QCYFXFPKX 
HU 7 ONKE XSJ FDR
FDRFX
FX ( 6096996< )
 

Qcpfrftkr 
Pfhudb hcrtcofdfd `fd hcrtcmpcrftur udtuo pcmesfnfd ljue`f
prk`uose oc lfsf afer `fd bfs
 

Ludbse scpfrftkr 7

 Sdet pcmesfn utfmf aferfd `fre bfs.

 Mcjfdgutofd prkscs `bd mcmesfnofd bfs eoutfd `fre aferfd.

 Mcdbkdtrkj pcdbncdtefd
pcdbncdtefd ocmudboedfd pcjcpfsfd bfs `fre aferfd.

 Mcmhcreofd wfotu yfdb auoup pcmesfnfd fdtfrf medyfo `fd fer yfdb eout tcrprk`uose.

 Prcftmcdt jfeddyf geof mudboed.

 

Yredsep pcmesfnfd

 Yf`f `fsfrdyf pcmesfnfd scpfrftkr, tcrbfdtudb pf`f bfyf brfvetfse udtuo mcmesfnofd ljue`f
(pcrhc`ffd `cdsetfs `fre ljue`f).
 Bfs gfun jchen redbfd `ehfd`edbofd `cdbfd medyfo, scnedbbf fofd tcrpesfn `fjfm wfotu yfdb
sfdbft sedboft.
 Medyfo `bd hcrft oerf-oerf ´ `fre hcrft fer mcmcrjuofd wfotu scoetfr 09 - 29 `cteo udtuo
mcjfouofd pcmesfnfd.

Qfjfn sftu predsep pcmesfnfd ljue`f yfdb tcrpcdtedb f`fjfn akfjcscdac
(pcdbbfhudbfd/pcdbbumpfjfd).
 Hchcrfpf pcrfjftfd hfbefd `fjfm scpfrftkr, scpcrte `cljcatkr pjftc, strfebntcdedb vfdcs, `fd
hfnofd `ed`edb scpfrftkr `fpft hcrludbse schfbfe tcmpft pcdbcmhud
pcdbcmhudfdfd teteo-teteo fer tcrschut.
 

Hfbefd-hfbefd utfmf scpfrftkr 

 

Pepc scpfrftkr  Qcpfrftkr \crteofj

Ocjchenfd
•
Ycdbkdtrkjfd jcvcj aferfd te`fo tcrjfmpfu rumet
Ycdbkdtrkjfd
•
@fpft mcdfdbbudb pfser `fjfm gumjfn hcsfr
•
Mu`fn `ehcrsenofd
•
Mcmpudyfe ofpfsetfs surbc aferfd yfdb hcsfr
•

Qc`eoet scofje ocacd`crudbfd fofd pcdbufpfd ocmhfje

`fre aferfd

Ocourfdbfd
•
Jchen mfnfj
•
Quofr `fjfm pcdbfpfjfd
•
Mcmhutunofd `efmctcr hcsfr udtuo ofpfsetfs
o fpfsetfs bfs
tcrtcdtu
 

Pepc scpfrftkr  Qcpfrftkr nkrezkdtfj

Ocjchenfd
•
Jchen murfn `fre scpfrftkr vcrteofj
•
Jchen mu`fn pcdberemfd okmpkdcd
•
Hfbus udtuo medyfo hcrhuen (lkfmedb)
•
Clcotel `fd clesecd udtuo vkjumc bfs yfdb hcsfr 

Ocourfdbfd
•
Ycdbkdtrkjfd jcvcj aferfd jchen rumet `fre scpfrftkr
vcrteofj
•
Quofr mcmhcrsenfd jumpur, pfser `fd pfrflled
•
@efmctcr jchen ocaej udtuo ofpfsetfs bfs tcrtcdtu
 

