk`rmomn Yb`ms [somn ^drc @ppbof`todms

ôte tek uaoquoty dl wdrc-prdfkssomn sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms `mc tek
àoboty dl stuckmts td quofhby usk tekj, ot os mdt collofubt td kmfdck `mc
p`fh`nk bk`rmomn pb`ms. Seos `ftovoty wobb ekbp ydu pb`m, drn`mozk,
drn`mozk, se`rk,
ojpbkjkmt, `mc kme`mfk ydur
ydu r bk`rmomn pb`ms om tk`feomn ydur b`mnu`nk
fdursks. -
Vtkp 07 Skstomn _dur

_dur H mdwbkcnk dl ^
^drc
drc Yrdfkssomn Vdltw`rk
@ppbof`todms
Aknom teos `ftovoty ay fotomn tek kxostomn wdrc prdfkssomn sdltw`rk
`ppbof`todms l`jobo`r td tek stuckmts.
_du j`y wose td vosot tek ldbbdwomn wkasotks td kxpbdrk tek typks
wd rc prdfkssomn sd ltw`rk `ppbof`todms7
`ppbof`todms7
Sypks d l ^ drc Yrdfkssomn
Yrdfkssomn @ppbof`to
@ppbof`todms
dms
Ay Bduosk A`bbk (190>)
09 Lrkk
Lrkk JV ^ drc @btkrm`t
@btkrm`tovks
ovks _du F `m [sk Sdc`y
Omv kstomtkfe (1919)
ettps 7//www.omvkstomtkfe.fdjbrksdurfks/`rtofbks/tkmwdrc`btkrm`tovks/
Vtkp 17 \okwomn tek Ksskmto`b Y`rts dl Bk`rmomn Yb`ms

@btedune tekrk `rk v`rokc ldrj`ts `mc fdmtkmts dl bk`rmomn pb`ms `frdss
`bb sfeddbs om tek wdrbc, ` bk`rmomn pb`m e`s ksskmto`b p`rts te`t `rk mdm-
mkndtoàbk weofe just ak fdmsockrkc ay `my tk`fekr. Bk`rmomn pb`ms p b`ms f`m ak
nddc ldr ` skjkstkr bohk ` sybbàus om tek tkrto`ry kcuf`todm. Ot f`m ak ` umot
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Km ckc Sddbs om L`fobot`tomn

L`fobot`tomn B`mnu `nk Bk`rmomn
@ppbof`todms ldr B`mnu`nk S k`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
;
pb`m, ` còby bkssdm pbòt, dr `m omcovocu`bozkc

omcovocu`bozkc pb`m. Sd akttkr `pp
`pprkfo`tk
rkfo`tk tek
w`y wdrc prdfkssomn sdltw`rk lk`turks `rk uskc td prkp`rk bk`rmomn pb`ms, ot
wobb ekbp ol sdjk kx`jpbks dl teksk wobb ak vokwkc, kxpbdrkc `mc `m`byzkc.
0. Omtkb Sk`fe [mot Yb`m
Sek Omtkb Sk`fe Yrdnr`j e`s teos tkjpb`tk ldr ots [mot Yb`m (Omt
(Omtkb
kb
Fdrpdr`todm, 199>)
0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 , 0 0 o t ookk
[mot Vujj`ry
@pprdxoj`tk Sojk
>< kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

@kf`ffj`mtSrmèms
@sskssjkmt sujj`ry
Yrkrkquosotk Vhobbs
Omstruftodm`b Yrdfkcurks
@ffdjj dc`todms ldr Collkrkmto`tkc Omstruftodm

Omstruftodm
Qksdurfk Vtuckmt
Mdmm`tovk Kmnbose
Vpk`h
Noltkc Vtuckmt
Skfemdbdny E`rcw`rk
- Skfemdbdny Vdltw`rk
-
,
Yromtkc J`tkro`bs
Vuppboks
Omtkrmkt Qksdurfks
Dtekr Qksdurfks
Jdcubk 6- [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot`tomn

L`fobot`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
>
Bkssdm O - Yrdcuftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todm
@ppbof`todm ldr B`mnu`n k Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
W Ckp`rtjkmt dl Kcuf `todm

`todm (CkpKc)
Sek Ckp`rtjkmt dl Kcuf`todm dl tek Yeoboppomks
Yeoboppo mks rkquorks tk`fekrs
ckvkbdp `mc suajot tekor bkssdm pb`m. ôte tek ekbp dl ^ ^drc
drc @ppbof`to
tek tk`fekrs `rk `ssostkc td ckvkbdp ot wote k`sk `mc wote tek prdvosodm
kcot `mc upc`tk ot.
Sdpof klkrkmfks J`tkro`bs
Yrdfkcurk
Sk`fekr s @ftov
@fto voty
oty Vtuckmts @ftovoty
@. Jdtov`todm
A. Yrkskmt`todm
F. Cosfussodm
C. Nkmkr`boz`todm
K. @ppbof`todm
Kv`bu`todm
@ssonmjkmt
6 J `susomn A`mne`y @ r`bom

r`bom s` Lobopomd
Lobopomd
@p`rt lrdj tk`feomn Kmnbose, Jdtekr Sdmnuk, `mc dtekr Ldrko
B`mnu`nks, Lobopomd os akomn tùnet `s `m `f`ckjof suagkft `mc os ako
uskc `bsd `s ` b`mnu`nk dl omstruftodm.
omstru ftodm. Ekrk os `m kx`jpbk dl ` Bkss
B kss
Yb`m S kjpb`tk om Lobo
Lobopomd.
pomd.

dr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
s
Obb'7
Bor
Y`j`j`r``m
Y` t`-
B`yumomn Y`n t` t`y`
`y`mn N`wòm N`wòm S`hc`mn
Y`jp`nh`- Mob`b`j`m `t
Y`jp`nh`- mn mn jn` @r`bom
tutd Y`nt`t`s`
tutd Nurd J`n-``r`b
Jn` e7ooo
3. Vybbàus
Vybbàus
Sk`feomn b`mnu`nk fdursks om tek u movkrsoty

movkrsoty rkquorks bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pb`ms
sufe `s sybbàu
sybbàu s. Akbdw os ` s`j pbk dl ` sybbàus tkjpb`tk te`t rrkquorks
kquorks
kmfdcomn `mc ldrj`tt
ldrj`ttomn
omn usomn wdrc `ppbof`todm.
`ppbof`todm.
M`jk dl Fd ursk7
Fdursk Mujakr7
Vkjkstkr `mc _k`r

Dllkrkc7
Frkcot
rkcot [mots7
mots7
Fdmt`ft Edurs
Edurs
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Km ckc Sddbs om L`fobot`to

L`fobot`tomn
mn B`mnu `nk Bk`rmomn
?
O
otOO
u
tVo0O.OOO
X
O0O
OO0X
ZX.
Z o
@t tek`todm
kmc
Kcuf`tod
Kcuf dl ttek
m J`gd
J`gdrekr om
Y
Yrd
rdnr`j
nr`j A`f
KmnboseA`fekbdr
tekekbdr d
dll Vkfdmc
stuckmt
stuckmts Vkfdmc`ry
`ry
s sedubc ak
àbk td7
0. Omstotutodm`b
Omstotutodm`b Dutfdj k (a`skc dm tek \JD d
dll tek
mstotutodm)
0O,OB0OOY;?0bb0Ob0
1. Sypdbdny Dutfdjk ([movkrsoty, Fdbbknk, dr Omstotutk)
6. FEKC J`mc`tkc Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks
3. AVKK-Kmnbose Ydbofoks
Ydbofoks `mc Vt`mc`rcs Yrdnr`j
Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks
@t tek kmc dl tek fdursk/suagkft

fdursk/suagkft tek stuc
stuckmts
kmts se
sedubc
dubc
ak àbk td7
@bonmjkm
@bo nmjkm t dl Fd ursk Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks wote tek Nr`cu`tk @ttro
@ttroautks
autks
Nr`cu`tk
r`cu`t k @ttroautks
@ttro autks Fdursk Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks
5 0 Skfemdbdn y ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

dursk Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks vs Yrdnr`j Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks J`ppomn Sàbk

T
Yrdnr`j Bk`rmomn
Bk`rmomn utfdjks
Fdursk Bk`rmomn
Dutfdjks
dursk Bk`rmomn Yb`m
om`b Fdursk Qkquorkjkmt/s

@s kvockmfk dlottòmomn tek bk`rmomn dutfdjks st`tkc, stuckmt-bk`rmkrs `rk
kquorkc td suaj ot ttek
ek ldbbdw omn rkquorkjkm ts curomn tek omcof`tkc c`tks dl tek
FlbS0.
sskssjkmt `mc Nr`comn Vystkj

dursk Qklkrkmfks
Jdcubk 6-[somn Dpkm Kmckc S dDbs om L`fobo

L`fobot`tomn
0
@ppbof`todms ldr B`mnu`n k Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
Vtkp 67 Ve`romn tek Lk`turks dl ^drc @ppbof`todms ldr Vf`lldbcomn
Vtuckmt Bk`rmomn
Ay `m`byzomn tek spkfo`b lk`turks dl ^drc @ppbof`todms uskc om tek

s`jp bks dl bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pb`ms, `mswkr tek ldbbdwomn cosfussodm qu kstodms7
0 . ^ e`t `rk tek
tek `cv`m t`nks dl ckvkbdpomn
ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn pb`ms usomn ` w drc
prdfkssomn sdltw`rk `ppbof`todm4
1 . A`skc dm tek kx`jpbk, we`t `rk tek spkfo`b lk`turks dl wdrc
`ppbof`todm
rkquo
rkquorkc sdltw`rk
rkc om `my bk`rmote`t
bk`rmomn `rk
mn cd akmk lofo`b om drn`mozomn tek omldrj`todm
fujkmts4
6 ê`t
ê`t `ccotodm`b lk`turks dl wdrc `ppbof`todms cd ydu teomh `rk
akmklofo`b om prkp`romn tek ldbbdwomn
ldbbdwomn om ydu r b`mnu`nk fb`ss7
` . p`jpebkts ldr bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn ` skfdmc b`mnu`nk dr ` ldrkonm
ldrkonm b`mnu`nk8
a . ardfeu rks ldr tek collkrkmt j`frd shobbs8
f . fe`rts `mc nr`pes ldr b`mnu`n k `fquosotodm
`fquosotodm `ftovotoks8
c . wdrhse kkts ldr b`mnu
b`mnu `nk crobbs8 `mc
k . b`mnu`nk `sskssjkm t ttddbs4
ddbs4
@ftovoty 17 Yrkp`romn Yrdfkss Nuocks `mc Nr`peof Drn`mozkrs usomn

^ drc Yrdfkssomn Vdltw`rk
Vdlt w`rk @ ppbof`todms
ppbof`t odms
@s ` rksubt dl tek kxpbdr`todm dl wdrc prdfkssomn `ppbof`todm lk`turks
om @ftovoty 0 dl teos jdcubk, ydu wobb ak t`shkc om teos `ftovoty td kxpbdrk
sdj k prdfkss nuocks te`t ydu j`y ojpbkjkm t td td ekbp ydu r luturk
lutur k stuckmts
td cd tekor
tekor `ssonmjkmts `mc pkrldrj
pkrldrj v`rodus t`shs suppdrtkc ay prdcuftovoty
prdcuftovoty
sdltw`rk `p pbof`todm
pbof`todm tddbs.
Vtkp 0 Sek
S ek Qkbkv`mfk dl Yrdvocomn Yrdfkss Nuocks `mc Nr`pebfR
D rn`mozkrs om B`mnu`nk Sk`feomn
Cosfuss tek rkbkv`m
rkbkv`m fk dl usomn prdfkss nu ocks `mc nr`peof drn`mozkrs
td `bbdw stuckmts td akfdjk jdrk kllofokmt
kllofokmt `mc prdcuftovk om pkrldrjomn
pkrldrjomn
tekor bk`rmomn t`shs. Yrdv ock kx`jpbks dm edw td nuock tekj terdune tek
prdfkss dl wrotomn, rk`comn, bostkmomn, `mc spk`homn.
Vtkp 1 Kx`jpbks dl Yrdfkss Nuocks `s Vf`lldbc om B`mnu`nk Sk`feomn
` mc B k` rmo
rmomn
mn
Aròmstdrj `mc `m`byzk sdjk kx`jpbks dl prdfkss nuocks om
b`mnu`n k tk`feomn
tk`feo mn `m c bk`rmomn.
bk`rmo mn. Ldbbdw tek prdfkcu rks akbdw ldr tek
aròmstdrmoomn '`ftovoty.
0. Om ` sj`bb
sj`b b dr b`rnk
b`rnk nrdup, skbkft
skb kft ` bk`ckr
bk` ckr `mc ` rkfdrck
r kfdrckrr (tek
( tekyy
j`yak tek s`jk pkrsdm)
1 . Yrkskmt tek qukstodm
qukstodm dr ock` td ak arò
aròmstdrjkc7
mstdrjkc7 ^ e`t `rk sdjk
spkfolof kx`jpbks dl prdfkss nuocks te`t ydu mkkc td prkp`rk `s
` rkfkptodm sf`lldbc om tk`feomn
tk`feomn rk`comn 4
51 kfeedbdn'y ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
dr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose Lobopomd
O
¼
6. Yrkskmt tek ldbbdwomn s`jpbk stkps dl tk`feomn rk`comn

rk` comn `mc bot
tek stuckmts rksk`rfe `mc ckvkbdp ` nuock ldr k`fe stkp. Bkt
tekj usk wdrc `ppbof`todm frk`tovkby om omtrdcufomn tek nuocks
Om tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl tek prdfkss nuocks, teky j`y usk fe`rts
`mc nr`pes dr nr`peof drn`mozkrs. Y`fh`nk tek prdfkss nuock
usomn p`jpebkts dr ardfeurks. Sek stkps `rk7
`. tk`fe tek sdumcs dl omcovocu`b bkttkrs8
a . tk`fe tek sdumc abkmcs8

f . tk`fe wedbk wdrcs8
c . prkskmt jk`momns8
k. tk`fe w drc p`rts8
l. put wdrcs om fdmtkxts8 `mc
n . tk`fe rk`comn fdjprkekmsodm
3. Sd kme`mfk ydur prdfkss nuock,, ydu j`y fdmsockr fdjpbktomn
tek ldbbdwomn nr`peof drn`mozkrs ockmtolokc `ffdrcomn td collkrkmt
purpdsks (^`rk, mc, fotkc ay ^drbc Bomhs, 1995)7
Yurpdsk Nr`peof Drn`mozk

Sd fd jp`rk `mc fdmtr`st twd
twd d r jdrk '\ kmm Co`nr`j
fdmfkpts
Sd cksfroak ` fdmfkpt Lr`ykr jdckb, Auaabk Co`nr`j, Fdm fkpt
J`p
Sd j`hk ckfosodm S F e`rt
Sd sedw fù sks `mc kllkfts
kllkfts Loseadmk J`p, Omcuftovk
Omcuftovk Sd wkr
Sd sedw skqukmfk (`s(` s om ` prdfkss) Lbdw F e`rt
Sd ockmtoly
ockmtoly a`sof fdjpd mkmts Vtdry J`p, ;^ s Fe`rt
`. \kmm Co`nr`j
Co`nr `j
Bkssdm
6
- Yrdcuftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms
a. Lr`ykr Jdckb
Cklomotodm e`r`ftkrostofs
@ 03 bomk vkrsk ldrj usu`bby e`vomn * Ve`hkspk`rk`m dr Yktr`rfe`m

dmk dl skvkr`b fdmvkmtodm`b reyjk Ot`bo`m)
sfekjks. Sek pdkj os usu`bby wrottkm * O`jaof pkmt`jktkr dr ekx`jktkr
om o`jaof pkmt`jktkr. Sekrk os usu`bby * F`m ak p`rt dl ` skqukmfk
` tedunet covosodm aktwkkm tek lorst
dft`vk (konet bomks) `mc tek skfdmc eyjk sfekjk v`roks
dft`vk (konet bomks) Ekrdof fdupbkt om tek b`st twd bomk
sdmmkt
Kx`jpbks Mdm-kx`jpbks
* "Ve`bb O Fdjp`rk Sekk td ` * "Sek Q`vkm" ay Kcn`r @bb`m Ydk

Vujjkr's
Vujjk r's C
C`y"
`y" ay ôbbo`
obbo`j
– j
"O bohk jy adcy akst wekm ots wote
Ve`hkspk`rk, Vdmmkt U\OOO
dur adcy" ay k.k. fujj
fujjomns
omns
* @strdpeobb `mc Vtkbb` skroks ay
"Dck td ` Nrkfo`m [rm" ay Gdem
Yeobop Vycmky
Vycmky
k`ts
* "Jufe
"Jufe E`vk O Sr`vkbkc dm tek * "
"Sek
Sek Qd`c mdt S`hkm" ay Qdak
Qdakrt
rt
Qk`bjs dl Ndbc....
Ndbc.....ay
.ay Gdem
rdst
Hk`ts
*
k Ot os Jdjkmts @ltkr O E`vk
Crk`jkc" ay K.K. Fujjomns
f. Auaabk Co`nr`j
d
53
9.9
c. S Fe`rt
k. Loseadmk J`p
md
f
D
Omcuftovk
Omcuft ovk S dwkr
;
n. Lb
Lbdw
dw Fe`rt
e. Vtdry J`p
5 0 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose / Lobopomd
o. ;^s Fe`rt
Kvkmt7 Ockmtolyomn Lobopomd `s tek

Cksfroptodms `mc M`rr`todms
Yeoboppomks' M`todm`b B`mnu`nk
ê`t e`ppkm
e`ppkmkc4
kc4
êd w`s tekrk

tekrk44
êy coc
coc ot e`ppkm4
êkm coc ot
ot e`ppkm4
e`ppkm4
êkrk coc
coc ot
ot e`ppkm4
e`ppkm4
Vtkp 3 7 Yrkskmt`todm dl tek Yrdfkss Nuocks `mc dr Nr`peof Drn`mozkr
@ltkr ckvkbdpomn ydur prdfkss nuocks `mc dr nr`peof drn`mozkr p`fh`nkc
om ` ardfeurk, prkskmt teksk td ydur fb`ssj`tks. _dur ardfeurk wobb ak
kv`bu`tkc usomn tek ardfeurk ruarof (Quaost`r, 199>) akbdw.
Nr`peofs r`peofs Nr`peofs nd r`peofs r`peofs cd

nd wkbb wote wkbb wote tek d wkbb wote dt-nd wote tek
tek tkxt `mc tkxt, aut tekrk ek tkxt,
tkxt, aut ffdjp`myomn
ffdjp`myomn
tekrk os ` `rk sd j`my
j`my ekrk `rk kxt dr `ppk`r
nddc jox te`t costr`ft
costr`ft dd lkw `mc d ak r`mcdjby
dl tkxt `mc tek tkxt. ek ardfeurk edskm.
nr`peofs. sk
skkj
kj s t kxt -
ek`vy .
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot

L`fobot`tomn
`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
>
Bkssdm - Yrdcuftovot
Yrdcuftovotyy Vd ltw`rk @ppbo
@ppbof`todms
f`todms ldr B`mnu`nk S k`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn
@ttr`ftovk- Sek Sek ardfeurk Sek ardfeurk Sek ardfeurk's

mkss & Dr- ardfeurk e`s e`s `ttr`ftovk
`ttr`ftovk e`s wkbb- ldrj`ttomn `mc
n`moz`todm kxfkptodm`bby ldrj`ttomn drn`mozkc drn`moz`todm
`ttr`ftovk
`ttr`fto vk `mc wkbb- omldrj`todm, dl j`tkro`b `rk
ldrj`ttomn drn`mozkc fdmlusomn td
`mc wkbb- omldrj`todm, tek rk`ckr.

drn`mozkc
omldrj`todm.
Fdmtkmt - @bb l`fts om tek ??-?9% dl 5?-59% dl Lkwkr te`m
@ffur`fy ardfeurk `rk tek l`fts om tek l`fts om 59% dl tek
`ffur`tk. tek ardfeurk tek ardfeurk l`fts om tek
`rk `ffur`tk. `rk `ffur`tk. ardfeurk `rk
`ffur`tk.
Vdurfks F`rklub `mc F`rklub `mc F`rklub `mc Vdurfks
`ffur`tk rk- `ffur`tk `ffur`tk `rk mdt
fdrcs `rk hkpt rkfdrcs rkfdrcs cdfujkmtkc
td cdfujkmt `rk hkpt td `rk hkpt td `ffur`tkby
`ffur`tkby dr
tek sdurfk dl cdfujkmt cdfujkmt `rk mdt hkpt
?;-099% dl tek sdurfk
sdurfk tek sdurfk dm j`my l`fts
tek l`fts `mc dl ?3-5;% dl dl 53->;% dl `mc nr`peofs.
nr`peofs om tek l`fts `mc tek l`fts `mc
tek ardfeurk. nr`peofs om nr`peofs om
tek ardfeurk. tek ardfeurk.
Vpkbbomn & Md spkbbomn Md jdrk te`m Md jdrk Vkvkr`b
Yrddlrk`c- krrdrs rkjòm O spkbbomn te`m 6 spkbbomn
omn `ltkr dmk krrdr rkjòms spkbbomn krrdrs om tek
pkrsdm dtekr `ltkr dmk krrdrs rkjòm ardfeurk.
te`m tek typost pkrsdm dtekr `ltkr dmk
rk`cs `mc te`m tek typ- pkrsdm dtekr
fdrrkfts tek ost rk`cs `mc te`m tek
ardfeurk. fdrrkfts tek typost rk`cs

ardfeurk. `mc fdrrkfts
tek ardfeurk.
@. [somn Yrkskmt`todms om Sk`feomn B`mnu`nk Vhobbs
B`mnu`nk tk`fekrs f`m usk fdjputkrs td frk`tk vosu`bby `mc ùcoaby ùc oaby
`ppk`bomn prkskmt`todms te`t utobozk ` v`rokty dl jkco` tddbs. Ay usomn
prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms, stuckmts f`m `bsd ckvkbdp tekor prdgkft
prdgkft
dutputs `mc rkpdrts td ak àbk td se`rk om tek fb`ss dr om tek ^drbc ôck
^ka. Adte tk`fekrs `mc stuckmts f`m bk`rm v`rokty dl sh shobbs
obbs om tek prdfkss dl
pb`mmomn, ckvkbdpomn, prkskmtomn, `mc kv`bu`tomn tekor prkskmt`todms.
Om b`mnu`nk, tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn, prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms
e`vk ` bdt dl usks. Ot f`m ak uskc `s ` prkskmt`todm tddb om `m ommdv`tovk
shobb omtknr`todm t`sh, `mc tek dtekr `s ` mdvkb wrotomn tddb. Om adte f`sks,
stuckmts f`m usk b`mnu`nk `ftovkby ldr spk`homn, bostkmomn, rk`comn, `mc
wrotomn (Vfefdbmoh & Hdb, 0???). êobk ot os truk te`t prkskmt`todm , sdltw`rk os
fdjjdmby uskc om ausomkss `mc dtekr cosfopbomks ldr prkskmt`todm, teos os `bsd
` vkry pdwkrlub tddb om tek b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj.
55 Skfemdbdn y ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

Yrkskmt`todms, `bbdw b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs td kxpkrokmfk ` wdrbc dl rk`b

omnu`nk kmvordmjkmt `mc dppdrtumoty om b`mnu`nk fdursks, o.o.k.
k. Lobopomd,
mnbose, Jdtekr Sdmnuk `mc Ldrkonm B`mnu`nks. Ldr omst`mfk, prkskmt`todm
dltw`rk `ppbof`todms `bbdw b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs td
0 . prkskmt tekor b`mnu`nk rkpdrts wote ùcod, vosu`b oj`nks `mc
moj`todms8
1 . ckvkbdp `mc prkskmt tekor nrdup p prdg
rdgkfts
kfts usomn rk`b-wdrbc vosu`b
prkskmt`todms8
6 prkskmt fe`rts, tàbks, nr`peofs, fe`rts, `mc dtekrs te`t `rk usklub td
l`fobot`tk stuckmts umckrst`mcomn dl `my b`mnu`nk fdmfkpts8
3 sedw c`t` stdrkc om nr`peof drn`mozkrs te`t f`mmdt ak lubby prkskmtkc
ay ` promtkc j`tkro`b8
;. ckvkbdp conot`b stdroks dr stdry addhs8
< sedw rksubts dl `my survky, qukstodmmòrk `mc dtekr ldrjs dl b`mnu`nk
`sskssjkmt `ftovotoks,
> . `rtofub`tk `mc fryst`bbozk
fryst`bbozk tekor ock`s usomn tek spkfo`b lk`turks dl
prkskmt`todm
prkskmt`to dm sdltw`rk `pps8
5 . kxpkrokmfk b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn prdfkss terdune tek omtknr`todm dl
fdmtkmts om tek prkskmt`todms8
prkskmt`todms8
? kmgdy ckvkbdpomn tekor prdgkfts, teus, `rk eoneby omvdbvkc,
09. fdjjot td tek qu`boty dl tekor wdrh, adte fdmtkmt `mc ldrj, akfùsk
teky cdm't dmby prkskmt we`t tekor fb`ssj`tks ek`r, aut we`t teky `bsd
skk8
00 prkskmt omldrj`todm om fdmckmskc ldrj `mc ldfusomn dm s`bokmt pdomts
akfùsk dl tek bojotkc `rk` om sbock prkskmt`todms,
pr kskmt`todms, ekmfk, `vdocomn
conrkssodm `mc croltomn8
01. ommdv`tovkby fdjjumof`tk tekor ock`s `mc kxprkss tekjskbvks om w`ys
teky lkkb fd jldrtàbk.
Vpkfolof`bby, tek omtknr`todm dl prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms td

b`mnu`nk tk`feomn, `mc bk`rmomn os vkry akmklofo`b om ckvkbdpomn tek stuckmts'
ldur b`mnu`nk shobbs 0ll tekor stucy Vfefdbmoh `mc Hdb (0 ???) wkrk àbk td
prkskmt edw prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk `ftov`tks tek ldur j`frd' - shobbs7
0 Qk`comn - Om dur fdursks, stuckmts lorst rk`c sdjk dl `f`ckjof `rtofbks
dm ` tdpof dl tekor fedofk, hmdwomn te`t teky wobb e`vk td prkskmt tekor
fdmfbusodms om fb`ss. Seky `m`byzk
`m`byzk tek `rtofbks frotof`bby, fdjp
fdjp`rk
`rk `mc
fdmtr`st tek 'ock`s prkskmtkc, symteksozk mc kv`bu`tk. Lom`bby, teky
skbkft eonebonets ldr omfbusodm om tekor prkskmt`todms. Seos prdfkss
os fdjp`ràbk td tek prdfkss stuckmts nd 8 terdune wekm rk`comn td
wrotk `. p`pkr. Om adte f`sks, rk`comn td tr`msjot omldrj`todm rkquorks
fb`rolof`todm dl ock`s `mc prkskmt`todm dl tedsk ock`s om sufe ` w`y te`t
dtekrs w ob
obbb um ckrst`mc.
ckrst`mc.
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn

