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GKUTQK@D\K LTQÏEHBK ED@ EDQDBCF
KMQKQHF

Títulos relacionados

HGEHBD

HGUQFETBBHÒG  .............................................................................................................................. 2

EDJHGHBHFGDR ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF  ............................................................................... 5

GKUTQK@D\K LTQÏEHBK  ............................................................................................................... 4

FALDUF ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF  ........................................................................................... 4

JTDGUDR ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF  ......................................................................................... 4

 KTUFGFOÏK ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF  ................................................................................... =

DRUKUTUFR [TD QD^QDRDGUKG K@ RDBUFQ KMQKQHF ................................................. 3

BKTRKR [TD FQHMHGKG D@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF OFEDQGF ......................................... 8
QDJFQOK KMQKQHK  .................................................................................................................... ;;

BFGB@TRHFGDR  ........................................................................................................................... ;2

QDBFODGEKBHFGDR.................................................................................................................. ;5

AHA@HFMQKJÏK   ............................................................................................................................... ;4

HGUQFETBBHÒG

 K` cka`kr ed `k gkturk`dzk, ds ausbkr `k dsdgbhk, d` hgtdrhfr y `ks aksds dg `ks qud
sd jfrok k`mf, d` tdok dg dstuehf ds cka`kr ed `k gkturk`dzk ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf,
edsed d` pugtf ed vhstk lurïehbf efged surmd `k gdbdsheke ed rdmu`kr y rdk`hzkr `k
brdkbhòg ed gfroks qud pdrohtkg bkoahfs dg tfef `f rd`kbhfgkef k `ks
kbthvhekeds kmrkrhks.

Rh ahdg puehdrk pdgskrsd qud d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf gkbd dg `fs prhodrfs thdopfs
ed `k cuokgheke d``f gf ds ksï, pfr bukgtf d` bfgbdahr`f bfof kqud` edsthgkef
k `k brdkbhòg y bfgsdrvkbhòg ed vhek kghok` y vdmdtk` bfg sdgthef ed dxp`ftkbhòg
dbfgòohbk, ds ug bfgbdptf ed rdbhdgtd ektk, qud vk oës k``ë ed rdm`ks
edsthgkeks k rdmu`kr `ks rd`kbhfgds dgtrd `fs suldtfs qud hgtdrvhdgdg dg `k `kafr
prfeubthvk, pkrk bfgvdrthrsd dg ug edrdbcf qud kthdged k prfa`doks bf`dbthvfs
ed dbfgfoïk, kakstdbhohdgtf y sdmurheke gkbhfgk`.

Dg dstd hgjfrod sd prdtdged kafrekr tdoks rd`kbhfgkefs k `k gkturk`dzk lurïehbk

ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf, `ks judgtds ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf y su kutfgfoïk. Ukoahèg
sd cka`krë sfard `k dvf`ubhòg ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf dg ^kgkoë, edsbrhahdgef
k`mugfs cdbcfs qud ehdrfg `umkr k qud sd brdkrk `ks `dyds qud rhmdg `ks
kbthvhekeds kmrkrhks y koahdgtk`ds.

EDJHGHBHFGDR ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF

Edjhghbhòg ;.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf ds ug bfglugtf ed `ks gfroks, `fs rdm`kodgtfs, `ks `dyds y `ks
ehspfshbhfgds qud rdmu`kg `k prfphdeke y frmkghzkbhòg tdrrhtfrhk` rüsthbk y `ks
dxp`ftkbhfgds kmrïbf`ks. Dg ftrks pk`karks, d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf ds ugk rkok ed`
edrdbcf qud hgb`uyd `ks gfroks rdmu`kefrks ed `ks rd`kbhfgds lurïehbks rd`kbhfgkeks
k `k kmrhbu`turk.

Edjhghbhòg 1.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf puded edjhghrsd bfof d` bfglugtf ed prhgbhphfs, ehspfshbhfgds d
hgsthtubhfgds qud rdmu`kg `ks ehjdrdgtds jfroks ed tdgdgbhk ed `k thdrrk, ksï bfof
`fs shstdoks ed dxp`ftkbhòg kmrïbf`k, bfg d` faldthvf ed k`bkgzkr lusthbhk sfbhk`, d`
ahdg bfoüg y `k sdmurheke lurïehbk.

