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Ekrfwkrd
Dfcr Hustk`fr
Tjis `cgucn is igtfgdfd tk jfnp yku=
D Ec`inicrizf ykursfne witj tjf hk`pkgfgts ke tjf @CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX ekr sjkrt)
D _fhkagizf tjf igtfrchtikg ke tjf igdividucn @@DX hk`pkgfgts
D Igstcnn tjf systf` hkrrfhtny ig tjf sjip
D _fhtiey ecunts cgd `cneughtikgs
Tjis `cgucn `ust of rfcd tkaftjfr witj Ruonihctikg 63.9969:‘:248 „Fnfhtrkgihcnny Hkgtrknnfd Difsfn Igmfh-
tikg ig Hkgmughtikg witj @CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)‐.
Tjis Ruonihctikg wcs dfvisfd ugdfr tjf cssu`ptikg tjct its rfcdfrs winn jcvf tjf gfhfsscry ocsih lgkw-
nfdaf ke jcgdniga cgd wkrliga witj `crigf fgaigfs cgd tjfir fnfhtrihcn systf`s.
Ofst rfacrds
@CG Gutzecjrzfuaf Cltifgafsfnnshjcet
Gurf`ofra Rncgt
Xighf kur prkduhts crf ig hkgtigukus dfvfnkp`fgt, wf rfsfrvf tjf riajt tk `clf tfhjgihcn `kdieihctikgs.
3
Hkgtfgts
Rcaf
Xcefty Igstruhtikgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Xystf` Dfshriptikg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Tfstiga Xfgskrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3
Xfgskrs ekr prfssurf `fcsurf`fgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?3
Xfgskrs ekr tf`pfrcturf `fcsurf`fgt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
Xfgskrs ekr hkkncgt nfvfn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5
Tfstiga tjrff-pjcsf afgfrctkr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?1
?
Hkgtfgts
Rcaf
Hk``issikgiga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Hkggfhtiga Hconfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8
Xcefty Igstruhtikgs
Afgfrcn
I`pkrtcgt scefty rfaunctikgs crf su``crizfd ig tjis quihl-rfefrfghf kvfrvifw cgd crrcgafd oy tkpih tk fe-
efhtivfny hkgvfy tjf lgkwnfdaf gfhfsscry tk cvkid chhidfgts hcusiga igmury, dc`caf kr fgvirkg`fgtcn jcz-
crd.
Tjf fgaigf kpfrctiga `cgucn hkgtcigs eurtjfr igekr`ctikg.
I`pkrtcgt=
Xjkund
ivf chid,cgpfgftrctikg
chhidfgt khhur
ke eufndfspitf
ugdfr cnn
tjfprfhcutikgcry
slig, shcndiga`fcsurfs, pcrtihuncrnyspncsjiga
oy jkt kin, cgtierffzf kgf igvknviga hkgtcht
igtk tjf fyfswitj
fth. hkrrks-
yku
`ust sffl `fdihcn cssistcghf i``fdictfny.
3. Igstruh
Igstruhtikgs
tikgs ekr cvkidiga
cvkidiga chhidfgt
chhidfgts
s nilfny tk
tk hcusf igmury
igmury
Kgny cutjkrizfd cgd qucnieifd pfrskggfn crf pfr`ittfd tk hcrry kut igspfhtikg, cdmust`fgt cgd rf-
pcir wkrl
D Rut afcrokx ke sjip igtk gfutrcn, ie gfhfsscry ugjigaiga afcrsjiet nfvfr (dishkggfht vic
rf`ktf hkgtrkn)
D Dk gkt tkuhj tjf fgaigf witj ykur ocrf jcgds wjinf it is ct gkr`cn kpfrctiga tf`pfrc-
turf=
risl ke ourgiga
Ì Ì
D Lffp crfc
hcusfd surrkugdiga
oy snippiga fgaigf,
hcg jcvf ncddfrs
sfrikus cgd stcirwcys erff ke kin cgd arfcsf. Chhidfgts
hkgsfqufghfs
D Kgny wkrl witj tkkns wjihj crf ig akkd hkgditikg. Dc`cafd kr fxpcgdfd wrfghjfs winn
snip= risl ke igmury!
D Rfrskgs `ust gkt stcgd ugdfr cg fgaigf suspfgdfd kg c hrcgf jkkl. Lffp nietiga
afcr ig pfrefht hkgditikg
D Kgny kpfg hkkncgt hirhuit kghf tjf fgaigf jcs hkknfd dkwg. Eknnkw tjf igstruhtikgs
aivfg ugdfr „Hcrf cgd @cigtfgcghf‐ ig tjf Kpfrctiga @cgucn fxchtny ie it is gkt pkssi-
onf tk cvkid kpfgiga tjf hkkncgt hirhuit witj tjf fgaigf ct kpfrctiga tf`pfrcturf.
4
Xcefty Igstruhtikgs
D Dk gkt rftiajtfg kr kpfg pipfs cgd jksfs (nuof kin hirhuit, hkkncgt hirhuit cgd ie gfhfs-
scry dkwgstrfc` jydrcunih enuid hirhuit)= risl ke igmury oy fshcpiga enuids!
D Dk gkt pnchf jcgds ugdfr tjf eufn mft wjfg hjfhliga igmfhtikg gkzznfs. Dk gkt igjcnf
eufn `ist
D Cnwcys dishkggfht octtfry wjfg wkrliga kg tjf fnfhtrihcn systf`
D Dk gkt usf rcpid hjcrafr tk stcrt tjf fgaigf. _cpid hjcraiga ke octtfrifs is kgny pfr-
`ittfd witj tjf pksitivf cgd gfactivf nfcds dishkggfhtfd!
D Dishkggfht octtfrifs kgny witj tjf iagitikg turgfd kee
D Eknnkw tjf `cguechturfr’s igstruhtikgs ekr jcgdniga octtfrifs.
Hcutikg=
Octtfry chid is tkxih cgd hkrrksivf. Octtfry acssfs crf fxpnksivf
D Kgny usf suitconf `fcsuriga igstru`fgts tk `fcsurf vkntcafs! Tjf `igi`u` igput
rfsistcghf ke c `fcsuriga igstru`fgt sjkund of 32 @Q
D Kgny dishkggfht kr hkggfht wiriga jcrgfss pnuas kg fnfhtrkgih hkgtrkn ugits witj tjf
iagitikg turgfd kee!
Dishkggfht octtfrifs cgd hkggfht tjf pksitivf nfcd tk tjf gfactivf nfcd suhj tjct tjfy crf
fnfhtrihcnny hkgduhtivf ofekrf hcrryiga kut cgy fnfhtrih wfndiga wkrl. Fcrtj tjf wfndiga sft
cs hnksf tk tjf wfnd cs pkssionf. Dk gkt rkutf hconf ke wfndiga cppcrctus pcrcnnfn tk fnfh-
trih nigfs kg okcrd tjf sjip.
_fefr tk tjf „Qfndfrs’ Hkdf ke Rrchtihf‐ ekr eurtjfr chhidfgt prfvfgtikg `fcsurfs.
D Ekr pcigtiga wkrl fnfhtrkgih hk`pkgfgts sjkund kgny of fxpksfd ekr orife pfrikds tk
jiaj tf`pfrcturfs (`cx. 96²H)< ct `cx. :6²H c pfrikd ke cpprkx. ? jkurs is pfr`ittfd,
dishkggfht octtfrifs
Ncyiga up kr stkrcaf
Xpfhicn `fcsurfs `ust of i`pnf`fgtfd ig chhkrdcghf witj @CG Hk`pcgy Xtcgdcrd @ 8259 Rcrt 8 ie fg-
aigfs crf tk of ncid up kr pnchfd igtk stkrcaf ekr `krf tjcg 8 `kgtjs.
6
Ncykut ke
@CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)
32
1 6 5
8 4
8 ?
32
9
5
Ncykut ke
@CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)
Gktf=
Hk`pkgfgts  cgd É crf pcrtny dfshriofd ig tjf `cgucn „Fnfhtrkgihcnny Hkgtrknnfd Difsfn Igmfhtikg ig
Hkgmughtikg witj @CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)‐.
Tjfrf is jkwfvfr c dftcinfd `cgucn ekr hk`pkgfgt É= „Tjrkttnf Nfvfr Hkgtrkn‐.
Tjfrf is c sfpcrctf `cgucn ekr hk`pkgfgt Ê= „F`frafghy _uggiga Vgit‐.
1
Ncykut ke
@CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)
:
9
1 5
8 4 6
8 ?
9
:
Ncykut ke
@CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)
Gktf=
Hk`pkgfgt  is pcrtny dfshriofd ig tjf `cgucn „Fnfhtrkgihcnny Hkgtrknnfd Difsfn Igmfhtikg ig Hkgmugh-
tikg witj @CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)‐.
Tjfrf is jkwfvfr c dftcinfd `cgucn ekr hk`pkgfgt Ê= „Tjrkttnf Nfvfr Hkgtrkn‐.
9
Xystf` Dfshriptikg
Ig FDHkpfrctiga
quirfd fgaigfs dctc
dctc hk``ugihctikg tclfs pnchfs
vcnufs (okkst prfssurf, oftwffg
hjcraf‘cir @@DX cgdhkgtrkn
tf`pfrcturf, FDH. Tjf
rkd @@DX kotcigstf`pfrc-
trcvfn, hkkncgt tjf rf-
turf, fgaigf spffd) dirfhtny erk` tjf FDH hkgtrkn ugit. Ig `fhjcgihcnny hkgtrknnfd fgaigfs, hkrrfspkgdiga
sfgskrs ekr tjfsf kpfrctiga dctc crf igstcnnfd ig tjf fgaigf.
Eurtjfr eughtikgs ke tjf HCG ous=
‘ Xpffd rfduhtikg/fgaigf sjutdkwg ig tjf fvfgt ke hritihcn kpfrctiga vcnufs
Eurtjfr systf` efcturfs=
‘ Kgnigf `fcsurf`fgts duriga `fcsurf`fgt kpfrctikg
‘ Xi`untcgfkus stcrtup ke up tk 8 fgaigfs witj c ncptkp (cutk`ctih hk`pnftikg ke tjf stcrtup rfhkrd)
32
Xystf` Dfshriptikg
Hconiga
Tjf sfricn dctc nigf is cvcinconf ig 8 dieefrfgt nfgatjs (36, ?2 cgd ?6 `). It is tk of hkggfhtfd tk tjf Z? pnua
ig tjf tfr`igcn okx cgd nfcds tk tjf eirst sfricn distrioutikg okx. Ie c sfhkgd distrioutikg okx is eittfd, c eurtjfr
nigf `ust of ncid erk` tjf eirst tk tjf sfhkgd. Tjis hcg of rfpfctfd cs `cgy ti`fs cs rfquirfd.
@@DX-NH cgd @@DX-N dispncy ugits= hkggfhtfd tk tjf sfricn distrioutikg okx vic c 8 ` nkga hconf (witj
pnuas ct oktj fgds). Tjfsf ugits crf igtfrhjcgafconf. Tjf @@DX-NH jcs c 6-nigf NHD dispncy wjinf tjf
@@DX-N jcs NFDs.
C eurtjfr 33 okct cncr`s hcg of rfcd ig cgd dispncyfd kg tjf @@DX-NH vic c 6 ` nkga hconf witj erff
strcgd fgds (hconf is eittfd cs stcgdcrd). Tjfsf cncr`s crf prkarc``fd oy spfhicn sketwcrf.
33
Xystf` Dfshriptikg
@kgitkrfd vcriconfs
‘ Fxjcust tf`pfrcturf=
(ekr U fgaigfs= ?x) GiHrGi
‘ Fgaigf kin tf`pfrcturf= RT3222
‘ Afc
Afcrokx
rokx kkinin prf
prfssu
ssurf=
rf= 2‘
2‘?6
?6 ocr / 44‘?2
‘?2 `C
Xwithj igputs=
‘ Hkkncgt nfvfn ?x
(GK trcgsistkr, kpfg-hirhuit `kgitkriga)
‘ Igmfhtikg nigf nfclcaf
(GH trcgsistkr, nfvfn prkof)
‘ Afcrokx kin tf`pfrcturf (kptikg)
(GH hkgtcht, kpfgs ig fvfgt ke cncr`)
‘ Afcrokx kin prfssurf (kptikg)
(GK hkgtcht, kpfgs ig fvfgt ke prfssurf drkp cgd issufs cncr`)
@ishfnncgfkus=
‘ Afgfrctkr hjcraiga vkntcaf= tfr`igc
tfr`igcnn D+
‘ Fxtfrgcn eufn eintfr
(_chkr, Xfpcr witj GK hkgtcht, sjipycrd shkpf ke dfnivfry)
3?
Xystf` Dfshriptikg
Xfgskrs
Tjf FDH sfgskrs crf hkggfhtfd vic c sfpcrctf FDH wiriga jcrgfss tk tjf FDH hkgtrkn ugit cgd erk` tjfrf
vic tjf HCG ous tk tjf dicagkstih ugit.
Ig `fhjcgihcnny hkgtrknnfd fgaigfs, tjfsf sfgskrs (fxhfpt ekr eufn tf`pfrcturf cgd hkgtrkn rkd trcvfn) crf
hkggfhtfd vic tjf fgaigf wiriga jcrgfss tk tjf dicagkstih ugit.
38
Gktf=
Tjf sfgskrs efcturfd ig tjis hjcptfr crf dirfhtny rfcd igtk tjf @@DX.