Pepc scpfrftkr  Qcpfrftkr hujft

Ocjchenfd
•
Jchen murfn `fre scpfrftkr nkrezkdtfj `fd vcrteofj
•
Jchen mu`fn `ehcrsenofd `frepf`f scpfrftkr vcrteofj
•
Jchen okmpfo `frepf`f scpfrftkr nkrezkdtfj `fd
vcrteofj
Ocourfdbfd
•
Xufdb pcmesfn `fd ofpfsetfs surbc yfdb jchen ocaej
•
Quofr `fjfm pcdbkdtrkjfd aferfd
 

Ycmhfbefd scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd tcofdfd ocrgf (kpcrftedb prcssurc)

6. Neb
Nebn
n prcss
prcssurc
urc (NY
(NY)) scpfrf
scpfrftkr
tkr <39
<39-63
-6399
99 psef
psef
8. Mc`
Mc`eum
eum prc
prcssur
ssurc
c (MY)
(MY) scpf
scpfrft
rftkr
kr 883-
883-<39
<39 pse
psef
f
1. Jkw prc
prcssu
ssurc
rc (JY
(JY)) scpfr
scpfrftk
ftkrr 69-88
69-883
3 psef
psef
 

Hfbefd Edtcrdfj Qcpfrftkr 

@cljcatkr pjftc
Mcdycrfp empfat yfdb `ftfdb schfbfe
foehft ocacpftfd ljue`f yfdb mfsuo oc
scpfrftkr `fd mcmpcracpft prkscs
tcrpesfndyf bfs `fd aferfd
 

Rcer
Sdtuo mcdfnfd aferfd `e `fjfm scpfrftkr
scnedbbf mcmhfdtu mcdedboftofd rcse`cd temc
`fre aferfd 
 

Acdtrelubfj `cveac
Mcmhcdtuo fjerfd vcrteofj yfdb hcrputfr pf`f sfft
mcmfsuoe scpfrftkr 
 

\krtcx hrcfocr 
Mcdacbfn tcrgf`edyf pusfrfd medyfo yfdb `fpft
mcdychfhofd tcrjcpfsdyf bfs `fre medyfo pf`f sfft
mcdedbbfjofd scpfrftkr
 

@cmestcr Yf`
Pcrhuft `fre rfgutfd ofwft nfjus `cdbfd hcdtuo lrfmc
tcrtcdtu, yfdb mcdychfhofd frfn fjerfd bfs hcruhfn
scafrf okdteduc
 

Akfjcsaedb pjftcs
Pcr`fpft hcrhfbfe gcdes pcrfjftfd akfjcsaedb
(pcdbbumpfj), tfpe yfdb pfjedb umum `ebudfofd
f`fjfn akfjcsaedb pjftc
 

Qtrfebntcdedb vfdcs
Hefsfdyf tcr`fpft pf`f nkrezkdtfj scpfrftkr
udtuo mcdbnejfdbofd fjerfd bfs yfdb turhujcd
sctcjfn `epesfnofd `fre edjct `cljcatkr 
 

Ljkft snecj`
Edtcrdfj ljkft `ebudfofd udtuo mcdbkdtrkj jcvcj aferfd
 

Ycmejenfd Qcpfrftkr 

Yrksc`ur pcmejenfd scpfrftkr udtuo suftu pcdbbudffd tcrtcdtu f`fjfn schfbfe hcreout 7
6. Ycr
Ycrtem
temhfd
hfdbfd
bfd hef
hefyf.
yf.
8. Pepc
Pepc yfdb scsu
scsufe,
fe, `ete
`etedgfu
dgfu `f
`fre
re rufd
rufdb
b yfdb tcrs
tcrsc`ef
c`ef..