Edjhghbhòg 2.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf ds bfgshedrkef ugk rkok lurïehbk ed gkturk`dzk ohxtk dg rkzòg
ed qud rdmu`k `k tdgdgbhk y d` usf ed `k thdrrk, `k kbthvheke kmrkrhk y d` edskrrf``f
rurk`, shdoprd bfg `k hgtdgbhòg ed rdk`hzkr ugk kedbukek dstrubturk ed `k prfphdeke
rüsthbk, d` kprfvdbckohdgtf rkbhfgk` y `k bfgsdrvkbhòg ed `fs rdbursfs gkturk`ds
rdgfvka`ds, `f ohsof qud d` ahdgdstkr ed `k pfa`kbhòg, dg pkrthbu`kr `k b`ksd
bkopdshgk, shdoprd bfg `k hgtdgbhòg ed jfodgtkr d` brdbhohdgtf dbfgòohbf y lusthbhk
sfbhk`.

Dg ftrks pk`karks, d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf ds ugk rkok ed` edrdbcf qud hgb`uyd `ks
gfroks rdmu`kefrks ed `ks rd`kbhfgds lurïehbks rd`kbhfgkeks k `k kmrhbu`turk. Dstf
supfgd qud, dg sus jfroks oës aëshbks, `fs frïmdgds ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf sd
rdofgtkg oubcf thdopf ktrës. Cky qud tdgdr dg budgtk, pfr dldop`f, qud `k
dxp`ftkbhòg kmrïbf`k chzf qud `fs cfoards sd vud`vkg sdedgtkrhfs y bfohdgbdg k
bfgshedrkr `k prfphdeke prhvkek sfard ahdgds hgouda`ds. 

Ed tfeks okgdrks, d` kvkgbd ed `k hgeustrhk y ed `k tdbgf`fmïk kp`hbkek k `k

kmrhbu`turk ck cdbcf qud, dg `ks ü`thoks eèbkeks, d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf bfard okyfr

hopfrtkgbhk. @ks dxp`ftkbhfgds kmrïbf`ks supfgdg ug ofvhohdgtf ed oh``fgds ed

eò`krds, `f qud hop`hbk qud bkek pkrtd hgvf`ubrkek dg d` prfbdsf quhdrk edjdgedr
sus hgtdrdsds. 

@fs prfjdshfgk`ds ed` edrdbcf qud quhdrkg hgburrhr dg dstk ehsbhp`hgk edadg
dspdbhk`hzkrsd dg `ks budsthfgds kmrkrhks. ^fr supudstf, `ks tdoëthbks trktkeks sfg
dspdbïjhbks y gf k`bkgzk bfg `fs bfgfbhohdgtfs odrkodgtd lurïehbfs.  

Bkad odgbhfgkr qud sd bfgfbd bfof rdjfrok kmrkrhk sfg bkoahfs qud sd ``dvkg k
bkaf dg ugk sfbhdeke pkrk odlfrkr `ks bfgehbhfgds pf`ïthbks f dbfgòohbks bfg `ks
qud ds trktkef d` sdbtfr kmrkrhf. @ks ohsoks sfg dgbkohgkeks pfr dsk pfrbhòg ed`
puda`f kjdbtkek k trkvès ed `dvkgtkohdgtfs sfbhk`ds, cud`mks f pdthbhfgds k`
Dstkef. 

GKUTQK@D\K LTQÏEHBK
D` dstuehf ed `ks rd`kbhfgds lurïehbks ed bkrëbtdr kmrkrhf k `fs ehbtkefs ed `k lusthbhk
sfbhk`, bfg d` faldtf ed jkbh`htkr y brdkr `ks bfgehbhfgds gdbdskrhks pkrk ``dvkr k bkaf
ugk kutègthbk Qdjfrok Kmrkrhk Hgtdmrk`, f sdk, pkrk `fmrkr ug kuodgtf ed `k
prfeubbhòg kmrïbf`k y pkrk ckbdr pfsha`d ugk oës lustk y dquhtkthvk ehstrhaubhòg ed
`k prfphdeke kmrkrhk.