Xfgskrs ekr tjf FDH, wjihj cs cg cdditikgcn eughtikg cnsk rfhkrd `fcsurfd vcnufs ekr tjf @@DX, crf
dkhu`fgtfd ig tjf puonihctikg „Fnfhtrkgihcnny Hkgtrknnfd Difsfn Igmfhtikg ig Hkgmughtikg witj @CG @kgi-
tkriga Dicagkstih Xystf` (@@DX)‐.
U-fgaigf
hjcrafr
Eia. ?
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘2316
Xiagcn= tjfr`khkupnf, GiHrGi
Nkhctikg= riajt sidf ke fgaigf, fxjcust `cgieknd
ofekrf turokhjcrafr
34
36
Ig-nigf fgaigf
35
Gktf=
Tjf sfgskrs efcturfd ig tjis hjcptfr crf kgny
dirfhtny rfcd igtk tjf @@DX.
Xfgskrs ekr tjf FDH, wjihj cs cg cdditikgcn
eughtikg cnsk rfhkrd `fcsurfd vcnufs ekr tjf
@@DX, crf dkhu`fgtfd ig tjf puonihctikg
„Fnfhtrkgihcnny Hkgtrknnfd Difsfn Igmfhtikg ig
Hkgmughtikg witj @CG @kgitkriga Dicagkstih
Xystf` (@@DX)‐.
U-fgaigf
3
Hkkncgt nfvfn sfgskr ig fxpcgsikg tcgl
Eia. 3
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘2335
Xiagcn= GK trcgsistkr
Nkhctikg= kg oktj sidfs ke fxpcgsikg tcgl
Eia. ?
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘23?6
Xiagcn= 4‘?2 `C ct 2‘?.6 ocr ?
Nkhctikg= gfcr fxpcgsikg tcgl
Eia. 8
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘23?5
Xiagcn= 4‘?2 `C ct 2‘5 ocr
Eia. 4
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘2362
Xiagcn= rfsistcghf `fcsurf`fgt RT 3222
Nkhctikg= nfet sidf ke fgaigf
31
Ig-nigf fgaigf
Eias.3 cgd ?
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘2335
63.?14?3 ‘2335
Xiagcn= GK trcgsistkr
Nkhctikg= kg oktj sidfs ke fxpcgsikg tcgl
Eia. 8
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘23?6
Xiagcn= 4‘?2 `C ct 2‘?.6 ocr
Nkhctikg= nfet sidf ke fgaigf, gfcr fxpcgsikg tcgl
Eia. 4
Itf` gk. 63.?14?3‘23?5
Xiagcn= 4‘?2 `C ct 2‘5 ocr
Nkhctikg= hkugtfr enywjffn sidf, gfcr wctfr pu`p
3:
U-fgaigf
Ig-nigf fgaigf
39
_R@ sfgskr
Eias.3 cgd ?
Itf` gk. 63.?13?2‘2232
Xiagcn= erfqufghy 2‘5 lJz
Nkhctikg= enywjffn jkusiga, riajt sidf ke fgaigf
?
8
?
?2
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
‘
4‘?2`C
Hcutikg=
Ecnsf pkniga ke prfssurf sfgskrs rfsunts ig dfstruhtikg ke tjf igput rfsistcghf (322Q) ke tjf @@DX.
Tfst=
C ocsih hurrfgt ke 4 `C `ust enkw ig tjf idnf stctf. Tjis `ust of tfstfd witj tjf cokvf `fcsuriga hirhuit
witj cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf rcgaf. Tjf pnua `ust of cttchjfd tk tjf sfgskr. It is fcsifst tk igtfrrupt
tjf hirhuit tk `fcsurf tjf hurrfgt ig tjf tfr`igcn okx ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcn ke tjf dicagkstih ugit.
Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt dkfs gkt enkw, tjf sfgskr is ecunty kr tjfrf is c wirf orfclcaf.
C hkrrfspkgdigany jiajfr hurrfgt enkws wjfg tjf sfgskr is suomfhtfd tk nkcd.
Qitj tjf 2‘5 ocr kin prfssurf sfgskr, cg kin prfssurf ke 5 ocr tjus hkrrfspkgds tk ?2 `C.
Tjf
It hcgsfgskr
dfnivfrdfnivfrs ?: `Ckeie8?
c `cxi`u` it is`C<
suomfhtfd tk cc ecunt
ct 88 `C jiajfr nkcd,isf.a.
rctiga cg kin
issufd oyprfssurf ke 9 ocr.
tjf @@DX.
?3
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
Tfst=
D Dftfr`igf rkuajny tjf tf`pfrcturf ke tjf `fdiu` tk of `fcsurfd,
D dftchj tjf pnua gfxt tk tjf sfgskr kr dishkggfht tjf wirf ct cpprkprictf tfr`igcns ig tjf tfr`igcn okx,
D `fcsurf tjf rfsistcghf vcnuf ke tjf RT3222 witj cg kj``ftfr usiga tjf eknnkwiga tconf.
Tfr`igcns ct @@DX=
‘ Fgaigf kin tf`pfrcturf= ?9, 82
‘ Hkkncgt tf`pfrcturf= 83, 8? (gkt hkggfhtfd ig FDH fgaigfs cs siagcn vic HCG ous)
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
4 3
8 ?
3 ?
?8
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
D dftchj
`fcsurftjftjf
pnua gfxt tk tjf
rfsistcghf sfgskr
vcnuf ke tjfkrGi3222
dishkggfht tjfkj``ftfr
witj cg wirf ct cpprkprictf
usiga tjf tfr`igcns ig tjf tfr`igcn okx,
eknnkwiga tconf.
Tfr`igcns ct @@DX= Hjcraf‘cir tf`pfrcturf= 88, 84
52 3,886 3,852 3,855 3,81? 3,819 3,8:6 3,89? 3,895 3,424 3,433
12 3,431 3,4?4 3,482 3,481 3,448 3,462 3,465 3,458 3,459 3,415
:2 3,4:8 3,4:9 3,495 3,62? 3,629 3,635 3,6?? 3,6?9 3,685 3,648
92 3,649 3,665 3,658 3,612 3,611 3,6:8 3,692 3,691 3,524 3,533
322 3,53: 3,5?6 3,58? 3,589 3,545 3,568 3,552 3,551 3,514 3,5:3
332 3,5:: 3,596 3,12? 3,129 3,135 3,1?4 3,183 3,18: 3,146 3,168
3?2 3,152 3,151 3,114 3,1:? 3,1:9 3,195 3,:24 3,:33 3,:39 3,:?5
382 3,:88 3,:43 3,:4: 3,:65 3,:58 3,:13 3,:19 3,::5 3,:94 3,923
342 3,929 3,931 3,9?4 3,98? 3,942 3,94: 3,966 3,958 3,913 3,919
362 3,9:1 3,994 ?,22? ?,232 ?,23: ?,2?5 ?,284 ?,24? ?,262 ?,26:
4 3
3
4
8 ?
?4
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
Tfst=
Dftfr`igf wjftjfr tjf tjfr`khkupnf is ecunty witj c vknt`ftfr ig tjf `innivknt rcgaf usiga tjf tconf ofnkw.
Tjf oipkncr tjfr`khconf (twistfd arffg-wjitf) `ust gkt of rfvfrsfd (arffg0pnus, wjitf0`igus).
Tk `fcsurf tjf vkntcaf, it is gkt gfhfsscry tk dishkggfht tjf hconf tk tjf tjfr`khkupnf. Tjf `fcsurf`fgt
is pfrekr`fd oy pcrcnnfn hkggfhtikg ke tjf vknt`ftfr.
Tfr`igcns ct @@DX=
‘ Fxjcust-acs tf`pfrcturf ofekrf turokhjcrafr= 41, 4:
‘ Fxjcust-acs tf`pfrcturf ofekrf turokhjcrafr= 49, 62 (U-fgaigf kgny)
4 3 + ‘
8 ? 3 ?
?6
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
+
X
3 [
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
+ ?4 U
X
‘ ‘
Tfst=
@fcsurf`fgt witj vknt`ftfr oftwffg tfr`igcn ?8 cgd tfr`igcn 324 (‘)
D Fgaigf gkt ruggiga, iagitikg KEE= 2U
D Fgaigf gkt ruggiga, iagitikg KG= cpprkx. ? U
D Fgaigf ruggiga= cpprkx. ?: U
?1
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
Fgaigfs witj @fhjcgihcn Hkgtrkn
Tfst=
Ukntcaf `fcsurf`fgt= ct 522 rp` oftwffg 32 cgd 3? U `ust of cppnifd ct @@DX tfr`igcn 48 cgd 44 (‘).
Erfqufghy `fcsurf`fgt= witj fgaigf ruggiga ct @@DX tfr`igcn 48 cgd 324 (‘)
g z
e 0
52
Ig tjis ekr`unc=
e Er
Erfq
fquf
ufgh
ghyy ig Jz
g Fgai
Fgaigf
gf sp
spff
ffdd ig
ig rp`
rp`
z Gu`o
Gu`ofrfr ke ttfftj
fftj kg ri
riga
ga af
afcr
cr (3
(352
52 ek
ekrr D ?: fg
fgaig
aigfs)
fs)
Uifw Y
3.6
3
Z
: y
3
@
?4 C/E
Xtcrtfr riga afcr
Hkgtcht cssiag`fgt
Tjf erfqufghy ke tjf kutput vkntcaf is prkpkrtikgcn
tk tjf spffd ke tjf afcr.
Gkt usfd 32 tk 85U DH
? 3
8 4
2U
?:
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
Fgaigfs witj @fhjcgihcn Hkgtrkn
Tfst sff Rcaf ?3.
Rcaf ?3.
Tfst sff Rcaf ??.
Rcaf ??.
Tfst sff Rcaf ?4.
Rcaf ?4.
?9
Tfstiga Xfgskrs
Xpfhicn Fquip`fgt
Tfst=
_f`kvf tjf prkof, i``frsf ig niquid kr ugshrfw tjf pnua erk` tjf prkof cgd sft up c wirf mu`pfr oftwffg
„O‐ (‘) cgd „H‐ (siagcn). C hkrrfspkgdiga ecunt igdihctikg `ust cppfcr.
Tfst=
Xft up c wirf mu`pfr dirfhtny ct tjf GK hkgtcht ke tjf `kgitkr. Cncr` `ust of triaafrfd.
Tfst sff Rcaf ?3.
Rcaf ?3.
Tfst=
3. Dishk
Dishkggfht
ggfht ttjf
jf pnua kg tjf pprfssur
rfssurff `kgit
`kgitkr.
kr.
?. Origa ttjf
jf fgaigf uupp tk c spffd ke `ig. 34
3422
22 rp`, cnc
cncr`
r` `ust of ttriaafr
riaafrfd.
fd.
Tfst=
Dishkggfht tjf wirf ct tfr`igcn 68 kg tjf @@DX. Cncr` `ust of igdihctfd.
82
6
?
8
4
 @@DX dicagkstih ugit È Kptikg= Ankw hkgtrkn ugit (U-fgaigf kgny), itf`
(spfhiey fgaigf typf wjfg krdfriga) gk. 63.?5:2?‘2228
à FDH hkgtrkn okx, itf` gk. 63.33536‘1?48 Ä Kptikg= F`frafghy ruggiga ugit rfhfivfr F@-_,
Ï @CG‘Hcts dicagkstih pnua itf` gk. 63.?11?2‘1238
8?
Igdihctiga cg cncr`
Cg cncr` is igdihctfd oy c encsjiga NFD situctfd cokvf tjf tfr`igcn ke tjf sfgskr ceefhtfd. Ig tjf fvfgt ke c
sfgskr ecinurf kr kpfg hirhuit, tjf ‐Xfgskr ecinurf‐ NFD cnsk encsjfs ct tjf sc`f encsjiga erfqufghy.
Fchj cncr` hcusfs tjf jkrg cgd arkup cncr` rfncys tk swithj. Tjf igtfarctfd scefty eughtikg issufs c snkw-
dkwg kr sjutdkwg hk``cgd vic eurtjfr rfncys prkvidfd tjfrf is c hkrrfspkgdiga cncr`.
_fd cncr` NFDs crf
crf prkvidfd ekr fchj sfgskr.
Tjfsf crf pksitikgfd ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcn hkggfhtikg. Tjf csskhictfd `fcsuriga pkigt tfxt is
prigtfd kg tjf erkgt pnctf.
Tjfrf crf ekr spfhieih cncr` stctfs 4 cdditikgcn NFDs, wjihj siagiey tjf eknnkwiga ecinurf igdihctikgs=
D Xfgskr ecinurf (arkup cncr` )
D Xpffd sfgskr ecinurf
D Xtkp hirhuit wiriga ecinurf
D Dicagkstih ugit ecinurf
Yfnnkw NFDs crf
crf prkvidfd ekr tjf igput stctfs
D Iagitikg
D _f`ktf snkwdkwg
cgd ekr tjf igput cgd kutput nfvfns ke tjf sfricn kptkhkupnfr igtfrechfs (X3/X?/X8)
Eurtjfr NFDs crf prkvidfd ekr igdihctiga tjf stctus ke tjf rfncy kutputs.
Tjf Xfrvihf cgd Kvfrridf NFDs (witj rfncy kutput) crf hurrfgtny gkt chtivctfd.
88
Rrf-cncr`
D Triaafriga=
Ig tjf fvfgt ke c ni`it viknctikg, c prf‘cncr` is issufd eirst witj cgcnka `kgitkriga ke tjf fgaigf kr afcr-
okx pcrc`ftfr.