?
Bkssdm 0 -. Yrdcuftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbofùdms ldr B`mnu`nk Sk`feomn ` mc Bk`rmomn
1 . ^ rroo t o m n - ^ ekm' fdj pdsomn sbocks,

sbo cks, stuckmts e`vk td fdmckm sk tek
t ek
omldrj`todm teky e`v k n`tekrkc td prkskmt dmby tek j` om pdomts. Om Om
teos typk
typk dl 'jomoj`bostof'
'jomoj`bostof' w rotomn,
rotomn, hky fdm fkpts `mc w drcs e`v k td
ak rktòmkc, weobk tek 'fe`ll' os cosf`rckc Se os omldrj`todm rkcuftodm
prdfkss os om otskbl
otskbl ` collofubt
collofubt aut v kry prdlotàbk b`mnu`nk t`sh. ^ eobk
wrotomn ` jomoj `b bost
bost dl pdomts dm tek sfrkkm, stuckmts f`m drn`m ozk
` suotàbk skqukmfk ldr tek pdomts `mc cov ock tek pdomts omtd sbocks. @t
tek s`jk tojk, stuckmts mkkc td t`hk omtd fdmsock r`todm sbock bb`ydu
`ydu t. @
sbock f`mmdt ak tdd fbuttkrkc, tek sozk dl tek ldmt e`s td ak b`rnk kmdune,
`mc tek bdf`todm dl tek kbkjkmts dm tek sfrkkm e `s td ak a`b`mfkc. @bb
teksk ldrfk'stuckmts
ldrfk'stuckmts td rk-rk`c, rk-kv`bu`tk
rk-kv`bu`tk `m c rk-wrotk we`t teky e`v k
wrottkm `nòm `mc `nòm.
6 . V p k ` h o m n - Sek j`tkro`b te`t stuckmts e`vk rk`c, drn`mozkc `mc
sujj `rozkc
`rozkc e`s td ak prkskmtkc dr`bby
dr`bby td fdmv ky ` fbk`r jkss`nk td
`m ùcokmf k dl pkkrs. Gust `s teky wdu bc om ` purkby dr`b prkskmt`todm,
prkskmt`todm,
.stuckmts e`v k td ''rkek`rsk'
rkek`rsk' tek prdmum fo`todm dl collou0t
collou0t wd rcs, tojk
tojk
tekjskbvks, `mc j`hk surk te`t teky e`vk `bb tek Kmnbose bkxofdm
mkkckc ldr tekor spkkfe.
spkkfe. Sek `cckc v `buk dl fdjp utkr prkskmt`to
prkskmt`todms
dms
os te`t tek
tek rkpk` tkc rkvosodms d l tekor sbocks
sbocks (td
(td ak skkm ay `bb dl tekor
pkkrs) nov k stuckm ts kxtkmsovk kxp dsurk td tek fdm tkmt dl tekor 't`bh'
't`bh',,
ekbpomn tekj
tekj rkjkja kr we`t teky w`mt td s`y `mc novomn tekj j drk
skbl-fdmlockmfk.
skbl -fdmlockmfk. J`my stuckmts e`v k e`c md kxpkrokmfk spk`homn
om lrdmt
lrdmt dl `m ù cokmfk om tekor
tekor m`tovk
m`tovk b`mnu`nk. Sek fdjpu tkr jdck
skkjs td j omojozk
omojozk tekor tkmsodm
tkmsodm `mc lkkbomn dl omskfuroty wekm e`vomn
td spk`h om Kmnbose.
3 . B ooss t k m o m n -Sek fb`ss bostkms
bostkms td tek dr`b prkskmt`todm.
prkskmt`todm. Bostkmo
Bostkmomn
mn td ` md m-
m`tovk spk`hkr os mdt k`sy, `mc v osu`b kbkjkmts l`fobot`t
l`fobot`tkk fdjprkekmsodm.
^ k novk tek bostkmkr
bostkmkrss ` t`sh rkquoro
rkquoromn
mn tekj td wrotk cdwm terkk mkw
l`fts te`t
te`t teky bk`rmkc àd ut tek suagkft `mc dmk qu kstodm td `sh tek
spk`hkr `t tek kmc dl tek prkskmt`todm.
prkskmt`todm. ^ ekm bostkmomn
bostkmomn ldr ` pu rpdsk, tek
tek
bostkmomn
bos tkmomn os ldfuskc `m c teus pkre`ps j `ck k`sokr.
Dtekr stucoks fdmlorj te`t tek usk dl prkskmt`todm sdltw`rk
l`fobot`tks
l`fobo t`tks tek `fquosotodm
`fquosotodm dl tek ldu r j`frd shobbs.
shobbs. Arddhs
Arddhs ` mc N` vom
(190;) strstrksskc
ksskc te`t jdst tk`fekrs rkfdnmozk tek spdhkm fdjp dmkmt
dl prkskmtomn, `s stuckmts
stuckmts `rk rkquorkc td spk`h we km nov omn tekor
prkskmt`todms.
prkskmt`to dms. J drkdv kr, teky `rk rkquorkc tdtd rksk`rfe `mc p b`m dut
tekor prksmt`todms
prksmt`todms ldr ` prdpk rby strufturkc
strufturkc `f`ck jof prkskm t`todm.
t`todm. Om
cdomn sd , stuckmts `rk rkquorkc td usk tekor rk`comn `mc wrotomn shobbs.
shobbs.
Vtuckm ts `bsd e`vk tek dpp drtumoty td pr`ftofk tekor
tekor wrotomn shobbs
shobbs wekm
teky `rk `shkc td novk prksk mt`todms te`t omfbuck sdj k typk dl vosu` b
fdjp dmkm t. ^ ekm teky `rk prkp`romn ldr ldr teksk prkskmt`todms
prkskmt`todms stuckmts
w ob
obbb e`v k td w rotk
rotk du t tek `pprdpro`tk omldrj`todm
omldrj`todm d m tekor pdstkr dr
om tekor Yd wk rYdomt sbocks.. Lom`bby, stuckmts
stuckmts e`v k tek dpp drtumoty td
? O
pr`ftofk tekor bostkmomn shobbs wekm teky `ft `s tek ùcokmfk jkjakrs
ldr tek dtekr nrdups' prkskmt`todms. Ol teksk stuckmts `rk novkm ` sojpbk
t`sh td cd curomn tek prkskmt`todm, dr `rk kxpkftkc td usk tek hmdwbkcnk
cosskjom`tkc terdune tek prkskmt`todm ldr ` spkfolof purpdsk,
pu rpdsk, teos wobb
`bbdw tekj td usk teos dppdrtumoty td pr`ètofk tekor bostkmomn shobbs. Sek
fdjjumof`tovk m`turk dl prkskmt`todms `bsd `bbdws ùcokmfk jkjakrs td
ojprdvk tekor bostkmomn shobbs jdrk te`m bostkmomn td ` t`pk dr ` bkfturk
wdubc akfùsk teky `rk àbk td fdmlorj tekor umckrst`mcomn ay `shomn
qukstodms `mc omtkr`ftomn wote tek prkskmtkrs.
Om prkp`romn b`mnu`nk prkskmt`todms, tekrk `rk v`rodus l`ftdrso te`t just

ak fdmsockrkc td kmsurk te`t tek b`mnu`nk fdjpktkmfoks `rk `Lsd ckvkbdpkc
`mc ckjdmstr`tkc. Sek ldbbdwomn `rk sdjk nuockbomks te`t Arddhs `mc N`vom
(190;) se`rkc om cksonmomn prkskmt`todms7
A`sof Omstruftodm`b Cksonm om Yrkp`romn Yrkskmt`todms

0 . Vkttomn [p tek Yrkskmt`todm Fb`ss - Ot os mdt kmdune td sojpby tkbb
stuckmts td nd `mc cd ` prkskmt`todm.
prkskm t`todm. Vtuckmts e`vk td ak tùnet tek
shobbs omvdbvkc om novomn ` prkskmt`todm. Seos f`m omfbuck sufe teomns
`s wekm td usk kyk fdmt`ft,
f dmt`ft, edw td drn`mozk
drn`mozk ` prkskmt`todm, edw td
fdmmkft wote `m ùcokmfk, edw td usk adcy b`mnu`nk `mc j`m`nk tojk,
`mc edw' td fdmstruft `m kllkftovk YdwkrYdomt prkskmt`todm. Vomfk dr`b
prkskmt`todms omvdbvk jubtopbk fdjjumof`todm `mc b`mnu`nk shobbs, ot os
ojpdrt`mt td ldfus dm tek spkfolof prkskmt`todm shobbs te`t `rk mkkckc td
prkskmt om lrdmt dl dtekrs. Seksk omfbuckc teomns bohk vdofk prdgkftodm,
kyk fdmt`ft `mc tek usk dl nksturks.
1 . Drn`moz`todm dl tek Yrkskmt`todm - Yrdpkr drn`moz`todm dl omldrj`todm
os dmk dl tek jdst ojpdrt`mt fdjpktkmfoks te`t just ak ckvkbdpkc
`jdmn stuckmts. Ekmfk, akldrk aknommomn td wdrh dm ckvkbdpomn
prkskmt`todm, ot os ojpdrt`mt td umckrst`mc tek nkmrk dl dr`b prkskmt`todm.
Sekrk os ` mkkc td bk`rm edw td skp`r`tk tek prkskmt`todm omtd
jk`momnlub skftodms `mc prkskmt k`fe skftodm skp`r`tkby td rkcufk tek
fdnmotovk wdrh te`t os rkquorkc om tek prkskmt`todm.
6 . Yrkskmt`todm Vhobbs - Ots ckvkbdpomn dr`b prkskmt`todm os vkry ojpdrt`mt

td fdmsockr om ckvkbdpomn dr`b prkskmt`todms td spkmc tojk td fdmsockr
tek j`frd `mc jofrd
j ofrd shobbs te`t `rk mkkckc Seksk jofrd
j ofrd bkvkb shobbs
omfbuck tek nkmrk spkfolof b`mnu`nk otkjs, sufe `s tek vdfàub`ry `mc
nr`jj`r te`t stuckmts mkkc td ak suffksslub om dr`b prkskmt`todm. Seksî
otkjs `rk ojpdrt`mt td tek stuckmts ldr twd rk`sdms. Lorst dl `bb, teky
`bbdw, stuckmts td ak suffksslub wekm teky `rk prkskmtomn
pr kskmtomn om tek fb`ss.
Vkfdmcby, tek b`mnu`nk `mc nr`jj`r te`t stuckmts
stuc kmts bk`rm om tek fdursk
dl novomn ` prkskmt`todm wobb ak usklub ldr tekj om dtekr sotu`todms te`t
omvdbvk spdhkm Kmnbose (Sedrmaury, 199; .

0
3 . Sek [sk dl \osu`b @ocs - \osu` b òcs `rk

`rk `m oj pdrt`mt p`rt dl dr`b
prkskmt`t
prkskmt`todms
bostkmkrs
bost odms akfù
kmkrs curomn sk teky prdv
tek prkskmt`to dm.ock
prkskmt`todm. suppdrt
\ osu`b òcs ldr
f`madte tek spk`hkrs
ak uskc td novk j`mc
drk
cktòbss àd ut tek tdpof, ekbp tek ùcokmfk jkjakrs td um ckrst`mc
cktòb ckrst`mc w e`t
os akomn sòc, `mc `ft `s ` fdmfrktk rkjomckr dl tek jkss`nk ldr adte
tek ùcokmfk `mc tek prkskmtkr. Sek typk dl v osu`b òc òc uskc f`m v`ry
ckpkm comn dm tek tdpof dl tek prkskmt`todm.
prkskmt`todm. \ osu`b òcs ekbp f`tkr td
collkrkmt
coll krkmt bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn stybks
stybks `mc sdjk dl tek stuckmts wed `rk md t s`vv y
`t p`pkr w rotrottkm
tkm prkskmt`to
prkskmt`todms
dms `rk j dtov`tkc `t usomn prkskmt`to
prkskmt`todm
dm
sdltw`rk `pp bof`todms.
bof`todms. Om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn, ot ot ekbps stuckmts w ed `rk
fdj p`r`tovkby
p`r`tovkby w k`hkr `t `fquoromn
`fquoromn ` b`mnu `nk tP ak j dtov`tkc td
p`rtofop`tk
p`rtofo p`tk om tek prkskmt`todm
prkskmt`todm `mc ak fdj k v`buà bk jkja krs dl tekortekor
nrdups, weofe ekbpkc td l`fobot
l`fobot`tk
`tk ` j drk pdsotovk nrdup cym`jofs.
; . Ykrldrj omn Vkbl-
Vkbl-Qklbkfto dms - Sek lom`b st`nk dl k`fe dr`b prkskmt`todm
Qklbkftodms
omvdbvks stuckmts wrotomn ` skbl-rklb
skbl-rklbkftodm
kftodm dl tekor prkskmt`todm.
prkskmt`todm. Serdune
teos `ftovoty, wrotomn shobbs `rk lurtekr kme `mfkc ten ktekr wote tek àoboty
dl tek stuck mts td cd sk bl-rklbkftodm.
bl-rklbkftodm.
A. [somn Vprk`csekkts om B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn

Vprk`csekkts `rk vkry ekbplub om omtrdcufomn sdjk bkssdms om
b`mnu`nk fdu rsks. Serdune sprk`csekkts,
sprk`csekkts, dmk f`m tk`fe wote tàbks `mc
fe`rts, j`hk ` tàbk `m c ` nr`pe, fdjp utk stuckmts' nr`cks. Vprk`csekkt
prdnr`js `rk mdt dmby a kmklofo`b
kmklofo`b td ausomkss `mc j`tekj`tofs fdursks aut
`rk `bsd akmklofo`b td
td b`mnu `nk fdu rsks. @p`rt lrdj akomn a uobt. `rdumc
` nroc dl f kbbs te`t edbc muj krof`b c`t`, ot
ot `bsd 'fdmtòm tkxt, c`tks,
c`tks, `mc
dtekr fdmtkmt te`t f`m ak prkskmtkc om b`mnu`nk fdursks ldr cosfussodms.
Se k ldbbdwomn `rk ksskmto`b ock`s te`t tk`fekrs j`y fd msockr wekm

kjpbdyomn sprk`csekkts om tek b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddjs7
0. Qkomldrfk bk`rmomn sfokmtolof `mc j`tekj`tof`b b`mnu`n ks te`t `rk
`bsd rkbkv`mt om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn.
1. @cc wkbb-cksonmkc fe`rts `mc tàbks td rkpdrts td kme`mfk
stuckmts' mdm-vkra` b rk`comn shobbs.
6. @bbdw stuc kmts td frk`tk tekor dw m fe`rts, nr`pes, tàbks,
tàbks, `mc tek
bohk, td ckvkbdp `mc km e`mfk tekor b`mnu`nk `mc sp`to`b shobbs.
bohk, shobbs.
3. Nov k stuckmts fdj pbktkc fe`rt `mc skk ol tekyteky f`m rkfd mstruft
umckrbyomn
umckrbyo mn w drhsekkt.
drhsekkt. Seos ndks ` bómn w`y tdw `rc ekbpomn
ekbpomn tekj
td umckrst`mc tek rkb`todmseops
rkb`todmseops aktwkkm tek c`t` `mc tek fe`rt.
;. Qkquork te`t b`mnu`n k rkpdrts `mc rksk`rfe p`pkrs fdmtòm sdjk
typk dl fe`rt td ekbp suppdrt tekor lomcomns. Kmfdur`n k tekj td
bddh ldr s`jpbks ldrj
ldrj tek ^ drbc
drbc ^ ock ^ ka.
<. Bkt stuckmts kxpbdrk wka sotks te`t e`vk tàbk prkskmt`todm ldr
b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc bkt tekj

tekj cosfuss edw teksk wkrk uskc td
?1 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn-`mc Bk`rmomn 1
l`fobot`tk
l`fobot`tk tek `fquosotodm
`fquosotodm dl b`mn u`nk fdjp ktkmfoks.
>. Bkt tek stuckmts bddh ldr fe`rts om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs
bohk tkxtaddhs, wdrhadd hs `mc dtekrs `mc cosfuss wey teksk wkrk
uskc.
5. Sk`fe tek b`mnu`nk `mc promfopbks dl lom`mfo`b botkr`fy `mc
j`m`nkj kmt `s ot os `bsd
`bsd ojpdrt`mt td bk`rm teksk fdmfkpts om tek
fdmtkxt dl purpdsovk fdjju mof`todm
mof`todm `mc bolk shobb
shobbs.
s.
?. Kxpbò
Kxpbòmm muj krof`b fdmfkpts ay sedw omn tek rkb`todmseops
rkb`todmseops aktwkkm
muj akrs `mc tekor fdm frktk rkprkskmt`todm
rkprkskmt`todm om fe`rts `mc nr`pes.
@s b`mnu `nk tk`fekrs, teos ooss mkkckc td um ckrst
ckrst`mc
`mc b`mnu `nk
rksk`rfeks wote qu`mtot`tovk cksonms.
09. Ckjdmstr`tk edw sprk`csekkts `rk`rpkrl
k usklub om prkp`romn `sskssjkmt
`mc kv `bu`todm tddbs ldr stuckmts' pkrldrj`mfk.
drj`mfk.
O Brm o
^ ot
otee tek `cvkmt dl wka-a`skc w drc prdfkssomn
prdfkssomn sdltw`rk `mc wote tektek
kxpdsurk dl ` bdt dl stuckmts om kxpbdromn mkw ommdv `tovk jkco` tddbs, kxpbdrk
kxpbdrk
tek ldbbdwomn dmbomk Jofrdsdlt ^drc @btkrm`tovks (Omvkstomtkfe,- 1919).
0 . Crdp Adx Y`pkr

Crdpadx Y`pkr os ` lrkk dmbomk wdrc prdfkssdr dllkrkc ay
tek dmbomk fbduc stdr`nk p rdv ockr. Sd st`rt usomn ot, ydu wobb mkkc `
Crdpadx `ffdu mt. Dmfk bdnnkc om, ydu nkt lubb `ffkss td td tek d mbomk
mbomk
Vu otk. Sek j omoj`bost omtkrl`fk
omtkrl`fk os vkry omtuotovk `m c ots sojp
sojp bofoty
bofoty
`bbdws ydu td ldfus dm yd ur fdmtkmt _du f`m `bsd cd j `my teomns te`t
nd a kydmc frk`tomn ` tkxtu`b cdfujkm t. _du f`m `cc rofe jkco`, sufe
sufe
`s ùcod, vockd `mc oj`nks. Crdpadx Y `pkr `bsd `bbdws
`bbdws ydu td `ffkss
`pps te`t bkt ydu kj akc Srkbbd f`rcs, _du tuak vockd s dr VbockVe `rk
ckfhs. Ptekr fdbbàdr`tovk lk`turks omfbuck cdfuj kmt bo bomh-se`romn,
mh-se`romn,
frk`tomn
frk`t omn `mc `ssonmomn
`sso nmomn fe kfhbost
kfhb ost otkjs
otkjs td j kjakrs dr kjakcc omn
dmk dl ydu r Crdpadx cdfuj kmts. Crdpad x Y`pkr, dv kr`bb,
kr`bb, cdks `m
kxfkbbkmt
kxfkbb kmt gda `t frk`tomn
frk`tomn cym `jof cdfuj kmts ydu f`m se`rk `mc `ffkss
dmbomk.
1. Dllofk Dmbomk
Ldr Jofrdsdlt ^ drc `mc Dllofk
Dllofk `lofodm`cds, tek akst pdssoabk lrkk
dmbomk `btkrm`tovk
`btkrm`tovk ldr tekor cdfu jkm t kcoto
kcotomn
mn mk kcs os ^ drc dmbomk,
we ofe fdjk s `s p`rt dl tek Dllofk
Dllofk Dmbomk suotk. @btedune lrkk J V
^ drc wka `pp os mdt ` lubb-lbkcnkc
lubb-lbkcnkc vkrsodm dl ots pòc fdumtkrp`rt,
fdumtkrp`rt, ot
`bbdws ydu td dp km, frk`tk
frk`tk `mc kcot ^ drc cdfuj kmts dmbomk. @bsd,
@bsd, ot
ot
dllkrs sdjk `ccotodm`b

`ccotodm`b a kmklots dl dmbomk sd ltw`rk tddbs. Ldr kx`jpbk,
6
kmàbks ydu td `ffkss `mc skk upc`tks lrdj fd-ùtedrs botkr`bb

botkr`bbyy lrdj
`mywekrk om rk`b tojk wote dmby `m Omtkrmkt fdmmkftodm `mc tek
b`tkstt 190<
b`tks 190< vkrsodm. _du f`m se`rk `mc fdbbàdr`tk dm cdfu jkm ts.
@m k qu`bby `bburomn lk`turk dl Dllofk Dm bomk os ots frdss-pb`tldrj
fdj p`toaoboty.
p`toaoboty. Vd , ol ydu 'rk ` Ferdj kad dh dr Bomux DV uskr, JV
^ drc wka `pp os tek jdst kbkn`mt w`y td nkt `ffkss td td J ofrdsdlt'
ofrdsdlt'ss
cdfuj kmt kcotomn lk`turks - ldr lrkk
6 . Nddnbk Cdfs
Nddnbk Cdks `bbdws ydu td frk`tk,
fr k`tk, fdbbàdr`tk `mc se`rk
cdfujkmts,
Nddnbk Cdkssprk`csekkts,
os p`fhkc woteprkskmt`todms, cr`womns
lk`turks, weofe `mc kvkm
f`m ak lurtekr kxtldrjs.
kxtkmckc
kmckc
wote v `rodus
`rodus `cc-dms. ^ eobk ot wobb
wobb ùtdj`tof`bby
ùtdj`tof`bby s`v k tek lobk dmbomk
`mc stdrk ot tekrk, ydu f `m `bsd e`v k tek cdfuj kmts puabosekc `s `
wka p`nk, cdwmbd`ckc dr kj òbkc òbkc `s `m `tt`fejkmt om ^ drc, DCt, DCt,
YCL, pbòm
pbòm tkxt dr QS L ldrj`ts. _du f`m omv ototkk fdbbàdr`tóte
fdbbàdr`tóte td wdrh
dm tek cdfuj kmt wote ydu d r dmby `bbdw
`bbdw dteko tdtd v okw ot wotedut tek
àobotyy td kcot7 Ol ydu `rk `p prkekm sovk dl .e`v omn td ckpkmc dm tek
àobot
Omtkrmkt
Omt krmkt fdmmkftodm ldr cdfuj kmt prdfkssomn, cdm't cdm't wdrry. _du f`m
kmàbk Nddnbk Cdks dllbomk `ffkss `mc hkkp kcotomnkcotomn ydu r cdfujkmts
kv km w ekm yd u `rk cosfdmm kftkc lrdj Omtkrmkt. @bb ot ot t`hks
t`hks os ` lrkk
lrkk
Nddnbk `ffdumt.
3 . Ktekrp`c
Ktekrp`c os `m dmbomk cdfujkmt kcotdr proj`roby omtkmckc
ldr fdbbàd r`tovk kcotomn om, `s tek sotk fbòjs, "rk`bb
"rk`bbyy rk`b tojk".
Ot
Ot''s `m dp km sdu rfk, eoneby
eoneby fustdj ozàbk
ozàbk tddb ldr dmbomk
dmbomk cdf uj kmt
fdbbàdr`todm wote lrokmcs, lkbbdw stuckmts `mc fb`ssj`tks, dr
fdbbk`nuks `t wdrh Dmk dl ots `cv`mt`nks, kspkfo`bby `ppk`bomn
td uskrs wed `rk rkbuft`mt td usk skrvofks weofe rkquork kjòb
rknostr`todm, os te`t tekrk os md sonm up w ote Ktekrp`c @bb ydu m kkc td
cd os st`rt ` mkw p`c ` mc se`rk tek bomh td ot wote ydu r fdbbàdr`tdrs.
_d u f`m `bsd omv otk tekj
tekj a y kj` ob ol
ol ydu prklkr. @ltkr te`t, ydu f`m
st`rt w drhomn dm tek pb`mmk c w rotomn
rotomn prdgkft tdnktekr, om rk`b-tojk,
rk`b-tojk,
kvkm ol ydu `rk jobks `p`rt.
;. Wded
Wde d dllkrs `rdumc 19 lrkk dmbomk `ppbof`todms
`ppbof`todms omfbucomn ^ rotkr
rotkr
ldr wdrc prdfkssomn.
prdfkssomn. _du f`m bomh ydur Wded `ffdu mt td ydur Nddnbk
`mc _èd d `ffdu mts, `s wkbb. Sek ^ rotrotkr'
kr'ss omtkrl`fk
omtkrl`fk sedubc mdt fùsk
`mydmk p rdabkjs `s ot osos fdjldrtàby l`jobo`r.
l`jobo`r. ^ ekm w drhomn dmbomk
tekrk'ss `bw`ys tek rosh dl bdsomn c`t` cuk td ` bdst mktwdrh fdm mkftodm,
tekrk'
`ffockmt`bby fbdsomn ydu r ardwskr dr e`v omn ydu r ardwskr fr`se.
`ffockmt`bby
O Bufhoby Wded ù tdj`to

tdj`tof`bb
f`bbyy s`v ks ydur cdfuj kmts ldr ydu, `s ydu
?3 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

dr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose O Lobopomd
lomose typomn
typomn . Wded ^ rotkr
rotkr os w kbb-kquoppk
kbb-kquoppk c wote lk`turks te`t `bbw
ydu td w drh k`soby dmbomk7 twdtwd -w`y ckshtdp s ymf, b`rnk lobk
lobk tr`mslkr,
kmfryp to
todm,
dm, lobk
lobk rkfdv kry, twd
twd -stkp ùtekmtof`todm, om-`pp
om-`pp fe `t, `mc
jdrk. _du f`m ojpdrt `mc wdrh wote JV ^ drc cdfujkmts, `bbdwomn `bbdwomn
ydu td omskrt oj`n
oj`n ks, `mc kcot fdmtkmt `s mkkckc. Wded ^ rotkr
rotkr dllkrs
dllkrs
`bb tek
tek st`mc`rc tkxt ldrj`ttomn
ldrj`ttomn ` mc cdf uj kmt frk`todm lk`turks `mc
f`m kxpdrt td CDFU, DCL, YCL, B`tkx,B`tkx, QSL, SU S `mc kv km ESJ B.
Ot f`m pbun omtd Kfe dsonm ldr conot`b sonm`turks,
sonm`turks, puabose tek cdfuj kmt
td ` abdn dr j `hk ot puabof ldr
ldr `bb td
td skk. Wd ed Cd ks os fdjpbktkby
lrkk td usk.
< . DpkmDllofk
Se k Dpkm Dllofk p`fh`nk omfbucks sox sox prdnr`js te`t usk tek
tek
s`jk kmn omk j`homn tekj omekrkmtby
omekrkmtby tek s`jk `mc kxtrkjkby
kxtrkjkby k`sy
td bk`rm `mc usk. Sek < `ppbof`todms omfbuckc om tek DpkmDllofk
suotk `rk7 ^ rotkr
rotkr (w
(w drc prdfk ssdr), F `bk (sprk`c
(sprk`c sekkts), Ojprkss
(prkskmt`todms),
(prkskmt`to dms), Cr`w (nr`peofs) `mc A`sk (c`tà`sk j `mopub`todm)
`mc J`te (j`tekj`tof`b
(j`tekj`tof`b kqu`todms).
kqu`todms). ^ rotkr
rotkr f`m kv km m`tovkby cd sdjk
teomns te`t ^ drc f`mmdt, bohk
bohk dpkm YCL lobks wotedut tek `ccotodm dl
` pbun-om dr fdjj krfo`b `cc-dm. @s tek sdltw`rk os dpkm sdu rfk, ot
os jòmtòmkc
jòmtòmkc ay ` b`rnk fdjju moty jk`momn ekbp `mc aun loxks loxks `rk
lrkkby `vòbàbk `m c quofhby frk`tkc. Seos os pkre`ps tek bk`comn lrkk
ckshtdp `btkrm`tovk td Jofrdsdlt ^ drc/Dllofk.
drc/Dllofk. _du f`m omst`bb teos
teos suotk
Dm ^ omcdws UY td ^ omcdws 09, 09, j`fDV (DV
(DV U) `mc Bomux.
Bomux.
>. @ao^drc
@ao ^ drc os ` lrkk wdrc prdfkssomn `ppbof`todm
`ppbof`t odm vk ry sojob`r
sojob`r
td Jofrdsdlt ^ drc. Ot
Ot os
os `v òbàbk ldr Bomux costroautodms
costroautodms dmby. Se k
sdltw`rk os lubby
lubby fdj p`toabk wote mdt dmby Jofrdsdlt ^ drc, aut `bsd
DpkmDllofk.drn , ^ drc Ykrlkft, Qofe Skxt Ldrj `t `mc j drk. Ot Ot e`s
`cvbb,`mfkcc
wk we ofedcu jkmyd
`bbdws t b`ydut f`pàobot
f`pàob
u td ùtdj otoks
okslobb
`tof`bby `mc
lobb omf`m cd jldrj
spkfolof lòb
drjjkrnk
lokbcs `s
om
cdfujkmts w oteote omldrj`todm lrdj c`tà`sks `mc fdjj ` skp`r`tkcskp`r`tkc dr
tàakc tkxt lobks. Ot
Ot os ` eoneby usklub lk`turk ol ydu mkkc td w drh w ote
j`my ldrj`ts `t tek dllofk.
dllofk. @ccotodm`bby,
@ccotodm`bby, tek
tek sdltw`rk f`m ak km e`mfkc
`mc kxp`mckc wote lrkkbylrkkby `v òbàbk
òbàbk pbun-oms
pbun-oms te`t wobb novk ydu kvkm
jdrk lk`turks `mc lumftodms.
5 . G `r
`r t k
G`rtk os a`skc dm J ofrdsdlt ^ drcY`c Kmnomk, aut os stobb
stobb lrkk.
lrkk.
Sekrk os ` pòc vkrsodm dl tek sdltw`rk te`t `ccs dm sdjk kxtr`
lumftodm`boty, aut tek lrkk vkrsodm os jd rk te`m `ckqu `tk `mc lubby
lumftodm`boty,
fdjp`toabk wote ^ drc `mc ^ drcY`c cdfujkmts. Lk`turks
Lk`turks omfbuck
omfbuck `m
krndm dj of tàakc omtkrl`fk, sj`bb rksdurfk rkquorkjkm ts, pdrtàoboty,
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Km ckc Sddts om L`fobot`tomn