FALDUF ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF

Bukgef sd cka`k ed faldtf ed Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf edadofs cka`kr ed efs jfroks,
ugk d` sdgthef oktdrhk` y pfr ftrk pkrtd d` jfrok`9 D` Faldtf jfrok` ds `k kbthvheke
kmrïbf`k, bfof tk`. Ksï ohsof d` faldtf oktdrhk` d` sud`f, `k thdrrk, ds d` suldtf
edehbkef k `k prfeubbhòg ed` rkof kmrïbf`k.

JTDGUDR ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF

Tgk judgtd ds d` frhmdg ed k`mf, dg dstd bksf sd p`kgtdk d` frhmdg ed` edrdbcf
kmrkrhf dg aksd k `ks shmuhdgtds kjhrokbhfgds<
   @k Bfstuoard

^uded edjhghrsd bfof `fs bfopfrtkohdgtfs y usfs sfbhk`ds bfgshedrkefs pfr `k

bf`dbthvheke bfof bfgeubtks `dmk`ds f h`dmk`ds edgtrf ed ugk bhrbugsbrhpbhòg
tdrrhtfrhk` edtdrohgkek.

   @k Gfrok
Rfg `fs usfs y bfstuoards rdmu`kefs edgtrf ed ehspfshbhfgds `dmk`ds p`ksokeks
dg ugk `dy bfgshedrkek bfof fa`hmktfrhk.

   @k @dy
Rfg `ks gfroks ed bkrëbtdr lurïehbf dstrubturkeks frmëghbkodgtd pkrk qud tdgmkg
ug djdbtf bfdrbhthvf.

   @k Lurhspruedgbhk
Ds d` bfglugtf ed jk``fs luehbhk`ds y sdgtdgbhks qud jfrokg ugk ed `ks judgtds ed`
edrdbcf y ug prdbdedgtd pkrk `k rdsf`ubhòg ed bksfs dg d` juturf. D` ludz, bukgef
ehbtk sdgtdgbhk okrbk ug pkrëodtrf pkrk juturks fbkshfgds shoh`krds efged `k
 lusthbhk edak dxpdehrsd, yk qud `k lurhspruedgbhk bfgshstd dg `k hgtdrprdtkbhòg ed `k
`dy dokgkek ed ug Urhaugk` bfopdtdgtd f ed `k Bfrtd Ruprdok ed Lusthbhk.

   @dy Kmrkrhk.
Dstk `dy sd b`kshjhbk edsed ehjdrdgtds pugtfs ed vhstk<
k. ^fr rkzòg ed su bfgtdghef puded sdr jfrok` f oktdrhk`.
a. ^fr rkzòg `k ldrkrquïk ed` fredgkohdgtf `dmk`.
b. ^fr rkzòg ed `k jfrok ed fredgkohdgtf ed `ks gfroks qud bfgthdgd, puded
sdr bfehjhbkek f bfoüg.

^QHGBH^HFR MDGDQK@DR ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF

@k pf`ïthbk kmrkrhk vk k pdrsdmuhr jhgds f odtks pkrk sf`ubhfgkr `fs prfa`doks
kmrkrhfs. Dgtrd dstfs jhgds f odtks odgbhfgk<
   Bfgsdrvkbhòg ed `fs rdbursfs gkturk`ds

   Hgbrdodgtf rkbhfgk` ed `k dxp`ftkbhòg kmrfpdbukrhk sdmurheke y dstkah`heke

ed `k jkoh`hk kmrkrhk prfmrdsf sfbhk`
Dstfs jhgds f odtks qud pdrshmud d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf vkg k surmhr `fs prhgbhphfs
prhokrhfs f jugekodgtk`ds ed `k oktdrhk. Dstfs sfg<
   ^rftdbbhòg ed rdbursfs gkturk`ds.
   Ksdmurkr y mkrkgthzkr d` jfodgtf y `k prftdbbhòg ed `k kbthvheke prfeubthvk
kmrkrhk y ed `ks bfgdxks k d``k.
   D` edadr ed rdmu`krsd lurïehbkodgtd `k ehstrhaubhòg ed `ks bkrmks y `fs
adgdjhbhfs kmrkrhfs.
   D` fredg püa`hbf.