D _fhkagitikg=
‘ Xnkw encsjiga (erfqufghy= 2.5 Jz hkrrfspkgds tk cpprkx. 3.6 sfhkgds) ke tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr
NFD.
‘ Chtivctikg ke tjf „Jkrg‐ ccgd
gd „Arkup Cncr`‐ rfncys.
D _f`fdy=
‘ Rrfss tjf „Jkrg kee‐ outtkg tk cchlgkwnfdaf
hlgkwnfdaf tjf wcrgiga fquip`fgt.
‘ Rrfss tjf „Tfst‐ outtkg.
NFD akfs kut= cncr` gk nkgafr prfsfgt.
NFD hkgtigukusny nit= sfcrhj ekr hcusf.
D Rkssionf hcusf=
C prfssurf kr c tf`pfrcturf ct tjf fgaigf jcs dfvictfd erk` tjf gkr`cn rcgaf, i.f. it is gfhfsscry tk
hjfhl wjy tjis jcs khhurrfd.
@cstfr cncr`
D Triaafriga=
Ni`it viknctikg ke tjf `kgitkrfd fgaigf kr afcrokx pcrc`ftfr. I`pkrtcgt `fcsurfd fgaigf vcnufs rfsunt
ig c rfduhtikg ke tjf fgaigf spffd.
D _fhkagitikg=
‘ _cpid encsjiga (erfqufghy= ?.6 Jz hkrrfspkg
hkrrfspkgds
ds tk cpprkx. 2.6 sfhkgds) ke tjf
t jf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr
NFD.
‘ Chtivctikg ke tjf „Jkrg‐ ccgd
gd „Arkup Cncr`‐ rfncys.
‘ Rkssionf rfduhtikg ke fgaigf spffd (ie cncr` ekr spffd rfduhtikg is chtivctfd).
D _f`fdy=
‘ Rrfss tjf „Jkrg kee‐ outtkg tk cchlgkwnfdaf
hlgkwnfdaf tjf wcrgiga fquip`fgt.
‘ Rrfss tjf „Tfst‐ outtkg.
NFD akfs kut= cncr` gk nkgafr prfsfgt.
NFD hkgtigukusny nit= sfcrhj ekr hcusf.
‘ Rrfss tjf „_fsft‐ outtkg. Cg cncr` wjihj rrfsuntfd
fsuntfd ig spffd rfduhtikg is chlgkwnfdafd.
D Rkssionf hcusf=
C prfssurf kr c tf`pfrcturf ct tjf fgaigf jcs dfvictfd siagieihcgtny erk` tjf gkr`cn rcgaf, i.f. it is
gfhfsscry tk hjfhl wjy tjis jcs khhurrfd.
84
Xfgskr ecinurf
D Triaafriga=
Cnn tjf i`pkrtcgt sfgskrs crf hjfhlfd ekr pncusioinity. Kpfg hirhuits, wiriga ecunts kr ecunty sfgskrs crf
afgfrcnny rfhkagizfd oy tjf echt tjct tjf `fcsurfd vcnuf ct tjf igput is distkrtfd tk suhj cg fxtfgt cs tk
dfvictf erk` c dfeigfd rcgaf ke vcnidity (siagcn rcgaf hjfhl).
D _fhkagitikg=
Cg khhurriga sfgskr ecinurf chtivctfs ekr chkustih cncr` purpksfs tjf ‐Jkrg‐ kutput
(tfr`. 18, 14) cgd issufs c arkup cncr` vic tjf „Arkup Cncr`‐ kutput (tfr`. 13, 1?). Tjf hkrrfspkgdiga
NFD encsjfs snkwny ig sfqufghf witj
witj tjf „Xfgskr ecinurf‐ NFD.
Tjf Xfgskr ecinurf NFD encsjfs ig kppksiga sfqufghf tk tjf sfgskr NFD ke tjf ecunty sfgskr. C sfpcr-
ctf ‐Xpffd sfgskr ecinurf‐ NFD is prkvidfd tk igdihctf fgaigf spffd ecinurf.
D Rkssionf hcusf=
‘ Kpfg hirhuit
‘ Xfgskr ecunty
‘ Qiriga ecunt
D _f`fdy=
‘ Rrfss tjf „Jkrg kee‐ outtkg tk chlgkwnfdaf tjf wcrgiga fquip`fgt.
‘ Rrfss tjf „Tfst‐ outtkg.
NFD akfs kut= cncr` gk nkgafr prfsfgt.
NFD hkgtigukusny nit= sfcrhj ekr hcusf.
Xystf` ecinurf
D Triaafriga=
Tjf fgtirf @@DX hfgtrcn systf` is hkgtigukusny `kgitkrfd witj tjf cid ke c `kgitkriga hirhuit (wcthj-
dka). Tjf igtfarctfd sketwcrf `kgitkrs cnn tjf fssfgticn eughtikg ugits cgd cnsk hjfhls tjf prkarc` enkw.
D _fhkagitikg=
Ie sfrikus ecunts khhur, tjf `kgitkriga nkaih chtivctfs tjf „Xystf` ecinurf‐ stctus cgd tjf hkrrfspkgdiga
NFD encsjfs hyhnihcnny. Dfpfgdiga kg tjf typf ke ecunt, tjf NFD is prfdk`igcgtny chtivf kr encsjfs ct ig-
tfrvcns ke 3.6 sfhkgds.
Qjfg tjf „Xystf` ecinurf‐ NFD is chtivctfd, tjf „Arkup Cncr`‐ rfncy drkps kut ct tjf sc`f ti`f sk tjct
tjf ecinurf hcg cnsk of gktihfd oy jiajfr‘nfvfn systf`s. Tjf Jkrg rfncy
rfncy kg tjf @@DX jkwfvfr is gkt
chtivctfd cs cg chlgkwnfdaf`fgt is gk nkgafr pkssionf. Ofhcusf dctc trcgs`issikg kvfr tjf sfricn
`cstfr ous (XK?) cnsk ecins, cg cncr` is issufd ekr suhj c `cneughtikg oy tjf @@DX-N cgd @@DX-NH
siagcnniga systf`s kr ig tjf hcsf ke c RH hkggfhtikg cs c dctc ecinurf cncr`.
D Rkssionf hcusf cgd rf`fdy=
‘ „Xystf` ecinurf‐ NFD prfdk`igcgtny chtivf= Xfrikus ecunt ig tjf prkarc` enkw, `f`kry ecunt kr jcrd-
wcrf ecunt. Ig tjis hcsf, yku hcg try tk isknctf tjf systf` ekr c sjkrt pfrikd. It `cy tjfg stcrt up cacig
hkrrfhtny. Tjf dfvihf `ust of hjfhlfd ig fchj hcsf.
‘ „Xystf` ecinurf‐ NFD encsjfs (fvfry 3.6 sfhkgds)= C jcrdwcrf ecunt jcs khhurrfd. Tjf dfvihf `ust
of rfpnchfd.
86
Cnn 8 outtkg eughtikgs hcg cnsk of triaafrfd oy `fcgs ke fxtfrgcnny hkggfhtconf outtkgs, hkrrfspkgdiga tfr-
`igcns ekr dirfht hkggfhtikg crf prkvidfd=
‘ Tfr`igcn 56, 550Jkrg chlgkwnfdaf
‘ Tfr`igcn 51, 5:0Kptih chlgkwnfdaf
‘ Tfr`igcn 59, 120_fsft
Chlgkwnfdaf`fgt hcg cnsk of feefhtfd oy `fcgs ke fxtfrgcnny hkggfhtfd dispncy systf`s (f.a. @@DX-N
kr @@DX-NH) witj tjf outtkgs igtfarctfd tjfrf.
Tjf chlgkwnfdaf`fgt siagcns tjfg pcss sfricnny vic tjf `cstfr dctc ous tk tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit.
85
_fncy kutputs
Tjf systf` jcs 6 enkctiga rfncy hkgtchts. Tjfsf crf dfsiagfd cs GK hkgtchts cgd crf cssiagfd tk tjf ekn-
nkwiga eughtikgs=
D Arkup Cncr` (GH hkgtcht ct tfr`igcn 13/1?, nkcd hcpcoinity 5 C)=
Tjf Arkup Cncr` hkgtcht is hnksfd ig idnf stctf cgd witj tjf fgaigf iagitikg swithjfd kg.
It is kpfgfd cs skkg cs cgy cncr` siagcn khhurs. Tjis hcg of c prf‘cncr`, `cstfr cncr` kr sfgskr ecin-
urf.
Tjf hkgtcht gkr`cnny rf`cigs kpfg ugtin tjf cncr` jcs offg hcghfnnfd. Out ie c sfhkgd cncr` khhurs
duriga tjis pfrikd, tjf Arkup Cncr` rfncy kutputs c sjkrt rfpfct punsf. It pihls up ekr 8 kr 4 sfhkgds cgd
tjfg drkps kut cacig. C stctus NFD ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcns igdihctfs wjftjfr cg cncr` is chtivf.
Tjf NFD is tjus chtivf ig tjis hcsf wjfg tjf rfncy hkgtcht is kpfg .
D Jkrg (GK hkgtcht ct tfr`igcn 18/14, nkcd hcpcoinity 5 C)=
Cs skkg cs cg cncr` khhurs, tjf Jkrg rfncy is chtivctfd cgd tjf hkgtcht hnksfs. C stctus NFD ct tjf
hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcns niajts up wjfg tjf rfncy hkgtcht is hnksfd.
D Fgaigf snkw dkwg (GK hkgtcht ct tfr`igcn 11/1:, nkcd hcpcoinity 5 C)=
Tjf snkwdkwg rfncy is chtivctfd ig tjf fvfgt ke cnn cncr`s wjihj rfsunt ig snkwdkwg kr sjutdkwg. Tjf
hkrrfspkgdiga hkgtcht hnksfs cgd tjf stctus NFD ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcns niajts up.
D Suihl hnksiga encp (GK hkgtcht ct tfr`igcn 16/15, nkcd hcpcoinity 5 C)=
Ig tjf fvfgt ke cg kvfrspffd cncr`, c sjutdkwg dfvihf hcg of chtivctfd witj tjis rfncy. Tjf hkrrfspkg-
diga hkgtcht hnksfs cgd tjf stctus NFD ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcns niajts up.
D Fgaigf stkp (hkgtcht vic tfr`igcn 19/:2, nkcd hcpcoinity 35 C)=
Tjf sjutdkwg rfncy is chtivctfd cetfr tjf iagitikg is turgfd kee kr ie cncr`s rfsuntiga ig sjutdkwg khhur.
Tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hkgtcht hcg swithj hurrfgts ke up tk 35 C cgd is tjfrfekrf dfsiagfd ekr tjf dirfht
hkggfhtikg ke c sjutdkwg sknfgkid. Tjf stkp hirhuit is cnsk `kgitkrfd ekr wirf orfclcaf. Tjf stctus NFD
ct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga tfr`igcns niajts up wjfg sjutdkwg is chtivf. Tjf rfncy drkps kut cacig cetfr c prk-
arc``conf sjutdkwg ti`f jcs fncpsfd.
_fcn-ti`f hnkhl
Tjf dicagkstih systf` igtfarctfd ig tjf @@DX rfquirfs c prfhisf spfhieihctikg ke ti`f ig krdfr tk stkrf
cncr`s cgd ktjfr dctc.
C ouint‘ig rfcn‘ti`f hnkhl prkvidfs tjf systf` witj tjf ti`f cgd dctf. Tjf hnkhl is octtfry-pkwfrfd cgd
tjfrfekrf hkgtigufs tk kpfrctf fvfg wjfg tjf systf` is dfchtivctfd. Tjf ti`f is prfsft tk Hfgtrcn Furk-
pfcg Ti`f.
81
Iagitikg, rug-kg
Tjf @@DX `kdunf swithjfs kg wjfg tjf fgaigf is stcrtfd tjrkuaj cppnihctikg ke tjf iagitikg vkntcaf
(33‘86 U) ct tjf „Iagitikg‐ igput (tfr`igcn 32?) cgd chtivctfs tjf `kgitkriga cgd dicagkstih eughtikgs.
Ie tjf fgaigf is tjfg sjut dkwg cacig tjrkuaj swithjiga kee ke tjf iagitikg, tjf @@DX `kdunf swithjfs igtk
rug‘kg stctus. Tjis rfsunts ig c hkgtrknnfd rugdkwg, tjfrfoy fgsuriga tjct cgy jistkry dctc rfhkrd tjct stinn
gffds tk of stkrfd is hk`pnftfny scvfd.
Tjf rug‘kg ti`f is afgfrcnny sft tk 552 sfhkgds. Tjf dfvihf swithjfs kee cutk`ctihcnny kghf tjis pfrikd
jcs fncpsfd.
_X?8? igtfrechf
Tjf _X?8? igtfrechf is chhfssionf kg tjf erkgt vic c 9-pig XVO-D hkggfhtikg cgd is tjfrfekrf suitconf ekr
tjf dirfht hkggfhtikg ke c RH kr gktfokkl. Tjf eknnkwiga eughtikgs hcg tjfrfoy of i`pnf`fgtfd=
D Xfrvihf= Dirfht kpfrctiga dctc rfhkrdiga cgd visucnizctikg kg ruggiga fgaigf
D Dicagkstihs= Igtfrrkactikg ke stkrfd dctc (cncr`s, jistkrifs, nkcd onkhls)
Xpfhicn RH sketwcrf jcs tk of usfd ekr fchj cppnihctikg.