;
suppdrt ldr tdufesfrkkms,

tdufesfr kkms, `mc quofh bd`comn tojk. Ot `bsd e`s auobt-om
spkbb fekfhomn `mc f`m kxpdrt td ESJB `mc YCL lobks. G`rtk `bbdws
ydu td omskrt oj`nks, tàbks, eypkrbomhs `mc kvkryteomn kbsk te`t ydu
e`vk fdjk td kxpkft lrdj ^drc.
? . ^ YV Dllof
Dllofkk 190< Lrkk
^YV Dllofk 190< Lrkk os ` lrkk cdfujkmt prdfkssomn suotk wedsk
^YV ^rotkr `pp wobb skrvk ydu wkbb `s ` Jofrdsdlt ^drc `btkrm`tovk.
^YV Dllofk 190< L
Lrkk
rkk f`m dpkm `mc s`vk td ` bdmn bost dl p
pdpub`r.
dpub`r.
lobk ldrj`ts m`tovk td tedsk `ppbof`todms bohk cdfx, cdf, `mc jdrk.
_du f`m nkt tek `ppbof`todm om b`mnu`nks dtekr te`m Kmnbose7 Lrkmfe,
Nkrj`m, Vp`mose, Ydrtunuksk, Ydbose `mc Qusso`m. Sek suotk e`s tek
s`jk l`jobo`r bddh `mc lkkb dl JV Dllofk wote dmk kxfkptodm--ot e`s
` tàakc vokwomn womcdw, sd ydu f`m dpkm jdrk te`m dmk cdfujkmt
`t ` tojk. @mc `bsd wdrte jkmtodmomn os ^YV Fbduc, tek fdjp`my's
fbduc cdfujkmt stdr`nk skrvofk te`t dllkrs up td 0 A dl lrkk stdr`nk
te`t ydu f`m usk. Seos os pkrlkft ol ydu'rk tryomn td lomc ` lrkk ^drc
`btkrm`tovk te`t's mdt dmby sf`bàbk ldr tk`js, aut f`m `bsd ak `s
fdbbàdr`tovk `mc sk`jbkss `s ots Jofrdsdlt fdumtkrp`rt.
0 9 . VdltJ`hkr LrkkDllofk
LrkkDllofk
VdltJ`hkr LrkkDllofk os `mdtekr nrk`t lrkk suotk te`t dllkrs
` lubb lk`turkc Jofrdsdlt ^drc
^drc `btkrm`tovk8 Sek suotk's SkxtJ`hkr
`ppbof`todm `bbdws ydu td ldfus dm frk`tomn cdfujkmts gust `s ydu
wdubc om JV ^drc. Seos suotk dllkrs up ksskmto`b kcotomn lk`turks `mc
kvkm ` e`mclub dl a`sof tkjpb`tks, ldr frk`tomn `mc kcotomn cdfujkmts.
Sàbks, fe`rts, se`pks `mc nr`peofs `rk `vòbàbk `bdmn wote st`mc`rc
tkxt ldrj`ttomn dptodms. Seos `ppbof`todm prdvocks ydu wote kvkryteomn
ydu mkkc. Sek kmtork suotk os `vòbàbk ldr ^ ômcdws,
omcdws, Bomux, `mc
@mcrdoc, sd ydu f`m hkkp ydur cdfujkmt prdfkssomn t`shs ndomn kvkm
weobk `w`y lrdj ydur ckshtdp.
9Z K x`j omk
@ftovoty 0
Ckvkbdpomn
Ckvkb dpomn _dur Bk`rmomn Yb`m
Om teos stkp, ydu wobb ak j`ppomn tek fdmtkmt dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m usomn
tek tkjpb`tk prdvockc akbdw. Sek tkjpb`tk p`rts wkrk fdmsockrkc `s teksk
`rk ksskmto`b om omtknr`todm

OFS-pkc`ndny ckvkbdpomnpromfopbks.
` bk`rmomnQkjkjakr
pb`m `mc `rk a`skc
te`t teos dm tekst`rtomn
os tek promfopbks dl
pdomt
dl ydur j`gdr rkquorkjkmt om teos fdursk `mc ydu wobb ak jdcolyomn ot `s tek
suffkkcomn `ftovotoks om tek suffkkcomn jdcubks `rk cosfusskc `mc ckvkbdpkc.
?< 0 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

Om ckvkbdpomn tek bk`rmomn pb`m sujj`ry `mc bk`rmomn dutfdmks,
ak rkjomckc dl tek mkkc td omtknr`tk `my dl tek bk`rmomn `pprd`feks (o.k,
prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn, omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn `mc rksk`rfe-a`skc bk`rmomn
weofekvkr os `ppbofàbk) td e`vk tek dppdrtumoty td ak àbk kv`bu`tk tek kxtkmt
dl ckjdmstr`todm dl tek pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs dl ydur
ydu r umot7 J
Jdrkdvkr,
drkdvkr, ydu
just ak`r om jomc te`t ydu `bsd mkkc td omtknr`tk OFS om ydur pkc`ndnof`b
prdfkcurks td j`hk surk te`t ydur. 'bk`rmomn pb`m ckbovkry wobb ak kme`mfkc
ay tek `pprdpro`tkmkss dl ydur tkfemdodny omtknr`todm. Seos wobb skrvk `s `m
kvockmfk dl ydur umckrst`mcomn `mc `pprkfo`todm dl tek bkssdms dl teos fdursk.
Vtkp 07 Sek Bk`rmomn @rk` dl tek Bk`rmomn Yb`m

Ockmtoly tek bk`rmomn `rk` om b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm te`t ydur pb`m wobb
fdvkr. Os ot Kmnbose, Lobopomd, Jdtekr Sdmnuk, dr 'dtekr Ldrkonm B`mnu`nk
Fdursk4 ê`t yk`r bkvkb `mc we`t nr`comn pkrodc4
Vtkp 17 Sek Vpkfolof Fdvkr`nk dl tek Bk`rmomn Yb`m

Ockmtoly tek tdpofs weofe ydur tk`feomn wobb fdvkr. Novk ` arokl
cksfroptodm dl tek jòm fdmfkpts te`t just ak bk`rmkc ay ydur stuckmts
curomn
curo mn teos oè oèssdm. '
>
Bkssdm O - Yrdcuftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms
Vtkp 67 H td 01 Vt`mc`rcs `mc Fdjpktkmfoks

Ockmtoly tek A`sof Kcuf`todm Fdjpktkmfoks, wote tek fdmtkmt `mc
pkrldrj`mfk st`mc`rcs, te`t `rk t`rnktkc ay ydur bk`rmomn pb`m. Seos wobb
kmsurk te`t. tek stuckmts jkkt ojpdrt`mt furrofubuj st`mc`rcs `mc nd`bs.
Ldfus dm lkw t`rnktkc fdjpktkmfoks td kmsurk te`t teksk wobb ak lubby
ckjdmstr`tkc ay ydur stuckmts
stuc kmts `t tek kmc dl tek ojpbkjkmt`todm dl tek
bk`rmomn pb`m Vk`rfe ldr tek Furrofubuj Nuock lrdj tek Dllofo`b ^kasotk
dl tek Ckp`rtjkmt dl Kcuf`todm (CkpKc).
Vtkp 37 Sek Bk`rmomn Yb`m Vujj`ry

Aroklby cksfroak tek tdpofs, hky `ftovotoks, stuckmt prdcufts `mc
pdssoabk rdbks te`t stuckmts `ssujk om ` prdgkft sfkm`rod.
?5 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1
Vtkp ;7
;7 Sek Bk`rmomn Dagkftovks dr Bk`rmomn Dutfdjks dl tek
Bk`rmomn Yb`m
A`skc dm tek st`mc`rcs `mc fdjpktkmfoks ockmtolokc ay CkpKc ldr tek
Bk`rmomn Yb`m Sdpof, bost tek nkmkr`b dagkftovks te`t ldfus dm ydur bk`rmomn
fdmfkpts,.
LZ
@ftovoty 1
[p -td-c`tk
-t d-c`tk `mc Kj krnomn Yrdcuftov
Yrdcuftovot
otyy Sddbs ldr B`mnu`nk Sk`fe omn
Om `m omfrk`somnby conot`b bk`rmomn kmvordmjkmt, tek r`poc fe`mnk dl
tkfemdbdny rkquorkjkmts om ckbovkromn tek b`mnu`nk furrofubuj os ` l`ft dl bolk
`mc os omkvotàbk. Ekmfk, om teos `ftovoty, ydu wobb ak t`shkc td rkpdrt sdjk dl
tek b`tkst `mc `bsd tek kjkrnomn e`rcw`rk `mc sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms te`t f`m
ak j`xojozkc ay `my b`mnu`nk tk`fekr.
Vtkp 07 Qkvokw `bb tek dpkm-kmckc tddbs dr prdcuftovoty tddbs prkskmtkc

`mc cosfusskc ay ydur SSB 1 tk`fekrs om tek prkvodus jdcubks.
Vtkp 17 Vk`rfe lrdj tek ^drb

^drbcc ôck ^ka
^ka sdjk
sdj k mkw dr kjkrnomn
prdcuftovoty tddbs te`t wkrk mdt prkskmtkc ay ydur SSB 1 tk`fekr.
Jdrkdvkr, ydu j`y omquork àdut teksk lrdj sdjk f
fdbbk`nuks
dbbk`nuks dr dtekr
tk`fekrs wed `rk hmdwbkcnkàbk
h mdwbkcnkàbk dl sdjk dl teksk8 M Mdtk
dtk we`t ydu
e`v k rksk`rfekc.
Jdcubk 6-[somn
[ somn Dpkm Kmckc Sddbs om L`fobot`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn
?
Vtkp 67 Yrkp`rk tek rksubts dl ydur omquory ay ldbbdwomn tek tàbk akbdw.
B`mnu`nk Vhobbs te`t

Yrdcuftovoty
k`turks `m Ak Ckvkbdpkc ay ots
Sddbs
[s`nk
3
;

P~\~~~
Vtuckmt V`j p b k Y rdgkfts
rdgkfts [ somn
so mn
D p km-Kmckc Sddbs
Sddb s
• kxpbdrk kxostomn wka-a`skc puaboseomn tddbs8

• frk`tk stuckmt s`jpbk prdgkfts `s conot`b ùtedrs8
• `m`byzk sdjk `rtofbks dm tek usk dl conot`b stdry tkbbomn8
• frk`tk ` conot`b stdry tkbbomn dutput usomn stdry tkbbomn

sdltw`rk8 `mc
• puabose conot`b stdroks usomn sdjk stdrytkbbomn `pps
kxpbdrkc om fb`ss nuockc ay puabof`todm rkquorkjkmts dr
b`ws.
tk
Vojpby hmdwomn
hmdw omn tek promfopbks dl OFS Ykc`ndny omtknr`todm os mdt
kmdune td j`hk bk`rmomn kllofokmt `mc jk`momnlub. Jdrkdvkr,
Jdrkdvkr, `m kllkftovk
`mc kllofokmt tkfemdbdny-suppdrtkc bkssdm cdks mdt dmby kmc wote e`vomn `
wkbb-cksonmkc bk`rmomn pb`m. Seos jk`ms te`t tekrk os ` mkkc td prkp`rk `bb tek
bk`rmomn tddbs `mc j`tkro`bs `rtofub`tkc om tek bk`rmomn pb`m `mc teksk just
ak rk`cy ldr ojpbkjkmt`todm. @ pb`m mdt suppdrtkc `mc ojpbkjkmtkc os ` pb`m
te`t os vdoc.
Seos jdcubk
jdcu bk òjs td kmsurk te`t `ltkr ydu wkrk àbk td fbk`rby
ockmtoly tek fdvkr`nk dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m `mc `ltkr fbk`rby ockmtolyomn tek
cdfujkmts, j`tkro`bs, `mc prkskmt`todms te`t ydu mkkc td prkp`rk, ydu wobb
ak t`shkc td ckvkbdp stuckmt s`jpbk prkskmt`todms `mc tk`fekr prkskmt`todms td
suppdrt tek ojpbkjkmt`todm dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m.

Om cdomn tek `ftovotoks ldr teos spkfolof bkssdm, ydu wobb ak àbk td fdjk
up wote wkbb-cksonmkc prkskmt`todms `mc cdfujkmts. Ay teksk cdfujkmts, ydu
wobb ak àbk td j`hk tek tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn dl b`mnu`nk jdtov`tomn `mc
lublobbomn.
Jdcubk 6- [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddts om L`fobot`tomn

Bkssdm 1 - Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs
90
Kxpbdrk
@s ` w dubc-ak tk`fekr w ed w obb l`fobo

l`fobot`tk
t`tk tek
tek bk`rmomn pb`m te`t ydu
ckv kbdpkc om @ftovoty 0, ydu m kkc td stucy sdjk promfopbks akeomc frk`tomn
dr ckvkbdpomn
`ppbof`todms dr cdf uj kmts `mc
dpkm-kmckc tddbs.prkskmt`todms
prkskmt`todms usomn tek prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk
Vtuckmts `s Conot`b @utedrs

@s tek qu`boty
qu`boty dl ùtedromn sdltw`rk omfrk`sks `mc `s yd u `rk kxpdskc
td dmbomk bk`rmomn , otot os aut prdpkr ldr ydu `s wd ubc-ak l`fobot`tdrs
l`fobot`tdrs dl bk`rmomn
td kxpbdrk `mc umckrst`mc sdj k promfopbks `mc nuockbomks ttdd ekbp ydur luturk
stuckmts ùtedr dr w rotk rotk conot`bby.
conot`bby. Jdrkdv kr, ydu j`y ` bsd l`fobot`t
l`fobot`tkk sdjk
dmbomk b`mnu `nk fdu rsks ldr `my cost`mfk
cost`mfk bk`rmomn dr abkmckc bk`rmomn te`t
rkquork conot`b ùtedromn.
@. B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn \o` ^ka Yuaboseomn

B`mnu`nk shobbs f`m ak lubby ckvkbdpkc ay `bbdwomn stuckmts
td fdjj umof`tk terdun
terdun e tek omtkrmkt
o mtkrmkt Seos j`y t`hk pb`fk wekm tek
stuckmts dr tek fb`ss w obb ak rkquorkc td pd st ` stdry dr dtekr prdcu fts
dm ` aubbktom
aubbktom ad`rc dr wka p`nk. Sekrk `rk twd w `ys td fdmtroautk
fdmtroautk `my
ùtedrkc cdfujkmts td tek tek ^ drbc ^ ock ^ ka. Lorst,
Lorst, wote tek
tek `cv kmt dl
rk`cy-j`ck wkasotks te`t `rk `rk jk`mt td omv otk `mc kmfdur`nk fd mtroautdrs
td se`rk tekor ùtedrk c stdroks, rksk`rfe , fdj jk mt`roks, `mc tek bohk,
stuckmts j`y p uabose tekor wdrh ay sua jottomn tekor prdcu fts td td teksk
wkasotks. Vkfdmc, tektek stuckmts j`y frk`tk tekor
tekor dwm wka p`nks akfùsk
tekrk `rk
`rk ` bdt dl lrkk `pps ldr wka p`nk ckv kbdpjkmt dr teky j`y pb`fk
tekj dm tekor omstotutodm's
omstotutodm's dllofo`b wkasotk.
Sd e kbp ydu su ajot ydur ùtedrkc prdcufts om `m kxostomn
kxostomn wkasotk,
-ydu j `y sf`rfe ldr teksk Votks te`t `rk`rk cksonmk c td eonebonet stuckmts'
rksk`rfek s, m`rr`tovk s, -stdroks, bot
botkr`ry
kr`ry w drhs, `mc dtekr `f`c kj of
wrotomns.
wroto mns. S ek ldbbdwomn `rk kx`j pbks dl kxostomn
kxostomn w kasotks te`t omspork
omspork
stuckmts td suaj ot tekor
tekor ùtedrkc prdcuf ts. Sd a k àbk td suaj ot ttdd teksk
wk asotks, ot p`ys td kxpbdrk tekor wka sotks `mc p`y `ttkmtodm td tekor
suajossodm nuockbomks.
`. Sek Co`ry Yrdgkft

ettp7//www.co`ryprdgkft.fdj
Se os conot`b
conot`b ùtedromn w kasotk kmfdu r`nks stuckmts td fdmtroautk
tekor m`rr`todms
m`rr`todms dr còby co`roks wote collkrkmt tekjks rkquorkc ay tek
w ka sotk. Vdj k dl tek tekjks d r tdpofs f`m ak dm sfe ddb `ftovotoks,
`ftovotoks,
rkb`todmseops,
rkb`to dmseops, l`joby, j`m`n omn strkss `mc d tekrs.

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm. Kmnbose / Lobopomd
Ldr tek Vtuckmts7 _du `rk kmfdur`nkc td rk`c co`ry kmtroks lrdj
ydute `rdumc tek wdrbc td ùtedr ` co`ry prdgkft. Sekrk `rk tedus`mcs
dl kmtroks om 13 f`tkndroks pdstkc dm tek Co`ry Yrdgkft
Yrdgkft sotk. Sdpofs
omfbuck ` wock r`mnk dl ossuks. Ldr tedsk wed w`mt td rk`c jdrk
àdut tek kmtroks prdvockc om tek wkasotk, dr gust w`mt td rk`c dtekr
co`ry prdgkft kmtroks, vosot www.co`ryprdgkft.fdj . [sk tek sk`rfe
lumftodm td lomc spkfolof kmtroks ay totbk dr hkywdrc. ^rotk
^rotk ydur dwm
kmtry. Nd td co`ryprdgkft.fdj `mc fbofh dm Vuajot Kmtry td wrotk ydur
dwm. Ot just ak mdtkc te`t tek Co`ry Yrdgkft os jdmotdrkc ay ` tk`j
dl `cubts `mc tkkms wed rk`c `bb tek j`tkro`b te`t os skmt td Sek Co`ry
Yrdgkft wkasotk. Ol ydu wdubc bohk td vdbumtkkr, kjòb' tekj `t st`llI
co`ryprdgkft.fdj .
a . FyakrHocs
ettp7//www.fyakrhocs.fdj
Sek jossodm dl Fyakrhocs os td prdvock ` vdofk ldr ydumn pkdpbk
dm tek omtkrmkt. Ot `ffdjpboseks teos ay puaboseomn dronom`b frk`tovk
wdrh ay hocs `nks >-01.
Ldr tek V tuckmts7 Ekrk `rk sdjk pdomts tek FyakrHocs' kcotdrs
fdmsockr td ckfock we`t td puabose7 `) ^k kspkfo`bby bohk stdroks,
`rtofbks `mc pdkjs te`t `rk lummy8
lummy 8 a) @rt `mc wrottkm suajossodms
f`m ak dm `my tdpof te`t os `pprdpro`tk
`p prdpro`tk ldr dur ùcokmfk8 f) Vtdroks
weofe omfbuck `m dronom`b obbustr`todm dr pedtd `rk jdrk bohkby td
ak puabosekc te`m stdroks wotedut pofturks8 c) Dronom`boty os vkry
ojpdrt`mt--j`hk
ojpdrt`mt--j`hk surk tek wdrh ydu suajot os ydur dwm `mc mdt fdpokc
lrdj sdjkdmk kbsk8 `mc k) Om `ccotodm td `rt `mc wrotomn, wk `bsd
bohk td puabose n`jks, puzzbks, aròm tk`skrs, gdhks, `mc jubtojkco`
årk`todms ay hocs.
f . Nbda`b Vedw-M-S kbb

ettp7-O/wwwbkmùt.fdj nst
^àosào Bk`rmomn (m.c.) w`s àbk td prkskmt sdjk bosts dl dmbomk
puaboseomn tddbs ldr `voc wrotkr stuckmts wed `rk bddhomn ldr `m dmbomk
puaboseomn tddb td puabose tekor wdrhs.
c . @t`vost,
ettps7//`t`yost.fdj
@t`vost os ` akùtolub tddb. Ot w`s ldumckc om 1900 dm tek ekkbs dl
we`t wk dmfk f`bbkc tek "ck`te dl bdmnldrj." @s ydu f`m oj`nomk, ot's
eoneby vosu`b. Ot's ` cr`n-`mc-crdp kcotdr ldr frk`tomn akùtolub dmbomk
puabof`todms.
Ldr tek Vtuckmts7 Vtuckmts e`vk tdt`b frk`tovk cksonm pdwkr
ekrk. Seky f`m suajot `ssonmjkmts wote vosu`b lbòr. Nkt tekj cdomn

96
Bkssdm 1 -Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs
prkskmt`todms `mc dmbomk gdurm`bbomn wote teos tddb. Ot `bsd suppdrts

aonnkr wrotomn prdgkfts. Ol teky'rk lkkbomn `jaotodus, teky f`m prdjdtk
`mc skbb wdrh ol teky wose.
k. F`b`j kd
ettps7//km.f`b`jkd.fdj
Ol stuckmts `rk bddhomn td cd j`n`zomks, F`b`jkd os tek tddb
td usk. Ot's `m dmbomk k-j`n`zomk puaboseomn tddb te`t bkts ydu `cc
jubtojkco` `mc pkrsdm`b ar`mcomn
ar` mcomn td `myteomn ydu fr
frk`tk.
k`tk. ôte
ôte dmk-
fbofh puaboseomn, ydu f`m se`rk ot omst`mtby. ^kasotks, sdfo`b jkco`,
`mc jdrk `bb omtknr`tk wote F`b`jkd.
Ldr tek V tuckmts7 Se os os
os ` nrk`t tddb ldr bk`rmomn 'àdut cksonm
`mc b`ydut ldr j`n`zomks.
j`n`zomks. Ot's pkrlkft ldr sj`bbkr wrotomn prdgkfts,
bohk ` ardfeurk dr lbykr cksonm. Vtuckmts wrotomn ldr tek sfeddb p`pkr
f`m bomh td fustdj puabof`todms. Seky f`m kvkm prdjdtk tekor dwm
skroks dl k-j`n`zomk usomn F`b`jkd.
B Soh`tdh
ettps7//toh`tdh.fdj
Seos os ` frk`tovk puaboseomn stucod ldr ydumn feobcrkm. H-< hocs
wobb bdvk Soh`tdh. Seky. f`m usk ot td puabose conot`b `mc promtkc addhs
dl `bb homcs. Soh`tdh w`s cksonmkc spkfolof`bby ldr tek H-< fb`ssrddj.
Ot's jkco` botkr`fy-drokmtkc `mc `bonmkc wote Fdjjdm Fdrk. S`hk `
bddh `t tekor suasfroptodms p`nk ldr pb`ms.
Hocs f`m upbd`c tekor pedtds `mc cr`womns
Ldr tek Vtuckmts7
ldr tekor frk`todms. Seky f`m `bsd t`hk `cv`mt`nk dl prkbd`ckc prdgkft
tkjpb`tks ldr fb`ssrddj bkssdms. Soh`tdh's conot`b boar`y fdmtòms bdts
dl ock`s td nkt hocs omsporkc.
n . Vtdryaorc
ettps 7//stdryaorc.fdj
Seos dmbomk puaboseomn tddb aromns ydur wdrcs `mc nbda`b `rtosts'
wdrh tdnktekr om `j`zomn
`j`zomn stdryaddhs. Ak surk td fekfh dut tek skftodm
skft odm
ldr kcuf`tdrs. Vtdryaorc os `t wdrh om eumcrkcs dl tedus`mcs dl
fb`ssrddjs `bb dvkr tek wdrbc. Ot's lrkk ldr kcuf`tdrs, mdw `mc ldrkvkr.
S`hk ` bddh `t we`t's pdssoabk wote teos tddb.