KTUFGFOÏK ED@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF

@k kutfgfoïk ed` Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf, dstë ekek pfr tdgdr ug faldtf prfphf qud ds `k
kbthvheke kmrkrhk, pdrf gf shmghjhbk su tftk` hgedpdgedgbhk ed ftrks rkoks ed`
edrdbcf bfof d` Edrdbcf Bhvh` f d` Edrdbcf ^dgk`, puds d` Edrdbcf ds ugk ugheke,
y `k hgtdredpdgedgbhk gfrokthvk sd ek dg tfeks `ks rkoks ed` Edrdbcf y gf sf`f dg
d` Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf.
Rd bfoprdgehò qud `k prfphdeke ed `k thdrrk trksbdgeïk d` hgtdrès hgehvheuk` pkrk
bfgtdgdr gfroks gf sf`f ed Edrdbcf ^rhvkef, shgf ed fredg püa`hbf, puds ds ugk
kbthvheke edsthgkek k skthsjkbdr gdbdshekeds dsdgbhk`ds ed` sdr cuokgf, bfof ds
`k k`hodgtkbhòg, qud dxbdedg `k oktdrhk prfphk ed` Edrdbcf Bhvh`. Uhdgd ug
bfgtdghef tèbghbf dspdbïjhbf y ugk oktdrhk rd`kbhfgkek bfg kspdbtfs sfbhf`òmhbfs,
dbfgòohbfs y pf`ïthbfs.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf pfsdd kutfgfoïk lurïehbk, tkoahèg kutfgfoïk eheëbthbf-bhdgtïjhbk
y kutfgfoïk `dmhs`kthvk. Rd ck ehsbuthef sh d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf ds hgedpdgehdgtd f gf
ed` edrdbcf bhvh`, sh pfsdd kutfgfoïk.
^krk `fs qud sd dgrf`kg dg dstk pfsturk, gfs ehbdg qud d` edrdbcf kmrkrhf sd dgsdûk
dg `ks ughvdrshekeds bfof edrdbcf kmrkrhf f edrdbcf ed `fs rdbursfs gkturk`ds,
`fmkgef tdgdr su bëtderk prfphk, pfr `f tkgtf, fathdgd ksï, `k bktdmfrïk ed kutfgfoïk
eheëbthbk.

@k kutfgfoïk bhdgtïjhbk ds k`bkgzkek pfrqud `fs dstuehfs d hgvdsthmkbhfgds ckg

pdrohthef d`kafrkr ugk efbtrhgk kmrkrhk.
Dg edrdbcf kmrkrhf bfgsthtuyd ugk rkok ed` edrdbcf hgedpdgehdgtd pfrqud pfsdd
bkrkbtdrïsthbks, rdmïodgds, y prhgbhphfs mdgdrk`ds prfphfs qud vkg k ehrhohr su
edskrrf``f, dstf ds kutfgfoïk lurïehbk.
@k kutfgfoïk `dmhs`kthvk dstkrïk ekek pfr `k skgbhòg ed `dyds, bòehmfs, qud vkg k
rdmu`kr gudstrk oktdrhk.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf gf ds hgedpdgehdgtd ed` edrdbcf bhvh`. [uhdgds kpfykg dstk
pfsturk ds `k efbtrhgk jrkgbdsk.

DRUKUTUFR [TD QD^QDRDGUKG K@ RDBUFQ KMQKQHF

Edgtrf ed dstd Edrdbcf dxhstd ugk pkrtd edehbkek dspdbhk`odgtd k `k jfrok dg `k
qud dg d` Dstkef sd rdmu`krë `k ehstrhaubhòg ed `ks kmuks y thdrrks ed` ohsof, efged
sd dstka`dbdg `fs ahdgds ed thpf bfougk` f prhvkef.

 K pkrthr ed` shm`f SZHHH tuvf `umkr dg d` ougef ugk f`k hgehsbrhohgkek ed edskrrf``f
`f buk` bfgtrhauyò judrtdodgtd bfg d` prfmrdsf ed `k Cuokgheke edsed ehbck èpfbk
ckstk kcfrk cdofs pkskef pfr guodrfsfs bkoahfs, ugf akstkgtd jugekodgtk` ds
`k jfrok dg `k qud `fs mfahdrgfs rdmu`kg sus prfphdekeds y ckbdg rdmhr `k lusthbhk.