Fgaigf `kgitkriga
Cnn tjf rfhkrdfd fgaigf dctc crf hkgditikgfd cgd stcgdcrdizfd. Fchj `fcsuriga pkigt hcg of `kgitkrfd ig
c sfnfhtconf `kdf cgd triaafr cg cncr`. Ekr tjis purpksf, fgaigf‘dfpfgdfgt pcrc`ftfrs cgd ni`it vcnufs
crf prkarc``fd ig tjf dctc rfhkrd.
C ni`it viknctikg gkw rfsunts ig kptihcn cgd cudionf cncr`s cetfr ti`f dfncys jcvf fncpsfd cgd pkssionf ch-
tivctikg hritfric jcvf offg sctiseifd.
Distightikgs crf `cdf oftwffg=
‘ Rrf-cncr`
‘ @cstfr cncr`
‘ Xfgskr ecinurf
Tjf twk `fcsuriga pkigts „Fgaigf kin prfssurf‐ cgd „Hkkncgt prfssurf cetfr QCRV‐ (QCRV0wctfr pu`p)
crf `kgitkrfd cs c eughtikg ke c spffd‘dfpfgdfgt hurvf.
Ig krdfr tk cvkid ecnsf cncr`s, igdividucn KG cgd KEE dfncys crf dfsiagctfd ekr cnn tjf sfgskrs. Tjis
`clfs it pkssionf tk cdcpt spfhicn efcturfs ke sk`f `fcsuriga pkigts.
Ig cdditikg, sjkrt disturoiga punsfs, wjihj hcg crisf cs c rfsunt ke tjf feefhts ke F@H, crf feefhtivfny sup-
prfssfd. Cs wfnn cs tjf ti`f dfncy, sk`f `fcsuriga pkigts rfquirf eurtjfr chtivctikg hritfric ig krdfr ekr cg
cncr` tk of triaafrfd ig tjf fvfgt ke c ni`it viknctikg.
_fefr tk tjf tconf ofnkw=
Tjf hritfrikg „Xupprfssikg witj fgaigf ct stcgdstinn‐ is dfeigfd cs eknnkws= Tjf fgaigf is ruggiga wjfg
‘ tjf fgaigf spffd jcs rfchjfd c dfeigfd `igi`u` tjrfsjknd,
tjrf sjknd, kr
‘ tjf kin prfssurf jcs rfchjfd c `igi`u` vcnuf, kr
‘ tjf igput „Afgfrctkr D+‐ is chtivf.
Ie gkgf ke tjfsf hkgditikgs is sctiseifd, tjf fgaigf stctus is dfeigfd cs „KEE‐ . Cnn tjf cncr`s wjihj crf sup-
prfssfd witj tjf fgaigf ct c stcgdstinn crf chtivctfd ig tjis hcsf.
Xcefty eughtikg
Tjf @@DX hfgtrcn hkgtrkn ugit is ig c pksitikg tk igtfrvfgf chtivfny ig tjf fvfgt ke hritihcn cncr`s (`cstfr
cncr`s).
Ig tjf „FDH `kdf chtivf‐ kpfrctiga `kdf, oktj tjf fgaigf spffd cgd tjf tkrquf crf rfduhfd tk c prfsft
`cxi`u` vcnuf. Ig tjf „FDH `kdf gkt chtivf‐ kpfrctiga `kdf, fitjfr tjf
‘ „Fgaigf Xnkw dkwg‐ rfncy (tfr`. 11, 1:) is chtivctfd kg its kwg, kr
‘ it is chtivctfd tkaftjfr witj tjf „Fgaigf Xtkp‐ rfncy (tfr`.19,
( tfr`.19, :2).
Tjf „_f`ktf Xnkw dkwg‐ igput tclfs dirfht feefht cgd triaafrs c snkwdkwg hk``cgd witjkut c nkhcn cncr`.
Tjis kptikg ke rf`ktf snkwdkwg hcg of usfd witj `unti-fgaigf pncgts tk rfduhf tjf spffd ke cg fgaigf ie
tjf spffd ke tjf cdmchfgt fgaigf is rfduhfd cs tjf rfsunt ke c `cneughtikg. It is tjus pkssionf tk cvkid c
suddfg dfvictikg erk` tjf hkursf.
Fgaigf sjutdkwg
Tjf
Ig tjfscefty
„FDHsystf` hcg triaafr
gkt chtivf‐ c sjutdkwg
kpfrctiga `kdf, tjfhk``cgd
sjutdkwgigdfvihf
tjf fvfgt
hcgkeofpcrtihuncrny hritihcn cncr`s.
dirfhtny cddrfssfd. Ig tjf „FDH ch-
tivf‐ kpfrctiga `kdf, tjf FDH hkgtrkn ugit itsfne cdkpts tjf sjutdkwg prkhfdurf. Tjf eknnkwiga rfncys crf
chtivctfd=
Kvfrspffd tfst
Tjf rfspkgsf ke tjf scefty systf` ig tjf fvfgt ke fgaigf kvfrspffd hcg of hjfhlfd duriga stcrtup witj c
spfhieih tfst eughtikg.
Tjf fxistiga kvfrspffd ni`it vcnuf is rfpnchfd oy c nkwfr vcnuf tjrkuaj chtivctikg ke tjf XI3 igput (tfr`igcn
:3,
trihs‐:?). Tjfdicarc`).
hirhuit kvfrspffd cncr` hcg of si`unctfd cs eknnkws ekr cg cs yft ughritihcn spffd (sff „Fgaigf Fnfh-
D Tfr`igcn :30Rnus (suppny)
D Tfr`igcn :?0@igus
Tjf kvfrspffd cncr` tjus khhurs hurrfgtny ct ?322 rp`.
Tjf eughtikg is hcghfnnfd cs skkg cs tjf XI3 igput is gk nkgafr chtivf.
Dicagkstihs
Tjf hk`prfjfgsivf `f`kry eughtikgs ke tjf @@DX hfgtrcn hkgtrkn ugit cnnkw sfrvihf tfhjgihicgs tk hcrry
kut feefhtivf ecunt dicagksis ig tjf fvfgt ke prkonf`s.
Tjf stkrfd dctc keefr cg igsiajt igtk fgaigf stctfs tjct jcvf khhurrfd cgd cnnkw hkghnusikgs tk of drcwg kg
tjf hcusfs cgd hkgsfqufghfs ke ecunts cgd `cneughtikgs. Cncr`s, sfgskr ecinurfs, jistkrifs cgd tjf nkcd
prkeinf ke tjf fgaigf crf stkrfd.
43
Xtkrcaf ke jistkrifs
Fchj cncr` hcg, kghf it jcs khhurrfd, triaafr tjf stkrcaf ke c jistkry dctc rfhkrd.
Ig tjis hcsf, tjf fgtirf stctus ke tjf fgaigf is stkrfd witj cnn tjf sfgskrs cgd `fcsurfd vcnufs ig c dfeigfd
ti`f ocsf. Igekr`ctikg is hkgtigucnny nkaafd igtfrgcnny ig tjf systf` suhj tjct up‘tk‘dctf dctc crf cnwcys
cvcinconf up tk kgf jkur ofekrf tjf
tjf chtucn cncr` fvfgt.
Qjfg cg cncr` khhurs, tjis dctc rfhkrd is stkrfd cs c jistkry cgd suosfqufgtny suppnf`fgtfd eurtjfr up tk
32 `igutfs cetfr tjf
tjf cncr` fvfgt.
Tjf ti`f ocsf is sft kut cs eknnkws (ti`f aivfg ig sfhkgds)=
Ti`f (s) ‘8522 ‘3:22 ‘522 ‘822 ‘52 ‘82 ‘8 2 +8 +82 +52 +522
tktcn
Ti`f igtfrvcn (s) 3:22 3?22 822 ?42 82 ?1 8 8 ?1 82 642
Ti`f ocsf (s) 3:2 52 82 32 ? 3 2.6 2.6 3 ? 82
@fcsurf`fgts
Gu`ofr ke 33 ?2 32 ?4 36 ?1 5 6 ?1 36 39
`fcsurf`fgts
Fchj jistkry hkgtcigs c tktcn ke 31: `fcsuriga pkigts wjihj crf rfhkrdfd ig tjf prfdftfr`igfd ti`f igtfr-
vcn.
Tjf triaafriga cncr` itsfne is cddfd witj tjf dctf cgd ti`f. Fchj `fcsuriga pkigt hkgtcigs tjf `fcsurfd
vcnufs ke cnn tjf sfgskrs tjct crf hurrfgt ct tjis pkigt cgd tjus tjf kvfrcnn stctus ke tjf fgaigf. It is tjus
pkssionf witjig tjf erc`fwkrl ke `cigtfgcghf wkrl tk cgcnysf ct c nctfr stcaf wjihj rfcskgs jcvf aivfg
risf tk cg cncr` fvfgt kr c sfhkgdcry fvfgt.
Tjf ncst 62 fvfgts ig fchj hcsf crf stkrfd cetfr wjihj pkigt tjf kndfst crf kvfrwrittfg. Tjf `f`kry is df-
nftfd kg igiticn dfnivfry. Tjf `f`kry hcg of rfcd kut oy wcy ke RH hk``ugihctikg usiga spfhicn hkgtrkn
hkdfs.
4?
hcsf, tjf hurrfgt nkcd prkeinf is stkrfd cgd tjf hrfctikg ke c gfw prkeinf is stcrtfd.
Fxc`pnf ke c pkssionf nkcd prkeinf kvfr ?62 jkurs=
2‘?2% nkcd ?2‘42% nkcd 42‘52% nkcd 52‘:2% nkcd :2‘322% nkcd
2‘162 rp` ?2 j ?j
162‘3222 rp` 3? j :j ?j
3222‘3?62 rp` 5j ?2 j 5j
3?62‘3622 rp` ?j 3? j 3? j ?j
3622‘3162 rp` 5j ?2 j 5j
3162‘?222 rp` ?j 3? j 3? j
?222‘??62 rp` 5j ?2 j 4j
??62‘?822 rp` ?j 3? j 3? j
?822‘?862 rp` 5j ?2 j
?862‘?422 rp` ?j 4j
Tjf ncst 3?: nkcd onkhls crf stkrfd ig fchj hcsf cetfr wjihj pkigt tjf kndfst crf kvfrwrittfg.
Jkwfvfr, ig c hyhnf ke ?62j, tjis situctikg winn kgny crisf cetfr 8? 222 kpfrctiga jkurs, wjihj is afgfrcnny
jcrdny fvfr chjifvfd.
Tjf `f`kry is dfnftfd kg igiticn dfnivfry. Tjf `f`kry hcg of rfcd kut oy wcy ke RH hk``ugihctikg usiga
spfhicn hkgtrkn hkdfs.
48
4
DH( ‘)
‘) 2
3 3
Rkwfr kg Xfc wctfr enkw + R
DH(+) 8
2
3 4‘?2`C ? I
?
IAG. 2
3 Xfrvihf Rrfssurf cetfr 8
+ R
_x (‘)
(‘)
3
2
3
sfc wctfr pu`p 4‘?2`C 4 I
_x(+) 2
2
3
Iagitikg 6
Eufn prfssurf + R
Tx(‘) 9
9 Dicagkstih ugit 4‘?2`C 5 I
Tx(+) :
9
ecinurf 1
+ R
1
9
Xfgskr ecinurf 4‘?2`C : I
X
HCG 5
N Xtkp hirhuit 9
k RT. 9
Fgaigf + R
wiriga ecinurf kin prfssurf
6
9 J 4‘?2`C 2
3 I
4
N Xpffd sfgskr 3
HCG 9
ecinurf Afcrokx 3
+ R
FDH 8
9 J kin prfssurf 4‘?2`C ? I
3
X(‘) ?
9
Hkkncgt
8
3
+ R
X(+) 3
9 fxpcgsikg tcgl 4‘?2`C 4
3 I
2 6
Xk 8
9
Hkkncgt prfssurf 3
+ R
9
:
cetfr wctfr pu`p 4‘?2`C 5 I
3
: 1
Xk ?
:
Cir prfssurf 3
+ R
1
:
cetfr eintfr 4‘?2`C :
3 I
5
: 9
3
XI? Okkst prfssurf + R
6
: 4‘?2`C 2
? I
4
:
Xk 3 3‘6 UDH 3
?
8
: Nkcd +X
?
AGD ?
? V
:
6
Xfc wctfr tf`p. ?
ofekrf fgaigf Rt 3222 Φ[
5
?
1
Xfc wctfr tf`p. ?
Fgaigf stkp cetfr fgaigf Rt 3222 Φ[
DH(+) 2 :
: ?
(GK)
9 9
1
Fgaigf kin tf`p. ?
:
Fgaigf snkw dkwg Rt 3222 2
Φ[
1 8
(GK)
1
1 Fgaigf hkkncgt 3
8
Suihl hnksiga encp tf`p. Rt 3222 Φ[
5 ?
1 8
(GK)
6
1 8
Jkrg Hjcraf‘cir tf`p. Rt 3222
8
Φ[
4 4
1 8
(GK) AGD
8
1
?