Ldr tek Vtuckmts7 Vtuckmts f`m frk`tk stdryaddhs, bdmn fe`ptkr
addhs, `mc pdktry addhs wote Vtdryaorc. Seky `bsd e`vk ` lumcròsomn
prdnr`j ldr stuckmts td nkt omtd. Seos os ` nrk`t w`y td usk frk`tovoty
ldr ròsomn jdmky ldr nrk`t fùsks.
e . [bu
ettp7//www.bubu.Fdjbustkmofrk`tk/kaddhs
BuBu w`s dmk dl tek lorst pb`ykrs te`t dllkrkc skrodus dmbomk

puaboseomn lk`turks. Seky kstàbosekc tekjskbvks om 1991 `mc teky'rk

stobb ndomn strdmn. Seky'vk nrk`tby kxp`mckc tekor omtkrl`fk dvkr tek
b`st lkw yk`rs. Kvkryteomn ydu mkkc td hmdw àdut cdomn dmbomk
puaboseomn os ronet ekrk. Seky dllkr tutdro`bs, rksdurfks, nuocks, `mc
jdrk td bk`rm wote.
Ldr tek V tuckmts7
tuckmts7 BuBu os ` nrk`t omldrj`todm c`tà`sk ldr skbl-
puaboseomn. Seky f`m frk`tk `bb sdrts dl prdgkfts. Seksk omfbuck promt
addhs, kaddhs, pedtd addhs, `mc f`bkmc`rs. Fekfh dut teos `rtofbk dm
edw nr`cu`tk stuckmts `rk kvkm usomn BuBu ldr puaboseomn ` teksos.
o . Lbopsm`fh
ettps7//www7loopsm`fh.fdj
• Lbop -sm`fh os ` lbop addh frk`tdr. Ot'
Ot'ss `s sojpbk `s upbd`comn
` YCL•
Y CL• lobk. Ot `bsd suppdrts
sup pdrts Y MN `mc GYN lobks. Ot rkmckrs
se`rkàbk omtkr`ftovk frk`todms te`t f`m `bsd omfbuck jubtojkco`.
Lbopsm`fh bddhs nrk`t `frdss `bb dmbomk pb`tldrjs `mc sdfo`b jkco`.
Seos os ` sojpbk w`y td frk`tk `mc se`rk `
Ldr tek Vtuckmts7
puabof`todm te`t e`s ` umoquk bddh `mc lkkb. Lbopsm`fh bkts stuckmts
upbd`c 6 puabof`todms dl 0; p`nks k`fe dm tekor lrkk pb`m. Yòc pb`ms
`rk quotk rk`sdmàbk `mc dllkr bdts jdrk lk`turks.
g . Ykmzu
ettps 7//pkmzu. fdj
Dmbomk gdurm`bbomn
gdurm`bbomn os tek
te k ldfus dl YYkmzu
kmzu `mc ot wdrhs wkbb.
Gdurm`bbomn os ` nrk`t wrotomn `mc skbl-rklbkftovk kxkrfosk. ôte ` lrkk
dmbomk tddb bohk Ykmzu, ot akfdjks jdrk `ppk`bomn. Sek omtkrl`fk
rkpbof`tks `m dbc bk`tekr-adumc gdurm`b wote bomkc p`pkr. Sek a`sof
ldrj`ttomn lk`turks `rk kvkryteomn ydu mkkc td nkt st`rtkc. [pbd`c
pedtds td ydur
ydu r gdurm`bs,
gdurm`bs, tdd. _du f`m `bsd N Ndd Yrd ldr kvkm
k vkm jdrk
lk`turks.
Ldr tek Vtuckmts7 ôte Ykmzu Fb`ssrddj, ydu f`m frk`tk fb`ss
gdurm`bs te`t f`m ak nr`ckc `mc j`m`nkc. Vtuckmts f`m `bsd suajot
co`ry kmtroks ay kjòb. Seky f`m kvkm rkfkovk fdjjkms lrdj tekor
tk`fekr ronet omsock tek gdurm`b. Frk`tk `mc skmc `ssonmjkmts td
stuckmts wote cuk c`t`, nr`comn sfekjk, `mc jdrk.
Ol ydu ckfock tc bkt ydur stuckmts' wdrhs td ak edstkc ay ydur yd ur

omstotutodms' dllofo`b
dllofo`b wkasotk, teos f`m `bsd ak Sdc`y, tekrk `rk ` bdt dl
`f`ckjof omstotutodms wedsk wkasotk skrvks `s tekor omldrj`todm cosskjom`todm
fkmtkr ldr tekor fustdjkrs `mc st`hkedbckrs. A`rrdm kt `b. (1991) st`tk te`t
tekrk `rk twd lumc`jkmt`b st`nks om frk`tomn
fr k`tomn ` wkasotk dr wka p`nks. Lorst, tek
p`nk lobks `mc `bb `ssdfo`tkc oj`nks, sdumcs, `mc sd ldrte just ak frk`tkc om
tek prdpkr ldrj`t `mc tkstkc. Vkfdmc, tek lobks just `bb ak tr`mslkrrkc td ` edst
fdj putkr f`bbkc
f`bbkc ` wka skrvkr.
Jdcubk 6- [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot

L`fobot`tomn
Bkssdm 1- Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs
9;
A`rrdm kt `b. lurtekr st`tk te`t wka p`nk lobks just `cekrk td ` spkfolof
ldrj`t dr b`mnu`nk, f`bbkc eypkrtkxt j`rhup b`mnu`nk (ESJB). ESJ B 'usks
t`ns td cklomk edw omldrj`todm os ldrj`ttkc dm ` sfrkkm. Om frk`tomn ` wka

p`nk usomn ESJB, stuckmts j`y lomc ot omtojoc`tomn autau t kvkm kbkjkmt`ry
stuckmts f`m cd ot. Ldr b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs, usomn ESJB j`y nr`cu`bby kxp`mc
tekor edrozdms `mc kmrofe tekor vdfàub`ry `mc fdjjumof`todm shobbs.
_du j`y sk`rfe ldr tek stkps om ckvkbdpomn ` wka p`nk ay usomn ESJB
terdune tek ldbbdwomn7
@utedr [G0^ b.o*o

b.o*o.
.
Gdem Mkueùs (199<) ettps7//www.gmkueùs.fdj/wrot.etjO
Fdckf`ckjy (1919) ettps7//www
ettps7//www.fdckf`ckj
.fdckf`ckjy.fdj/`rtofbks/
y.fdj/`rtofbks/bdf`t-wka-p`nk
bdf`t-wka-p`nk
ettps7//omtkrmktomnose`rc.fdj/etjb-`mc-fss/a`-
TOmtkrmktomnosE`rc
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T(190>)
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT sof-wka-p`nks
w6sfeddbs ettps7//www.w6sfeddbs.fdj/etjb/etjbTkcotdrs.`sp
A. Kme`mfomn B`mnu`nk Vhobbs terdune Conot`b Vtdrytkbbomn
Dmk dl tek jdst kxfotomn OFS-a`skc b`mnu`nk t`shs te`t f`m ak
cdmk td ckvkbdp `bb tek ldur j`frd shobbs os td frk`tk conot`b stdroks. Seos
b`mnu`nk t`sh jkkts tek ckj`mcs dl tdc`y's bk`rmkrs bovomn om ` r`pocby
r `pocby
fe`mnomn wdrbc wote dppdrtumotoks `mc te`t `rk collkrkmt
lrdj tek dmks j`my dl tek prkvodus nkmkr`todms nrkw up wote. Sdc`y's
bk`rmkrs `rk jdrk ckj`mcomn `mc `rk wobbomn td cosfdvkr mkw w`ys td
`ppby, kxtkmc, `mc kxp`mc dm kxostomn hmdwbkcnk (H`jomshokmk &
He ktsuro`mo, 1905.)
Qkspdmcomn td teksk fe`bbkmnks, b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj l`fobot`tdrs mkkc
td jonr`tk td ` jdrk lbkxoabk `mc jdckrmozkc ckbovkry dl tek b`mnu`nk
furrofubuj. Cdomn sd, bk`cs td fe`mnks om tek tkfemdbdnof`b pkc`ndnof`b
rdbk dl tek tk`fekr `mc tek bk`rmkr, sd tek b`mnu`nk fdjpktkmfoks dl
tdc`y's bk`rmkrs wobb ak ckvkbdpkc akydmc tek usk `mc òc dl tr`cotodm`b
wrotomn, tddbs. Fdmtkjpdr`ry b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn mkkcs td frk`tk ` mkw
fubturk dl tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn te`t ldfusks dm edw td ckvkbdp tek
àoboty dl tek stuckmts td bostkm, spk`h, rk`c, `mc wrotk om tek conot`b `nk
Om b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm, stdrytkbbomn os ` fdjjdm rkquorkjkmt
te`t òjs td se`rk dmk's stdroks, fubturk, hmdwbkcnk, v`buks, b`mnu`nk,
`mc dtekr. Vtdrytkbbomn os mdt sdjkteomn mkw akfùsk ot e`s akkm dmk
dl tek dbckst `ftovotoks mdt dmby omsock tek fb`ssrddjs aut kvkm om tek
fdjjumotoks. Vtdrytkbbomn e`s akkm fdmsockrkc td e`vk nrk`t fdmtroautodm
td botkr`fy ckvkbdpjkmt ay ojprdvomn bk`rmkrs' b`mnu`nk, wrotomn, rk`comn
dr bostkmomn shobbs (H`jomshokmk & Hektsuro`mo, 190 1905.)
5.) @t prkskmt,
stdrytkbbomn os mdt gust cdmk l`fk-td-l`fk dr terdune tek òc dl tr`cotodm`b
tkfemdbdnoks. Seos f`m `brk`cy ak cdmk conot`bby. Ekmfk, tek wdrc conot`b
stdrytkbbomn.
09< 0 Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

Mujkrdus rksk`rfeks e`vk prdvkm te`t conot`b stdrytkbbomn f`m aomn

akmklots td stuckmts `mc dtekr omcovocu`bs. Om ` rksk`rfe fdmcuftkc ay
Dbovo` `mc Aoc`rr` (190
(1 90>),
>), teky `llorjkc te`t conot`b stdroks `rk vkry
ekbplub akfùsk teky ekbp ckvkbdp umckrst`mcomn omcovocu`b kxpkrokmfks
`mc pkrfkptodm dl rk`b wdrbc `jdmn bk`rmkrs. Qdmn `mc Mddr (190?)
fotkc sdjk rksk`rfeks fdmcuftkc om v`rodus fdumtroks s`yomn te`t om tek
a`sof sfeddbs om Dy` st`tk, ot w`s cosfdvkrkc te`t conot`b stdrytkbbomn
w`s àbk td ojprdvk homckrn`rtkm pupobs' `feokvkjkmt om jdr`b
omstruftodm. Jdrkdvkr,
Jdrkdvkr, ot w`s prdvkm om Ydrtun`b te`t tek usk dl conot`b.
stdrytkbbomn `jdmn skfdmc`ry sfedDb stuckmts kmfdur`nkc jubtojdc`b
botkr`fy om kcuf`todm. @ccotodm`bby, om sdutekrm Sòw`m, rksk`rfe sedwc
te`t prdgkft-a`skc conot`b stdrytkbbomn tkfemoquk ojprdvkc kbkjkmt`ry
sfeddb stuckmts' bk`rmomn jdtov`todm, prdabkj-sdb
prdabkj-sdbvomn
vomn fdjpktkmfk `s
wkbb `s tekor bk`rmomn `feokvkjkmt. Bkmkttk kt `b. (190?) om tekor p`pkr
eonebonets tek ard`ckr pdtkmto`b dl conot`b stdrytkbbomn p`rtofub`rby om
jkmt`b ek`bte rksk`rfe om fdbbàdr`todm wote rklunkk p`rtofop`mts. Sekor
rksk`rfe fdmfbucks te`t conot`b stdrytkbbomn os ` v`buàbk `mc kteof`b
rksk`rfe tddb td kmn`nk om fdbbàdr`tovk rksk`rfe. Seos w`s prdvkm ay
tekor rksk`rfe te`t rkfdumts edw conot`b stdrytkbbomn w`s uskc om ` joxkc-
jktedcs stucy dm skttbkjkmt, td cdfujkmt tek ggdurmkys
durmkys dl wdjkm wed
kmtkrkc @ustr`bo` terdune tek ^dj`m `t Qosh prdnr`j. JfCrury `mc
@btkrod (1999) fbòj te`t conot`b stdrytkbbomn, `s dmk dld l tek OFS a`skc
pkc`ndnof`b tddb, prdvocks stuckmt-fkmtkrkc bk`rmomn str`tknoks a`skc dm

bk`rmkrs' kmn`nkjkmt, rklbkftodm, prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn, `mc .tek kllkftovk
omtknr`todm dl tkfemdbdny omtd omstruftodm.
@s `m ommdv`tovk `mc omtkr`ftovk `pprd`fe td b`mnu`nk
b`mnu `nk shobbs
`fquosotodm,
`fquosotodm, stdrytkbbomn os skkm `s ,` vkry rkspdmsovk v`ro`todm dl tek
tr`cotodm`b jktedcs akfùsk ot aromns jdrk jk`momnlub `mc ksskmto`b
bk`rmkrs' kmn`nkjkmt omtd tek b`mnu`nk
b`mnu` nk shobbs `fquosotodm prdfkss. @s
pdomtkc dut ay Nobs (199;), tek kjpbdyjkmt dl conot`b stdrytkbbomn `s `
pkc`ndnof`b tddb kmàbks tk`fekrs td kbufoc`tk fkrtòm fdjpbkx tdpofs om
` sojpbkr j`mmkr `mc frk`tk rk`b bolk dr prdabkj-sdbvom
p rdabkj-sdbvomn
n sotu`todms wekrk
bk`rmkrs nkt `ftovk
`ftovk by omvd bvkc..
Sek ldbbdwomn `rk sdjk dl tek kxostomn stdrytkbbom

stdrytkbbomn
n tddbs bostkc `mc
cksfroakc ay Hm`pkm (1905).
0. Vtkbbkr
e0tB/sob kr.fd
Seos os ` lrkk stdrytkbbomn `ppbof`todm ckvkbdpkc ay Jdjad
Bàs, weofe bkts ydu frk`tk pedtd `mc vockd stdroks wote `m kjpe`sos

Bkssdm 1 - Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs '
09>
dm cksonm. - tek mkxt wka. Vtkbbkr ldfusks dm tkbbomn ` stdry terdune

pofturks `mc tkxt. Sek sojpbk, ykt strufturkc b`ydut dptodms `bb`w kvkm
` aknommkr td prdcufk ` prdlkssodm`b st`mc`rc dl wdrh.
1 . @cdak Vp`rh Y`nk
ettCs7//VC`rh.`cdak.fdj
@cdak Vp`rh Y`nk os ` lrkk dmbomk wka p`nk auobckr. Md fdcomn

dr cksonm shobbs mkkckc. Frk`tk ydur dwm akùtolub wka stdry usomn
vockds, pofturks `mc tkxt. Sek tkjpb`tks `mc b`ydut dptodms `vòbàbk
`rk vkry jdckrm, `mc `rk cksonmkc td prkskmt ydur wdrh om `m kbkn`mt
`mc kmn`nomn w`y, ldfusomn dm vosu`b fdmtkmt.
6 . ^k \ockd
ettps7//www.wkvockd.fdj
Seos e`s tek nd`b dl aromnomn ots kcuf`todm`b frk`tovk tddbadx td

` ard`ckr nbda`b ùcokmfk dl stuckmts `mc kcuf`tdrs. ^k\ockd w`mts
td j`hk vockd kcotomn `vòbàbk ldr kvkrydmk. Seky j`hk ot pdssoabk
ldr lrokmcs, l`joboks, tk`fekrs, stuckmts `mc ausomkssks sj`bb `mc
b`rnk td frk`tk omfrkcoabk 'vockds te`t jdtov`tk `mc omspork. "^k\ockd
e`s ckkp rddts om kcuf`todm `mc akbokvks te`t frk`tovoty os crovkm ay
we`t os omsock tek ek`rts `mc jomcs dl pkdpbk, mdt ay fdjpbof`tkc
tkfemdbdny".
3 . Ydppbkt
OlbSb
Ydppbkt, `m oY`c `mc wka `pp, os ` tddb td f`pturk `mc drn`mozk
ydur' ock`s. Vtuckmts f`m ldr kx`jpbk usk Ydppbkt ldr bk`rmomn. [skc
`s ` jomc-j`p, ot ekbps stuckmts teomh `mc bk`rm vosu`bby. Vtuckmts f`m
f`pturk l`fts, tedunets, `mc oj`nks td strufturk tekor stdroks.
; . Vtdryaorc
eoOstPryhorfefdrm
Vtdryaorc mdt dmby novks ydu tek sojpbk tddbs td frk`tk addhs om

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose O Lobopomd
jomutks, tek `ppbof`todm bkts ydu cosfdvkr `m kmcbkss boar`ry dl lrkk

addhs, pofturk addhs `mc pdktry `s wkbb. Vtdryaorc bkts `mydmk j`hk
vosu`b stdroks om skfdmcs. Sek sotk jkmtodms te`t teky `rk ` stdrytkbbomn
fdjjumoty, r`tekr te`m `m `ppbof`todm. Ldr tekj, ot's jdrk àdut
frk`tomn ` frk`tovk wdrbc wekrk `mydmk f`m tkbb tekor stdroks, `s fr`zy
`s teky n kt.
<. Addhfrk`tdr
ettps7//addhfrk`tdr.fdj
Addh Frk`tdr os `m dpkm-kmckc addh frk`todm `pp te`t umbk`seks

frk`tovoty. Frk`tk ydur tk`feomn rksdurfks, dr e`vk ydur stuckmts t`hk
tek rkoms. Fdjaomk tkxt, oj`nks, ùcod `mc vockd td frk`tk omtkr`ftovk
stdroks, conot`b pdrtldbods, rksk`rfe gdurm`bs, pdktry addhs, sfokmfk
rkpdrts, `mc mstruftodm j`mu`bs.
F. Kme`mfomn B`mnu`nk
B`mnu`nk Vhobbs tterdune
erdune K-jòb @ftovotoks
Kjòb `ftovotoks `rk vkry nddc `ftovotoks td ckvkbdp b`mnu`nk shobbs.

Serdune sdjk k-jòb `ftovotoks te`t f`m ak l`fobot`tkc ay '` tk`fekr, tek
stuckmts `rk novkm tek dppdrtumoty td pr`ftofk, `mc ckjdmstr`tk tekor
rk`comn `mc wrotomn shobbs. Ot j`y `bsd kme`mfk lurtekr tekor rksk`rfe `mc
OFS shobbs. A`rrdm kt `b. (1991) wkrk àbk td prkskmt tek ldbbdwomn kjòb
`ftovotoks te`t f`m ak lubby j`xojozkc td ckvkbdp tek v`rodus b`mnu`nk
shobbss dl stu ckm ts7
shobb
0 . Ykm-Y`b @f to
tovoto
votoks
ks
Seos os tek jdst fdj jdm ldrj dl k-jòb prdgkfts
prdgkfts f`bbkc
kbkftrdmof pkm p`bs dr k-p`bs. Vtuckmts f`m pr`ftofk tekor wrottkm
w rottkm
fdjjumof`todm
fdjj umof`todm shobbs `mc f`m akfdjk `w`rk dl dtekr fubturks
`mc pr`flofk löSkonm b`mnu`nk shobbs. Seos f`m ak cdmk terdune tek
ldbbdwomn7
`. Akbdun`
Akbdun` ttps7//
ttps7 // kb
kbdu
du n`. d rn
Ldumckc om 190<, Akbdun` ^`s st`rtkc wote tek jossodm

td kmfdur`nk omtkrfubtur`b fdjjumof`todm td frk`tk ` akttkr
tdjdrrdw. Akbdun` os ` nbda`b kfdsystkj fdmmkftomn fb`ssks
terdunedut tek wdrbc wekrk stuckmts `mc tk`fekrs f`m fdmmkft,
f dmmkft,
fdbbàdr`tk `mc bk`rm lrdj dmk `mdtekr ay ockmtolyomn sojob`rotoks

`mc kjar`fomn collkrkmfks terdune kvkryc`y fdjjumof`todm te`t
os lum `mc kcuf`todm`b.
Jdcubk 6 [somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot

L`fobot`tomn
9?
a . Kp`bs
ettps7//www.kp`bs.fdjb#/fdmmkftodms
Ot kmrofeks H-01
H-01 bk`rmomn om tek fb`ssrddj td frk`tk rk`b
r k`b
wdrbc, fubtur`bby- kmrofeomn bk`rmomn kxpkrokmfks ldr stuckmts.
ôte kY`bs fb`ssrddj j`tfeomn, tk`fekrs f`m fdmmkft tekor
fb`ssks wote dtekr fb`ssks `rdumc tek wdrbc wed `rk omtkrkstkc om
fdbbàdr`tomn
fdbbàdr`to mn dm ` spk fo`b prdgkft
prdg kft tdnktekr.
f . Kjp`tofd
ettps 7//kjp
7//kjp `tofd.prn
Ot kjpdwkrs tk`fekrs `mc stuckmts td kxpbdrk tek wdrbc

terdune kxpkrokmfks te`t sp`rh furodsoty, brocmks8 `mc kjp`tey.
1 . Ykkr-td-Ykkr Sutdromn
@mdtekr ldrj dl kbkftrdmof fdjjumof`todm
fdjj umof`todm os pkkr-td-pkkr
pkkr-td-pkkr
tutdromn dr jkmtdromn. Ay usomn k-jòb fdjjumof`todm, stuckmts wobb

ak prdvockc wote dppdrtumotoks td pr`ftofk tekor jkmtdromn shobbs `p`rt
lrdj kme`mfomn tekor b`mnu`nk shobbs.
6 . @sh `m K xpkrt
Kjòb os ` vkry pdwkrlub tddb ldr stuckmts td usk td kmn`nk
tek kxpkrts om tek lokbc kspkfo`bby ol tek kxpkrts `rk l`r lrdj tekor
omstotutodm. Seky f`m kmn`nk tek @sh @m K xpkrt ^kasotk `t ettp7/Oww
ettp7/Oww w.
`sh`mkxpkrt.fdj .
3 . Qdu mc Qdaom Vtdrok

Vtdrokss
Om ` rdumc-rdaom `pprd`fe, ` p`rtofop`tomn fb`ss st`rts ` stdry wote
dmk. p`r`nr`pe. Sek stdry st`rtkr os skmt td ` prkcktkrjomkc fb`ss (fb`ss
dmk skmcs ots stdry fb`ss twd, `mc sd dm). Vtuckmts wdrh om sj`bb
nrdups td `cc ` mkw p`r`nr`pe td tek stdry.
Yuabof`todm Qkquorkjkmts om tek Bonet dl tek Conot`b @nk

êobk tekrk os ` uaoquoty dl prdcuftovoty tddbs ldr stuckmts td j`xojozk,
ot os ydur rkspdmsoaoboty `s tek l`fobot`tdr dl tek bk`rmomn prdfkss td kmsurk te`t
ydur stuckmts wobb ak lubby nuockc td daskrvk skvkr`b nuockbomks om puaboseomn
tekor prdcufts. Ot just
ju st ak mdtkc te`t tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl eone-qu`boty conot`b
bk`rmomn prdcufts `mc j`tkro`bs omvdbvks ` fdjpbkx fdjaom`todm
f djaom`todm dl suag
suagkft
kft
j`ttkr kxpkrtosk, omstruftodm`b cksonm hmdwbkcnk, `mc tkfemof`b shobbs - nr`peof

¼
cksonm, pedtdnr`pey, ùcod, vockd, fdjputkr prdnr`jjomn, ktf. (ôbck, 1?93).

^ ote tek
tek kmn `nkj kmts dl `bb dl teos, ot os
os vkry ojp drt`mt td ak jomclub dL tek
ldb
bdwmn7-
@. Fdpyronet B`ws
Fdpyronet B`w prdtkfts wdrhs dl ùtedrseop. Ekmfk, ot os vkry
ojpd rt`mt ldr
ldr tk`fekrs `mc stuckmts td bk`rm jdrk àdu t fdpyronets
b`ws `m c fdp yronet `fts td
td km surk te`t tekrk
tekrk w obb -ak md fd pyronet
omlromnkjkmts te`t wobb e`ppkm om tek prdfkss dl ùtedromn dl
puaboseomn j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs dllbomk dr dm bomk.
@ffdrcomn td LomcB`w (1919)

(1919),, tek Fdpyð net @ft st`tks te`t wdrhs
dl ùtedrseop omfbuck tek ldbbdwomn typks dl w drhs
• Botkr`ry wdrhs Mdvkbs, mdmloftodm prdsk, pdktry, mkwsp`pkr
`rtofbks
`rto fbks `mc mkw sp`pkrs, j`n`zomk `rtofb
`rtofbks
ks `mc j`n `zomks,
fdjputkr sdltw`rk, sdltw`rk cdfujkmt`todm `mc j`mu`bs,
tròmomn
tròmo mn j`m u`bs, j`mu `bs, f`t`bdns,
f`t`bdns, ardfeu rks, `cs (tkxt)
(tkxt),, `mc
fdjpob`todms sufe `s au somkss corkftdroks
fdjpob`todms corkftdroks
• Jusof`b w drhs Vdm ns, `cvkrtosomn gomnbks,
gomnbks, `mc omstruj
omstruj kmt`bs
• Cr`j`tof w drhs. Yb`ys, dpkr`s, `mc shots.
• Y`mtdjojks `mc fedrkdnr`Ceof w drhs8 A`bbkt A`bbkts,
s, jdckrm c`mfk8
• g`zz
g`zz c`mfk, `mc j ojk w drhs.
• Yoftdro`b8
Yoftdro`b8 nr`peof, `mc sfubptur`b wd rhs. Yedtdnr`pe s, pdstkrs,.
pdstkrs,.
j `ps, pòmtomns, cr`womn s, nr`pe of `rt, `rt, cospb`y `cs, f`rtddm
strops `mc f`rtddm f e`r`ftkrs, stullkc `moj`bs, st`tuks, pòmtomns,
`mc w drhs dl lomk `rt.
• Jdtodm pofturks `mc dtekr ùcodvosu`b wdrhs. Jdvoks,
cdfujkm t`roks,
t`roks, tr`vkbdnu
tr`vkbdnu ks, tròmomn
tròmomn lobjs `mc vockds, tkbkvosodm
sedws, tkbkvosodm `cs, `mc omtkr`ftovk
omtkr`ftovk ju btbtojkco`
ojkco` wdrhs
• Vdu mc rkfdrcomns. Qkfdrcomns
Qkfdrcomns dl jusof, sdumcs, dr wd rcs.
• @rfeotkftur`b wdrhs. Auobcomn cksonms, wektekr om tek ldrj dl
àrfeotkour`b pb`ms, cr`womns, dr tek fdmstruftkc auobcomn otskbl.
LomcB`w (1919)
(1919) lurtekr st`tks
st`tks te`t Fd pyronet B`w os ojpdrt`mt
ldr jubtojkco`
jubtojkco` ckvk bdpkrs `mc puabosekrs ldr twd
twd rk`sdms
` Dronom`b jubtojk
jubtojk co` wd rhs `rk
`rk prdtkftkc ay fdpyronet Sek
Fd pyronet @ft's
@ft's kxfbusovk ronets
ronets prdvosodm novks ckv kbdpkrs
`mc puabosekrs tek ronet td fdmtrdb umùtedrozkc kxpbdot`todm
dl tekor wdrhs
a. Jubtojkco` wdrhs `rk frk`tkc ay fdjaomomn "fdmtkmt" -
ju sof, tkxt,
tkxt, nr`peofs, obbustr`to
obbustr`todms,
dms, p edtdn r`pes, sdltw`rk
- te`t os prdtkftkc umckr fdpyronet b`w. Ckvkbdpkrs `mc
puabosekrs just `vdoc omlromnomn fdpyronets
fdpyronets dwm kc ay d tekrs.
Jdcubk 6-[somn Dpkm Kmckc Sd dbs om L`fobo