Dg d` bkopf tkoahèg sd vhdrfg arusbks trkgsjfrokbhfgds qud judrfg ofehjhbkgef

`dgtkodgtd `k jfrok ed dxp`ftkbhòg, pkskgef ed ugk èpfbk dg `k qud quhdg
rdk`hzkak tfef d` trkaklf drk d` cfoard, kyuekef k kghok`ds f rüsthbks cdrrkohdgtks
ckstk `k kbtuk`heke dg d` qud `k oëquhgk ck rddop`kzkef bksh kasf`utkodgtd k`
cfoard. Edahef k dstfs ehjdrdgtds bkoahfs jud gdbdskrhf tkoahèg kof`ekr `k
rdmu`kbhòg lurïehbk qud edaïk okgtdgdr ug dquh`harhf dg dstd dspkbhf.

@fs dstktutfs efged sd pfgdg dg pk`kark `fs Edrdbcfs Kmrkrhfs sfg hoprdsbhgeha`ds
bukgef ug Dstkef gf buop`d `fs trktkefs qud ck jhrokef bfg `k bfougheke qud sd
dgbkrmk ed dxp`ftkr d` tdrrhtfrhf rüsthbf, pfrqud ds dgtfgbds bukgef `ks dgthekeds
qud rdprdsdgtkg `ks gdbdshekeds y edrdbcfs ed` sdbtfr kmrkrhf pudedg dxhsthr k `fs
mfahdrgfs ug bkoahf dg su kbbhfgkr f prdshfgkr`f, odehkgtd ugk edgugbhk k`
hgbuop`hohdgtf ed `f pkutkef dg d` bòehmf `dmhs`kthvf, pkrk prfpfrbhfgkr ugk
sdmurheke y dstkah`heke k` sdbtfr bkopdshgf.

BKTRKR [TD FQHMHGKG D@ EDQDBCF KMQKQHF OFEDQGF

Udghdgef dg budgtk `k hgbkpkbheke ed okgdlf qud bfgtkak d` Edrdbcf Bhvh` pkrk
okgdlkr y rdsf`vdr `k prfa`doëthbk dxhstdgtd, gfs dgbfgtrkofs bfg `ks ehjdrdgtds
bkusks qud `d pdrohthdrfg `k kpkrhbhòg ed` Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf Ofedrgf bfof bhdgbhk,
`ks buk`ds sfg<

k. D` Bkphtk`hsof<

Hgtrfeubbhòg k `k kmrhbu`turk ed ofedrghsof tdbgf`òmhbf, tk`ds bfof d` usf ed `k

hgtdgshjhbkbhòg ed erdgklds, d` usf ed `fs kafgfs quïohbfs y `k ``dmkek ohsok ed `k
okquhgkrhk kmrïbf`k hop`kgtëgefsd, edsed dstd ofodgtf `k rdvf`ubhòg kmrïbf`k,
supdrkgef ksï tfef `f k`bkgzkef dg d` shm`f SZHHH.

a. Qupturk ed `k ugheke ed` edrdbcf prhvkef<

Dg ug prhodr ofodgtf, d` shstdok kmrïbf`k mhrkak dg tfrgf k `k prfphdeke rdeubhef

üghbkodgtd k su usf y mfbd ed `k ohsok, gf dxhstïk `k kbthvheke kmrïbf`k bfof
hgtdrès sfbhk`, pfr `f buk` d` jdgòodgf ed `k prhvkthzkbhòg sd bfgvhdrtd dg ug edrdbcf
hgehspdgska`d pkrk ugk odlfr tutd`k ed` hgtdrès mdgdrk`.

Dg dstd sdgthef, `k prfphdeke ed `k thdrrk kequhdrd d` bkrëbtdr ed edrdbcf jugbhòg, f

sdk, ug edrdbcf edadr dg bukgtf k `k fa`hmkbhòg ed` suldtf qud prfeubd.

b. @k dvf`ubhòg ed` dsqudok lurïehbf bfgsthtubhfgk`<

Rd hgtrfeubd edgtrf ed` Edrdbcf Bfgsthtubhfgk` `k jhmurk ed `k jugbhòg sfbhk` ed `k

prfphdeke, gf hopfghdgef `hohtkbhfgds k `k prfphdeke ohsok, shgf eëgef`d ugk
 lusthjhbkbhòg pf`ïthbf-sfbhk`, aksëgef`k dg d` trkaklf, pkrk ckbdr`k kbbdsha`d k tfefs,
prdtdgehègefsd bfg dstf ugk lustk ehstrhaubhòg ed `k rhqudzk.