1. Fpfofn hefyf ocscjurunfd `

`epcdbfrune
epcdbfrune kjcn pcmfsfd
pcmfsfdbfd
bfd edstfjfse `fre pf`f ttepc
epc yfdb
`epejen.
0. Fpfo
Fpfofn
fn f`fd
f`fdyf
yf pcdye
pcdyempfd
mpfdbfd
bfd okd
okd`ese
`ese fjer
fjerfd
fd `fre sum
sumur
ur ((lkfm
lkfm,, pfser `fd schfbfedyf) `fpft

mcdychfhofd scpfrftkr yfdb `epejen mcdgf`e sujet udtuo hcrkpcrfse `fd `erfwft.
3. Fpfofn te`
te`fo
fo f`f p
pcrcdafdffd
crcdafdffd onusus yfdb mcdychfhofd tepc scpfrf scpfrftkr
tkr yfdb `epejjen
mcdgf`e mfnfj `fd sujet udtuo hcocrgf.
 

Mfsfjfn pf`f pcdbkpcrfsefd Qcpfrftkr 

6. Med
edyf
yfo
oyyf
fdb H
Hc
crhue
rhuen
n
Ycdychfh temhujdyf huen f`fjfn pcdbktkrfd `fd fer `e `fjfm medyfo. Ycrskfjfd huen `fpft `e ftfse
hejf `fjfm pcrcdafdffd scpfrftkr mcmhcreofd
mcmhcreofd wfotu yfdb auoup fbfr huen tcrschut pcafn.

8. Yfrflled
Yfrflled `fpft mcdbbfdbbu ocrgf scpfrftkr hejf foumujfse pfrflled tcrschut mcdyumhft hfbefd
pcdycrfp ofhut. Ycdycrfp ofhut gcdes rfgutfd ofwft scredb mcdbfjfme pcdyumhftfd kjcn pfrflled.
 Foumujfse pfrflled
pfrflled `fpft `ehcrsenofd
`ehcrsenofd `cdbfd u
ufp
fp (stcfm), pcjf
pcjfrut
rut ftfu gcdes pcm
pcmhcrsen
hcrsen jfeddyf.
 

1. Yfser  
Yfser `fpft mcdgf`e mfsfjfn pf`f scpfrftkr ofrcdf `fpft mcrusfo oftup, mcdyumhft rufdb `fjfm
scpfrftkr `fd tcroumpuj `e `fsfr scpfrftkr.
scpfrftkr. Ycdyumhftfd hfbefd `fjfm scpfrftkr `fd tcroumpuj `e
`fsfr scpfrftkr. Ycdyumhftfd `fjfm scpfrftkr nfrus `epcrtemhfdbofd `fjfm pcrcdafdffd
scpfrftkr ofrcdf nfrus tcrsc`efdyf rufdbfd tcmpft udtuo pfser.

0. Cmujse
Cmujse f`fjfn mfsfjfn yfdb temhuj pf`f scpfrftkr tebf lfsf. @fjfm scjfdb wfotu tcrtcdtu
foumujfse cmujse `fd pcdbktkrfd fofd tcrhcdtuo `e he`fdb hftfs medyfo ‑ fer. Foumujfse cmujse ede
`fpft mcmpcdbfrune mcofdesmc ocrgf pcdbkdtrkjfd tedbbe pcrmuoffd aferfd, gubf fofd
mcdurudofd rctcdtekd temc medyfo `fd fer yfdb clcotel scnedbbf clesecdse pcmesfnfd medyfo fer
hcrourfdb. Mfsfjfn ede `fpft `etfdbbujfdbe `cdbfd pcdfmhfnfd zft oemef (`cmujselecr) ftfu
pcmfdfsfd.
 

3. Af
Afrr
rry
y Kv
Kvcr
cr `f
`fd
d Hjkw
Hjkw hy

Afrry kvcr f`fjfn aferfd yfdb tcrhfwf ocjufr kjcn lfsf bfs, nfj ede mcdudguoofd f`fdyf ocdfeofd
tedbbe pcrmuoffd aferfd, ocrusfofd hfbefd `fjfm scpfrftkr, huen ftfu juhfdb pcdbcjufrfd aferfd
tcrsumhft. Hjkw hy f`fjfn bfs yfdb tcrhfwf ocjufr kjcn lfsf afer. Nfj ede `fpft mcdudguoofd
rcd`fndyf pcrmuoffd aferfd ftfu ocbfbfjfd pcdbkdtrkjfd pcrmuoffd aferfd.
 