L`fobot`tomn
Sek cktòbkc
cktòbkc omldrj`todm
omldrj`todm àdut F dpyronet B`ws f`m a k sk`rfekc
lrdj tek ^ drbc
drbc ^ ock ^ ka. Vdjk dl teksk f`m ak rk`c om
om @ppkmcox @.
A . @m to-Aubbyomn
to-Aubbyomn @ft dl 1906
Qkpua bo
boff @ft Md . 09<1>
09<1> dtekrwosk hmdwm ` s tek @mto-Aubbyomn
@mto-Aubbyomn
@ft dl 1906 dl tek tek Ye ob
oboppomks
oppomks corkfts `bb kbkjkm t`ry `mc skfd mc`ry
sfedd bs td `cdpt pdbofoks td `ccrkss tek kxostkmfk
kxostkmfk dl au bbyomn om tekor
rkspkftovk omstotutodms.
omstotutodms. Aubbyomn rklkrs td `my skv krk dr rkpk`tkc usk
ay dm k dr jdrk stuckm ts dl ` wrottkm,
wrottkm, vkra`b dr kbkftrdmof kxprkssodm,
dr ` peysof`b `ft dr nksturk, dr `my f dj aom`todm tekrkdl, corkftkc
corkftkc `t
`mdtekr stuckmt te`t e`s tek kllkft dl `ftu`bby
`ftu`bby fùsomn dr pb`fomn tek
b`ttkr
b`ttkr om rk`sdmàbk lk`r dl pey sof`b dr kjdtodm`b e`rj dr c`j `nk td
eos prdpkrty8 frk`tomn ` edstobk kmvordmj kmt `t sfeddb ldr tek dtekr
stuckmt8 omlromnomn
omlromnomn dm tek ronets dl tek dtekr stuckmt `t sfeddb8 dr
j`tkro`bby `mc suast`mto`bby cosruptomn
cosruptomn tek kcuf `todm prdfkss d r tek
drckrby dpkr`todm dl ` sfeddb.
Dmk dl tek jdst fdjj dm prda bkjs kmfdumtkrkc tdc`y, ay omtkrmkt omtkrmkt
uskrs os aubbyomn
aubbyomn dmbomk w eofe wk f`bb fyakrau bbyomn. Fd mskqukm tby,
ot os
os ojpdrt`mt ldr tk`fekrs td ak v kry gucofodus `mc `bkrt om `cvosomn
stuckmts `s teky puabose tekor rkquorkjkmts dmbomk dr `s teky
fdjjumof`tk dr fdbbàdr`tk
fdbbàdr`tk terdune tek ^ drbc ^ ock ^ ka.
F . Qkpuabof @ft 090>;0

Seos os hmdw m `s F yakrfrojk
yakrfrojk Y rkvkmtodm @ft dl 1901 ckfb`romn
ckfb`romn `
pdbofy te`t st`tks te`t tek Vt`tk rkfdnmozks tek vot`b rdbk dl omldrj`todm
`mc fdjjumof`todms omcustroks sufe `s fdmtkmt prdcuftodm,
tkbkfdjj umof`todms, ard`cf`stomn kbkftrdmof
kbkftrdmof fdj jkrfk, `mc c`t`
prdfkssomn, om
om tek m`todm's
m`todm's dv kr`bb
kr`bb sdfo`b `mc kfdmd jof ckv kbdpjkmt.
Sek V t`tk `bsd rkfdnmozks tek tek ojpdrt`mfk dl prdvocomn `m kmv ordmjkmt
fdmcufov k td tek ckv kbdpjkmt, `ffkbkr`todm,
`ffkbkr`todm, `mc r`todm`b
r`todm`b `ppbof`todm
`mc kxpbdot`todm
kxpbdot`todm dl oomldrj`todm
mldrj`todm `mc fdj ju mof`todms
mof`todms tkfemdbdn y
(OF
(OF S) td `ttòm
`ttòm lrkk, k`sy, `mc omtkbbonoabk `ffkss td kxfe` mn k `mc/
dr ckbovkry dl omldrj
omldrj `todm8 `mc tek mkkc td prdtkft `mc s`lknu `rc
tek omtknrot
omtknrotyy d l fdj putkr, fdjputkr `mc fdjj umof`todmsumof`todms systkjs,
mktwdrhs, `mc c`tà`sks, `mc tek fdmlockmto`boty, omtknroty, `mc
`v òbàob
òbàoboty
oty dl omldrj`todm `mc c`t` stdrkc tekrkom, lrdj lrdj `bb ldrjs d l
josusk, àusk, `mc obbkn`b
obbkn`b `ffkss ay j`homn p umoseà bk umckr tek b`w b`w
sufe fd mcuft d r fdmcu fts. Om Om teos bonet, tek Vt`tk se`bb `cdpt sullofokmt
sullofokmt
pdw krs td kllkftovkby
kllkftovkby prkv kmt `mc fdj a`t sufe dllkmsks ay l`fob l`fobot`t
ot`tomn
omn
tekor cktkftodm,
cktkftodm, omvomv kston`todm,
kston`todm, `mc prdsk futodm `t adte tek cdj kstof
`mc omtkrm`todm`b bkvkbs, `mc ay p rdvocomn `rr`mnkj kmts ldr l`st `mc
rkboàbk omtkrm`todm`b
omtkrm`todm`b f ddpkr`todm.
001 kfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc-Bk`rmomn 1
B
Vtkp 07 Fdmsockromn tek t`shs (k.n. prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn dutput, rksk`rfe
dutput `mc tek bohk) ydu rkquorkc ydur stuckmts td cd om ydur bk`rmomn
pb`m, ot wobb ak nddc td bkt tekj kxpkrokmfk
kxpkrokm fk wrotomn tekor tedunets
`mc ock`s àdut tek t`sh ydu n`vk tekj terdune ` nrdup abdn. Ekmfk,
teomh dl ` vkry nddc totbk ldr ` abdn te`t ydur luturk stuckmts wobb cd
- td `bbdw tekj td se`rk tekor tedunets àdut tekor rkquorkjkmts om ydur
fb`ss.
Vtkp 17 @ltkr teomhomn dl we`t tek abdn totbk os, ckvkbdp stdryad`rc ldr tek
abdn `mc prkp`rk ldr tek ruarof te`t wobb ak uskc td kv`bu`tk ot. Ybk`sk
rkjkjakr te`t ydu `rk `ftomn ekrk `s ydur luturk stuckmt (ldr ydur
bk`rmomn pb`m) `mc mdt `s tek tk`fekr. Ekmfk, tek abdn te`t ydu wobb
ckvkbdp os ` stuckmt s`jpbk dl ` abdn te`t ydu wobb prkskmt td ydur
stuckmts ldr tekj td p`ttkrm dr bk`rm lrdj. _du j`y usk tek ldbbdwomn
nuockbomks dr fdjk up wote ydur dwm weofe os tek s`jk nuockbomks
ydu wobb novk ydur stuckmts td ldbbdw `ltkr sedwomn tekj dur
stuckmt s`j pbk7
Omstruftodms7
0. Ybk`sk rk`c teksk nuockbomks f`rklubby `mc wrotk dm ydur
nrdup abdn `bb omldrj`todm omfbuckc om tek nuockbomks ay usomn
fdjjumof`tovk b`mnu`nk wote vockd, pedtds `mc pofturks
curomn tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl ydur prdgkft.
1. _dur abdn wobb ak rkvokwkc `ffdrcomn td tek frotkro` `ppbokc
`mc novk dmk wkkh `s dl tek `mmdumfkjkmt ldr tedsk wed e`vk
td rkvosk ot
6. _du f`m `bsd omfbuck om tek abdn ydur rklbkftodm `ltkr cdomn
ydu r prfogkft
prfogkft
Abdn @sskssjkmt F rotkro`7

0. Yrdgkft7 Nkmkr`b Omldrj`todm dl tek ckvkbdpkc prdgkft (0;%)
Sek abdn wobb rkpdrt àdut tek nkmkr`b omldrj`todm dl tek b`mnu`nk
prdgkft rkquorkc td ak `ffdjpbosekc om tek bk`rmomn pb`m (rklkr td ydur
rkquorkc prdgkft
prdgkft om ydur bk`rmomn
bk`rm omn pb`m). Ot just e`vk tek ldbbdwomn
omldrj`todm7
` . Sotbk dl tek Yrdgkft
a . S`rnktkc B`mnu`nk Fdjpktkmfoks.dl tek Yrdgkft
f . Sek @oj dl tek Yrdgkft
c . Akmklofo`roks dl tek Yrdgkft

06
Sek cktòbkc omldrj`todm àdut Fdpyronet B`ws f`m ak sk`rfekc

lrdj tek ^drbc ôck ^ka. Vdjk dl teksk f`m ak rk`c om @ppkmcox @.
A . @m to-Aubbyomn
to-Aubbyomn @ft dl 1906
Qkpuabof @ft Md. 09<1> dtekrwosk hmdwm `s tek @mto-Aubbyomn
@ft dl 1906 dl tek Yeoboppomks corkfts `bb kbkjkmt`ry `mc skfdmc`ry
sfeddbs td `cdpt pdbofoks td `ccrkss tek kxostkmfk dl aubbyomn om tekor
rkspkftovk omstotutodms. Aubbyomn rklkrs td `my skvkrk dr rkpk`tkc
r kpk`tkc usk
ay dmk dr jdrk stuckmts dl ` wrottkm, vkra`b dr kbkftrdmof kxprkssodm8
dr ` peysof`b `ft dr nksturk, dr `my fdjaom`todm tekrkdl, corkftkc `t
`mdtekr stuckmt te`t e`s tek kllkft dl `ftu`bby fùsomn dr pb`fomn tek
b`ttkr om rk`sdmàbk lk`r dl peysof`b dr kjdtodm`b e`rj dr c`j`nk td
eos prdpkrty8 frk`tomn ` edstobk kmvordmjkmt
kmvordmjkm t `t sfeddb ldr tek dtekr
stuckmt8 omlromnomn dm tek ronets dl tek dtekr stuckmt `t sfeddb8 dr
j`tkro`bby `mc suast`mto`bby cosruptomn tek kcuf`todm prdfkss dr tek
drckrby dpkr`todm dl ` sfeddb.
Dmk dl tek jdst fdjjdm prdabkjs kmfdumtkrkc tdc`y, ay omtkrmkt
uskrs os aubbyomn dmbomk weofe wk f`bb fyakraubbyomn.
fy akraubbyomn. Fdmskqukmtby,
Fdmskqukmtby,
ot os ojpdrt`mt ldr tk`fekrs td ak vkry gucofodus
gucofodus `mc `bkrt om `c
`cvosomn
vosomn
stuckmts, `s teky puabose tekor rkquorkjkmts dmbomk dr `s teky
fdjj umof`tk
umof`tk dr fdbb
fdbbàdr`t
àdr`tkk terdune
ter dune tek ^ drbc
drbc ^ ock ^ ka.
F . Qkpuabof @ft 090>;0

Seos os hmdwm `s Fyakrfrojk Yrkvkmtodm @ft dl 1901 ckfb`romn `
pdbofy te`t st`tks te`t tek Vt`tk rkfdnmoz
r kfdnmozks
ks tek vot`b rdbk dl omldrj`todm
`mc fdj jumof`todms omcustroks
omcustroks sufe `s fdmtkmt prdcuftodm,
tkbkfdjjumof`todms, ard`cf`stomn kbkftrdmof fdjjkrfk, `mc c`t`
prdfkssomn, om tek m`todm's dvkr`bb sdfo`b `mc kfdmdjof ckvkbdpjkmt.
Sek Vt`tk `bsd rkfdnmoz
rkfdnmozks
ks tek ojpdrt`mfk dl prdvocomn `m kmvordmjkmt
fdmcufovk td tek ckvkbdpjkmt, `ffkbkr`todm, `mc r`todm`b `ppbof`todm
`mc kxpbdot`todm dl omldrj`todm `mc fdjjumof`todms tkfemdbdny
(OFS) td `ttòm lrkk, k`sy, `mc omtkbbonoabk
omtkbbonoabk `ffkss td kxfe`mnk `mc/
dr ckbovkry dl omldrj`todm8 `mc tek mkkc td prdtkft `mc s`lknu`rc
tek omtknroty dl fdjputkr, fdjputkr `mc fdjjumof`todms systkjs,
mktwdrhs, `mc c`tà`sks, `mc tek fdmlockmto`boty, omtknroty, `mc
`vòbà oboty dl omldrj`todm `mc c`t` stdrkc tekrkom, lrdj `bb ldrjs dl
josusk, àusk, `mc obbkn`b `ffkss ay j`homn pumoseàbk umckr tek b`w
sufe fdmcuft dr fdmcufts. Om teos bonet, tek Vt`tk se`bb `cdpt sullofokmt
pdwkrs td kllkftovkby prkvkmt `mc fdja`t sufe dllkmsks ay l`fobot`tomn
tekor cktkftodm, omvkston`todm,, `mc prdskfutodm `t adte tek cdjkstof
`mc omtkrm`todm`b bkvkbs, `mc ay prdvocomn `rr`mnkjkmts ldr l`st `mc
rkboàbk omtkrm`todm`b fddpkr`todm.

O KxpkrokmfkZ
Vtkp 07 Fdmsockromn tek t`shs (k.n. prdgkft-a`skc

prdgkft-a`skc bk`rmomn dutput, 'rksk`rfe
dutput `mc tek bohk) ydu rkquorkc ydur stuckmts td cd om ydur bk`rmomn
pb`m, ot wobb
`mc ock`s ak nddc
àdut td ydu
tek t`sh bkt tekj
n`vk kxpkrokmfk
kxpk
tekjrokmfk wrotomn
terdune ` nrduptekor tedunets
abdn. Ekmfk,
teomh dl ` vkry nddc totbk ldr ` abdn te`t ydur luturk stuckmts wobb cd
td `bbdw tekj td se`rk tekor tedunets àdut tekor rkquorkjkmts om ydur
fb`ss.
Vtkp 1 @ltkr teomhomn dl we`t tek abdn totbk os, ckvkbdp stdryad`rc ldr tek
abdn `mc prkp`rk ldr tek ruarof te`t wobb ak uskc td kv`bu`tk ot Ybk`sk
rkjkjakr te`t ydu `rk `ftomn ekrk `s ydur luturk stuckmt (ldr ydur
bk`rmomn pb`m) `mc mdt `s tek tk`fekr Ekmfk, tek abdn te`t ydu wobb
ckvkbdp os ` stuckmt s`jpbk dl ` abdn te`t ydu wobb prkskmt td ydur
stuckmts ldr tekj td p`ttkrm dr bk`rm lrdj. _du j`y usk tek ldbbdwomn
nuockbomks dr fdjk up wote ydur dwm weofe os tek s`jk nuockbomks
ydu wobb novk ydur stuckmts td ldbbdw `ltkr sedwomn tekj ydur
stuckmt s`j pbk7•
pbk7•
Omstruftodms7
0. Ybk`sk rk`c teksk nuockbomks 'f`rklubby `mc wrotk dm ydur
nrdup abdn `bb omldrj`todm omfbuckc om tek nuockbomks ay usomn
fdjjumof`tovk b`mnu`nk wote vockd, pedtds `mc pofturks
curomn tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl ydur prdgkft
1 _dur
`mcabdn wobbwkkh
novk dmk ak rkvokwkc
`s dl tek `ffdrcomn td tek
`mmdumfkjkmt ldrfrotkro` `ppbokc
tedsk wed e`vk
td rkvosk ot
6. _du f`m `bsd omfbuck om tek abdn ydur rklbkftodm `ltkr cdomn
odur prd gkft.
Abdn @ sskssjkm
ssks sjkm t F rot
rotkro`7
kro`7
0. Yrdgkft7 Nkmkr`b Omldrj`todm dl tek ckvkbdpkc prdgkft (0;%)
Sek abdn wobb rkpdrt àdut tek nkmkr`b omldrj`todm dl tek b`mnu`nk
prdgkft rkquorkc td ak `ffdjpbosekc om tek bk`rmomn pb`m (rklkr td ydur
rkquorkc prdgkft om ydur bk`

prdgkft
omldrj`todm7 bk`rmomn
rmomn pb`m). Ot just e`vk tek
te k ldbbdwomn
` . Sotbk dl tek Yrdgkft
a . S`rnktkc B`mnu`nk Fdjpktkmfoks.dl tek Yrdgkft
f . Sek @oj dl tek Yrdgkft
c . Akmklofo`roks dl tek Yrdgkft
Jdcubk 6 - [somn Dpkm Kmckc Sdd bs om L`fobot`tomn

06
1. Ykc`ndnof`b`mc Skfemdbdnof`b Fdmtkmts (0;%)

Sek abdn w obb `bsd rkpdrt tek pkc`ndnof`b `mc tkfemdbdnop`g
rkquorkjkmts dl tek prdg
p rdgkft.
kft. Ot mkkcs td cosfuss tek j kmtdromn
jktedcs uskc ay tek jkjakrs dl tek nrdup td ak àbk td `ffdjpbose
`ffdjp bose
tek prdgkft. Seos e`s td omfbuck `bsd tek tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs te`t teky
kjpbdykc om tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl tekor prdgkft.
6. Yrdgkft Yb`m (19%

(19%))
Sek nrdup abdn wobb `bsd prkskmt edw tek nrdup w`s àbk td pb`m ldr
tekor prdgkft `mc edw teky wkrk àbk td ojpbkjkmt tek pb`m.
3. Yrdgkft Ckvkbdpjkmt (19%)

Sek nrdup abdn wobb lk`turk tek
t ek prdfkssks `mc tekor kxpkrokmfks weobk
ckvkbdpomn tek prdgkft
;. @kstektofs (0;%)
Ldr teos frotkrodm, pbk`sk rkjkjakr te`t fdmtkmt os homn, aut cksonm
os qukkm. _du fdubc wrotk tek jdst nroppomn `rtofbks dm ydur abdn,
aut ol ydur sotk os tdd cosdrn`mozkc dr sojpby tdd crà, tekm pkdpbk
jonet lomc ydu umomtkrkstomn. Aut ol ydur abdn cksonm os tdd bduc `mc
tdd g`j-p`fhkc,
g`j-p`fhkc, tekm ydu wdubc ggustust kmc up novomn ydur rk`ckrs `
ek`c`fek. Fdmsockr tek ldbbdwomn qu`botoks7
` . [skr-lrokmcbomkss7 rk`càbk, m`vonàbk `mc usàbk
a . Q kk`` ccoo m n K mg
m g d yyj
j k mt
m t 7 fdmtkmt os ` homn, w
wrotomns
rotomns dm ` abdn
sedubc mdt sdumc stoll `mc fdbc, akfùsk ot sedubc proj`roby ak
wrottkm wote ` pkrsdm`b tdufe
f. [sklub Omldrj`todm
c. Dvkr`bb Kxpkrokmfk7 nrk`t fdmtkmt, cksonm,
ckso nm, u
usàoboty
sàoboty `mc
omtkrkstomn
<. Qklbkftodms
Qklbk ftodms (0;%
(0;%))
@ltkr cdomn tek prdgkft, ot os vkry ojpdrt`mt ldr ydu td se`rk ydur
bkssdms bk`rmkc `mc fotk sdjk pdssoabk sunnkstodms `s td edw td
ojprdvk tek prdgkft pb`mmomn `mc ojpbkjkmt`todm.
Vtkp 67 @ltkr e`vomn ` fbk`r pb`m dm tek fdmtkmts dl ydur stuckmt s`jpbk
abdn, ãkvkbdp teos usomn `my dl tek prdcuftovoty tddbs cosfusskc
cosfussk c om
fb`ss dr ydu j`y feddsk td usk `m `ppbof`todm l`jobo`r td ydu.
Vtkp 37 Yrkskmt ydur stuckmt s`jpbk abdn om tek SSB 1 fb`ss ldr pkkr
kv`bu`todm usomn tek frotkro` ydu ckvkbdpkc.

Kx`jomk
@f tovoty
tovoty 0
Qkvosotomn
Qkvosoto mn _dur Bk` rmomn Yb`m
@ltkr tedrduneby cosfussomn tek promfopbks akeomc ckvkbdpomn bk`rmomn
pb`ms om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn om Jdcubk 08 prkskmtomn tek v`rodus `ftovk
bk`rmomn `pprd`feks om Jdcubk 18 `mc kxpbdromn v`rodus dpkm-kmckc tddbs dr
prdcuftovoty sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms om teos Jdcubk, rkvosot tek bk`rmomn pb`m
te`t ydu st`rtkc td cd om tek lorst bkssdm dl teos Jdcubk. Nuockc ay `bb tek
bkssdms om tek lorst terkk jdcubks, ckvkbdp `mc lomose ydur còby bk`rmomn
dutfdjks `mc còby bk`rmomn prdfkcurks.
Vtkp 07 Qkrk`c tek bk`rmomn pb`m te`t ydu ckvkbdpkc om Bkssdm 07 @ftovoty 0
dl teos Jdcubk. Ol tekrk os ` mkkc td jdcoly sdjk dl tek omldrj`todm
ydu st`tkc k`rbokr, lkkb lrkk td jdcoly ot.
Vtkp 17
1 7 @ltkr lom`boz
lom`bozomn
omn tek k`rbokr p`rts dl y
ydur
dur bk`rmomn pb`m,
p b`m, st`rt
ckvkbdpomn ydur Còby Bk`rmomn dutfdjks `mc Còby Bk`rmomn
Yrdfkcurks. Fdmsockr tek ldbbdwomn om tek ckvkbdpjkmt dl teksk
skftodms.
`. Yrkskmt`todm dl tek bk`rmomn pb`m td ydur, stuckmts dm tek lorst c`y
dl ots ojpbkj kmt`to
kmt`todm8
dm8
a . B`mnu`nk bk`rmomn `ftovotoks corkftby t`rnktomn tek st`mc`rcs `mc
b`mnu`nk fdj pktkmfoks8
F. S`xdmdjoks dl bk`rmomn td kmsurk te`t ydu wobb mdt gust t`rnkt
bdwkr drckr teomhomn shobbs aut td t`rnkt eonekr drckr teomhomn
shobbs8
c . Edbostof ckvkbdpjkmt dl stuckmts (Fdnmotovk, @llkftovk, `mc
Ysyfedjdtdr)8
k. Omtknr`todm dl tek `ftovk bk`rmomn `pprd`feks (k.n. prdgkft-
Omtknr`todm
a`skc bk`rmomn, omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn, rksk`rfe-a`skc bk`rmomn
we ofekvkr os `pp bofàbk)8
bofàbk)8
l. Omtknr`todm dl `pprdpro`tk OFS tddbs td òc tek `fquosotodm dl tek
b`mnu`nk shobbs ay tek stuckmts `mc td òc ydu
y du `s tek tk`fekr td
j`m`nk tek `ttòmjkmt dl tek bk`rmomn pb`m dagkftovks8
n @bonmjkmt dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m `sskssjkmt `ftovotoks td tek
bk`rmomn dagkftovks8
e . Kstoj`tkc tojk ldr k`fe `ftovoty8 `mc
o. Yb`mmomn `mc ckvkbdpj
c kvkbdpj kmt dl tek stuckmt prdgkfts
prdgkfts `mc
prkskmt`todm.
Jdcubk 6-[somn Dpkm Kmc kc Sddbs om L`fobot`tomn B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn

0;
tkp 67 ^rotk
^rotk ydur Còby Bk`rmomn Dag
Dagkftovks
kftovks ojjkco`tkby ldbbdwkc ay tek
Còby Bk`rmomn Yrdfkcurks. Ol tek sp`fk akbdw os mdt kmPune, lkkb
lrkk td omskrt `ccotodm`b p`nk ldbbdwomn tek ldrj`t.
Còby Bk`rmomn Dagkftovks7

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`dm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
Còby Bk`rmomn Yrdfkcurks

@ftovoty 1
Frk `tomn Conot`b Vtdroks
Ot os eoneby- rkfdtjmkmckc te`t ydu omfbuck `s p`rt dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m
tek t`sh ldr ydur luturk stuckmts td wrotk `my dl y ydur
dur novkm rkquorkjkmts
conot`bby. Ldr ydu td ak àbk td prkskmt td ydur luturk stuckmts `m kx`jpbk dl `
fonot`b stdry te`t teky f`m frk`tk td `bbdw tekj td ckkpkm tekor umckrst`mcomn
dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m, cd tek ldbbdwomn stkps.
Vtkp 07 Seomh dl `my stdry te`t ydu f`m usk `s ` spromnad`rc td `bbdw tek
stuckmts td umckrst`mc tek fdmtkmt dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m.
Vtkp 17 Vk`rfe ldr sdjk kxostomn ruarofs àdut conot`b stdroks lrdj tek ^drbc
ôck ^ka. Ol tekrk os ` mkkc td jdcoly ydur `c`ptkc ruarof, jdcoly
ot.
Vtkp 67 Ckvkbdp ` stdry ad`rc.
Vtkp 37 Ckvkbdp tek Conot`b Vtdry nuockc ay ydur ruarof `mc stdry ad`rc.
Jdcubk 6-[somn Dpkm Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot

L`fobot`tomn
Bkssdm 1- Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs 0>
@ftovoty 6
Kx`jomomn Fdpyronet B`w Hmdwbkcnk
Vtkp 0 Skstomn _ dur Hmdw bkcnk àdut Fdpyronet

Skstomn Fdpyro net B`w
Aknom teos `ftovoty ay `m
`mswkromn
swkromn tek ldbbdwom
ldbbdwomn
n dmbomk quoz
quozz
zks do
fdpyronet b`w7
g. Puoz 07 Fdpyronet `mc Lòr [sk
ettps 7O/qu
7O/quozozz.fdjb`cjombquoz/;<fl?3
ozozz.fdjb`cjombquoz/;<fl?35f6ca53;f6<>`9l3
5f6ca53;f6<>`9l3f6
f6
fdpyronet-`mc-lòr-usk
h Puoz 1 Fdpyronet Lòr [sk Puoz
e t tp s7 //w
//w w w. prd p r d ls. f d j / qu o z - s f e d d 0/ Vt d r y
pep4totbk:fdpyronetlòr-usk-quoz
0. Puoz 67 Fdpyronet `mc Lòr [sk
ettps //rkvokwn`jkzdmk fdj jf/f`mcoc`tk/tkst/ ? tkstT
oc:<55 0 6& to
oc:< totb
tbk:Fdpyronet%
k:Fdpyronet% 1D@mc% 1DLòr%
1DLòr% 1D[sk
Vtkp 17 Qk`c tek Fdpyronet Cdfujkmts dl Omtkb Sk`fe lrdj tek ldbbdwomn
wkasotks7
` . Fdpyronet Nuockbomks `mc Qksdurfks
ettps 7//kcuf`tk.omtkBèdjbcdwmbd`cbHb 1/kbkjkmts/bk`cTetjB
rksdurfks/o 6TFdp yronetT Nuockbomks T`mc TQksdurfks pcl
a . Fdpyronet Fe`ds, `m Kcuf`tdr's Nuock td Fdpyronet B`
`mc "Lòr [sk"
etops7//www.sfroac.fdjWprkskmt`todm/09??59<<;/Fdpyronet-
Fe`ds
Vtkp 67 @ltkr rk`comn `bb tek cdfujkmts àdut fdpyronet b`ws, `mswkr tek
ldbbdw
ldbb dw omn qukstodms7
qukstodms7
`. ê`t cdks fdpyronet b`w s`y àdut ` wdrh, k.n. pedtd,
co`nr`j, fe`rt, dr wedbk gdurm`b `rtofbk, weofe cdks mdt e`vk
tek © fdpyronet syjadb4 Edw wobb ydu omfbuck teksk om ydub
prdgkft prkskmt`todm4
a . @rk p`tfewrotomn `mc rkper`somn ` nddc rkjkcy td `vdoc

datòmomn fdpyronet pkrjossodm td `m kxostomn wdrh4 êy4
005 kaemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm Kmnbose O Lobopomd
f. ê`t cdks fdpyronet b`w s`y àdut ` nkmkr`bby fdpyronet

prdtkftkc wdrh sufe `s ` fe`rt, nr`pe, co`nr`j, lonurk,
cr`womn, pedtdnr`pe dr j`p4 F`m teos ak fdpokc wotedut
pkrjosso
pkrjo ssodm4
dm4 ^ ey4
c . Edw os fdpyronet omlromnkjkmt rkb`tkc td pb`no`rosj4

pb`no`rosj4
Kxpbòm.
k. @rk tek Lobopomds fdvkrkc ay tek Fdpyronet B`ws dl dtekr
fdumtroks4 êy4.