Dg `k Bfgsthtubhòg ^kgkodûk, sd ckbd k`ushòg k `fs shmuhdgtds krtïbu`fs<

   Krtïbu`f ;11. D` Dstkef prdstkrë ktdgbhòg dspdbhk` k` edskrrf``f hgtdmrk` ed`

sdbtfr kmrfpdbukrhf, jfodgtkrë d` kprfvdbckohdgtf òpthof ed` sud`f, vd`krë
pfr su ehstrhaubhòg rkbhfgk` y su kedbukek uth`hzkbhòg y bfgsdrvkbhòg k jhg ed
okgtdgdr`f dg bfgehbhfgds prfeubthvks y mkrkgthzkrë d` edrdbcf ed tfef
kmrhbu`tfr k ugk dxhstdgbhk edbfrfsk.

   Krtïbu`f ;12. D` Dstkef gf pdrohthrë `k dxhstdgbhk ed ërdks hgbu`tks,

hoprfeubthvks y fbhfsks y rdmu`krë `ks rd`kbhfgds ed trkaklf dg d` kmrf,
jfodgtkgef ugk oëxhok prfeubthvheke y lustk ehstrhaubhòg ed `fs adgdjhbhfs
ed èstk.
   Krtïbu`f ;15. D` Dstkef ekrë ktdgbhòg dspdbhk` k `ks bfoughekeds
bkopdshgks d hgeïmdgks bfg d` jhg ed prfofvdr su pkrthbhpkbhòg dbfgòohbk,
sfbhk` y pf`ïthbk dg `k vhek gkbhfgk`.
   Krtïbu`f ;14. D` bfrrdbtf usf ed `k thdrrk kmrïbf`k ds ug edadr ed` prfphdtkrhf
pkrk bfg `k bfougheke y sdrë rdmu`kef pfr `k @dy ed bfgjfroheke bfg su
b`kshjhbkbhòg dbf`òmhbk k jhg ed dvhtkr `k suauth`hzkbhòg y ehsohgubhòg ed su
pftdgbhk` prfeubthvf.
   Krtïbu`f ;1:. ^krk d` buop`hohdgtf ed `fs jhgds ed `k pf`ïthbk kmrkrhk, d` Dstkef
edskrrf``krë `ks shmuhdgtds kbthvhekeds<
;. Eftkr k `fs bkopdshgfs ed `ks thdrrks ed `kafr gdbdskrhks y rdmu`kr d` usf
ed `ks kmuks. @k @dy pferë dstka`dbdr ug rèmhodg dspdbhk` ed prfphdeke
bf`dbthvk pkrk `ks bfoughekeds bkopdshgks qud `f sf`hbhtdg.
1. Frmkghzkr `k kshstdgbhk brdehthbhk pkrk skthsjkbdr `ks gdbdshekeds ed
jhgkgbhkohdgtf ed `k kbthvheke kmrfpdbukrhk y, dg dspdbhk`, ed` sdbtfr ed
dsbksfs rdbursfs y sus mrupfs frmkghzkefs y ekr ktdgbhòg dspdbhk` k`
pdqudûf y odehkgf prfeubtfr.
2. Ufokr odeheks pkrk ksdmurkr odrbkefs dstka`ds y prdbhfs dquhtkthvfs k
`fs prfeubtfs y pkrk hopu`skr d` dstka`dbhohdgtf ed dgthekeds, bfrpfrkbhfgds
y bffpdrkthvks ed prfeubbhòg, hgeustrhk`hzkbhòg, ehstrhaubhòg y bfgsuof.
5. Dstka`dbdr odehfs ed bfoughbkbhòg y trkgspfrtd pkrk ughr `ks
bfoughekeds bkopdshgks d hgeïmdgks bfg `fs bdgtrfs ed k`okbdgkohdgtf
ehstrhaubhòg y bfgsuof.
4. Bf`fghzkr gudvks thdrrks y rdm`kodgtkr `k tdgdgbhk y d` usf ed `ks ohsoks
y ed `ks qud sd hgtdmrdg k `k dbfgfoïk bfof rdsu`tkef ed `k bfgstrubbhòg ed
gudvks bkrrdtdrks.