Arkup cncr`
1
3
(GH)
1
2 6
1 8
Fxt. _fsft (GK) Afcrokx kin (GH)
9
5 prfssurf (hnuthj) 5
8
: 1
8
5
Kptih chlg (GK) Igmfhtikg pipf +
1
5 nfcl (GH) :
8
5 9
5 8
Jkrg chlg (GK) Hkkncgt nfvfn C +
6
5 (GK) 2
4
4 3
5 _f`ktf Hkkncgt nfvfn O 4
+
8 snkw dkwg (GH) (GK) ?
5 4
? 8
5 4
Kvfrridf (GK) Kvfrspffd + RIHl
3
5 4
4
VR
2 6
5
FDH ecinurf Eufn eintfr
4
FE(+) 9
6
(?4 U) 5
4
:
4‘?2`C 1
R 6 Fxjcust Fxjcust tf`p. 4
+
I + 1 ochl prfssurf ofekrf turok C GiHrGi :
6 V OX 4
5
AGD 9
X 6 Fgaigf Fxjcust tf`p. 4
+
GiHrGi
V+ 6
3‘6U kin nfvfn ofekrf turok O 6
2
4 3
6
Afcrokx Fxjcust tf`p. 6
+
kin tf`p. (GH) GiHrGi
8
6
cetfr turok ?
6
AGD
46
Hkggfhtikg dicarc`=
83 (octtfry ‘)
82 octtfry +
onuf
C
? pigl /
D
-
8 X
: 4 arfy
D
Fgaigf spffd (2‘8222 rp` / 2‘?22 Jz) @
A +
Fgaigf hkkncgt tf`p. (42‘3?2H / 4‘?2 `C) yfnnkw Hconf 32x2.16 (8` nkga) @
A + ighnudfd ig shkpf ke dfnivfry
Fgaigf kin prfssurf (2‘5 ocr / 4‘?2 `C) arffg
A + Fgaigf kin tf`p. (62‘362H / 4‘?2 `C) orkwg
A + Hconf pfgftrctikg
Afcrokx kin prfssurf (2‘?6 ocr / 4‘?2 `C) wjitf IRKG Ra 38.6
‘ A onchl
+ Fxjcust tf`p. o. t. C. (322‘922H / 4‘?2 `C)
‘ A rfd
+ Fxjcust tf`p. o. t. O. (322‘922H / 4‘?2 `C)
45
: 1 5 6
4 8 ? 3
 Niajtiga È Xiagcn +
à Octtfry + (hkggfhtikg tk D/C hkgvfrtfr, erfqufghy)
Ï Octtfry ‘ Ä Niajtiga
Á Xiagcn ‘
Hkggfhtikgs ? (+) cgd 8 (‘) `ust of suppnifd witj hkgtigukus vkntcaf sk tjct tjf igstru`fgt gffdnf rfturgs
tk 2 witj „iagitikg KEE‐.
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk vkntcaf
C suppny of rfcdkekee?4ctUtjf fgaigf rkk`
ct tfr`igcns igstru`fgt
? cgd kr cvcinconf.
8 `ust of ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Vsiga c erfqufghy `ftfr ct tfr`igcns „:‐ cgd „4‐ ke tjf tchjk`ftfr, `fcsurf tjf erfqufghy ig tjf 2‘?22 Jz
rcgaf, hkrrfspkgdiga tk 2‘8222 rp`.
Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga erfqufghy is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr `cy of ecunty kr tjf `ftfr `cy of ighkr-
rfhtny hkggfhtfd.
Ie tjf erfqufghy is cvcinconf cgd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf kr cg i`pncusionf vcnuf, tjf igstru`fgt
dicn is ecunty kr ighkrrfhtny prfsft.
Ekr hkrrfht cdmust`fgt, rfefr tk tjf cdmust`fgt igstruhtikgs ig tjf tchjk`ftfr’s kriaigcn pchlcaiga.
41
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk of rfcd kee ct tjf fgaigf rkk` igstru`fgt kr ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Dishkggfht pnua hkggfhtikg „A‐ erk` tjf igstru`fgt dicn cgd hkggfht cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf
`fcsuriga rcgaf ig sfrifs.
‘ Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr is ecunty, tjf pnua hkggfhtikg is nkksfny kr
ighkrrfhtny hkggfhtfd kr tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
‘ Tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty ie tjf hkrrfht hurrfgt is enkwiga cgd
c gd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf.
_fpnchf tjf igstru`fgt witj tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt (fxhfpt tjf tchjk`ftfr).
Ie tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt igdihctfs c vcnuf, tjf eirst igstru`fgt is ecunty. Ie tjf gfw igstru`fgt cnsk igdi-
hctfs gk vcnuf, tjf ecunt is ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr.
4:
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk of rfcd kee ct tjf fgaigf rkk` igstru`fgt kr ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Dishkggfht pnua hkggfhtikg „A‐ erk` tjf igstru`fgt dicn cgd hkggfht cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf
`fcsuriga rcgaf ig sfrifs.
‘ Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr
hkgvfrtf r is ecunty, tjf pnua hkggfhtikg is nkksfny kr
ighkrrfhtny hkggfhtfd kr tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
‘ Tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty ie tjf hkrrfht hurrfgt is enkwiga cgd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf.
_fpnchf tjf igstru`fgt witj tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt (fxhfpt tjf tchjk`ftfr).
Ie tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt igdihctfs c vcnuf, tjf eirst igstru`fgt is ecunty. Ie tjf gfw igstru`fgt cnsk igdi-
hctfs gk vcnuf, tjf ecunt is ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr.
49
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk of rfcd kee ct tjf fgaigf rkk` igstru`fgt kr ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Dishkggfht pnua hkggfhtikg „A‐ erk` tjf igstru`fgt dicn cgd hkggfht cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf
`fcsuriga rcgaf ig sfrifs.
‘ Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr is ecunty, tjf pnua hkggfhtikg is nkksfny kr
ighkrrfhtny hkggfhtfd kr tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
‘ Tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty ie tjf hkrrfht hurrfgt is enkwiga cgd
c gd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf.
_fpnchf tjf igstru`fgt witj tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt (fxhfpt tjf tchjk`ftfr).
Ie tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt igdihctfs c vcnuf, tjf eirst igstru`fgt is ecunty. Ie tjf gfw igstru`fgt cnsk igdi-
hctfs gk vcnuf, tjf ecunt is ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr.
62
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk of rfcd kee ct tjf fgaigf rkk` igstru`fgt kr ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Dishkggfht pnua hkggfhtikg „A‐ erk` tjf igstru`fgt dicn cgd hkggfht cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf
`fcsuriga rcgaf ig sfrifs.
‘ Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr
hkgvfrtf r is ecunty, tjf pnua hkggfhtikg is nkksfny kr
ighkrrfhtny hkggfhtfd kr tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
‘ Tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty ie tjf hkrrfht hurrfgt is enkwiga cgd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf.
_fpnchf tjf igstru`fgt witj tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt (fxhfpt tjf tchjk`ftfr).
Ie tjf cdmchfgt igstru`fgt igdihctfs c vcnuf, tjf eirst igstru`fgt is ecunty. Ie tjf gfw igstru`fgt cnsk igdi-
hctfs gk vcnuf, tjf ecunt is ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr.
63
Tfst
Hkggfht c vknt`ftfr ig pcrcnnfn tk tjf vkntcaf acuaf. Ie vkntcaf is cvcinconf cgd tjf igstru`fgt dicn igdihctfs
gk vcnuf, tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
6?
3 ?
Tfst
Ekr tjf rfnfvcgt tfst, it is cssu`fd tjct tjf hkrrfspkgdiga sfgskr kg tjf fgaigf is ig prkpfr wkrliga krdfr.
Tjis is tk of rfcd kee ct tjf fgaigf rkk` igstru`fgt kr ct tjf @@DX-NH.
Dishkggfht pnua hkggfhtikg à erk` tjf igstru`fgt dicn cgd hkggfht cg c``ftfr ig tjf `innic`pfrf `fcsur-
iga rcgaf ig sfrifs.
‘ Ie tjf hkrrfspkgdiga hurrfgt is gkt cvcinconf, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr
hkgvfrtf r is ecunty, tjf pnua hkggfhtikg is nkksfny kr
ighkrrfhtny hkggfhtfd kr tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty.
‘ Tjf igstru`fgt is ecunty ie tjf hkrrfht hurrfgt is enkwiga cgd tjf igstru`fgt igdihctfs gk vcnuf.
_fpnchf tjf igstru`fgt
Ie tjf cdmchfgt witj
igstru`fgt tjf cdmchfgt
igdihctfs igstru`fgt
c vcnuf, (fxhfpt tjfistchjk`ftfr).
tjf eirst igstru`fgt ecunty. Ie tjf gfw igstru`fgt cnsk igdi-
hctfs gk vcnuf, tjf ecunt is ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr.
Gktf=
‘ Hkggfhtikg à hkrrfspkgds tk hkggfhtikg „A‐ ekr fxhjcgaiga
(f.a. witj kin prfssurf igdihctiga igstru`fgt).
‘ Igdihctiga igstru`fgt rfquirfs vkntcaf suppny.
68
Tjf ouint‘ig ouzzfr is chtivctfd wjfg cg cncr` khhurs. Tjis cnsk chtivctfs jkrg cgd arkup cncr` rfncys ig
tjf @@DX‘XD sfricn distrioutikg okx wjihj hcg of usfd cs rfquirfd (nu`igkus hcnn systf`, tfnfpjkgf sys-
tf` ekr ug`cggfd sjip fth.).
Tjf dispncy ugit jcs cg NHD dispncy witj arcpjihs hcpcoinitifs cgd di`fgsikgs ke :4`` x 83``. 6 nigfs
fchj efcturiga 8? hjcrchtfrs cgd c hjcrchtfr jfiajt ke 6.? `` hcg of dispncyfd. Tjf dispncy is ochlnit cgd
cnsk `clfs usf ke tjf ighidfgtcn niajt. Tjis fgsurfs hnfcr nfaioinity ugdfr cnn niajtiga hkgditikgs.
Cnn tjf i`pkrtcgt fgaigf dctc hcg of hcnnfd up oy „shrknniga‐ witj tjf „RCAF‐ outtkg. Hurrfgtny chtivf cncr`s
kr dispncys hcg of sjkwg witj tjf „CNC_@X‐ outtkg.
64
34?
@ C G @ C _ IG
IG F D IF
IF X F N
@ @ k tk rd rf j z c j n 3:86 up`
3 @ k t k r õ nd r u h l 4 .6 ocr F g a ig
i g f r uugg
L þ j nw
n w c s s f r tf
tf ` p f rrcc ttuu r :8 ²H
C N c d f nu ettf ` p f r c tu r 54 ²H
Cncr`
8 @ k tk r õ ntf ` p f rc tu r 3?2 ²H 2
2
3
X y s tf
tf ` E c iinn .
63.?11?2-1236 T Y R @ @ D X ‘‘NN H
@ fg R ra
1
:
=
t
u
k
t
u
h
n
f
g
c
R
66
382
? 8 4 6 5
Afgfrcn gktfs
Tjf @@DX-NH dispncy ugit hcg of igstcnnfd f.a. ig tjf oridaf hkgsknf ke c sjip.
C suitconf igstcnnctikg nkhctikg `ust jcvf tjf eknnkwiga prkpfrtifs=
‘ C pcgfn hutkut ke 3?9`` x :1`` is rfquirfd ekr igstcnniga tjf `kgitkr. C ncrafr hutkut `ust of cvkidfd
cs ktjfrwisf tjf sfcniga surechf oftwffg tjf ugit cgd tjf hkgsknf pcgfn wkund of tkk s`cnn.
‘ Tjf hkgsknf surechf `ust of enct ig tjf crfc ke tjf acslft hkgtcht. Kghf igstcnnfd, tjf ugit is sfhurfd
witj c V-sjcpfd orchlft cgd 4 lgurnfd guts.
‘ Rrktfhtikg cacigst dirfht sugniajt, ie pkssionf. Tjf NNHD
HD dispncy usfd ekr @@DX-NH is igdffd prkvidfd
witj spfhicn VU prktfhtikg< jkwfvfr, igtfgsivf sugniajt winn rfduhf tjf ugit’s sfrvihf nief.
C hconf ighnudfd ig tjf shkpf ke dfnivfry prkvidfs tjf hkggfhtikg oftwffg @@DX-NH cgd tjf @@DX-NH
sfricn distrioutikg okx.
63.?6449‘22??
@@DX-NHDispncy Vgit
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‘ c
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@DX-NHDispncy Vgit
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C D nc
D N H isp
g C H d
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Hkrf gks. ke hconf Igput hkgtcht
fqucn tk igput gks.
69
@@DX-NHDispncy Vgit
Tfhjgihcn dctc
Dispncy= 39? x 54 pixfns, :4 `` x 83``, innu`igctfd, trcgsenfhtivf tfhjgknkay
Di`fgsikgs= 34? `` widf x 322 `` jiaj x 382 `` igstcnnctikg dfptj
Ukntcaf suppny= 33 tk 86 UDH
Hurrfgt hkgsu`ptikg= cpprkx. 2.8 C
[
Rfr`.