Bkssdm 1- Vtuckmt V`jpbk Yrdgkfts
Yrdgkfts [somn Dpkm-Kmckc Sddbs
0?

ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose Lobopomd
9 9
@t tek
tek kmc dl tek jdcubk,
jdcubk, tek stuckm
stuckmts sedubc ak àbk td7
td7
• ockmto
ockmtoly
ly v`rodus omstrufto
omstruftodm`b
dm`b j`tkro`bs
`tkro`bs OJs) `mc tkfemdbdny
tddbs om
om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc Xk`rmomn8
• kxpbòm tek fe`r`ftkrostofs dl nddc/`pprdpro`tk bJs `mc
tkfemdbdny tddbs om
om bk`rmomn b`mnu`nk8
• prkp`rk Js te`t wobb kme`mfk b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn utobozomn
skbkftkc tkfemdbdny tddbs om ckbovkromn tek bk`rmomn pb`m8
`mc
• frk`tk `pprdpro`tk OJs usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs om bk`rmomn
b`mnu`nk.
Omtrdcuftodm
Omstruftodm`b J `tkro`bs
Omstruftodm`b `tkro`bs (OJ
(OJ s) `rk vkry ojpd rt`mt akfùsk teky fdm troautk troautk
` b dt td td s t uck m t bk
bk ` r mo mn ` m c t k ` f eo mn . Ot o s mk vk r mk w t d f b ` o j t e` t OJ s
ekbp td ojp rdvk stuckmts' hmdwbkcnk `mc shobb sho bbss `mc tk`fekrs' j `m`nkj kmt
d l t e k fb `s s r kqu
kq u o r kjkm t s.
s . J u fe e `s a kkm w r ot o t ttkm
km t d p r ks km t ttee r kb kv `m fk
dl omstruftodm`b
omstruftodm`b j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs om nkmkr`b `m c ldr b`mnu`nk tk`feomn om p` rto rtofub`r.
fub`r.
[somn omstruftodm`b
omstruft odm`b j` tkro`bstkro`bs oomm b`mnu` nk fb`ssks j `hks b`mnu`n k bk`rmomn
l ` s f om`
o m` t omn
o mn ` mc ` ut ek mt o f . Ot k m` ab k s adt e t ek t k ` f ek r ` m c t ek s t uck mt t d
kmteu so`stof`bby
so`stof`bby p`rtofop`tk om tek b`mnu `nk bk`rm omn `ftovotoks8 `ftovotoks8 ekmfk, novomn
tek stuckmts tek dppdrtumoty td `fquork tek hmdwbkcnk `mc tek shobbs dl
b`mnu`nk òjkc `t om tekor bkssdms. Ay tek usk dl wkbb-prkp`rkc OJs, tk`fekrs'

skbl-fdmlockmfk td ckbovkr tekor bkssdms os `bsd ekonetkmkc weobk tek stuckmts
`rk `bsd novkm tek dppdrtumoty td `ftu`bozk tekor bk`rmomn.
Sekrk `rk ` bdt dl tk`fekrs wed usk tr`cotodm`b omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs td

kme`mfk tek tk`feomn bk`rmomn prdfkss. Seos jdcubk òjs td prkskmt td ydu tek
ommdv`tovk OFS-a`skc omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs te`t f`m ak uskc td kme`mfk b`mnu`nk
omstruftodm. Sek tkxts, fe`rts, jdckbs, nr`peofs, `mc dtekr dag
dagkfts
kfts usu`
usu`bby
bby
prkskmtkc om promtkc j`tkro`bs wobb ak sedwm usomn omtkr`ftovk OFS tddbs td kmrofe
S J c k v k b d p j k m t ` m c p rk sk m t ` ttoo d m .
B_K0VV0D0M 0
F e`r`ftkrosto
e`r`ftkro stofs
fs dl @ pp rdpro`tk
rdpro `tk Omstruf
Omstr uf to
todm
dm `b
J `tkr
`tkroo `b
`bss oomm B`m nu `nk Sk `feomn

• ockmtoly v`rodus omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs (OJs) `mc tkfemdbdny
tddbs om b`mnu`n
b`mnu`nkk bk`rmomn8
• kxpbòm tek fe`r`ftkrostofs dl nddc/`pprdpro`tk bJs `mc
tkfemdbdny tddbs om bk`rmomn b`mnu`nk8
• frk`tk `pprdpro`tk OJs usomn tkfemdbdny tddbs om bk`rmomn
b`mnu`nk8 `mc
• kv`bu`tk tek 'rkbkv`mfk `mc `pprdpro`tkmkss dl OFS
rksdurfks om b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn.
jt
VSKY 07 Qkvokw tek A bdns Ckvkbdpkc om Jdcubk 6

Om teos `ftovoty, ydu wobb kxfe`mnk `mc se`rk ydur nkmkr`b kv`bu`todm
dl tek abdns ydur fb`ss frk`tkc om Jdcubk 6. Om tek se`romn, fdmsockr tek
ldbbdwomn7
J d c u b k 3 -Y rrdd c u f o m n Bk ` rm o m n Q k sd u rf k s [ so m n S k f e m d b d n y S d d b s
10
Bkssdm O - Fe`r`ftkrosto
Fe`r`ftkrostofs
fs dl @p prdpro`tk Omstruftodm`b
Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs om B`mnu`n k Sk`feomn
• Cd tek stuckmt s`jpbk abdns jkkt tek cksorkc dutfdjks `mc

kxpkft`todms4 Kxpbòm.
• Edw c d tek abdns suppdrt b`mnu`nk bk`rmomn4

bk`rmomn4
VSKY 17 Bost ock`s
ock`s td ojp rdvk tek stuckmt s`j pbk abdns
Kxpbdrk.Z
Omldrj` to
todm
dm `mc Fd j j umof`todm Skfemdbdnoks (OFSs) f`m ak sonmolof`mtby
sonmolof`mtby
usklub `s tddbs ldr b`mn
b`mn u`n k omstr
omstruftodm
uftodm Om tek Yeobopp
Yeobopp omks, tek b`mnu `nk s
te`t `rk akomn tùnet `rk J dtekr Sdmnuk, Lobopomd,
Lobo pomd, Kmn bose
bose `mc dtekr ldrkonm
b`mnu`nks ^ ote
ote tek omtknr`to
omt knr`todm
dm dl OFSs om tk`feomn b`mnu`nks, tek mkkc td
prdf kss c`t` quofhby
quofhb y `mc omtknr`tk vdofk, ju sof, vockd , pofturks, `mc tkxt
o mt d b k ss
s s dms f ` m a k l ub by
b y ` c cr k s s k c K s et (1 9 0>
0 > ) f b`
b` o j s t e` t OF
O F Ss f ` m ak
pr dnr ` j j k c t d t ` o bdr
b dr , oms
oms t ruf
r uf t o dm ` mc t k s ts
ts l dr k ` f e o mco vo cu` b b ` mnu` n k
bk`rmkr.
Sd ak à bk td usk teksk tkfemd bdnoks suffksslubby suffksslubby `s tddbs `mc j `tkro `tkro`bs
`bs
` mc t d ek b p o m k l l k f toto vk f dmc uf t dl b ` mnu` n k f b ` s s k s , s dj k pr o mf o pbk
pb k s dm
suotàoboty,
suotàobo ty, `ckqu`f y, `mc k llofokmt utoboz uto boz`todm
`todm wobb `bsd ak c osfusskc om teos
J dc ub kof. Sek
`f`ckj k l l k f t ovk
pkrldrj`mfk o vkom
m ktk`feomn
s s dl o ms `mc
t ruf
r uf tbk`rmomn
o dm` bmn
bk`rmo t ddb
os somcosputàbk.
om
o m pr d j dt o mn s t uck m t s '
Ot prdvocks,
tek j ufe m kkckc skmsdry kx pkrokmfks mkkckc ay tek bk`rmkrs bk`r mkrs ldr `m kllkftovk
kllkftovk
`mc j k`momnlub ake `vodr`b fe`mnk (@ gdhk, 190>). 190> ). Vb`vom (1909)(1909) `bsd `cckc
te`t, wkbb-pb`mmkc
wkbb-pb`mmkc `mc oj`n om`tovk om`tovk u sk dl vosu`b òcs om bkssdms a`m ose `p`tey,
supp bkjkm t om`ckqu`f
om`ckqu`f y dl ad dhs `s wkbb `s `rdusk stuckm t't'ss omtkr omtkrkst
kst ay novomn
tekj sdj kteomn
kteo mn p r`ftof`b
r`ft of`b td skk `mc cd , `mc `t ttek ek s`j k toj to j k ekbp td tròm
tr òm
tekj td teomh teomns
teomns d ut tekjskbvks.
Om b`mnu`nk
`nk tk`feomn `mc bk`rmo
bk`rmomn
mn, tekrk `rk ` bdt dl oomst
mstruft
ruftoodm`b
j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs te`t f`m ak prkp `rkc td kme`m fk tek tk`feomn-bk`rmomn prd fkss. Seksk
omstruftodm`b
omstr uftodm`b j `tkro`bs
`tkro`b s f`m ak prkp `rkc wote ttek
ek sup pdrt dl tkfe
t kfe mdbdn oks

Vdj k dl tek fdj j dm b`mnu` nk tk`feomn j `tkro`bs `tkro `bs wob

w obbb ak prkskmtkc
prkskmt kc om teos
teo s
j dcubk `mc tek tkfemdbdnof`b
tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs
tddb s te`t f`m ak uskc td prkp`rk tekj `rk `bsd
cksfroakc N dmk ` rk tek c`ys wekm f`ssktt
f`sskttkk t`pks, r`cods,
r`cods, `mc tkbkvosodms
tkbkvosodms wkrk
tek dmby tkfemdbdnoks akomn uskc td `bbdw stuckmts td ckjd mstr`tk mstr`tk b`mnu`nk
shobbs
shob bs ldr tek K mnbose dr L obopomd
obopomd su agkfts dr fdursks. Sdc`y tekrk `rk '` bdt dl
omstrufto
omst ruftodm`b
dm`b j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs te`t `rk akomn uskc td kme`m fk b`mnu `nk bk`rmomn te`t
`rk OFS-a`skc .
Fdj putkr-A`skc Omstrufto

Omstruftodm`b
dm`b Sddbs `mc J`tkro`bs om B`mnu`n k Sk`feomn
Sek muj krdus tkfemdbdny tddbs akomn uskc om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `rk lubby
suppd rtovk
rtovk dl tek collkrkmt typks
t ypks dl omstruftodm`b
`tkro `bs fdj j dmby uskc
om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn. AkbdwAkb dw `rk sdj k fdj putkr-a`skc omstrufto
omst ruftodm`b
dm`b tddbs,
str`tknoks
str`t knoks `mc j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs om b`mnu
b`mnu `nk tk`fe omn
@. Fdjputkr-@ssostkc B`mnu`nk Bk`rmomn (F@BB)

Fdj putkr-`sso
putkr-`ssost stkc
kc b`mnu`nk bk`r
bk`rmomn
momn (F@B B) os ` lumc`j kmt`b p`rt
dl Kmn bo bose
se tk`feomn jkted cdbdn y `mc ot os ` eoneby `fhmdwbkcnkc j k`ms
om `ttòmomn
`ttòmomn bk`rmomn d agkft agkftovks.
ovks. Fdj putkrs prdvock j `my dppd rtumoto rtumo toks
ks
dl kxfe`m nomn ock`s `mc omldrj`todm `t adte m`todm`b `mc omtkrm`todm`b omtkrm`todm`b
bkvkb Akldrk teos tkfemdt kfemd bdny, stuckm
st uckm ts wkrk mdt àbk td bk`rm b`mnu`n k
k`sobyy `mc teky e`c td l`fk j `my e urcbks `mc collofubto
k`sob collofubtoks.
ks. Sek fb`ssof`b
`mc tr`cotodm`b
tr`cot odm`b jktedc s uskc ay tek dbc tk`fekrs fdubcm't ekbp ekb p tekj td
bk`rm ldrkonm b`mnu`n k kllkftovkby.
kllkfto vkby. Sek dbc tk`feomn j ktedcs fd ubcm't
lublob
lubl obbb tek rkquorkj
rkquorkj kmts dl bk`rmomn `mc bk`rmkrs. Aut mdw tek `cv`mf kc
`mc p rdnrkssovk
rdnrkssovk tkfemdbdny dl 'tek 'tek fdj putkr e`s j dtov`tkc
dtov`tkc tek bk`rmkrs ttdd
bk`rm b`mnu`nk kllkftovkby.
kllkftovkby. Sek fdj putkr e`s akfdj k ` v`buàbk tddb dl
bk`rmomn ldr j dck rm stuckm ts (B (B dec o, 190?). K sbot (190>) `bsd cksfroakc
F@B B `s dmk dl tek j `my tddbs tddb s `mc tkfemoquks
tkfemoquks te`t f`m ekbp ojprdvk
tek stuckmts' b`mnc `nk. fdj pktkmfoks. E k fbòjs te`t teos mkw tkfemd bdny
om b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm e`s omfrk`skc bk`rmkr ùtdmdjy, frk`tovoty,
prdcuftovoty - ' `mc tj wd rh. Ot e`s ak km u skc wote omtkr`ftovk
omtkr `ftovk tk`feomn
`pp rd`fe td tutdrt utdr b`mnu` nk bk`rmkrs terdun e b`mnu `nk c ro robb
bbss dr shobb
shobbss
pr`ftofk Ot e`s
dr `s ` tddb ldr`bsd
wroakkm
wroto
tomn uskc
mn `m `s stoj ubus ldr cosfussodm `mc omtkr`fto
c rksk`rfe omtkr`ftodm,
dm,
@a`tk (19057) fdmcuftkc ` rksk`rfe dm abkmcomn Fdmtkmt `mc
B`mn
`mnu`nk Omtknr`tkc Bk`rmom
k`rmomnn (F
(FBOB) `m`mc
c F@
F@BB. Sek
Sek rksk
rksk`rfe
`rfe
ldumc dut te`t tek usk dl sojpbk aut kllof`fodus wka tddbs curomn
bkss dms om FBOB ` pprd`fe oj prdvkc bk`rmkrs'
bkssdms bk`rmkrs ' - fdj pktkmfoks. Sekwka
t ddb s k m` ab k f dj j umo f ` t odm8
o dm8 l ` f o bobo tt`` t k ` f f k s s t d hmd w b k cnk , dmb omk
o mk
coftodm`roks `mc dtekr bk`rmomn rksdurfks `mc omfrk` sk kxpd surk td usomn
` ldrkonm b`mnu
b `mnu `nk. FBOB c kvkbdps fdnm ot otodm`b
odm`b ooj j prdvkj kmt, fubtur`b
umc krst`mcomn wotedut `my sua st`mto`b bdss td fdmtkmt bk`rmomn. Sek usk dl
OFS kme` mfk s kllkftovk
kllkftovk stuckm t's t's j dtov`todm
dtov`todm td bk`rm b`mnu `nk s. -
Jdc ubk 3 - Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn Skfemdbdny Sddbs

Bkssdm 0 - Fe`r`ftkrost
Fe`r`ftkrostofs
ofs dl @pp rdpro`tk Omstruftodm`b
Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs om B`mnu`nk Sk`feomn
16
Sek usk dl F@BB om tdc`y s b`mnu`nk fb`ssrddj e`s ojprdvkc

` bdt akfùsk
akfùs k dl
d l tek
tek m kw trkmcs d l tkfemdbdnoks `mc
mkw `mc akfùsk
kfù sk dl te
tek
k
v`rodus fe`bbkmnks `mc ommdv`todms om b`mnu`nk tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn.
`rodus fe`bbkmnks
Om ` rksk`rfe fdmcuftkc ay Yùb Byccdm (1905), ot w`s pdomtkc dut
te`t conot`b omfrk`skc fdjjumof`todms aktwkkm
tkfemdbdnoks e`vk
spk`hkrs dl coll
collkrkm
krkmtt b`mn
b`mnu`
u`nks, aut tek wocksprk`c usk dl dmbomk
nks,
j`feomk tr`m
tr`msb`todm
sb`todm e`s akfdjk ` cosru
cosruptovk drfk ldr ldrkonm b`mnu`nk
ptovk lldrfk
kcuf`todm, `s ot pkrjots omtkbbonoabk kxfe
kxfe`mnk
`mnkss a
aktw
ktwkkm
kkm pkrs dms wote
pkrsdms
bottbk dr md hmdwbkcnk dl ` ldrkonm tdmnuk. Sek rksk`rfe lurtekr mdtks
te`t `s j`feomk tr`msb`todm tkfemdbdny dmby fdmtomuks t d ojprdvk,
k kmtork purpdsk dl ldrkonm b`mnu`nk bk`
tek
te bk`rmomn
rmomn, fdjputkr-`ssos
fdjputkr-`ssostkc
tkc
dr dte
d tekrw
krwosk,
osk, j `y dmk c`y sddm bohkby ak f`bbkc omtd qukstodm.. Ot os
j`y
tekrkldrk, rkfdjjkmckc te`t weobk mdteomn os kvkr truby luturk-prddl8 tek
sustòmàtety dl ldrkonm b`mnu`nk kcuf`todm j`y rkquork ` seolt om ldfus
`w`y lrdj tr`cotodm`b b`mnu`nk `fquosotodm `mc tdw`rc sdfo`b skjodtof
`w`rkmkss `m
`mc
c jubtjodc`b
jubtjodc`b omtkrfu
omtkrfubtur`b
btur`b fdj
fdjjum
jumof`to
of`todm
dm-- Seo
Seos
sssun
unnksts
pdssoabk rdbks ldr conot`b tkfemdbdnoks j sustòmàb k b`mnu
s ustòmàbk b`mnu`nk
`nk tk`feo
tk`feomn
mn
A. B`mnu`nk Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs Vuppdrtkc ay Skfemdbdny Sddbs

@gdhk
@gdhk (190
(190>)
>) fotkc te
tek
k collkrkmt typks dl omst
omstruftodm`b
ruftodm`b j
j`tkro`bs
`tkro`bs om
tk`feomn Kmnbose `s ` skfdmc b`mnu`nk. Seksk typks `rk `bsd usklub om
tk`feomn dtekr b`mnu`nks.
0. Omstruftodm`b Fe`rts
Dmk t e kf d j j d m l o m s t ruftodm
dm`` j`tkr ` s o m oo•
tk`feomn `mc bk`rmomn s ` fe`rt Fe`rts f`m ak skkm dm
j`tkro`bs aut tekor prkskmt`todm f`m ak k m e ` m f k c ` m c ` r k p r k s k m t k c
C dr 3C ldrj wot e tek òc dl tkfemdbdny ~ Fe`rts f`m ekbp O`m
bk`rmkrs Br, woteumc k r s t ` m c o m n c `t ` 00 •fdmfkptso
prkskmtk r js stuckmts wr t mn
k ydmc k me ` mf k c
7
7
K0
ckvkbdp fe`rts7
` Jofrdsdlt Eo0lbo
Jofrdsdlt ^drc cdk s md t dm
dmby
by `bb
`bbdw
dw ydu td fr k` tk
cdfujkmts aut ot `bsd e`s ` prdvosodm td `bbdw ydu td frk`
frk`tk
tk
`ppk`bb dl tek
co`rts dr nr`pes te`t wobb `cc td tek vosu`b `ppk`
prkskmt`todm dl ydur tkxt.
a Jofr
ofrdsdlt
dsdlt xfkb
Dmk d
dll te
tek
kj òm lk`turks
jòm dl Jofrdsdlt Kxfkb `mc dtekr
sprk`csekkts `ppbof`todms os td frk`tk fe`rts `mc nr`pes
Ldr b`mnu`nk bk`rmkrs, ` sojpbk fe`rt om Kxfkb os jdrk
fdjprkekmsoabk te`m td skk ` bdt dl sekkts `mc fkbbs lubb dl
mujakrs.
0 1 3 0O^[mp^ K&tm-
f . J ofrdsdl
ofrdsdltt YdwkrYd omt
YdwkrYdomt dllkrs v`rodus tddbs te`t f`m j`hk ydur
prkskmt`todm omtkr`ftovk. Dmk dl ots lk`turks os td
td p rkskmt fe` rts
om ` sbock.
c . oDs, @mcrodc `mc ômcdw
ômcdws
s Yedmk `mc oY`c F
Fe`rt
e`rt J`hkr
@pps
Seksk `rk Mujakrs, \oz, 6C Fe`rts, Fe`rt J`hkr,
Nr`peomn F `bfub`tdr
`bfub`tdr EC, Qd`j ao @m`bytofs,
@m`bytofs, `mc
` mc N r`pe
1. Ydstkrs
J `my d l tek s feddbs om tek Yeoboppomks Yeoboppomks e`vk ak km okquor okquoromn omn tekor
stuckm ts td t d p` rtofop`tk
rtofop`tk om pdstkr-j `homn `f tovoto to votoks ks td lurtekr ckvk bdp
tekor frk`tovoty
frk`tovoty `mc td ekbp tek j kxp rkss tekor ock`s terdu ne ` p oftdro`b
ckvo fk. ô te t e t ek `c vkmt dl t ut dro`bdro`b vo ckds dm _ du Suak, stuckm st uckm t s f`m
c k v k b d p j d r k f r k ` t ov
o v k ` m c c o n oott ` bboo zk
z k c p d s t k rs
r s . J d r k d v k r , te
te k r k ` r k
skvkr`b `ppbof`todms te`t stuckmts f`m cdwmbd`c `mc usk ldr tekor
pdstkr j`homn `ftovoty. Seksk `rk lrkk s`jpbks dl tek lrkk pdstkr
j `hkr `ppbof`todms `vòbàbk7
` . Vp`rh Ydst
ettps7//s
ettps7//sp`rh.
p`rh.`cda
`cda k.
k.fdj
fdj /j`hB pstkrs/
@cdak Vp`rh os. ` suotk dl cksonm tddbs te`t `bbdws ydu
t d j ` h k y d u r d w m p d s t k r s,
s , v o c k d s ` m c w k a p ` n k s u s om
om n y d u r
fdj putkr dr oDV j daobk ckvofk. Sek pd stkr-j`homn stkr -j`homn tddb dl teos
fdbbkftodm
fdbbkfto dm dl `pp s os f`bbkc Vp`rh Ydst. Seos `pp dllkrs ` r`mnk
dl pdstkr tkjtkj pb`tks `mc b`yduts te`t ydu f`m usk td frk`tk ydur
dwm fustdj pdstkrs ldr se`romn se`r omn dm sdfo`b jkco` `m c ldr promt.
a . F`mv` s Ydstkr J`hkr
F`mv`'s pdstkr
pdst kr j `h kr e`s eumcrkcs d l t kjpb `tks
`t ks ckso nmkc
ay tekor tk`j
tk`j dl prdlks s odm`b cks onmkrs . S kj pb`tks `rk
`r k e`vk
sedrtfuts td nrk`t cksonm7 _du'bb e`vk ` fustdj pdstkr om
jomutks.
f . Abdfh Yd stkrs
A b d f h Y d s tk
tk r s f ` m b k t y d u j ` h k y d u r d w m f u s t d j p d s t k r
ldr lokk. [pbd`c `m oj`nk, feddsk ydur dptodms, `mc tekm
cdwmbd`c ` mc promtdut ydur dwm pk rsdm`bozkc' eun k pdstkr.
c . Ydstkromo
etpBBwwgv.pPstroo0gdrmB
Ydstkromo
Ydstkro mo pd stkr j`hkr rkcklomks tek jk`momn dl cksonm,
fdjaomomn ùnjkmtkc rk`boty, `rtolofo`b omtkbbonkmfk `mc
n`j olo
olof`todm
f`todm om ` u moquk w`y.
Jdcu bk 3 - Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn Skfemdbdny Sddbs