 :. Dsthou`kr d` edskrrf``f ed` sdbtfr kmrkrhf odehkgtd kshstdgbhk tèbghbk y

jfodgtf ed `k frmkghzkbhòg, bkpkbhtkbhòg, prftdbbhòg, tdbghjhbkbhòg y edoës
jfroks qud `k @dy edtdrohgd.
=. Qdk`hzkr dstuehfs ed `k thdrrk k jhg ed dstka`dbdr `k b`kshjhbkbhòg kmrf`òmhbk
ed` sud`f pkgkodûf. @k pf`ïthbk dstka`dbhek pkrk dstd Bkpïtu`f sdrë kp`hbka`d
k `ks bfoughekeds hgeïmdgks ed kbudref bfg `fs oètfefs bhdgtïjhbfs ed
bkoahf bu`turk`.
   Krtïbu`f ;1=. D` Dstkef mkrkgthzk k `ks bfoughekeds hgeïmdgks `k rdsdrvk ed
`ks thdrrks gdbdskrhks y `k prfphdeke bf`dbthvk ed `ks ohsoks pkrk d` `fmrf ed
su ahdgdstkr dbfgòohbf y sfbhk`. @k @dy rdmu`krë `fs prfbdehohdgtfs qud
edakg sdmuhrsd pkrk `fmrkr dstk jhgk`heke y `ks ed`hohtkbhfgds
bfrrdspfgehdgtds edgtrf ed `ks buk`ds sd prfcïad `k kprfphkbhòg prhvkek ed
`ks thdrrks.
   Krtïbu`f ;13. Rd dstka`dbd `k lurhsehbbhòg kmrkrhk y `k @dy edtdrohgkrë `k
frmkghzkbhòg y ehstrhaubhòg ed sus trhaugk`ds.

QDJFQOK KMQKQHK
Ds d` bfglugtf ed odeheks pf`ïthbks, dbfgòohbks, sfbhk`ds y `dmhs`kthvks buyf jhg ds
ofehjhbkr `k dstrubturk ed `k prfphdeke y prfeubbhòg ed `k thdrrk. @ks rdjfroks
kmrkrhks ausbkg sf`ubhfgkr efs prfa`doks hgtdrrd`kbhfgkefs, `k bfgbdgtrkbhòg ed `k
prfphdeke ed `k thdrrk dg pfbfs eudûfs (`kthjugehsof) y `k aklk prfeubthvheke
kmrïbf`k edahef k` gf dop`df ed tdbgf`fmïks f k `k dspdbu`kbhòg bfg `fs prdbhfs ed
`k thdrrk qud hophed f edsdsthok su usf prfeubthvf.

@k Qdjfrok Kmrkrhk dg ^kgkoë gkbd bfof prfeubtf ed` ^rfmrkok ed `k K`hkgzk

pkrk d` ^rfmrdsf, dspdbïjhbkodgtd dg d` bfgfbhef efbuodgtf ‐@k Bkrtk ed ^ugtk
ed` Dstd‟, dg d` buk` sd p`kgtdk `k gdbdsheke ed hopu`skr prfmrkoks ed Qdjfrok
 Kmrkrhk hgtdmrk`, frhdgtkefs k `k djdbthvk trkgsjfrokbhòg ed `ks dstrubturks d hglustfs
shstdoks ed tdgdgbhk ed `k thdrrk y dxp`ftkbhòg ed `k ohsok bfg ohrks k susthtuhr d`
rèmhodg ed @kthjugehf y Ohghjugehf pfr ug shstdok lustf ed prfphdeke.

Bfof rdsu`tkef ed `fs kbudrefs ed `k ‐Bkrtk ed ^ugtk ed` Dstd‟, dg kmfstf ed ;8:;,
sd kprfaò dg gudstrf pkïs `k @dy 2= ed` 1; ed sdpthdoard ed ;8:1, bfgfbhek bfof

‐Bòehmf Kmrkrhf‟, y dgtrò dg vhmdgbhk k pkrthr ed` ; ed okrzf ed ;8:2.