Rfr`. kpf
kpfrc
rctitiga
ga ttf`
f`pfr
pfrct
ctur
urf=
f= 2 tk
tk 12 H
Igputs= 33 x oigcry vic kptkhkupnfr
Kutputs= ? x enkctiga rfncy hkgtcht 86UDH/3C (jkrg cgd arkup cncr`)
Xfricn igtfrechfs= 3 x TTY hurrfgt nkkp, oidirfhtikgcn
Rcgfn hutkut= 3?9 `` x :1 ``
@cx. hkg
hkgskn
sknff pc
pcgfn
gfn tjihlg
tjihlgfss
fss== 82 `
``
`
Qfiajt= 2.9 la
Rrktfhtikg= ‘ eerrkgt IR55
‘ ochl IR64
Gktfs kg `cigtfgcghf
Tjf sfrvihf nief ke tjf NHD dispncy is rfduhfd oy VU niajt. Dirfht sugniajt `ust tjfrfekrf of cvkidfd. Ie tjis
is gkt pkssionf duf tk nkhcn hkgditikgs, tjf ugit sjkund ct nfcst of eittfd witj c VU‘rfsistcgt hkvfr wjfg tjf
sjip is ug`cggfd.
Tk prfvfgt tjf igarfss ke wctfr, hjfhl tjct tjf shrfwfd pnua hkggfhtkrs cgd lgurnfd guts crf tiajtny sf-
hurfd.
52
Tjf pcafs crf swithjfd tjrkuaj witj tjf „RCAF‐ outtkg. Fchj ti`f tjf outtkg is prfssfd origas up tjf
gfxt pcaf jiajfr ig gu`frihcn sfqufghf. Rcaf 4 is eknnkwfd oy Rcaf 3 cacig.
Cg cncr` tconf is prkvidfd tk igdihctf hurrfgt cncr`s cgd dispncys. Tjis is hcnnfd up witj tjf „CNC_@X‐
outtkg. Ie tjfrf is gk cncr`, tjf tfxt „Gk `fsscaf‐ cppfcrs kg tjf shrffg.
C3 u Gk `fsscaf t
53
Qjfg cg cncr` khhurs, tjf ugit swithjfs cutk`ctihcnny tk tjf cncr` tconf. C gfw fgtry cppfcrs ig tjf tkp
nigf ig fchj hcsf. Cgy `fsscafs tjct crf cnrfcdy prfsfgt crf sjietfd kgf nigf dkwg.
Tjf idfgtieihctikg cgd tjf hurrfgt ti`f crf igsfrtfd ig c hknu`g tk tjf riajt. C dispncy (`fsscaf witjkut
cncr`) is fgtfrfd ig tjf cncr` tconf out tjfrf is gk cutk`ctih swithj tk tjf cncr` tconf.
Tjfrf crf tjf eknnkwiga dieefrfgt idfgtieihctikgs=
D Dispncys= gk idfgtieihctikg
D Qcrgigas (prf‘cncr`s)= QC
D @cstfr cncr`s= CN
D Xfgskr ecinurf cncr`s= XF
Fxc`pnf=
@fsscaf tfxt ID Ti`f
C3 Eufn prfssurf QC 34=34
Hjcraf‘cir tf`p. XF 38=61
Oinaf pu`p KG 33=22
Igmfhtikg nigf nfcl CN 2:=81
Ie tjfrf crf `krf tjcg 6 cncr`s (f.a. duriga hk``issikgiga ct tjf sjipycrd), tjf cncr`s hcg of dispncyfd ig
arkups
Cnn ke eivf
cncr`s crf (C? tk Cg)
cnwcys oy eurtjfr
dispncyfd prfssigasfqufghf
ig rfvfrsf tjf „CNC_@X‐ outtkg
tk tjct ig wjihj(sff
tjfycnsk Rcaf 55)
Rcaf 55)
khhurrfd. Tjf cncr` tjct kh-
hurrfd ncst tjfrfekrf cppfcrs ig tjf eirst nigf ke tjf cncr` tconf. Tjf rfd „Cncr`‐ NFD tk tjf riajt ke tjf
dispncy niajts up cs nkga cs ct nfcst kgf cncr` is chtivf.
5?
Cncr`s
Tjf ouint‘ig ouzzfr is chtivctfd cgd tjf ‐Cncr`‐ NFD encsjfs prkvidfd cg fgaigf cncr` erk` tjf @@DX
hfgtrcn ugit kr c hkgeiaurfd cncr` khhurs.
Ct tjf sc`f ti`f tjf `kgitkr swithjfs cutk`ctihcnny tk tjf cncr` tconf. Tjf gfw cncr` is fgtfrfd ig tjf
eirst nigf cs c encsjiga `fsscaf. Tjf cncr`s tjct wkund khhur frrkgfkusny witj tjf fgaigf ct c stcgdstinn out
witj tjf iagitikg swithjfd kg (f.a. igsueeihifgt kin prfssurf) crf supprfssfd ugtin tjf arffg „Fgaigf rug‐ NFD
niajts up. Tjis khhurs cpprkx. :s cetfr eiriga spffd is rfchjfd.
Ig tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx, tjf jkrg rfncy (GK) hnksfs cgd tjf arkup cncr` rfncy (GH) drkps
kut. Ie cg cncr` wcs cnrfcdy chtivf ofekrfjcgd, tjf arkup cncr` rfncy kutputs c rfpfct punsf (arkup cncr`
rfpfct).
It pihls up ekr cpprkx. 8s cgd tjfg drkps kut cacig. Ig tjis wcy, it is f.a. pkssionf witj fchj gfw cncr` tk
chtivctf c nu`igkus hcnn systf` kr nfcvf c tfnfpjkgf `fsscaf ie tjf sjip is ug`cggfd.
Cetfr chtuctikg ke chkustih chlgkwnfdaf`fgt (Jkrg chlg outtkg), tjf igtfarctfd ouzzfr swithjfs kee cgd tjf
jkrg rfncy ig tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx drkps kut. Qitj kptihcn chlgkwnfdaf`fgt (Kptih chlg
outtkg), tjf encsjiga tfxt cgd tjf „Cncr`‐ NFD swithj tk pfr`cgfgt dispncy. Tjf cncr` tfxt ig tjf `kgitkr
cnsk discppfcrs wjfg tjf ecunt is rfhtieifd. Tjf „Cncr`‐ NFD akfs kut prkvidfd cgktjfr cncr` is gkt prfs-
fgt.
Tjf „_FXFT‐ outtkg `ust cnsk of prfssfd ig tjf fvfgt ke cncr`s wjihj jcvf rfsuntfd ig cutk`ctih
fgaigf sjutdkwg kr snkwdkwg oy tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit. Tjis eughtikg is fgconfd ekr c sjutdkwg
cncr` kgny wjfg tjf fgaigf is ct c stcgdstinn cgd ekr c sjutdkwg cncr` ofnkw c spffd ke :22 rp`.
Cncr` chlgkwnfdaf`fgt cgd „_FXFT‐ crf trcgs`ittfd tk tjf sfricn ous cgd erk` tjfrf tk cnn tjf ktjfr
`kgitkriga ugits. Tjfrf tjfy feefht tjf sc`f eughtikg. Tjis cnwcys cppnifs tk tjf @@DX `kgitkriga cgd
dicagkstih systf`. It cnsk ceefhts tjf eknnkwiga ugits ie eittfd=
D @@DX-N `kgitkriga ugit
D @@DX-FR fgaigf rkk` pcgfn
D Ie gfhfsscry, eurtjfr @@DX-NH `kgitkrs
58
Jkrg tfst
Qjfg tjf „Jkrg chlgkwnfdaf‐ outtkg is prfssfd ekr cpprkx. 6s, tjf igtfarctfd ouzzfr skugds cgd tjf jkrg
rfncy ig tjf @@DX‘XD sfricn distrioutikg okx hnksfs.
Xystf` ecinurf
Tjf ugit jcs c rfd NFD witj tjf dfsiagctikg Xystf` Ecinurf ig tjf erkgt pcgfn. Tjis NFD is chtivctfd ig tjf
Outtkg eughtikgs
Tjf erkgt pcgfn ighkrpkrctfs 6 outtkgs wjihj crf usfd tk fxfhutf vcrikus eughtikgs suhj cs pcaf swithjiga,
hkgtrcst cdmust`fgt, cncr` chlgkwnfdaf`fgt cgd `fgu hkgtrkn.
Tjf outtkgs crf cssiagfd tjf eknnkwiga eughtikgs ig pcrtihuncr=
JK_G CHLG= Xtcgdcrd eughtikg= Chkustih chlgkwnfdaf`fgt kr dfchtivctikg ke tjf igtfrgcn
jkrg.
Ig cdditikg, tjf jkrg rfncy ig tjf sfricn distrioutikg okx drkps kut. Cnn ktjfr
`kgitkriga ugits ig tjf systf` crf chlgkwnfdafd vic tjf sfricn ous.
R_a Tfst eughtikg= Jkndiga dkwg tjf outtkg ekr ct nfcst 6s chtivctfs tjf igtfarctfd
ouzzfr. Ig cdditikg, tjf jkrg rfncy ig tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx
hnksfs.
@fgu eughtikg= Chhfpt hurrfgtny sfnfhtfd sfttiga (Rra0Rrkarc`).
KRTIH CHLG / TFXT= Xtcgdcrd eughtikg=Kptihcn chlgkwnfdaf`fgt, i.f. cnn tjf encsjiga cncr` tfxts
ig tjf hurrfgtny visionf cncr` tconf swithj tk hkgstcgt dispncy prkvidfd tjf jkrg
TFXT wcs chlgkwnfdafd ofekrfjcgd.
Tjf rfd Cncr` NFD igtfarctfd ig tjf erkgt pcgfn is nilfwisf swithjfd erk`
encsjiga tk hkgtigukusny nit. Cnn ktjfr `kgitkriga ugits ig tjf systf` crf ch-
lgkwnfdafd vic tjf sfricn ous.
Tfst eughtikg
kptihcnny (ie gk cncr`
chlgkwnfdafd is hurrfgtnyNc`p
ofekrfjcgd)= prfsfgt,
tfst,kri.f.
cnntjf
tjftjrff
khhurrfd
NFDscncr`s
ig tjfwfrf
erkgt
pcgfn crf chtivctfd ekr cs nkga cs tjf outtkg is prfssfd.
Xpfhicn eughtikg= Xff fxpncgctikg ke „RCAF‐ outtkg.
@fgu eughtikg= @kvf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr tk riajt kr ighrfcsf igput vcnuf.
RCAF= Xtcgdcrd eughtikg= Xwithj tk tjf gfxt dispncy tconf jiajfr ekr cgcnka fgaigf
dctc.
RCAF Tjf pcaf gu`ofr is dfsiagctfd R3 tk R4 ig tjf tkp nfet hkrgfr. Rcaf 4 is ekn-
nkwfd oy Rcaf 3 cacig. Ie tjis outtkg is prfssfd wjinf tjf cncr` tconf is ofiga
dispncyfd, tjf `kgitkr swithjfs ochl tk tjf pcaf erk` wjihj tjf cncr` tconf
wcs kriaigcnny hcnnfd up.
Xpfhicn eughtikg= Outtkg fgconfs cdmust`fgt ke tjf NHD hkgtrcst witj si`un-
tcgfkus prfssiga ke tjf (+) cgd (‘) outtkgs.
56
CNC_@X= Xtcgdcrd eughtikg= Hcnns up tjf cncr` tconf. Tjf ncst eivf khhurrfd cgd stinn
chtivf cncr`s kr dispncys crf sjkwg. Tjf idfgtieihctikg C3 cppfcrs ct tkp nfet
CNC_@X ig tjf `kgitkr.
Ie `krf tjcg eivf `fsscafs crf hurrfgtny chtivf, eivf eurtjfr `fsscafs hcg of
@fg
@f g dispncyfd oy prfssiga tjf outtkg cacig. Tjf pcaf gu`ofr is dfsiagctfd C3 ...
Cx ig tjf tkp nfet hkrgfr. Ie cetfr tjis outtkg is prfssfd tjf dispncy mu`ps tk tjf
eirst cncr` tconf kr tjf dispncy rf`cigs ughjcgafd, tjis `fcgs tjct gk eurtjfr
`fsscafs crf chtivf.
Xpfhicn eughtikg= Jkndiga dkwg tjf outtkg ekr ct nfcst 6 sfhkgds chtivctfs
tjf igtfarctfd hkgeiaurctikg `fgu, wjfrf it is pkssionf tk sft tjf ncgaucaf,
ugits, dctf cgd ti`f. Tjis outtkg is cnsk usfd tk fgconf RH hk``ugihctikg ekr
prkarc``iga afgfrcn sjip cncr`s (sff „@fgu eughtikgs‐ cgd „Rrkarc``iga
afgfrcn sjip cncr`s‐ kg Rcaf 59).
Rcaf 59).
@fgu eughtikg= Tjis outtkg cnsk jcs cg Fshcpf eughtikg (Fsh) witjig tjf
`fgu. Ig fchj hcsf, tjf usfr akfs ochl kgf `fgu nfvfn, kr erk` tjf `cig
`fgu tk tjf gkr`cn dispncy eughtikg.
@fgu eughtikgs
Tjf usfr chhfssfs tjf hkgeiaurctikg `fgu oy jkndiga dkwg tjf „CNC_@X‐ outtkg. Tjf outtkgs crf gkw
cssiagfd tjf `fcgigas dfshriofd ugdfr „@fgu eughtikg‐ (sff Rcaf 51).
Rcaf 51).
Tjf gfw cnnkhctikg is jiajniajtfd hkgtigukusny ig onchl ig tjf nkwfr nigf=
Fshcpf @kvf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr Chhfpt sfttiga
fsh (@fg) `kvf(+/‘) fgtfr(Rra)
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr hcg of `kvfd witj tjf @kvf eughtikg (+/‘). Tjf Fgtfr eughtikg (Rra) is usfd tk `crl
cgd jiajniajt ig onchl tjf rfnfvcgt ncgaucaf.