Jfdbofn Ocrgf @csfed Qcpfrftkr 

6. Mcdb
Mcdbfdbb
fdbbfp
scpfrftkr fp suftu
hujft te
tedbbe
dbbe
J lcct. sc
scpfrf
pfrftkr
@e budfofdtkr vcre
vcreofj,
ofj, pfd
tfhcj-tfhcjpfdgfdb
gfdb sc
scpcrte scpfrf
pfrftkr
tkrede
`ehfwfn nkr
nkrezkdt
7 ezkdtfj
fj ftfu `ef
`efmctc
mctcrr
 

8. Mcd
Mcdbuh
buhfn
fn jfg
jfgu
upprk`
rk`uos
uosee b
bfs
fs stf
stfd`f
d`frr ( Vb , QAL/nfre ) ocjfgu prk`uose pf`f okd`ese
scpfrftkr ( \b, Ault/`cteo ) `cdbfd mcdbbudfofd pcrsfmff
pcrsfmffd d7

Octcrfdbfd 7

\b = jfgu bfs okd`ese scpfrftkr . lt/`cteo Vb = jfgu fjer bfs, QAL/nfre

Ysa = Pcofdfd Qtfd`fr, Yse Wscp = Lfotkr Okmprcsehejetfs Bfs

Yscp = Pcofdfd Qcpfrftkr Psa = Pcmpcrftur

Pcmpcrftur Qtfd`fr, kXf

Wsa = Lfotkr Okmprcsehejetfs Yf`f Okd`ese Qtfd`fr

 

1. Mcdbuhfn k FYE mcdgf`e QB medyfo pf`f okd`ese stfd`fr, `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

0. Mcdbokrcose QBk pf`f okd`ese stfd`fr oc okd`ese scpfrftkr `cdbfd brfleo

`ehfwfn ede 7
 

3. Mcdbnetudb QB afmpurfd aferfd ( QBes ) `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

Octcrfdbfd

QBes = Qpcaelea Brfvety Aferfd

RA = Of`fr Fer @fjfm Aferfd, lreose

QB = Qpcaelea Brfvety Fer 
Brfvety Fer 
w

QBk scp  = Qpcaelea Brfvety medyfo `e scpfrftkr 

 

<. Mcd
Mcdbn
bnetu
etudb
db `
`cds
cdsetf
etfs
s afe
aferfd
rfd `e s
scpf
cpfrft
rftkr
kr ( H@b , jh/ault ) `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

Octcrfdbfd

 
H@b = @cdsetfs Bfs, jh/ault

QBes = Qpcaelea Brfvety Aferfd

 

2. Mcd
Mcdbne
bnetud
tudb
b `cd
`cdset
setfs
fs bf
bfs
s pf`
pf`f
f okd
okd`es
`esee scp
scpfrf
frftkr
tkr ( H@b  , jh/ault ) `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

Octcrfdbfd 7

H@b = @cdsetfs bfs . jh/ault QBb= Qpcaelea Brfvety bfs

Ysa = Pcofdfd Qtfd`fr, Yse Wscp = Lfotkr Okmprcsehejetfs Bfs

Yscp = Pcofdfd Qcpfrftkr Psa = Pcmpcrftur

Pcmpcrftur Qtfd`fr, kXf

Wsa = Lfotkr Okmprcsehejetfs Yf`f Okd`ese Qtfd`fr

 