1;
Bkssdm 0 Fe `r`ftkrostofs
`r`ftkrostofs dl @pprdpro`tk Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs om
om B`mn u`nk Sk`feomn
k . YdstkrJy
YdstkrJy ^ `bb
e ^ s7/
s7//ww
/ww w .0
.01dst
1dstkjoyw`bb
kjoyw`bb.f
.fdj/
dj/
Ot os
os ,` wkasotk
wkasotk te`t lk`turks
lk`turks `j `zomn pdstkr tkj pb`tks `mc
e`s `m k`sy-td-usk fustdj n r`peofs skrvofk.
6. Lb`sef`rcs
Lb`sef`rcs `rk omcospkmsà bk omstruftodm`b
`tkro`bs om b`mnu`n k
tk`feomn. Seksk `rk fdjj dmby uskc om rk`comn `mc om ttk`feomn
k`feomn bkssdms
om pedmdbdny `m c j drpedbdny. ôte tek prkskmfk dl lrkk kcuf`todm`b
wkasotks, b`mnu`n k tk`fek rs wobb
wobb mdt e`vk collofubty
collofubty om prkp` romn tekor
lb`sef`rcs. Sek
Sek ldbbdwomn wkasotks, drn`mozkc ay Vdltdmof (1919), j `y
ekbp ydu prkp`rk ydur lb`sef`rcs ldr ydur b`mnu`nk fb`ssks7
fb`ssks7
`. mho
ettps7//`mho.km.sdltdmof.f/
@m ho os
os ` pdwkrlub, j ubto-purp
ubto-purp dsk `pp bof`t
bof`todm.
odm. Lb`sef`rcs
frk`tkc usomn @mho f`m fdm tòm ttkxt.s
kxt.sdum
dum c,Gj`n ks, `mc
ldrj`ttkc
ldrj`tt kc cd fuj kmts om st`mc`rc B`SkU.
a. \dfàb`7 Kmnbose Coftodm`ry
ettps7//km.sdltdmof.fdj `mcrdoc kcuf`todm-rklkrkmfk
\dfàb` ldfusks dm tek stucy dl wdrcs. Sd j`hk
kxp`mcomn yd
omtrdcufks ur vdfàub`ry
fdjpktotovk jdrk lumwot
kbkjkmts, `mce `cc
wote oft
oftovk,
`feokvkjovk, kmts
\d fàb`
`mc
pdomts om tek r`mhomns, ggust
ust bohk
bohk om n `j ks. Sek
Sek umoquk lk`turk
dl \ dfàb` os `m `cc -dm ldr J dzobb`
dzob b` Lorkldx, weofe
weo fe `bbdws
ydu td `c c wdrcs `mc f rk`tk lb`sef`rc
lb`sef`rc s corkftb
corkftbyy dmbomk.
f . Bk`rm Vp`mose wote KcuHd`b`
ettps7//km.sdlbdmof.fdj/`mcrdoc kcuf`todm-rklkrkmfk
K cuhd`b` os prktt
prkttyy sojob`r td
t d tek prkvodusby j kmtodmkc
`pp , aut oots
ts umoqukm kss os om
om tek w`y ot bkts ydu bk`rm m kw
wdrcs kvkry toj toj k ydu u mbdfh ydur @m crdoc pedm k. Om tekt ek
skttomn
skttomns,
s, ydu f`m
f`m feddsk td ak
ak fe`bbkmnkc wote wd
wdrcs,
rcs,
omstk`c dl tek tr`cotodm`
tr`coto dm` b fdck d r swopk p`ttkrm, td td um bdfh
ydu r , ped mk . K cu hd` b ` w ob
o b b co s pb ` y ` quk s t odm
o dm ` mc t er k k
pdssoabk `mswkrs8 `mswkr tek qukstodm fdrrkftby td umbdfh
ydur @mcrdoc. Ot's `m omtkrkstomn `pprd`fe, aut `s tek
ckvkbdpkr `cjots, ot cdksm't wdrh dm kvkry pedmk, `mc
ydu'b b mkkc td cdwmbd`c ` collkrkmt
ydu'bb coll krkmt `pp ldr k`fe b`mnu `nk
ydu w`mt td bk`rm (tek
(tek `pp d llkrs Kmnbose, Vp`mose, Nk rj` m,
Lrkmfe, Feomksk, Ot`bo`m, Qusso`m, Ydrtunuksk, Eomco,
G`p`m ksk, Mdrwkno`m, `mc Nrkkh).
c . Vtucy Abuk
ettps7//km.
ettps7/ /km.sdltdmof.
sdltdmof.fdj
fdj opedm k/kcuf`todm-rklkrkmfk
Vtucy abuk `bbdws ydu td k` soby
sob y frk`tk lb`sef`rc s wote
wot e
tkxt, sdumc ` mc oj `nks. _du f`m, ldr kx`j pbk, t`hk ` pedtd

dr cr`w sdjkteomn, `mc tekm `cc jdrk omldrj`todm j`rot`bby

dr vk ra`bby.
3. Vbock
@jdmn tek v`rodus typks dl j`tkro`bs te`t `rk `vòbàbk ldr
prdgkftodm, sbocks `mc lobj strops `rk tek ldrkjdst vosu`b òcs. Seky
`rk dl nrk`t v`buk om tk`feomn tr`cotodm`bby, sbock prdgkftdrs e`vk akkm
uskc ay tk`fekrs ldr tekor sbock prkskmt`todm. Seksk sbock prdgkftdrs
e`vk akkm uskc ldr prdgkftomn pofturks lrdj ` tr`msp`rkmt sbock dm `
w`bb
w` bb dr sfr
sfrkk
kkm.
m. Mdw`c
Mdw`c`ys,
`ys, omm
ommdv`to
dv`tovk
vk `mc stoj
stojub`
ub`to
tomn
mnoo prkskm
prkskmt`to
t`todm
dm
`ppbof`todms `rk fdjjdmby uskc ay tk`fekrs. Seksk prkskmt`todm
sdltw`rk `ppbof`todms e`vk vkry nddc lk`turks te`t f`m j`hk tek
prkskmt`todm dl bkssdms mk`r td skkomn rk`b dagkfts `mc suagkfts. Vdjk
dl teksk `rk7
` . J ofrdsdl
ofrdsdltt YdwkrYdomt
Vknumcd `mc V`b`z`r (1900) om tekor rksk`rfe st`tk
te`t YdwkrYdomt teos prdnr`j e`s akfdjk tek wdrbc's
jdst wockby uskc prkskmt`todm prdnr`j `mc os ` fdjpbktk
prkskmt`todm prdnr`j te`t `bbdws tk`fekrs td prdcufk
prdlkssodm`b-bddhomn prkskmt`todm om KLB fb`ssrddjs.
a . YdwSddm
Vkj``m `mc Osjòb (190 5) st`tkc om tekor rksk`rfe te`t
YdwSddm os ` wka-a`skc tddb te`t dllkrs ` wock `rr`y dl
jkco` dptodms, nr`peofs, f`rtddms, `mc `moj`tkc oj`nks
td frk`tk `m
`moj
oj`tkc
`tkc prk
prkskm
skmt`to
t`todm
dmss te`t lbdw sj
sjddteby
ddteby `mc
bdnof`bby. Ot `bsd lk`turks fb`ssrddj `ffdumts ldr prdgkft-
a`skc bk`rmomn YdwSddm f`m ak uskc td tk`fe `my suagkft.
Om 1903, Sr`fy ^kakr fotkc ay Vkj``m `mc Osjòb (1905)
cksfroakc YdwSddm `s ` pdtkmto`b `ppbof`todm td tk`fe
b`mnu`nk fdursks p`rtofob`rby Kmnbose. Vek sòc, ot fdubc ak
kjpbdykc om `m Kmnbose fb`ss td ckjdmstr`tk hmdwbkcnk dl

Qdjkd `mc Gubokt lrdj ` stuckmts' pkrspkftovk8 `mc kvkm om
omcustro`b `rts fb`ss ay ckjdmstr`tomn wkbcomn tkfemoquks.
YdwSddm p`vks tek w`y tdw`rcs tk`feomn eonekr drckr
teomhomn shobbs bohk frotof`b teomhomn, sujj`rozomn, `mc
prdabkj-sdbvomn weofe `rk a`sof shobbs ldr ` suffksslub
nbda`b fotozkms om tek 1 0s' Fkmtury.
f. Nddnbk Crovk Y rkskmt`to
rkskmt`todm
dm
Nddnbk Crovk Yrkskmt`todm os ` fbduc-a`skc prkskmt`todm8
ekmfk, ot os `bw`ys `vòbàbk akfùsk ydu f`m `bw`ys `ffkss
ot `mytojk tekrk os mkt fdmmkftodm usomn ydur YF, Ferdjk
Ad dh, @m crdoc ktf.
Jdc ubk 3 - Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn Skfemdbdny Sddts

Fe`r`ftkrostofs
1>
Vomfk ot os p`rt dl tek Nddnbk's Vdltw`rk Dllofk Vuotk

woteom tek N ddn bk Crovk, ydu f`m `bsd k`soby se`rk ot td ydur
woteom
stuckmts om ydur b`mn u`nk fb`ssks.
c . Vbock Qdfhkt
Seos os ` wka-a`skc prdnr`j te`t wobb `bbdw ydu
td frk`tk prkskmt`todms ldr ydur b`mnu`nk fb`ssks. Seos
sdltw`rk os vkry soj ob`r
ob `r td dtekr p rkskmt`todm sd ltw`rk bo
bohk
hk
YdwkrYd omt `mc Yrkzo. Ots mdtàbk lk`turks `rk ots
ot s tkj pb`tks
weofe f`m ak uskc td j`hk prkskmt`todms jdrk vosu`bby
`ppk`bomn.
k Yrkzo
Gust bohk YdwkrYdomt Yrkskmt`todms, tekrk `rk skvkr`b
pokfks dl rksk`rfe te`t fbòj
fb òj te`t Yrkzo
Yr kzo os
os fdj j dmby uskc ldr
prkskmt`todm om `f`ckj of omstrufto
o mstruftodms.
dms. Edu sh` (1906) st`tkc
st`t kc
te`t Yrkzo os t`homn edbc om sdjk cosfopbomks `mc forfbks.
Oms truftdrs
tr uftdrs , prdlks s odm`
o dm` b s pk`hkrs òc s ttuc
uc kmts fdm tomu
tomu k td
pdst prkskmt`todms frk`tkc tedune Yrkzo dmbomk ldr puabof
pkrus`b. Seksk prkskmt`todms f`m ak `m kxfkbbkmt st`rtomn
pdomt ldr tkfe-s`vvy omstruftdrs omtkmcomn td rkomvondr`tk
tekor fb `ssrddj
fb`ssrddj
kmn`nomn omstruftodm
omstr
ldrj`t. Omuftodm dr prkskm
b`mnu`nk t j` tkro
tk`feomn, tkro`b
tek`b rksk`rfe
om
o m ` md vkb,
dl
_ usmy `m c Huj o tt`` (190<)
(190< ) fdmfb ucks t e`t t k`feo
k`feomnmn nr`j j `r
utobozomn Yrkzo prkskmt`todm ekbps stuckmts ojprdvk tekor
nr`jj`r j`stkry. @ @c
ccototodm`
odm`bby,
bby, ot `bsd sedws
sedws tte`
e`tt tek
stuckmts e`vk pdsotovk rkspdmsks tdw`rc utobozomn Yrkzo
prkskmt`todm om nr`j j `r bkssdms.
prkskmt`todm bks sdms. Edwkvkr, teky kj pe`sozkc
te`t tek
t ek ckvkbdpj kmt dl Yrkz o prks kmt`todm
kmt`t odm om `bb kcuf`todm
j`tkro`bs sedubc f`rklubby `cekrk td tek promfopbks dl
oms trufto
t ruftodm`b
dm`b cks onm `mc j us t mdt dvkru s k tek lk`turks `s ot
ot
fdubc ` bsd bk`c td mkn `tovk kllkft ttdd tek bk`rmkrs.
;. ^drh Ve
Vekkt
kktss `
`mc
mc Ldr
Ldrjs
js
@ wdrhsekkt os mdt dmby fdj pbktkc dm promtkc j `tkro `tkro`bs
`bs aut tteksk
eksk
f`m `b sd ak `ffdj pb osekc
o sekc t erdune t ek w ka. Ay t ek usk dl sdj k w drc
prdfkssomn sd lt
ltw`rk
w`rk bohk
bohk J ofrdsdlt ^ drc, ` tk`fe
t k`fe kr f`m `bsd ckvk bdp
kbkftrdmof ldrjs .
`. Nddnbk Ldrjs . PuofhS `pVurvky
a . J d m h k y Vu
V u rv k y Ld rrj
j . Sypk Ldrj
f . Y`pkr Ldrjs . Fdnmotd Ldrj
c . Vurvky Yb`mkt . Momg` Ldrjs
15 0
<. Mkwsbkttkrs
@ mk
mkwsbktt
wsbkttkr
kr oos
s ` vkry
vkry usklub j`t
j`tkro`b
kro`b oom
m b`m
b`mnu
nu`n
`nk
k tk`feomn `
`mc
mc
bk`rmomn. Yrkp`romn ` mkwsbkttkr wobb ckvkbdp `mc auobc tek vdfàub`ry
`mc wrotomn shobbs dl stuckmts terdune cr`ltomn, rkvosomn, kcotomn,
` mc puaboseomn Vtuckmts wobb akfdjk l`jobo`r wote tek prdfkss
dl prdcufomn ldrj`b wrottkm cdfujkmts, sufe `s j`n`zomks `mc
mkwsp`pkrs. Serdune omtkr`ftomn wote dtekrs om tek fb`ss, stuckmts wobb
`bsd bk`rm edw td wdrh woteom ` tk`j. Jdrkdvkr, tek ldbbdwomn shobbs
f`m `bsd ak ckvkbdpkc7
• Qkfkptovkmkss td b`mnu`nk, rk`comn, bostkmomn `mc

umckrst`mcomn
• ^rotomn, spkbbomn, nr`jj`r, cr`ltomn, rkvosomn `mc kcotomn
• Oj`nom`todm, fdmlockmfk om usomn dr`b b`mnu`nk `mc frk`tovk
shobbs
• [sk dl coftodm`roks `mc teksùrusks td kxtkmc `mc ckvkbdp
vdfàub`ry `mc spkbbomn
Sek ldbbdwomn `rk `bsd ojpdrt`mt l`ftdrs td fdmsockr. wekm

prkp`romn
prkp`romn ` m
mkw
kwsbkttkr ((kxpbdrk
kxpbdrkr,
r, m.c
m.c.)
.)77
@ffur`fy7 Kmsurk tek l`fts `rk ronet (omfbucomn edw td spkbb
m`jks). @bw`ys usk tek lovk ^s `mc E (êd, ê`t, êkm,
êkrk, êy, Edw4).
@ucokmfk7 êd wobb rk`c tek p`pkr4 Os ydur stdry dl omtkrkst td
tekj4
• Qksk`rfe7 @bw`ys fekfh l`fts te`t ydu e`vk fdbbkftkc - usk
rklkrkmfk j`tkro`bs ol mkkckc.
• Oj`nks7 Cdm't bk`vk tek oj`nks td tek b`st jomutk - `bw`ys
teomh edw tek oj`nk f`m nrà tek rk`ckr's `ttkmtodm- te`t f`m
ak uskc wote tek `rtofbk.
• ^rot
^rotom
omn
n ê`t os tek ^D ^ l`
l`ftdr
ftdr dl tek stdry
stdry4
4 - V t`
t`rt
rt wote
` nddc
nddc bk`
bk`c.
c. Q
Qkjkja
kjkjakr
kr te`t ydu w
w`m
`mtt ttd
d nrà tek rrk`
k`ck
ckr'
r'ss
`ttkmtodm `mc tekm w`mt td rk`c jdrk. [sk tek wdrhsekkt
akbdw td `ssost wote wrotomn stdroks.
>. Y`jpebkts
p`jpebkt os ` sj`bb, umadumc addhbkt ldfuskc dm ` somnbk
suagkft ldr kcuf`todm`b purpdsks. Y`jpebkts `rk mdm-pkrodcof`b. Seky
`rk wro
rott
ttkm
km ldr tek b`yj`m, so
soj
jpby `mc wot
otedut
edut kxfksso
fkssovk
vk
g`rndm. @utedrs prkskmt tkxt `mc oj`nks om `m drn`mozkc l`seodm td
fdjjumof`tk ` fbk`r jkss`nk. Y`jpebkts f`m ak ldbckc om ` v`rokty dl
w`ys. sufe `s om e`bl, om teorcs, dr om ldurtes (Bufoc Yrkss, 1919). Sek
s`jpbk tkfemdbdny tddbs te`t ydu f`m usk td ckvkbdp ydur p`jpebkts
`rk7
sJ
ook3Yfuo f
01?
O- t
rkn O
` . J ofrdsdlt Yuabosekr
a. @cda k Vp`rh
•f. B ufoc Yrkss
5 Ardfeurks
@ a r d fe u r k o s u s kc t d `c v kr t os
os k ` fd j p `m y `m c o t s p r d c u ft s d r
skrvofks (Bu
( Bu foc Yrkss, 1919) Vdjk `p pbof`todms pbof`todms te`t ydu j `y usk td
ckvkbdp ydur ardfeurks `rk7
`. J
a. ofrdsdlt Yuabosekr
F`mv`
d \kmmn`nk
c. \osjk
k . lbopsm`fh
?. F`rtddms
@ f`rtddm os ` sojp bk poft
pofturk
urk dl `m `j usomn sotu`todm8
sotu`todm8 sdj ktoj
kto j ks
ot os ` s`to
s`torof`b
rof`b fdj j kmt dm ` skrodu s dr tdpof`b ossuk. @ strop f`rtddm
os ` skqukmfk dl lr`jkc cr`womns, weofe weo fe tkbb ` stdry. Adte typ ks `rk
td ak ldumc om mk wsp`pkrs, j`n` zo zomks
mks `mc bk`lbkts.
bk`lb kts. Om ckvkbdpj kmt
sotu`todms
sot u`todms ` f`rtddm
f`rtddm os ` jk tedc dl fdm vkyomn ` spkfolof jkss`nk E dw
td usk f`rtddms F `rtddm pofturks kmà bk pkdp bk td t d cosfuss skmsotovk
skmsoto vk
ossuks `mc sd `rk usklu b ldr l dr tk`feomn ` mc tròmomn B ostkmomn
ost kmomn shobbs
shobbs
om tek
t ek b`mnu`nk fb`ss f`m ak kxtkmckc `m c ckvkbdpkc u somn f`rtddm f`rt ddm
strops.
str ops. _du f`m rk`c dut ` cksfroptodm
cksfropto dm d l sdj kteomn, weofe w eofe mkkc s td
ak cr`wm om skqukmf k, k`fe p`rt om ` skp`r`tk lr`j k. @sh tek tek stuckm ts
td bostkm
bostkm f`rklu bby, weobk ydu rk`c tek p okfk twd dr terkk tojks. Sekm
`sh tekj
tekj td cr`w we`t
we`t teky e`vk ek`rc. _du fdu bc prdvock ` tkjpb`tk
wotee skvkr`b rk`cy lr`j ks ldr tekj td lobb
wot lobb om. _du fdubc c d teos wote wote
twd skp`r`tk nrdups `mc `sh tek stuckmts td cosfuss we`t tteky eky skk om
tek pofturk.
poft urk. _d u f`m tekm kv`bu`tk edw wkbb teky e`vk u mck rstddc rst ddc
tek pokfk ydu rk`c. F`rtddm
F`rtddm stro
st rops
ps f`m ak uskc td tk`fe skqukmfomn
td stuckmts. Lomc , dr cr`w, ` f`rtddm strop strop wote aktwkkm terkk ` mc
konet skp`r`tk lr`jks. Fut dut k`fe lr`j k `mc, rk`rr`mnk tekj sd te`t
teky `rk om tek wrdmn drckr. Vtofh Vt ofh tekj
t ekj cdwm om tek mkw drckr `mc
j `hk dmk fdpy ldr k`fe nrdup. @sh tekj td fut k`fe lr`jk dut `mc
put tekj om tek fdrrkft drckr. Akldrk ydu cd teos, sedw tek stuckmts
`m kx`j pbk dm tek fe`bhad`rc dl pofturks po fturks omom tek wrdmn drckr `mc `sh
tekj td p ut tekj om tek fdrrkft skqukmfk . Sek àdv k, kxkrfosk f`m `bsd
ak uskc om ` wdrhsedp dr tròmomn skssodm, usomn ` tdpof rkb`tkc td ttek ek
suagkft dl tek t ek wdrhsedp dr skssodm @s ot kmfdur`nk s cosfusso cosfussodm dm ` mc
tk`j ckfosodm-j`homn, ot f`m ak omtrdcu fkc `s `m ofk-ark`hkr. Sek bkss
dav odus tek drckr, tek tek j drk omtkr`ftovk
omtkr`fto vk tek prdfk ss wobb wo bb ak `s k`fe
nrdup j `y sunn kst collkrkmt
collkrkmt `mswkrs. Seos frk`tks `m dp pdrtumoty ldr
069 0
ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm- Kmnbose Lobopomd
k`fe n rdup td kxpbòm tekor `mswkrs `mc c klkmc tekor pdsotodm (@ghk,
190>).. Sekrk `rk f`rtddm j `homn sdltw`rk te`t
190>) te`t f`m ak pòc dm bomk
bomk au t
tek ldbbdwomn
ldbbdwomn `rk lrkk f`rtddm
f`rt ddm j `homn sdltw`rk
sdltw `rk te`t ydu j `y usk dr
bkt ydur stuckmts usk7
` . @moj`hkr
a. Ykmfob 1C
f . Vymlon
c. Omhsh`pk
k . Yoxtdm
0 9 Gdurm`bs
Gdurm`bs `rk rkfdrcs dl pkrsdm`b omsonets `mc kxpkrokmfks dl
stuckmts Seksk f`m sk rvk `bsd `s omstruftodm`b
`tkro`bs td ak uskc ay
tk`fekrs td ak àbk td j`m `nk tek rklbkftodms `mc se`romn dl omsonet om
tek fb`ss. Gdurm `b wrotomn
wrotomn os ` vkry nd dc `f tovoty tovoty ldr stuck
stuck mts akfù sk
t ek y e` vk t ek l rk
r k k cdj t d w r otot k tek
t ek o r tedu
t edu net s ` mc l k k bo
b o mns ` adu t
tekor bk`rmomn
bk`rmomn kxp krokmfks. Sek ldbbdwomnldbb dwomn `rk sdj k kx` j pbks dl lrkk
tkfemdbdn of`b `ppbof`todms
`ppbof`todms te`t f`m a k uskc td ekbp stuckm ts wrot
wrotkk tekor
gdurm`bs conot`bby7
conot`bby7
` Ykrspkftovk
Ykrspkfto vk @p p ay Abrmhy
a. Gdurmky Gdurm`b @pp
f . J dj kmtd Gdurm`b @pp
c. Ykmzu Gdurm`b @pp
k . Co`rd Gdurm`b @pp
0 0 Aubbkto
Aubbktoms
ms Ad`rcs
Conot`bby, ` tk`fekr f`m c kvkbdp d mbomk aubbktom
Conot`bby, aubbktom ad`rcs wekrk e k dr
sek j `y pdst sdj k b`mnu`n k `ftovoto
`ftovotoks
ks dr omldrj`todm te`t `rk ekbplub
ldr tek stuckmts' `fquoso
`fq uosoto
todm
dm dl tek b`mn u`nk fdj pktkmfoks. Sekrk `rk
`pp bo
bof`todms
f`todms (Lrb`zzd, 1900) teò t eò f`m a k uskc ldr teos
teo s purpd sk `mc
teksk `rk7
`. ^`bbwosekr (mdw f`bbkc Y`c bkt)
Seos w`s tek lorst dmbomk, `ppbof`todm
`ppbof`to dm te`t kmà bks ydu td
pb`fk vortu`b pdst-ot mdtks dm ` vortu`b fdrhad`rc d r aubbkto
aubbktomm
ad`rc k`soby `mc `bbdw ydu td pdst tkxt, oj`nks, `mc/dr
vockds dm tekj .
a. Fdrhad`rc Jk
Seos os mdw f` bbkc Mdtk@ pp we ofe os ` ^`bbwosekr-bohk,
^`bbwosekr-bohk, tddb
Sek sotlk`turks
sotk
Dtekr k km` abksomfbuck
ydu td krk`b-tojk
j akcojk
rk`b-t yd ur vortu`b
vort u`b aubbktom
aubbkt
fdbbàdr`todm
fdbbàdr`to dm òmmcad`rcs.
` fe `t
rddj ldr tek pkdpbk fdbbàdr`tomn.
Jdcubk 3- Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn Skfemdbdny Sddbs

Bk ssd m . Fe`r`ftkrostofs
Fe`r`ftkrostofs dl @p prdpro`tk Omstrufto
Omstruftodm`b
dm`b J `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs om B `mnu`nk Sk`feomn
60
F. Ydppbkt
_du f`m j`hk `m dmbomk aubbktom ad`rc wote vortu`b
ortu`b pdst
pdst--
ots ( f`bbkc
f`bbkc pdppbk
pdppbktl.
tl. K xfkpt ldr tek l`ft ydu e`vk td
rknostkr td usk ot, Ydppbkt os gust `s k`sy `mc, om sdjk w`ys,
k`sokr td usk wote ` bdt jdrk lumftodm`boty.
p``zk
Seos os sojob`r td tek dtekrs dm teos bost8 wote rknostr`todm os
rkquorkc
k- Nrdup W`p
Seos `pp
`pp gdoms ` bdm
bdmn
n bost dl dm
dmbomk
bomk vo
vortu`b
rtu`b fdrhad`rc
fdrhad`rcs-
s- Ot
e`s sdjk mofk lk`turks, omfbucomn tek àoboty td fdmvkrt ydur
ad`rc td ` Y CL `m
`mc
c akomn àbk td cr`n
cr`n--`m
`mc-crdp
c-crdp oj
oj`n
`nks
ks
`mc cdfujkmts lrdj ydur lobks.
Qk`btojkAd`rc
Seos os `m dmbomk weotkad`rc te`t skkjkc bohk ` ckfkmt tddb
ldr rk`b-tojk fdbbàdr`todm. Ot's k`sy tPusk, `mc bkts ydu
upbd`c oj`nks lrdj ydur fdjputkr dr ay ots [QB `ccrkss.
Seky dllkr lrkk Yrd `ffdu
`ffdumts
mts td kc
kcuf`
uf`tdrs
tdrs..
Fe`r`ftkrostofss dl Kll
Fe`r`ftkrostof Kllkftovk
kftovk `mc Kl
Kllofokmt
lofokmt Omstruft
Omstruftodm`b
odm`b Sddb
Sddbss
Vojpby usomn tkfemdbdny os mdt kmdune td bk`rm ` b`mnu`nk. @m kllkftovk
OFS-a`skc omstruftodm`b j`tkro`b os ` wkbb-pb`mmkc `mc ` wkbb-cksonmkc dmk.
Seos jk`ms te`t tek prkp`r`todm dl tek bJs just ak pb`mmkc vkry wkbb `mc ot
just ak kmsurkc te`t teky `rk ckvkbdpkc td jkkt tek bk`rmomn dagkftovks dl tek
b`mnu`nk fb`ss. Om `ccotodm, Kmnbose b`mnu`nk fdjpktkmfoks sedubc ak novkm
ojpdrt`mfk curomn tek pb`mmomn, om-skrvofk tròmomn `mc om tek j`homn dl OFS
str`tknof pb`m, `ftodm pb`ms `mc str`tknof omtkrvkmtodm j`tkro`bs ldr Kmnbose
b`mnu`nk omstruftodm. Ot os `bsd eoneby rkfdjjkmckc te`t tk`fekrs j`xojozk
tek usk dl tk`fekr-j`ck wkasotks, DKQ (dpkm kcuf`todm`b rksdurfks) `mc.
sdltw`rk dr jdaobk `ppbof`todms td kmfdur`nk ùtdmdjdus bk`rmomn dl stuckmts

`t tek s`jk tojk
toj k utobo
utobozzk tek
teksk
sk tddbs om lbo
lboppomn
ppomn tek fb`ssrddj `bdmn
`bdmn w
wote
ote
t`sh-a`skc b`mnu`nk `ftovotoks, fdmtkmt `mc b`mnu`nk omtknr`tkc bk`rmomn `mc
prdgkft-a`sk
prdgkft-a`skc
c dutpu
tputs
ts ((Akc
Akcu
uy`
y`,, 1905).
Sek ldbbdwomn `rk tek fe`r`ftkrostofs dl `m omstruftodm`b tddb te`t os
kllkftovk om tek fb`ssrddjs.
0. Kme`mfks omstrucodm`b kllkftovkmkss

Sek omstruftodm`b j`tkro`b just ak àbk td l`fobot`tk tek
omfrk`sk dl stuckmts' `feokvkjkut om b`mnu`nk fb`ssks. Serdune
tek omstru
omstrufto
ftodm
dm`b
`b j
j`tkro`bs,
`tkro`bs, `bb stuck
stuckmts
mts oomfbu
mfbucom
comn
n tedsk wote spkfo`b
bk`rmomn mkkcs `mc stuckmts `t roshs wobb ak akmklotkc `mc wobb ak

ekbpkc td ckjdmstr`tk tek omtkmckc bk`rmomn dutfdjks dl tekor
b`mnu`nk fdursks. ôte tek usk dl tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs, stuckmts'
prdnrkss os jdmotdrkc `mc `ftkc updm ay fdmfkrmkc omcovocu`bs bohk
061
O
tek tk`fekrs, tek

tek p` rkmts, `mc tek sf edd b `s ` w
wed
ed bk.
1 . Yrdjdtks `ftovk bk`rmomn
Omstruftodm`b j`tkro`bs `rk kxpkftkc td ekbp prdjdtk `ftovk
bk`rmomn. Serdun
Serdun e tek usk d l omtkr`ftovk
omtkr `ftovk tkfemdbdn of`b tddbs, bk`rmomn
omtkrkst os stojub`tkc `mc stuckmts' ldfus os rkcorkftkc. Ay teos,
stuckmts `mc tk`fekrs wo
wobb
bb ak eone by kmn`n kc om tek bk`rmomn prdfk ss.
Sek Omtkrm`todm`b
Omtkrm`to dm`b Vdfokty ldr Skfemdbdny om Kc uf`todm (OVSK) fotkc
fot kc
ay A`rrdm (1991) n`vk tek ldbbdwomn cksfroptodms dl ` bk`rmomn
kmvordmjkmt te`t usks, omtkr`ftovk tkfemdbdnoks7
Sr`cotodm`b Bk`rmomn
Kmvordmjkmt
Kmvordmjkmt
Sk`fekr-fkmtkrkc omstruftodm O Vtuckmt-fkmtkrkc
Vtuckmt-fkmtkrkc bk`rmomn
Vomnbk-skmsk stojub`todm
st ojub`todm Jubtoskmsdry stojub`todm
Vomnbk-p`te prdnrkssodm Jubtop`te prdnrkssodm
Vomnbk jkco` Jubtojkco`
Osdb`tkc wdrh Fdbbàdr`tovk wdrh
Omldrj`todm ckbovkry Omldrj`todm kxfe`mnk
Y`ssovk bk`rmomn @ftovk, kxpbdr`tdry, omquory-a`skc bk`rmomn
Frotof`b eomhomn mc mldrjkc kfosodm-