^fstdrhfrodgtd dg aksd k `k @dy ;1 ed` 14 ed dgdrf ed ;8=2, `k Bfohshòg ed
Qdjfrok Kmrkrhk edlk ed dxhsthr y sd brdk d` Ohghstdrhf ed Edskrrf``f Kmrfpdbukrhf,
d` buk` hgtdmrk dg su sdgf `k bksh tftk`heke ed `ks hgsthtubhfgds qud tdgïkg qud vdr
bfg d` sdbtfr kmrfpdbukrhf.

BFGB@TRHFGDR
Ed `k ohsok okgdrk qud dg ftrks rkoks ed` edrdbcf dxhstdg oubcks dxbdpbhfgds
f ahdg bfsks qud edad kbfmdr `k lurhsehbbhòg kmrkrhk, pfr `f tkgtf, rdquhdrd klustds
qud ausqudg sf`ubhfgkr `fs prfa`doks kbtuk`ds ed` sdbtfr kmrfpdbukrhf.
D` edrdbcf kmrkrhf dxhstd bfg d` jhg ed kakrbkr `ks gdbdshekeds ed `ks zfgks rurk`ds,
ed `k prfeubbhòg ed thdrrks, ksï bfof `ks ehjdrdgtds fa`hmkbhfgds qud dstks kodrhtkg,
ds gdbdskrhf qud dxhstk ugk trksjfrokbhòg bfgstkgtd y qud sd ckmk buop`hr `f qud
dstë dstka`dbhef dg `k `dy.

Gudstrf pkïs budgtk bfg oës ed odehf shm`f ed edsjkbd dg oktdrhk lurïehbk kmrkrhk
dg rd`kbhòg bfg `k okyfrïk ed `fs pkïsds ed Koèrhbk @kthgk, pdsd k qud d` okgektf
bfgsthtubhfgk` ed `k lurhsehbbhòg kmrkrhk ektk ed `k bfgsthtubhòg pf`ïthbk ed ;8=1 pfr
`f qud `k trkgsjfrokbhòg lurïehbk kmrkrhk ds urmdgtd y gdbdskrhk.
@k brdkbhòg ed trhaugk`ds kmrkrhfs edad sdr prfpudstk pkrk sdr ``kokefs k
hgtdrprdtkr y kp`hbkr `k gudvk gfrokthvk kmrkrhk y mdgdrkr ugk shtukbhòg ed hmuk`eke
rdk` dg d` ëoahtf rurk` ed fpfrtughekeds djhbhdgtds pkrk `fs doprdskrhfs kmrkrhfs,
ksï bfof ugk rdkjhrokbhòg ed gudstrks bkpkbhekeds pkrk `k sfadrkgïk k`hodgtkrhk.
Dg pkïs edad bfgtkr bfg hgstruodgtfs lurïehbfs ed vkgmukrehk qud rdprdsdgtd `k
vdrekedrk fpfrtugheke ed rdkbthvkr gudstrk prfeubbhòg kmrfpdbukrhk.

QDBFODGEKBHFGDR
Ds gdbdskrhf qud d` dstkef pkgkodûf kbflk d` bòehmf kmrkrhf, kp`hbkgef `ks `kyds
dstka`dbheks d hgbdgthvkgef `k prfeubbhòg gkbhfgk` bfof `f p`kgtdk d` krtïbu`f ;11
ed `k bfgsthtubhòg.

AHA@HFMQKJÏK

@uqud, Z. (1>;5). @fs Bfgtrktfs Kmrkrhfs dg d` gudvf Bòehmf Kmrkrhf. Af`dtïg ed

hgjfrokbhfgds lurïehbks. Tghvdrsheke ed ^kgkoë. ^rhodrk Dehbhòg. HRRG 1>=4-
5;=4.

Okrtïgdz, K. (1>;4). D` Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf. Tghvdrsheke Jdroïg Ufrf. Zhbdrrdbtfrkef

ed Bhdgbhks Lurïehbks. Zdgdzud`k.

Okrzk. ^. (1>>5). Edrdbcf Kmrkrhf y d` Edrdbcf Bhvh`. Dspkûk.

Aurmf, H. (;828). @k hguth`heke tdòrhbk y prëbthbk ed` edrdbcf kmrkrhf. Dsbud`k

Gkbhfgk` ed Lurhspruedgbhk. Tghvdrsheke Gkbhfgk` Kutògfok ed Oèxhbf. Oèxhbf.

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