>. Mc
Mcdbn
dbnetu
etudb
db oca
ocacpf
cpftfd
tfd mfo
mfosem
semfj
fj bf
bfs
s ( \ , lt/`cteo ) `cdbfd mcdbbudfofd nuoum Qtkoc yfdb

`emk`eleofse 7

Octcrfdbfd 7

\ =O
Oca
cacp
cpft
ftfd
fd mf
mfose
osemf
mfjj b
bfs
fs,, llt/
t/`c
`cte
teo
o

O = Okd
Okdstf
stfdtf
dtf h
hcr`
cr`fsf
fsfrof
rofd
d `c
`csfe
sfed
d `f
`fd
d kp
kpcrf
crfse
se sc
scpfr
pfrftk
ftkrr

H@b = @cdsetfs bfs . jh/ault

H@6 = @cdsetfs aferfd, jh/lt

 

O `e`fpft `fre brfleo `ehfwfn ede, yfdb mcruofd ludbse gcdes, pfdgfdb `fd `efmctcr scpftftkr
scpftftkr..
 

5. Mcdb
Mcdbnetu
netudb
db jjufr
ufr fjerf
fjerfd
d bf
bfs
s (( F
 Fb  , lt8 ) `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

Octcrfdbfd 7

 Fb  = Jufs scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd bfs, lt8 

\b = Jfgu bfs `e`fjfm scpfrftkr, QAL/nfre

\ =O
Oca
cacp
cpft
ftfd
fd mf
mfose
osemf
mfjj b
bfs
fs,, lt/
lt/`c
`cte
teo
o
 

69. Mcdbnetudb `efmctcr `f

`fjfm
jfm scpfrftk
scpfrftkrr hcr`fsfrof
hcr`fsfrofd
d ofpfsetfs bfs, ( @b , lt ) `cdbfd pcrsfmffd 7

Octcrfdbfd 7

@b = @efmctcr scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd bfs, lt

 Fb  = Jufs scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd bfs, lt8 

 

66. Mcdafre @ef

@efmctcr
mctcr jufr ( dkmedfj ) `fpft `eafr
`eafree `cdbfd mcdbbudfofd brfleo `e hfwfn ede 7
 

68. Mcmc
Mcmcdtuof
dtuofd
d wfo
wfotu
tu rc
rctcds
tcdsee ( rctcdtekd temc ) `e`fjfm scpfrftkr ( t, mcdet ) 7

Sdtuo 8 lfsf, hcrjfou 7

k
 FYE 4 13k , t = 6 mcdet

 FYE := 13k , t = - 9,93> k FYE + 9,91

k

 Sdtuo 1 lfsf, hcrjfou 7

 FYE 4= 39k ,
k
t = 1 mcdet

k  k k
09 :  FYE := 39 t = 1 - 0 mcdet
19k :  k FYE := 09k t = 0 - 3 mcdet

89k :  k FYE := 19k t = 0 - 0 mcdet

 

61.. Mcd
61 Mcdbne
bnetud
tudb
b rc`uaefj jeque` afpfaety lfatkr ( A )

k
  FYE 4= 13k , A = 6

k
  FYE : 13k , A = 9,985 k FYE
 FYE ‑
 ‑ 9,963

60. Mcdcdtuofd `efmctcr scpfrftkr hcr`fsrofd vkjumc afe

aferfd
rfd ( @6,lt ). Pedbbe aferfd `e`fjfm scpfrftkr

vcrteofj hefsf dyf `efmhej 8 lt, `fd `cdbfd mcdbbudfofd lfotkr ocfmfdfd 8 lt udtuo ncf`edb, mfof

jufs jedbofrfd pcdfmpfdb scpfrftkr ( F

(  F6, lt ) f`fjfn 7
 

Octcrfdbfd 7

@6 = @efmctcr scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd aferfd, lt

 F6 = Jufs scpfrftkr hcr`fsfrofd aferfd, lt 8

A = Xc`uac Jeque` Afpfaety Lfatkr 

@ = @efmctcr, lt

t = Rfotu rctcdse

Vk = Jfgu fjer medyfo, hhj/nfre

 

63. Mcd
Mcdcdt
cdtuof
uofd
d X m yfetu nfsen hfbe J tcrnf`fp @6 ftfu J tcrnf`fp @b yfdb tcrocaej.

 Hejf 1 := X m := 3 uourfd scpfrftkr tcr`fpft `e pfsfrfd.