L`ftu`b, hmdwbkcnk-a`skc
hmdwbkcnk-a`skc bk`rmomn
b k`rmomn
j`homn
Qk`ftovk rkspdmsk Yrd`ftovk/pb`mmkc `ftodm
Osdb`tkc, `rtolofo`b fdmtkxt @utekmtof, rk`b-wdrbc fdmtkmt
6 Ckvkbdps frotof`b teomhomn

Skfemd bdnof`b tddbs
tddbs `mc omstruftodm`
omstrufto dm` b j`tkro`bs
j`tkro`b s ju st ak cksonmkc
`mc ojpbkjkmtkc om sufe ` w`y te`t teky ekbp ckvkbdp frotof`b
teomho mn shobbs`jd
teomhomn shobbs`jd mn tek bk`rmkrs. @ffd rcomn td A`rrdm kt `b. (1991),
(1991),
tek strufturk
str ufturk `mc u sk dl tkfemdbdny f` m prdj dtk eonekr-bkvkb
eonekr-bkvkb teomhomn
teomh omn
shobbs.
shob bs. Seky lurtekr st`tkc te`t sdj k tkfem dbdnof`b tddbs `rk cksonm kc
td kmfdu r`nk prd abkj-sdbvomn shobbs.
shobbs .
3 @ffdjjdc`tks collkrkmto`tkc omstruftodm
Vtuckotss e`vk covkrsk a`fhnrdumcs `m c e `vk covkrsk omtkbbo
Vtuckot omtkbbonkmfks
nkmfks
`mc bk`rmomn stybks. Seky bk`rm om collkrkmt w`ys. Seky kxprkss
tekor tedunets ` mc ock`s ` bsd collkrkmtby.
collkrkmtby. Fdm skqukmtby, omstrufto
omstruftodm`b
dm`b
j `tkro`bs
`tkro`b s `mc tddbs j ust ak dl ek bp td tek
t ek tk`f ekr td l`fobot`tk
l`fobo t`tk eos dr
ekr fb`ssks fdm sockromn tek collkrkmt prdlobks dl ttek ek stuck mts. Sekrk
just `bsd ak `m dppdrtumoty ldr omcovocu`bozkc `mc omckpkmckmt
bk`rmomn wote fdbbàdr`tovk `mc fd dpkr`tovk bk`rmomn.
Fe`r`ftkrostofs
66
;. Jdtov`tomn
Sek usk d l omstrufto
omstruftodm`b
dm`b j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs os ` aon ekbp ldr tek tk`fekr td
l`fobot
l`fob ot`tk
`tk tek tk`fe omn-bk`rmomn
omn-b k`rmomn prdfkss. Sek usk dl teksk j `tkro`bs
`tkro`bs
os kxpkftkc td j dtov`t
dtov`tkk tek stuckm ts td
td p `y `ttkmtodm
`ttkmtodm `mc `ftovkby
`fto vkby
p`rtofop`tk. ôte tek uaoquoty `mc v`rokty dl kcuf`todm`b tddbs
`vòbàbk td
t d b`mnu` nk tk`fek rs, skbkfto
skbkftomn
mn tek j dst `pprdp ro`tk
ro`t k `mc
akst ldrj `t. os
os vkry frotof`b
frotof`b td stojub`tk bk`rmk r j dtov`to
dtov`todm.
dm.
<8 Jubtoskmsdry
Dmk dl tek aonnkst fe`bbkmnks `jdmn tk`fekrs os td prkp`rk
ldr omstruftodm`b
omst ruftodm`b j `tkro`bs
`tkro`b s te`t `rk j ubtoskmsd
ubtoskmsd ry. ^ ot
otee ek ` cvk mt
dl tkfemdbdnof`b tddbs ckvkbdpkc ay vkry nddc prdnr`jjkrs,
j ubtoj
ubtoj kco` `rk `v òbàbk te`t
te`t `bbdw tk`fekrs td gust bk`rm
bk`rm ed w td usk
tekj tek j`x ouj om tek tk`feomn dl tekor bkssdms.
bkssdms.
[movkrs`b Cksonm ldr Bk`rmomn [CB)

Sek fdmfkpt dl [CB os ` vkry ojpdrt`t fdojkpt om prkp`romn
omstruftodm`b tddbs om
omstruftodm`b om b`mnu` nk tk`feomn. Sek fdmfkp t st stkj
kj j kc dronom`bby
l rdj
r dj t ek OGC pr o mf o pb k s,
s , ` s w k bbbb ` s l rdj
r dj r k s k ` rf
r f e o m m k ur ds f o k mf k dm
edw tek aròm bk`rms (Qdsk & J kykr 1991). @ffd rcomn td C`btdm kt `b.
(190?),, umovkrs`b cksonm ldr bk`rmomn `p pboks tek fdmfk pts dl `ffk ssoaobot
(190?) ssoaobotyy
` mc o mf b us o dm ak ydm c pe ys o f ` b k mvo r dmj k mt s , t d ck s onm o nm t k ` f eo mn ` mc
bk`rmomn dpp drtumot
drtumotoks
oks om w`ys te`t `rk v`rokc, `ffkssoabk `ffksso abk `mc kmn`n omn
ldr `bb stuckm ts, omfbucomn tedsk wote collkromn mkk cs `m c/dr cosàobotoks. cosàobotoks.
Om teos w`y, `ppk `bomn td tek t ek ard` ckst r`mnk d l covkrsotycovkrsoty om dur stuckm t
pdp ub`todms,
ub`todms, tekt ek lr`j kwdrh dl [C B strovks stro vks td rkjd vk cosfroj cosfro j om`tdry
pr`ftofks,
pr`fto fks, `s tekt ek bk`rmomn mkk cs dl j dst stuckm st uckm ts `rk t`hkmt `hkm omtd `ffdu mt
wekm omstruftodm os cksonmk c.
Yrdlkssodm`b
Yrdlksso dm`b p r`ftoto
r`ftotodmkrs
dmkrs `m c `f`c kj ofo`ms
ofo `ms wkrk àbk td se`rk tekor
tedunets àdu t .[C
.[C B promfopbks.
promfopbks. Seksk
Seksk p romfopbks
romfopbks `rk vkry oj pdrt`mt ldr
us td `pprkfo`tk edw wk f`m omtknr`tk
omtknr`tk tek fdmfkp t oomm du r OFS-pkc`n
OFS-pkc`n dny
omtknr`todm.
@ . M`todm`b C osàoboty
osàoboty @ utedroty 1919)
Sek M `todm`b Cosàoboty
Cosàoboty @u tedroty
tedroty f otkc
otkc tek ldbbdwomn > Yromfopbks
dl [movkrs`b Cksonm w e of o f e w k r k c k v k bd
bd p k c a y Q d m ` b c J ` f k ` m c
nrdup om Mdrte F `rdbom` Vt`tk [movkrsoty.
Yromfopbk 07 Kquotàbk [sk

Sek cksonm os usklub `mc j`rhktàbk td pkdpbk wote covkrsk
àobotoks.
Nuockbomks7
`. Yrdvock tek s`j k j k`ms dl usk d l `bb uskrs7 ockmtof`b
ockmtof`b wekmkvkr
pdssoabk8 kquov`bkmt wekm mdt.
63 0
Skfemdb dny l dr Sk`feo mn `mc B k`r mo mn 1
ldr B`mnu`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose O L o b o p o m d
a . @vdoc sknrkn`tomn dr stonj`tozomn `my uskrs

f . Novk prdvosodm ldr prov`fy, skfuroty `mc s`lkty sedubc ak
kqu`bby `vòbàbk td `bb uskrs7
c. J`hk tek cksonm `ppk`bomn td `bb uskrs..
Yromfopbks 1 7 Lbkxoaobo
Lbkxoaoboty
ty om [ sk
Sek cksonm `ffdjjdc`tks ` wock r`mnk dl omcovocu`b prklkrkmfks `mc
àobotoks.
N uockbomks 7
`. Yrdvock ` fedofk om jktedcs dl usk.
a. @ffdjjdc`tk ronet-dr bklt-e`mckc `ffkss `mc usk.
f. L`fobot`tk tek uskr's `ffur`fy `mc prkfosodm.
c. Yrdvock `c`ptàoboty td tek uskr's p`fk.
Yromfopbk 67 V ojpbk `mc Omtuotovk

Omtuotovk [ sk
[sk dl tek cksonm os k`sy td umckrst`mc, rkn`rcbkss dl tek uskr's
kxpkrokmfk, hmdwbkcnk, b`mnu`nk shobbs, dr furrkmt fdmfkmtr`todm bkvkb.
Nuockbomks
` . K b o j o m ` t k u m m k f k s s ` r y f d j p b k x o ty
ty .
a . Ak fdmsostkmt wote uskr kxpkft`todms `mc omtuotodm.
f @ffdjjdc`tk ` wock r`mnk dl botkr`fy `mc b`mnu`nk shobbs
c @rr`mnk omldrj`todm fdmsostkmt wote ots ojpdrt`mfk
k. Yrdvock kllkftovk prdjptomn `mc lkkca`fh curomn `mc `ltkr
t`sh fdj pbkto
pbktodm.
dm.
Yromfopbks 37 Ykrfkptoabk Omldrj`todm

Sek cksonm fdjjumof`tks mkfkss`ry omldrj`todm td tek uskr
kllkftovkby, rkn`rcbkss dl tek `jaokmt fdmcotodms dr tek uskr's skmsdry
àobotoks.
Nuockbomks
` . [sk c coll
ollk
krkm
rkmtt j
jdc
dcks
ks ((poftdro`b,
poftdro`b, vkra`b, t`ftobk) ldr rrkc
kcu
umc
mc`m
`mtt
prkskm t`to
t`todm
dm d l ksskmto`b oomldrj
mldrj `todm.
a . Yrdvo& `ckqu`tk fdmtr`st aktwkkm' ksskmto`b omldrj`todm `mc
ots
ot s surrdum comns.
f . J`xojozk bknoaoboty dl ksskmto`b omldrj`todm.
c . Collkrkmto`tk kbkjkmts om w`ys te`t f`m ak cksfroakc (o.k.,
j`hk ot k`sy td novk omstruftodms dr corkftodms).
k Yrdvock fdjp`toaoboty wote ` v`rokty dl tkfemoquks dr ckvofks
uskc ay pkdpbk wote skmsdry bojot`todms
Yromfopbk ; 7 Sdbkr`mfk ldr Krrdr

Sek cksonm jomojozks e`z`rcs `mc tek `cvkrsk fdmskqukmfks dl
` f f o c k m t ` b d r u m o m t k m c k c ` f t od
od m s
Nuockbomks
` @rr`mnk kbkjkmts td jomojozk e`z`rcs `mc krrdrs jdst uskc
kbkjkmts, jdst `ffkssoabk8 e`z`rcdus kbkjkmts kbojom`tkc,
osdb`tkc,
osdb`t kc, d r seokbckc .
Jdcubk 3- Yrdcufomn Bk`rmomn Qksdurfks [somn Skfemdbdny Sddbs

Fe`r`ftkrostofs
6;
k . J ust kmn`nk jdrk te`m dmk skmsks

l . J ust ak ckvkbdpkc ay ` prdlkssodm`b
prdlkssodm`b tk`fekr
n. Lrkkby se`rkc
Vtkp 37 Yrkp`romn ldr tek

tek Q kvokw Q kpdrt
Yrkp`rk ydu r rkvokw rkpdrts ay `mswkromn tek ldbbdwomn qukstodms7
`. @rk tek fdmtkmts supp drtkc ay rksk`rfe dr. `rk a`skc dm p rdvkm
l`fts4
a. @rk tek fdm tkmts bdnof`bby, drn`m ozkc4
f C oc tek prkskmt`todms
prkskmt`todms e onebonet
onebonet tek hky p domts àdut tek tdpof4
c. @rk tek b`mnu`nks uskc `p prdpro`tk td td tek `nk `mc kx pkrokmfk dl
tek ùcokmfk4
k. @rk `bb tek tek rklkrkmfks fotkc prdp krby4
l . @rk tek d agkftovks
agkftovks dl tek prkkmt`todm st`tkc st`tkc fbk`rby4
n. Os tek
t ek r k ` m dp pd r ttum
um o ttyy l dr t ek ` uc o k mf k t d p` r to
t o f op`
o p` t k o m t ek
prkskmt`todms4
e. Os tekrk
tekrk `m dp pdrtumoty
pdrtumot y ldr fekfhomn umck rsmcomn4
B F `m tek prkskm t`todms
t`todms ak c kbovkrkc woteomwoteom tek `bbdttkc
`bbdttkc tojk 4
g . Coc tek prkskmt`todms ldbbdw `pprdpro`tk cksonms `bdmn tek
ldbbdwomn7
• Sek p rkskmt`todms
rkskmt`t odms nk mkr`bby
mkr`bb y e `vk ` to totb
tbkk p`n k.
• C` rh tkxts `rk cospb`ykc
cospb `ykc dm bo bonet
net a`fhnrdu mc d r weotk weot k tkxts
dm c`rh a`fhnrdumc
• Sek a`fhnrdumcs `rk sojpbk
• Sek prkskmt`todms
prkskmt`todms uskc dm by dmk fdbdr sfekj k
Vbocks `rk mdt fbuttkrkc
fbuttkrkc wot wotee tdd j `my kbkj kmts
• Sek prkskmt`todms stojub`tk omtkrksts terdune tek usk dl
b`yduts, nr`peofs, sdum cs, `mc dr tr`msotodms.
tr`msotodms.
h. Sek tkxtu`b kbkj kmts jkk t `pprdp ro`tk
ro`tk cksonm7
• Skxt
S kxt os hkpt td
td ` j omoj
omo j uj
• Ldmt typks `rk k`sy td rk`c
• Md j drk te`m twd typks dl ldmts `rk uskc
• Vbocks
Vbocks cd mdt e`vk tdd j `my au bb bbkts
kts
• Vpkbbomn,
Vpkbb omn, nr`jj `r `mc p umftu`todms `rk fdrrkft.
0. Sek prkskmt`todms lk`turk omtkrkstomn oj`nks dr vosu`bs.
j . Sek usk dl ju btoj
btoj kco` kbkjk mts ekbps kxpbòm tek fdmfkp ts akttkr.
akttkr.
m. Sek o j ` nk s ` r k ` ppr dp r oo`` t k td
t d t ek ` nk ` m c k x p k r ok
o k mf k dl t ek
ùcokmfk.
d Sek j ubtoj
ubtoj kco` kbkj kmts `rk mdt costr`ftomn
costr`ft omn dr rkpktotovk
rkpktotovk
Vtkp ; 7 Q kpdrtomn
kpdrtomn tek
tek Qkvokw
Drn` mozk ydur rkp drt `mc prk p`rk td cosfu ss ot om fb`ss. Vt`rt wote
wote
tek akst lk`turks
lk`turks ldbb
ldbbdwkc
dwkc ay tek pdomts ldr ojprdvkj kmt

ldr B`mnd`nk Kcuf`todm - Kmnbose O Lobopomd
Vtkp <7 Qkfdjjkmcomn ldr tek @rk`s dl Ojprdvkjkmt

Yrdvock sdjk tops td fdjk up wote ojprdvkc jubtojkco`
prkskmt`to
prkskm t`todm
dmss akmfej
akmfej`rhomn
`rhomn lrdj
lrdj tek rkvokwk
rkvokwkc
c jubtojkco`
jubtojkco`
prkskmt`todms.
@ftovoty 1
J`homn Sàbk, Nr`pes, `mc Fe`rts [somn ^ka-a`skc @ppbof`todms
Vtkp 07 Kxpbdromn @pps ldr J`homn Sàbk, Nr`pes, `mc Fe`rts
Kx pbdrk tek collkrkmt `pp bof`todms
bof`todms dm c kvkbdp omn fe`rts, tàbks, `mc
nr`pe s te`t wkrk rkprkskmtkc k`rbokr.
k`rbokr.
Vtkp 17 [somn tek Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms

_du kxpbdrk `mc bk`rmkc e dw td usk tek sdltw`rk
sdltw `rk `ppbof`todms
`ppbof`todms om
j `ho
`homn
mn n r`pes `mc fe `rt
`rts,
s, Seomh dl ydur b`mnu`
b `mnu` nk bkssdm pb`m `mc
ockmtoly c`t` te`t
te`t ydu e`v k td prkskmt usomn fe`rts dr nr`pes. Ckvkbdp
ydur nr`p es dr fe `rts ldr prkskmt`to
prkskmt`todm.
dm.
O m p r kp `r o m n y d u r n r `p e s `m c fe `r t s , y d u m kkc t d fd m s oocc kr t e k
ldbbdwomn7
` . ydur bkssdm dagkftovks8
a. ydur t`rnkt ùcokmfk 8
f . tek rdbk dl tek fe`rts om
om fdm vkyomn ydu r jkss`nk8
c. edw yd u wobb prkskmt tek fe` rts8 `mc
k . tek akst typk dl fe`rt dr nr`pe wote weofe td prkskmt tek
omldrj`todm.
Vtkp 67 Yrkskmtomn Ckvkbdpkc Nr`pes `mc Fe`rts

_du wobb
wobb ak `shkc td pòr wote
wote ` fb`ssj`tk `mc se`rk ydu r nr`pes `mc
fe`rts wote
wote d mk `m dtekr. @ltkr
@ltkr teos, se`rk yd ur nr`pe s `mc fe`rts wote
wote tek
rkst dl tek nrdup .
Curomn tek nr`pes `mc fe`rts se`romn,
s e`romn, try
try td fdj p`rk ydur nr`pes `m c
fe` rts wote
wote tek dtekr pòrs `mc ock mtoly tek akst prkskmt`todm `m c rklbkft
wey sufe os tek
tek f`sk.
Sd fekfh lurtekr dm ydur nr`p es `mc fe `rts, fdm sockr tek lldbbdwomn7
dbbdwomn7
` . F`m yd u `mc yd ur stuckmts k`soby
k`so by umckrst`mc tek fe`rt dr tek
nr`pe4
a. ^ ` s t e k j k s s ` n k te
t e ` t y d u w ` m t k c td
td f d m v k y t e k j k s s ` n k
fdmvkykc4
f . @rk `bb tek
t ek ksskm to`b
to `b omldrj
o mldrj `todm prdvockc a y tek fe`rts `mc
tek nr`pes4
c. Os tek
tek fe`rt dr nr`pe p dsot
dsotodmkc
odmkc om tek cdfuj kmt prdpkrby4

Fe`r`ftkrostofs
6?
@ftovoty O
Frk`tomn Mkw
Mkwsbkttkr
sbkttkr
Comomn teos `ftovoty, ckvkbdp ` mkwsbkttkr te`t wobb akfdjk ` fdjpdmkmt
dl ydur bk`rmomn pb`m pdotldbod. Ckvkbdp ` mkwsbkttkr td ekbp ydu jkkt
ydur t`rnktkc stuckmt bk`rmomn dagkftovks. Vomfk tek mkwsbkttkr te`t ydu wobb
ckvkbdp os ` stuckmt s`jpbk, j`hk surk te`t tek fdmtkmt dl ydur mkwsbkttkr os
`pprdpro`tk td ydur bk`rmkr s prdlobk `mc `rk rkbkv`mt td tek fdmtkmts dl ydur
bk`rmomn pb`m.
Sek ruarof akbdw (Omtkb, 19 09) w obb ak u skc td kv`bu`tk ydur mkw sbkttk
sbkttkr.
r.
Hmdwbkcnk dl y mkwsbkttkr Jy mkwsbkttkr Jy mkwsbkttkr y mkwsbkttkr

Votegkft J`ttkr sedws te`t O
sedws sedw
sedwss te`t O sedws
sedws te`t O edws te`t
umckrst`mc
umckrst`mc tek umckrst`mc
umckrst`mc tek umckrst
umckrst`mc
`mc jdst cd mdt
suagkft
suagk ft j`ttkr suagkft
suagkft j`ttkr dl tek suagkft mckrst`mc
wkbb, `mc kxpbòms j`ttkr. ek suagkft
wey tek suagkft os j`ttkr vkry
vkry
ojpdrt`mt wkbb.
kbb.
[mckrst`mcomn O umckrst
umckrst`mc
`mc O umckrst
umckrst`mc
`mc O umckrst
umckrst`mc
`mc O cd mdt
Fdmfkpts rkbkv`mt j`gdr fdmfkpts. sdjk dl umckrst`mc
fdmfkpts. O 0 dllkr tek j`gdr j`gdr
dllkr umoquk omtkrprkt`todms fdmfkpts.
fdmfkpts. O dllkr fdmfkpts.
omtkrprkt`todms dr kxtkmsodms. sdjk sojpbk O dllkr md
dr kxtkmsodms,
kxtkmsodms, omtkrprkt`todms dr omtkrprkt`todms
omfbucomn kxtkmsodms, dr kxtkmsodms
nkmkr`boz`todms,
`ppbof`todms, `mc
`m`bdnoks.
B `mnu
`mnu`nk
`nk O usk omtkrkstomn O usk b`mnu`nk O try td usk O cd mdt usk
b`mnu`nk te`t te`t edbcs tek b`mnu`nk b`mnu`nk
`ppk`bs td tek ùcokmfk's te`t edbcs tek te`t edbcs tek
ùcokmfk. `ttkmtodm. ùcokmfk's ùcokmfk's
`ttkmtodm, `ttkmtodm.
^rotomn Vtybk Jy wrotomn usks 0 Jy wrotomn Jy wrotomn Jy wrotomn
j`my lk`turks usks lk`turks sdjktoj
sdjktojks ks cdks mdtk
dl gdurm`bosto
gdurm`bostoff dl gdurm`bost
gdurm`bostof
of usks lk`turks dl usk lk`turks
stybk, sufe `s stybk. gdurm`bosto
gdurm`bostoff stybk.
stybk. dl gdurm`bosto
gdurm`bostoff
bk`cs, fdjp`ft stybk.
p`r`nr`pes, `mc
skmtkmfks.
Vkmtkmfk Jy skmtkmfks Jy kmtkmfks Jy skmtkmfk
skmtkmfks
s Jy skmtkmfks

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l d r B ` m n u ` n k K c u f ` t oodd m

OVAM ?>5 <10 596; 5? 5

Fdvkr cksonm ay QDMMOK BBKM@ J@QSOMKW

@bb ronets rkskrvkc.

Vkttomn mkw akmfej`rhs ldr tk`fekr kcuf`todm os md jk`m t`sh.

3, 199< te`t bkc td tek prdcuftodm `mc puabof`todm dl tkxtaddhs `mc

Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn OO os `bonmkc wote tek

Seos Yrdg kft> ^QOSK puabof`todm os dmk dl tek b`tkst kcotodms dl

Dmw`rc td Yrdgkft ^QOSK

AQKMC@ A. FDQY[W, YeC

^k mkkc tkfemdbdny om kvkry fb`ssrddj `mc om kvkry stuckmt om

Sek hmdwbkcnk `mc shobbs om usomn kcuf`todm`b tkfemdbdnoks `rk ` lumc`jkmt`b

>3 `mc >; dl tek 190> Mkw Sk`fekr Kcuf`todm Furrofub`.

Sd kmsurk te`t tek `advk-fotkc fdursk bk`rmomn dutfdjks wobb ak ckjdmstr`tkc

Jdcubk ;7 Ckvkbdpomn OFS-A`skc Omstruftodm`b J`tkro`bs -. Seos jdcubk `ojs

Jdcubk <7 Vedwf`somn tek OFS-Ykc`ndny Omtknr`tkc Bk`rmomn Yb`m Ydrtldbod

S`abk dl Fd mtkmts voo

Bkssdm 07 Sek H - 01 Furrofub

OFS Ykc`ndny Omtknr`t

[somn Dpk m-Kmckc S ddbs om L`fobot`to

Yrdcu ftovoty Vdltw`rk @ppbof`todms ldr

Bkssdm O7- Fe`r`ftkrostofs dl @pprdpro`tk Omstruftodm`b 010

QKL KQKMFKV 0;0

FD[QVK D[SBO MK @MC SOJ

@. k`rmomn Conhw Fotozkmseop Y S B @ 0. Yrkskmt omtrdcuftodm `adut conot`b

A. rdjdtomn umksfda hhdrn/kcuf`todm0

C S B @ 1. Yrkskmt ` f`sk dl pb`no`rosj dl

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 x

drckr/1901/CDs1901>9. ak omtknr`tkc. Bkt tekj ockmtoly lrdj tek Skjpb`tks)

A S B @ 1. Yrkskmt td tek fb`ss sdjk

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 o

A SB@ 6c. Bkt stuckmts ar`omstdrj dm tek

Yrkp`rk OJs te`t U0o

F . Bk`rmomn Yb`m [somn ` Bk`rmomn Yb`m `sskssjkmt tddb (k.n.,

@ . Euj`m `mc NCF Sk`j.(190<). ;9 @ S B @ 0. Om ` t`aub`r ldrj, bkt stuckmts @ffdjpbose ` 1

Ockmtoly RS`rodus mdm-euj`m Kcuf`todm

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomfo `mc Bk`rmom` 1

A SB@ 0. E`vk stuckmts `mswkr w ote tojk

Kxpb`om tek @. e`r`ftkrostofs F S B @ 0. L`fobot`tk ` cosfussodm dm tek Yrkp`rk ` fekfhbost/ 1

F S B @ 1. Bkt stuckmts wdrh ay qu`cs

C S B @ 1. @sh tekj td cksonm `m SJ ld r

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomfo `mc Bk`rmomfo 1 vor

(Edw os teos Novk tekj tek fe`mfk td feddsk tek tk`fetd-

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xo x

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xU

@ S B @ 1. @sh stuckmts td `ffdjpbose `

@ S B @ 6. Nrdup stuckmts omtd tro`cs. `mc

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xxoo

(bdf`b `mc A SB@ 0. @sh stuckmts td nrdup tekjskbvks @ffdjpbose ` Dmbomk 1

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 U oo

F S B @ 0. Nrdup stuckmts `mc e`vk tekj

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 m

K S B @ 1. Akldrk tek `ftu`b tk`feomn, novk Qklbkftodm p`pkr

@. dursk L S B @ 0. Yrkp`rk tek survky qukstodms td ak [sk survky Sk`fekr

Vybb`aus - Skfemdbdny ldr Sk`feomn `mc Bk`rmomn 1 xxv

Fdursk @sskssjkmt tddbs (ruarofs, fekfhbosts,

Lkbom` Y. Kspoquk, BYS, YeC

Jdcubk 0-Bk`rmomn Yb`ms om tek Fdmtkxt dl tek 1\ Fkmtury

@t tek kmc dl tek Jdcubk, tek stuckmts sedubc e`vk7

Dmk dl tek lk`turks dl tek H td 01 furrofubuj os tek rkquorkjkmt td kquop

td ekbp prk-skrvofk `mc om-skrvofk tk`fekrs td kxp`mc tek adumc`roks dl tekor

• cosfuss tek s`bokmt lk`turks dl tek h td 01 Furrofubuj

Vtkp 07 Hmdwomn K`fe Dtekr