1

G`dtfdkc`
G@DGFUS@W AÈWKG@W ............................................................................... 3
IH OÜWKGH ........................................................................................... 3
FI W@DKC@ ............................................................................................ 3
FI S@D@ ............................................................................................... 6
IFDNVHLFF OVWKGHI
IFDNVHL OVWKGHI.................................
................ ..................................
..................................
................................
............... 6
BKNVQHW OVWKGHIFW ............................................................................ 2
UHQSFW CF VDH BKNVQH OVWKGHI .................................
................ ..................................
................... >
QFNIHW CF FWGQKSVQH................................
............... ..................................
.................................
....................
.... >
IH UHQSKSVQ
UHQSKSVQH
H ..................................
................. ..................................
..................................
..................................
.......................
...... =
FI UFDSHNQH
UFDSHNQHOH OH .................................
................ ..................................
..................................
................................
............... =
GIHRFW
GIHR FW OVWKGHI
OVWKGHIFW FW ........................................
........................ ..................................
..................................
....................
.... =
GIHRF CF W@I................................................................................... ;
FI G@OUÈW
G@OUÈW..................................
................. ..................................
..................................
..................................
.......................
...... ;
QKSO@ ................................................................................................ 85
BKNVQHW QÏSOKGHW......................................................................... 88
S@D@ [ WFOKS@D@ ............................................................................ 87
HISFQHGK@DFW ................................................................................... 83
Hitfrhgk`dfs UQ@UKHW y HGGKCFDSHIFW<
HGGKCFDSHIFW< ................................
................ ........................
........ 83
HGSKRKCHCFW .......................................................................................... 82

7
 G@DGFUS@W AÈWKG@W

IH OÜWKGH
Ih oüskgh fs fi hrtf cf g`oakdhr i`s s`dkc`s fd udh sfgufdgkh tfop`rhi

htfdckfdc` h ihs ifyfs

g`d kdstruofdt`s cf ih hro`dïh,
ouskghifs. ih ofi`cïh
Fi bkd cf fsth y fi udh
fs pr`cugkr rkto`, ` cf pr`cugkri`s
fxpfrkfdgkh fstëtkgh
fd fi `yfdtf, y fxprfshr sfdtkokfdt`s, gkrgudsthdgkhs, pfdshokf
pfdshokfdt`s
dt`s ` kcfhs.

Fs g`dskcfrhch fi kck`oh udkvfrshi,

udkvfrshi, yh quf ohdflh g÷ckn`s y sïoa`i`s quf s`d
g`oudfs h t`chs ihs guiturhs. G`o` t`c` kck`oh sf mhaih, sf iff y sf fsgrkaf,
fs p`r fii`, quf cfafo`s g`d`gfr y ohdflhr t`c`s i`s fifofdt`s quf mhgfd
phrtf cf su fsgrkturh y quf sf fdgufdtrhd kdofrs`s fd ih tf`rïh ouskghi.

Ih Sf`rïh Ouskghi fs ud ghop` cf fstuck` quf kdv`iugrh ih kdvfstknhgk÷d cf i`s

ckvfrs`s fifofdt`s cf ih oüskgh, fdtrf fii`s fi cfshrr`ii` y ih oft`c`i`nïh
phrh hdhikzhr, fsgugmhr, g`oprfdcfr y g`op`dfr oüskgh.

Ihoüskghsffxprfshp`rofck`cfs`
Ihoüskghsffxprfshp`rofck`cfs`dkc`s.I`ss`dkc`sou
dkc`s.I`ss`dkc`souskghifss`d<
skghifss`d<
C@ QF OK BH W@I IH WK

FI W@DKC@
Fs ih sfdshgk÷d hnrhchaif pfrgkakch p`r fi `ïc`, quf rfgkaf ihs vhrkhgk`dfs cf
gufrp`s s`d`r`s, h ckbfrfdgkh cfi rukc` quf fs ud ’s`dkc` kdhrtkguihc`‟, skd
rkto` dk hro`dïh, g`dbus` y cfshnrhchaif.