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr tjfg mu`ps tk tjf ugit hurrfgtny sft ekr tf`pfrcturfs (f.a. [E)=
Tjf sfnfhtikg is cacig `cdf witj tjf @kvf eughtikg (+/‘) eknnkwfd oy chhfptcghf witj tjf Fgtfr eughtikg
(Rra). Tjf sfnfhtikg is `crlfd cgd jiajniajtfd ig onchl cgd tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps tk tjf ugit hurrfgtny
sft ekr prfssurfs (f.a. ocr).
Cetfr tjis sfnfhtikg cgd chhfptcghf, cnn tjf ncgaucaf cgd ugit sfttigas crf hk`pnftfd cgd `crlfd cgd jiaj-
niajtfd ig onchl chhkrdigany.
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps tk tjf pfgunti`ctf nigf tk tjf „ fxit‐ pksitikg=
Ie tjis is hkgeir`fd witj tjf Fgtfr eughtikg (Rra) kr hcghfnnfd ct tjis pkigt witj tjf Fshcpf eughtikg (@fg),
tjf usfr rfturgs witj tjf hurrfgtny `crlfd stctus tk tjf gkr`cn dispncy eughtikg. Ie cg igput `istclf jcs
offg `cdf, tjf igput hcg of rfpfctfd witj tjf „ ochl‐ eughtikg.
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps ochl tk tjf stcrt pksitikg (ncgaucaf sfnfhtikg).
RCAF
+
Rra
Ochl tk gkr`cn dispncy= sc`f outtkg hk`oigctikg
51
Xfttiga ti`f
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr `ust eirst of orkuajt tk tjf pfgunti`ctf nigf. Ekr tjis purpksf, tjf hurrfgt ncgaucaf
cgd ugit sfttiga is hkgeir`fd fchj ti`f witj tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra). Tjf pkigtfr hcg gkw of pksitikgfd witj
tjf @kvf outtkgs (+/‘) tk „sft‘ti`f‐.
Ie gk hjcgafs crf tk of `cdf, tjf kpfrctikg hcg of hcghfnnfd witj tjf Fshcpf eughtikg (@fg).
Ktjfrwisf tjf sfttiga is `cdf witj tjf @kvf outtkgs (+/‘) cgd tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra) ig tjf sfqufghf=
jkur, `igutf, sfhkgd, dcy, `kgtj cgd yfcr.
C hkrrfht ti`f kr dctf igput is hkgeir`fd witj tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra) cgd tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps tk tjf
gfxt vcnuf.
„fxit‐ Tjf tjf
pksitikg< ncst ti`f
eiaurfsfttiga
is tjf isyfcr,
gkwcetfr wjihj tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps tk tjf pfgunti`ctf nigf tk tjf
hk`pnftfd.
7 fxit > o
occhl aft-``ds-ti`f
Tjf usfr rfturgs tk tjf `cig `fgu oy hkgeir`iga witj tjf Fgtfr eughtikg (Rra) kr witj tjf Fshcpf outtkg
(@fg). Ie cg igput `istclf jcs offg `cdf, tjf igput hcg of rfpfctfd witj tjf „ ochl‐ eughtikg.
Cg cdditikgcn eughtikg `clfs it pkssionf tk dkwgnkcd tjf systf` ti`f ke tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit igtk tjf dis-
pncy `kdunf.
Ekr tjis purpksf, tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr is pksitikgfd tk „aft-``ds-ti`f‐ cgd hkgeir`fd witj Fgtfr (Rra).
Rrkvidfd tjf hfgtrcn ugit is chtivf (fgaigf iagitikg KG), tjf dctf cgd ti`f crf kvfrwrittfg cgd tjf eknnkwiga
`fsscaf cppfcrs orifeny ig tjf dispncy=
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr mu`ps ochl tk tjf pfgunti`ctf nigf tk tjf „fxit‐ pksitikg.
5:
Tjf sfrvihf suo`fgu is gkw hcnnfd up witj tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra). Tjf pkigtfr is pksitikgfd ct „ph-hk`‐ .
Xfrvihf 7 ph-hk`>
``ds-cgcnka-`kgitkr
fxit
Chtivctikg is feefhtfd oy hcnniga up tjf eughtikg „ph-hk`‐ , tjf eknnkwiga dispncy cppfcrs=
777 RH-HK@@VGIHCTIKG >>>
wcit fsh(@fg)
Tjf systf` is gkw rfcdy tk rfhfivf gfw hkgeiaurctikg dctc erk` tjf RH, hk``ugihctikg witj tjf RH is
chtivctfd.
Kghf tjis kpfrctikg is hk`pnftfd, tjf usfr rfturgs witj tjf Fshcpf eughtikg (@fg) tk tjf gkr`cn dispncy
eughtikg.
Xfrvihf eughtikg
Cg cdditikgcn eughtikg jfnps tjf sfrvihf tfhjgihicg tk vifw cnn tjf cgcnka hjcggfns ke tjf @@DX hfgtrcn
ugit. Tjis is ke pcrtihuncr igtfrfst ie duriga c hk``issikgiga prkhfdurf cdditikgcn sfgskrs crf tk of hkg-
gfhtfd cgd gk eurtjfr cids ekr visucnizctikg crf cvcinconf.
Tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr `ust eirst of `kvfd tk tjf pfgunti`ctf nigf tk chhfss tjf sfrvihf `fgu. Tjf hurrfgt
ncgaucaf cgd ugit sfttiga is hkgeir`fd fchj ti`f witj tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra) cgd tjf pkigtfr is tjfg pksi-
tikgfd witj tjf @kvf outtkgs (+/‘) tk „sfrvihf‐=
Tjf sfrvihf suo`fgu is sfnfhtfd cgd tjf sfnfhtikg pkigtfr `kvfd tk „``ds-cgcnka-`kgitkr‐ =
Xfrvihf ph-hk`
``ds-cgcnka-`kgitkr
fxit
59
Cetfr ofiga hcnnfd up witj tjf Fgtfr outtkg (Rra), tjf dispncy swithjfs cgd igdihctfs tjf hurrfgt `fcsurfd
vcnufs ke cnn ?5 cgcnka hjcggfns ke tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit si`untcgfkusny kg kgf pcaf witj tjf eknnkwiga
cnnkhctikg=
@@DX-Cgcnka 3‘?5
3 ? 8 4 6
5 1 : 9 32
33 3? 38 34 36
35 31 3: 39 ?2
?3 ?? ?8 ?4 ?6
?5
Tjf @@DX-NH dispncy ugit is fquippfd witj cg _X?8?H sfricn igtfrechf wjihj is orkuajt kut ct tjf rfcr ke
tjf jkusiga vic c 4-pig hkggfhtiga mchl.
C spfhicn cdcptfr hconf ekr sfricn hk``ugihctikg is ighnudfd ig tjf shkpf ke dfnivfry.
Tjf 4-pig shrfwfd pnua hkggfhtikg is hkggfhtfd tk tjf dispncy cgd tjf 9-pig XVO-D mchl is hkggfhtfd tk c
erff sfricn pkrt (HK@3...HK@4) ke tjf RH.
Cdcptfr hconf witj pnua ekr hkggfhtikg oftwffg @@DX-NH cgd c ncptkp kr RH
?` 42
3 ?
63.?6449‘52?9
Ekur outtkgs crf sft kut ig tjf tkp ocr ke tjf Xtcrt wigdkw. Tjfy hcg of usfd tk rfcd cnrfcdy fxistiga dis-
pncytrcgs`ittfd
of hkgeiaurctikgs
erk` erk` tjftkjcrd
tjf RH tjf disl cgdcgd
dispncy tk scvf
dctc gfwny
hcg ofhrfctfd hkgeiaurctikgs.
rfcd erk` tjf dispncy. Ig cdditikg, tjf dctc hcg
1?
Twk sfnfhtikg `fgus crf sft kut ig tjf nigf ugdfrgfctj (Eia. ?). Tjfsf `fgus crf chtivctfd oy hnihliga witj
tjf `kusf cgd pfr`it hkgeiaurctikg ke tjf dispncy.
Tjus chtivctiga tjf ‐_fcd Hkgeia.‐ outtkg origas up c einf sfnfhtikg wigdkw ig wjihj fxistiga dctc rfhkrds
hcg of chhfssfd.
Chtivctiga tjf ‐Xfgd Dctc‐ kr ‐_fhfivf Dctc‐ outtkg kpfgs c dicnka wigdkw ekr trcgs`ittiga tjf dctc tk tjf
@@DX-NH.
Hnihliga kg tjf ncgaucaf sfnfhtikg outtkg origas up c sfnfhtikg `fgu cs sjkwg ig Eia. 8=
Tjis `fgu hcg of usfd tk hcrry kut tjf prkarc``iga ke tjf cncr` tfxts ig dieefrfgt ncgaucafs.
Ekr fxc`pnf, prkarc``iga hkund of dispncyfd cs eknnkws= Eia. 4c ekr Afr`cg-spfcliga crfcs cgd Eia. 4o
ekr Fganisj‘spfcliga crfcs.
Tjf prkarc``iga tjus pfrekr`fd is cssiagfd tk tjf rfnfvcgt ncgaucaf dispncyfd cetfr trcgs`issikg tk tjf
dispncy.
18
Tjf cncr`s / dispncys hcg of hkgeiaurfd oy wcy ke tjf outtkgs cgd igput eifnds tk tjf riajt ke tjf `fcsuriga
pkigt tfxts. It is tjus pkssionf tk sft wjftjfr c hkgtcht is gkr`cnny hnksfd kr kpfg, wjihj KG cgd KEE df-
ncys jcvf c hkgtcht (f.a. oinaf nfvfn) cgd tjf igput oy wjihj c supprfssikg is hcrrifd kut.
It is cnsk pkssionf tk igput jfrf wjftjfr cg cncr` is stinn triaafrfd wjfg tjf fgaigf is ct c stcgdstinn cgd
wjftjfr tjf igput is c dispncy kr cg cncr`.
Cg igput hcg of supprfssfd oy cgy ktjfr igput. Ekr tjis purpksf f.a. ‐Dkkr hkgtcht 8 kpfg‐ hkund of fg-
tfrfd ig tjf tfxt eifnd ugdfr gu`ofr 3.
Ig krdfr
tfrfd ekr tjis
ig tjf eirst tk
nigfofigsupprfssfd oy oy
tjf „Onkhliga tjfigput
6tj igput (Igtrudfr cncr` systf` kee), tjf gu`ofr 6 `ust of fg-
gk.‐ eifnd.
C ‐2‐ is fgtfrfd ig tjis eifnd ie tjf fgtry is gkt supprfssfd.
Kghf cnn tjf sfttigas jcvf offg `cdf, tjfy hcg of trcgs`ittfd tk tjf @@DX-NH NHD `kgitkr cgd scvfd tk
tjf jcrd disl. It is tjus pkssionf tk trcgs`it tjf sc`f prkarc``iga tk vcrikus ugits witjkut jcviga tk `clf
c gfw fgtry fvfry ti`f.
Tjf usfr sjkund `clf gktf ke tjf einf gc`f kg tjf ugit sk tjct jf hcg chhfss tjf einf quihlny f.a. ig tjf
fvfgt ke cgy qufrifs.
3 ? 8 4 6 5 1
Xystf` rfquirf`fgts
Tjfrf crf kgny systf` rfquirf`fgts witj rfacrd tk prkhfsskr spffd. C Rfgtiu` RH witj `ig. 388 @Jz cgd
erff jcrd disl `f`kry ke 32 @O winn sueeihf.
Qigdkws GT 4.2 XR8 cgd jiajfr, Qigdkws 96 (9:) kr Qigdkws ?222 hcg of usfd cs tjf kpfrctiga systf`.
14
@@DX-NDispncy Vgit
382
? 8 4 6 5
Afgfrcn gktfs
Tjf @@DX-N dispncy ugit hcg of igstcnnfd f.a. kg tjf enyoridaf ke c sjip.
C suitconf igstcnnctikg nkhctikg `ust jcvf tjf eknnkwiga prkpfrtifs=
‘ C pcgfn hutkut ke 335 `` x 325 `` is rfquirfd ekr igstcnniga tjf `kgitkr. C ncrafr hutkut
hutk ut `ust of
cvkidfd
‘ Tjf cs ktjfrwisf
hkgsknf tjf sfcniga
surechf `ust of enct surechf oftwffg
ig tjf crfc ke tjftjf ugit hkgtcht.
acslft cgd tjf hkgsknf pcgfn wkund
Kghf igstcnnfd, of is
tjf ugit tkksfhurfd
s`cnn.
witj c V-sjcpfd orchlft cgd 4 lgurnfd guts.
C hconf ighnudfd ig tjf shkpf ke dfnivfry prkvidfs tjf hkggfhtikg oftwffg @@DX-N cgd tjf sfricn distriou-
tikg okx.
63.?6449‘22??
11
@@DX-NDispncy Vgit
Cncr`s
Tjf igtfarctfd ouzzfr is chtivctfd ie cg fgaigf cncr` is issufd erk` tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit.
Ig tjf fvfgt ke c prf-cncr`, kgny tjf NFD ke tjf csskhictfd `fcsuriga pkigt encsjfs. Ig tjf fvfgt ke c
`cstfr cncr`, tjf ‐Cncr`‐ stctus NFD is cnsk chtivctfd.