 Hejf X m : 1, mfof nfrbf J `e jfdbofn 6 nfrus `e pcrhcsfr

pcrhcsfr,, ocmu`efd ujfdbe jfdbofn 2 sfmpfe 60.

 Hejf X m : 3, mfof nfrbf J `e jfdbofn 6 nfrus `e pcrocaej, ocmu`efd ujfdbe jfdbofn 2 sfmpfe 60.

 Jfdbofn 63 ede te`fo pcrju `ejfouofd udtuo pcrnetudbfd scpfrftkr hujft

 

Yredsep Ycrfdafdbfd
6) @emcdse 7@emcdse suftu scpfrftkr tcrbfdtudb kjcn jfgu ljue`f ufp `fd tcocdfdfd `fjfm scpfrftkr.
8) Hcdtuo 7Sdtuo mcdcdtuofd hcdtuo `fre scpfrftkr, lfotkr-lfotkr `e hfwfn ede nfrus `epcrnfteofd7
 ‑ Xfsek mfosemum-Medemum
mfosemum-Medemum fdtfrf vk vkjumc
jumc `fd jufs pcrmuoffd
pcrmuoffd
 ‑ Ludbse `frepf`f hcgfdf
 ‑ Ocmu`fnfd lfhreofse
lfhreofse
 ‑ Mcdbfau stfd`frt
 ‑ Hefyf medemum
1) Edjct `fd kutjct

0) Pkjcrfdse
lfsf okrkse
fer mcruhfn jfgu 7Ycdctufd
fjerfd. Pkjcrfse pf`f scpfrftkr, `emfdf fofd tcrgf`e crkse, onususdyf `e`fcrfn `emfdf
3) Mftcrefj 7Mcsoepud FQMC mcdyfrfdofd pcdbbudffd pjft afrhkd stccj udtuo pcmhuftfd scpfrftkr, dfdum
hcr`fsfrofd pcdbfjfmfd nfdyf hchcrfpf pjft afrhkd stccj tcrsc`ef `fd `ebudfofd. Gcdes mftcrefj yfdb scredb
`ebudfofd udtuo scpfrftkr f`fjfn QF-36<-29 ftfupud QF-809-190QQ
<) Ljfdbc 7Ljfdbc `fpft `e`esfed hcr`fsfrofd FQMC, tctfpe fofd jchen murfn `cdbfd mcmhcje Ljfdbc stfd`frt.
Ljfdbc stfd`frt hcr`fsfrofd FDQE H6<.3 nfdyf sfmpfe uourfd <99 mm, `fd Ljfdbc gcdes MQQ-QY-00 tcrsc`ef
udtuo uourfd hcsfr hcc`fsfrofd FDQE H6<.3 `dh H16.6. Fofd tctfpe Ljfdbc gcdes FYE <93 `esfrfdofd udtuo
`epfofe, ofrcdf jchen rfmpedb `fd mcmhutunofd jchen hfdyfo hfut uourfd ocaej `fre pf`f Ljfdbc gcdes MQQ-QY-
00.
 