Wf pufcf g`dtr`ihr fi v`iuofd cf hinud`s s`dkc`s phrh quf sfhd oès bufrtfs
` oès suhvfs. U`r flfopi`, ustfc pufcf suakrif fi v`iuofd hi rhck` ` pufcf
ahlhr ih v`z cf ud nrkt` h ud susurr`.

W@DKC@ BVFQSF W@DKC@ WVHRF

3
 FI S@D@
Wf rfbkfrf h i` hit` (hnuc`) ` i` ahl` (nrhvf) cf ud s`dkc`. Uufcfd suakr y ahlhr
cfscf ud t`d` hit` ` oès hnuc` mhsth ud t`d` ahl` ` oès nrhvf.

W`dkc`s oès hnuc`s cf t`d` hit`).- W`d oès bkd`s y ikvkhd`s y pufcfd sfdtkr
g`o` sk trhsphshrhd bègkiofdtf i`s `ïc`s.
FI IIHDS@
VD UÈLHQ@ VDH BIHVSH HNVH GH[FDC@
CF VD AFAË

W`dkc`s oès nrhvfs cf t`d` ahl`).- W`d oès hopik`s y pfshc`s y h

vfgfs sf skfdtfd mhsth fd i`s mufs`s.
IH R@\ CF
VDH RHGH VD SHOA@Q SQVFD@W
VD M@OAQF

I`s ckbfrfdtfs s`dkc`s cfi mhaih thoakëd tkfdfd t`d`s oès hit`s ` oès ahl`s.

IFDNVHLF OVWKGHI
Hudquf ih oüskgh pufch sfr fsgugmhch fd nrup`, d` cflh cf sfr udh
fxpfrkfdgkh kdckvkcuhi: fs ud ifdnuhlf g`d sus d`rohs, y g`o` thi, sf pufcf
fstuckhr cf b`roh skstfohtkzhch. Fi ifdnuhlf ouskghi fs udh fxprfsk÷d hrtïstkgh
fd ih quf fxkstf udh ofi`cïh, ud rkto`
r kto` y ud puis`, quf fd g`dludt` grfhd udh
g`op`skgk÷d ouskghi ` ghdgk÷d. Fstf pufcf fxprfshrsf h trhvës cfi
pfdthnrhoh.

6
 BKNVQHW OVWKGHIFW
Hsï g`o` usho`s ihs iftrhs phrh rfprfsfdthr phiharhs, ihs bknurhs ouskghifs
s`d sïoa`i`s ` ghrhgtfrfs cf d`thgk÷d ouskghi fopifhc`s phrh rfprfsfdthr
nrèbkghofdtf i`s s`dkc`s ouskghifs cf b`roh fsgrkth.

Curhgk÷dcfihsBknurhsO
Curhgk÷dcfihsBknurhsOuskghifs
uskghifs

Ghch skifdgk` tkfdf su bknurh ouskghi fqukvhifdtf, p`r i` quf sf ifs g`d`gf g`d
fi okso` d`oarf y tkfdfd ih oksoh curhgk÷d cf tkfop`.

2
Ihs bknurhs ouskghifs cfbkdfd c`s hspfgt`s cfi s`dkc`<
‗ Ih hiturh cfi s`dkc`,
s`dkc`, sfnüd su uakghgk÷d fd fi pfdthnrhoh, y
‗ Ih curhgk÷d cfi s`dkc`,
s`dkc`, sfnüd fi vhi`r cf ghch bknurh

Fi skstfoh ouskghi fstè grfhc` fd ahsf h pr`p`rgk`dfs, ghch bknurh dufvh quf

hphrfgf vhif
b`roh, udh ih okthc
rfc`dch cf ih hdtfrk`r
rfprfsfdth y nuhrchd
c`s aihdghs, udhrfihgk÷d fdtrf
aihdgh s`d c`sfiihs, Cf yfsth
dfnrhs, hsï
sugfskvhofdtf.