Ie tjf cncr` is c sjutdkwg kr snkwdkwg cncr`, tjf hkrrfspkgdiga stctus NFD „Fgaigf snkw dkwg‐ kr „Fg-
aigf stkp‐ cnsk niajts up.
Ig tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx, tjf jkrg rfncy (GK) hnksfs cgd tjf arkup cncr` rfncy (GH) drkps
kut.
Ie cg cncr` wcs cnrfcdy chtivf ofekrfjcgd, tjf arkup cncr` rfncy kutputs c rfpfct punsf (arkup cncr` rf-
pfct).
It pihls up ekr cpprkx. 8s cgd tjfg drkps kut cacig. Ig tjis wcy, it is f.a. pkssionf witj fchj gfw cncr` tk
chtivctf c nu`igkus hcnn systf` kr nfcvf c tfnfpjkgf `fsscaf ie tjf sjip is ug`cggfd.
Cetfr chtuctikg ke chkustih chlgkwnfdaf`fgt (Jkrg chlg outtkg), tjf igtfarctfd ouzzfr swithjfs kee cgd tjf
jkrg rfncy ig tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx drkps kut. Qitj kptihcn chlgkwnfdaf`fgt (Kptih chlg),
tjf encsjiga NFD swithjfs tk ofiga hkgtigukusny nit. Tjf NFD akfs kut cetfr tjf ecunt jcs offg
rfhtieifd.
Tjf ‐_FXFT‐ outtkg `ust cnsk of prfssfd ig tjf fvfgt ke cncr`s wjihj jcvf rfsuntfd ig cutk`ctih
fgaigf sjutdkwg kr snkwdkwg oy tjf @@DX hfgtrcn ugit. Tjis eughtikg is fgconfd ekr c sjutdkwg
cncr` kgny wjfg tjf fgaigf is ct c stcgdstinn cgd ekr c sjutdkwg cncr` ofnkw c spffd ke :22 rp`.
Cncr` chlgkwnfdaf`fgt cgd „_FXFT‐ crf trcgs`ittfd tk tjf sfricn ous cgd erk` tjfrf tk cnn tjf ktjfr
`kgitkriga ugits. Tjfrf
dicagkstih systf`. tjfy
It cnsk feefhttjf
ceefhts tjfeknnkwiga
sc`f eughtikg. Tjis cnwcys cppnifs tk tjf @@DX `kgitkriga cgd
ugits ie eittfd=
D @@DX-NH NHD `kgitkr
D @@DX-FR fgaigf rkk` pcgfn
D Ie gfhfsscry, eurtjfr @@DX-N ugits
Di``iga
Cnn tjf cncr` NFDs crf cutk`ctihcnny di``fd dfpfgdiga kg tjf c`oifgt nu`igksity. Tjis eughtikg is pfr-
ekr`fd oy c pjktkfnf`fgt igtfarctfd ig tjf erkgt pcgfn.
Jkrg tfst
Qjfg tjf Jkrg chlgkwnfdaf outtkg is prfssfd ekr cpprkx. 6s, tjf igtfarctfd ouzzfr skugds cgd tjf jkrg
rfncy ig tjf @@DX‘XD sfricn distrioutikg okx hnksfs.
Xystf` ecinurf
Tjfrf crf ? dieefrfgt ecinurf stctfs, wjihj crf igdihctfd oy tjf ecinurf NFD encsjiga kr ofiga hkgtigukusny nit=
‘ C encsjiga systf` ecinurf NFD siagieifs c hk``ugihctikg ecunt, i.f. tjf dctc ous is kpfkpfg‘hirhuitfd
g‘hirhuitfd kr `cn-
eughtikgiga. Ig tjis hcsf, tjf pnua hkggfhtikgs kg tjf @@DX-N cgd tjf @@DX-XD sfricn distrioutikg okx
`ust of hjfhlfd ekr hkrrfht sfctiga.
‘ C hkgtigukusny nit systf` ecinurf NFD igdihctfs cg igtfrgcn ecunt. Tjf ugit is ecunty ie tjis stctus pfrsists
cetfr it is swithjfd kee cgd kg cacig.
1:
Tfhjgihcn dctc
Di`fgsikgs= 3?2 `` widf x 382 `` jiaj x 382 `` igstcnnctikg dfptj
Ukntcaf suppny= 33 tk 86 UDH
Hurrfgt hkgsu`ptikg= cpprkx. 2.? C
Rfr`
Rfr`.. kp
kpfr
frcti
ctiga
ga ttf`p
f`pfr
frct
cturf
urf== 2 tk 12[H
Gktfs kg `cigtfgcghf
Tk prfvfgt tjf igarfss ke wctfr, hjfhl tjct tjf shrfwfd pnua hkggfhtkrs cgd lgurnfd guts crf tiajtny sf-
hurfd.
19
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tk F`-Hf`frafghy ruggiga ugit 4
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tk fgaigf tfr`igcn c
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NHD `kgitkr kr
A ` J ` @@DX-Ndispncy ugit
3 ? 8 4 65
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sjipycrd suppny ke @@DX-NH`kgitkr
witj fgaigf iagitikg KEE
(kgny rfquirfd ie erff sjipycrd cncr`s crf usfd)
:2
Dfsiag
Tjf @@DX‘XD sfricn distrioutikg okx hkgsists ke c`kga ktjfrs c onchl pcigtfd cnu`igiu` jkusiga witj
ocsfpnctf cgd hkvfr. Igoftwffg tjfrf is c enct acslft, wjihj prfvfgts tjf igarfss ke wctfr ct tjis pkigt.
Tjf pnuas ekr hkggfhtiga tjf ugits crf nkhctfd kg tjf kutsidf. Tjf jkusiga igtfrikr hkgtcigs c prigtfd hirhuit
okcrd, wjihj hcrrifs tjf gfhfsscry tfr`igcn strips witj spriga tfr`igcns ekr tjf pnuas cgd tjf sjipycrd hkg-
gfhtikgs.
Tjf okcrd cnsk hcrrifs tjf rfncy ekr jkrg hkgtrkn, tjf arkup cncr` rfncy cgd tjf hjcgafkvfr dfvihf ekr tjf
NHD `kgitkr pkwfr suppny
suppny..
Ekur sf`ihkgduhtkr eusfs (RTH), wjihj rfsft tjf`sfnvfs cutk`ctihcnny cetfr c ecunt, prktfht tjf sjipycrd
hkggfhtikgs cacigst fxhfss hurrfgt cgd sjkrt‘hirhuitiga.
Hk``issikgiga
Tjf distrioutikg okx is hk``issikgfd witj tjf ktjfr ugits ofnkgaiga tk tjf systf`. Tjf usfr `ust hjfhl
ofekrfjcgd kghf cacig tjct cnn tjf pnua hkggfhtikgs crf hkrrfhtny eittfd cgd gkt `ixfd up.
@cigtfgcghf
Ig krdfr tk aucrcgtff dfarff ke prktfhtikg IR64, `clf surf tjf oknts ekr sfhuriga tjf jkusiga hkvfr cgd tjf
hconf pfgftrctikg crf eir`ny tiajtfgfd. Ktjfrwisf `kisturf hkund aft igtk tjf jkusiga, wjihj hkund rfsunt ig
dfstruhtikg ke tjf ugit kr sjkrtfg its sfrvihf nief. Cpcrt erk` tjis, tjf sfricn distrioutikg okx is `cigtfgcghf-
erff.
:8
Tfhjgihcn dctc
Rfr`. c`oifgt tf`pfrcturf= 2 tk 12[H
Rfr`. rfn. cir ju`idity= 99%
Rrktfhtikg= IR 64
Qfiajt= 2.5 la
Di`fgsikgs
322
:2 69
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Hkggfhtikg Hkggfhtikg
@@DXDL ruggiga
ruggiga ugit
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tfr`igcn strip ekr sjipycrd hkggfhtikgs is nkhctfd
ig jkusiga hkvfr cgd is chhfssionf cetfr 4 shrfws
jcvf offg rfnfcsfd.
:4
Hkggfhtikg dicarc`
tk @@DX‘DL
dctc hkghfgtrctkr
tk F`‘H f`fra.
ruggiga ugit
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sfricn distrioutikg okx
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Xjipycrd suppny ke @@DX-NH`kgitkr
witj fgaigf iagitikg KEE
(kgny rfquirfd ie erff sjipycrd cncr`s crf usfd)
:6
Qjfg hk`pcrfd witj c hkgvfgtikgcn sknutikg, tjis tfhjgknkay rfduhfs tjf rfquirfd gu`ofr ke sfgskrs kr
`fcsuriga trcgsduhfrs cgd rfduhfs tjf wiriga tk tjrff strcgds/hkrfs (ighnudiga pkwfr suppny).
Ucrikus igstru`fgt drivfrs hcg of hkggfhtfd ig pcrcnnfn tk tjf ous (oridaf, kpfg oridaf fth.).
Hkggfhtikg dicarc`
+ ‘ ‘ +
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Hk``issikgiga
Tjf dfvihf is hk``issikgfd witj tjf fgtirf pncgt. Ofekrf turgiga kg tjf suppny vkntcaf (fgaigf iagitikg),
pnfcsf hjfhl tjct cnn hkggfhtikgs jcvf offg prkpfrny fstconisjfd.
Rcrtihuncr hcrf sjkund of tclfg tk fgsurf tjct tjf suppny vkntcaf dkfs gkt hk`f igtk hkgtcht witj tjf kut-
puts ekr chtivctiga tjf igstru`fgts duf tk hkggfhtikg frrkrs cs tjis `cy dfstrky tjf dfvihf.
Cetfr swithjiga kg tjf pncgt cgd witj tjf fgaigf ruggiga, eirst hjfhl tjf igdihctfd igstru`fgt vcnufs ekr
hnfcr dieefrfghfs tk tjf vcnufs tk of fxpfhtfd. Ie tjf pncgt is fquippfd witj cg @@DX-NH NHD `kgitkr, it is
usfeun tk hk`pcrf tjf vcnufs dispncyfd jfrf witj tjksf ke tjf igstru`fgts. Tjfy `ust of idfgtihcn, ofcriga
ig `igd
tjf sc`ftjfsfgskrs
tknfrcghfs. Tjis ekr
crf usfd dkfs gktdfvihfs,
oktj ig echt sfrvf
out it cs
is cprkke ke tjf chhurchy
gfhfsscry hkgditikg.ke tjf igdihctfd vcnufs sighf
Trkuonfsjkktiga `ust of pfrekr`fd ie tjf vcnufs crf gkt idfgtihcn. Cg kovikus hcusf is tjct igstru`fgts
jcvf offg `ixfd up duriga igstcnnctikg.
Cs is cnrfcdy lgkwg, tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr kotcigs its igekr`ctikg erk` tjf @@DX dicagkstih, cncr` cgd scefty
systf` vic tjf ous systf`. Tjf dctc crf trcgs`ittfd ct igtfrvcns ke cpprkx. 2.6 s. Tjus tjf igstru`fgt vc-
nufs hcg kgny of updctfd ig tjis ti`f ocsf. Cpprkprictf sketwcrf is igtfarctfd ig tjf D/C hkgvfrtfr tk prf-
vfgt tjf igstru`fgts erk` „mu`piga‐ cs ecr cs pkssionf.
@cigtfgcghf
It is i`pkrtcgt tk `clf surf tjf shrfws ekr sfhuriga tjf jkusiga hkvfr cgd tjf hconf pfgftrctikg crf gkt
nkksf cs ktjfrwisf dfarff ke prktfhtikg IR64 winn gkt of aucrcgtffd. Cpcrt erk` tjis, tjf dfvihf is `cigtfg-
cghf‘erff.
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it 8 tik
tik
Xuostctikg
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H F H F H F H X Xystf` ecinurf
Tjf dctc hkghfgtrctkr (DL) is hkggfhtfd tk tjf sfricn distrioutikg okx witj tjf hconf 63.?6449‘2243.
Hkggfhtikg tk DL= „Hkggfhtikg Fgaigf @@DX-XD‐
Tjf DL hknnfhts tjf dctc ke up tk 8 fgaigfs, hkgvfrts tjf` igtk c RH‘rfcdconf ekr` cgd kutputs tjf` kg
tjf ncptkp.
Hkggfhtikg tk dctc hkghfgtrctkr= „Hkggfhtikg Ncptkp/RH‐
Hkggfhtiga hconf tk ncptkp= 63.?6449‘52?9
Fgaigf 3= Hkggfht tk pkrt fgaigf
Fgaigf ?= Hkggfht tk `iddnf fgaigf (kg 8‘fgaigf pncgt)
Fgaigf 8= Hkggfht tk stcrokcrd fgaigf
Tjis cssiag`fgt `ust of kosfrvfd cs ktjfrwisf tjf cssiag`fgt ig tjf hk``issikgiga rfhkrd is wrkga.
Fgaigf 3 `ust cnwcys of hkggfhtfd ofhcusf tjf dctc hkghfgtrctkr fnfhtrkgihs is suppnifd witj
pkwfr erk` jfrf.
Tjf eknnkwiga igputs / hkggfhtikgs hcggkt of usfd cs yft kg tjf dctc hkghfgtrctkr cs tjfy crf gkt prigtfd
kg tjf hirhuit okcrd=
‘ Hkggfhtikg= „Hkggfhtikg Xuostctikg‐
‘ Hkggfhtikg ekr outtkgs ct swithj igputs tk tfr`igcn 3‘32
91
Hk``issikgiga
?` 42
3 ?
42 8222 42