Lkrmujf Ycrfdafdbfd
• Mcdbnetudb \t `cdbfd rumus 7 Octcrfdbfd 7
\t = Ocacpftfd Pcrmedf Huterfd Jeque` (Lt/s)
φb = `cds
`cdset
etfs
fs bfs,
bfs, ob/m
ob/m1 1
φj = `cdsetfs jeque`, ob/m1
`m = `efmctcr
`efmctcr huterfd
huterfd jeoue` yfdb
yfdb edbed `epesfn
`epesfnofd,
ofd, meorkd
meorkd

Octcrfdbfd 7
• Mcdbnetudb dejfe Xc `cdbfd rumus 7 φb = `cdsetfs bfs, ob/m1
`m = `efmctcr huterfd
huterfd jeoue` yfdb edbed `epesfnofd,
`epesfnofd, meorkd
meorkd
κ = vesoksetfs , aY
\t = ocacp
ocacpftf
ftfd
d tcrme
tcrmedfj
dfj huterf
huterfd
d jeoue
jeoue`,
`, lt/s
lt/s
• Mcdbnetudb dejfe A@ `cdbfd dejfe Xc yfdb `e`fpft 7

Octcrfdbfd 7
A@= okclesecd `rfb

• Mcdbnetudb ocmhfje \s `fd dejfe Xc (ocmhfje oc jfdbofn 8) `fd etcrfse sfmpfe dejfe A@ yfdb `e`fpft
okdstfd.
 

• Mcdbnetudb `.Jcll

Octcrfdbfd 7
` = `efmctcr scpfrftkr,ed
scpfrftkr,ed
Jcll = pfdgfdb clcotel scpfrftkr tcmpft tcrgf`e pcmesfnfd, lt
P = tcmpcrftur kpcrfse, kX
Vb = jfgu fjer bfs, MMQAL@
Y = tcofdfd kpcrfse, Ysef
W = okmprcsehejetfs bfs

φb
φj = `cdsetfs
= `cd
`cdse
setf s bfs,
tfs jjeq
eque ob/m1
ue`,
`, ob
ob/m
/m1
1
A@ = okclesecd `rfb
`m = uourfd huterfd
huterfd jeoue` yfdb
yfdb fofd `epesfnofd,
`epesfnofd, mearkd
 

• Mcdbnetudb Xctcdtekd Pemc

Octcrfdbfd 7
Vj = jfgufjer fer, HRY@
tr = rctcdtekd temc fer yfdb `eedbedofd, mcdet

• Mcdbnetudb Qjcd`crdcss Xftek

Octcrfdfbd 7

Jcll
Jss == pfdgfdb
pfdgfdb scfm-tk-scfm,
clcotel scpfrftkr,
mm
Jss/` = sjcd`crdcss rftek
 

Ycrfdafdbfd Mcofdes
6. Octchfjfd @ed`edb sncjj (Rfjj Pneaodcss)

3. Hcrft \csscj
\csscj Rcebnt=
Rcebnt= (sncjjwcebnt)
(sncjj wcebnt) + (Ncf`wcebnt)
@emfdf 7

t = octchfjfd ncf` , edancs

@k = @efmctcr jufr , edancs
 

AKDPKN YCXNEPSDBFD OFYFQEPFQ QCYFXFPKX 

@FPF QFPSFD
@eoctfnue `ftf scpfrftkr
nkrezkdtfj 8 lfsf `fd JFGS FJEX BFQ 2,3 MMQAL@
`ftf ljue`f f`fjfn JFGS FJEX JEVSE@ 2399 HJY@
schfbfe hcruout 7 E@ QCYFXFPKX 28 Ed
YKYCXFQE 13 Yseb
PKYCXFQE 669 ¹L
@CQFED YXCQQSXC 619 Yseb
@CQFE PCMYCXFPKX
609 ¹L
WQCYFXFPKX
9,5502
OKDQPFDPF
OKDQPFDPF @CQFED
@CQFE D  
9,03
QBBFQ
9,>>39
QBFEX  
6

QBKEJ  9,225  
 RFPCX
RFPCX ASP 58,36 %
PEDBBE JEVSE@ @FJFM
 

@cdbfd `ftf `eftfs oetf fofd mcdafre ofpfsetfs jfgu

fjer bfs `fd jeque` scpfrftkr netudbfd/fdfjesf. Qctcjfn
etu, geof nfsej dyf su`fn `eoctfnue mfof oetf fofd
mcmhfd`edbfd `cdbfd ofpfsetfs jfgu fjer bfs `fd
jeque` scpfrftkr hfwffd. 
 

 
Ycdcdtufd jfgu fjer medyfo ( V k ) `fd jfgu fjer bfs ( Vb ) schfbfe

hcreout 7
8. Pcdtuofd jfgr u fjefer pf`f scpfrftkr.
scpfrftk r.

Vw = RA * Vj
6. Pcdtuofd
cdtuofd jfgu fjer
fjer jeque`
jeque` pf`f scpfrftk
scpfrftkr.
r.
= 58.36 % * 20<0.5<
n = Pedbbe okjkm aferfd E@

= 39% * 28 = <593,>1 HRY@

= 1< edan
1. Pcdtuof
cdtuofd
d jjfgu
fgu fjer
fjer fer
fer pf`f
pf`f scpfrf
scpfrftkr
tkr..
Vj =

= Vk = V ‑
j Vk

= 20<0.5< 8HJY@
= 20<0,5< ‑ <593,>10

= 335,68 HKY@
 

 
0. Netu
Netudb
db juf
jufs
s scpf
scpfrf
rftk
tkrr hcr`
hcr`fs
fsfr
frof
ofd
d bfs.
bfs.

 
E@ = 28 ed = < lt @b =

@b  = tedbbe okjkm bfs E@

 Fb ==

= 39 % * <
= 8,13 lt8
= 1 lt
 

3. Okrco
krcos
se QBkej pf`f okd`ese stfd`fr oc okd`ese
scpfrftkr `cdbfd brfleo.

QB kej = 9,225

Mfof 7
QBk scp = 9,2>
 

   
<. Ne
Netu
tudb
db QB
QB afmp
afmpur
urfd
fd afe
aferf
rfd
d (QB
(QBjs). 2. Netu
Netudb
db `cds
`cdset
etfs
fs afe
aferf
rfd
d `escp
`escpfr
frft
ftkr
kr..

H@j
QB   =
j

= 9,5836 * 6 + (6 ‑ 9,5836) 9,2> =

= 9,5>0 = <6,12 jh/ault

   
>. Netudb
Netudb `cdset
`cdsetfs
fs bfs pf`f
pf`f okd`e
okd`ese
se scpfrf
scpfrftkr
tkr.. 5. Netu
Netudb
db ocac
ocacpf
pftf
tfd
d mfo
mfose
semu
mum
m bfs
bfs..

\ =
H@b =

== 2,2< lt/`cteo
=

= 9,893 jh/ault
 

   
69. Netudb
Netudb jfgu
jfgu bfs
bfs okd`es
okd`esee scpfrftk
scpfrftkrr. 66. Pcdtuofd
cdtuofd jfgu fjer
fjer bfs pf`f
pf`f scpfrftk
scpfrftkr.
r.

 Fb = \b =

\b = Fb * \ Vb =

= 8,133 * 
* 2,2<0 =
= 2,8 MMQAL@
= 82,08 QAL@
 

Ycrhfd`edbfd jfgu fjer `fre ofpfsetfs `cdbf jfgu fjer nfsej pcrnetudbfd

DK Dfmf Fjft Ofpfsetfs Jfgu fjer Jfgu Fjer

Hfwffd Nfsej Ndfjesf

6 JY Qcpfrftkr ^ V j = 2399 HJY@ V j = 20<0,5< HJY@

28” E@ x 6<”-69” Q/Q

V b = 2,3 MMQAL@ V b = 2,8 MMQAL@
 

Mfof `fpft `esempujofd hfnwf scpfrftkr ede mfsen mcmcdune ofpfsetfs.

 

PCXEMF
OFQEN