UHQSFW CF VDH BKNVQH OVWKGHI

- Dügif` ` ghafzh< Kdckghd ih hiturh cfi s`dkc`
sfnüd su p`skgk÷d fd fi pfdthnrhoh.
- Uikgh ` gufrp`< Wf fsgrkafd mhgkh hrrkah ` mhgkh
hahl` fd fi pfdthnrhoh, sfnüd su hiturh.
- G`rgmftf< Wu b`roh vhrïh sfnüd ih ghdtkchc cf
bknurhs quf sf fsgrkafd pr÷xkohs, sfh udh bknurh
kdckvkcuhi, ` vhrkhs hnruphchs.

QFNIHW CF FWGQKSVQH
` Ihs d`ths g`d g`rgmftf sf pufcfd hnruphr.

` H phrtkr cf ih tfrgfrh iïdfh cfi pfdthnrhoh ih pikgh cfaf fsgrkakrsf mhgkh

hahl` (sf pfroktf fsgrkakr ih pikgh mhgkh hrrkah s`arf ih tfrgfrh iïdfh).

>
 IH UHQSKSVQH
Vdh phrtkturh fs ud c`guofdt` quf kdckgh g÷o` cfaf kdtfrprfthrsf udh
g`op`skgk÷d ouskghi. Qfüdf t`chs ihs phrtfs kdstruofdthifs y v`ghifs cf udh
`arh, rfprfsfdthdc` nrèbkghofdtf ud `rcfd quf pfroktf g`d`gfr ih
kdtfrvfdgk÷d quf ghch phrtf tkfdf fd ih `arh.

FI UFDSHNQHOH
Fi pfdthnrhoh fs fi g`dludt` cf 6 iïdfhs y 3 fsphgk`s c`dcf sf fsgrkaf ih
oüskgh. Ihs iïdfhs y fsphgk`s sf gufdthd cf hahl` h hrrkah.
6th iïdfh
3t` fsphgk`
3th iïdfh
7fr fsphgk`
7frh iïdfh
1ch iïdfh 1c` fsphgk`
8frh iïdfh 8fr fsphgk`

G@D DVFWSQHW OHD@W

U@CFO@W QFUQFWFDSHQ IHW
GKDG@ IÏDFHW [ I@W GVHQS@
FWUHGK@W CFI UFDSHNQHOH.

GIHRFW OVWKGHIFW

Ihs gihvfs ouskghifs

hi prkdgkpk` ` iihvfs ouskghifs
cf ghch pfdthnrhoh s`d sïoa`i`s
y su budgk÷d prkdgkphiquf
fs sf fsgrkafd ih
cftfrokdhr skfoprf
hiturh
quf g`rrfsp`dcf h ghch d`th ouskghi, sfnüd ih p`skgk÷d quf `guphd fd fi
pfdthnrhoh, fs cfgkr, fi fsphgk` ` iïdfh fd quf sf uakghd.

=
Hcfoès cf ihs quf yh tf mfo`s ofdgk`dhc`, fxkstfd `trhs gihvfs quf sf
utkikzhd hi o`ofdt` cf fsgrkakr oüskgh phrh gkfrt`s kdstruofdt`, g`o` ih Gihvf
cf pfrgusk÷d
Wf fsgrkafd c`s ahrrhs hi kdkgk` cfi pfdthnrhoh. Fs
fopifhch fd phrtkturhs phrh kdstruofdt`s cf

pfrgusk÷d:
p`r i` quffst`s p`r i` nfdfrhi,
ihs bknurhs fsgrkths d`
fdtkfdfd hbkdhgk÷d,
fi pfdthnrhoh
kdckghd fi rkto`, ohs d` ih hiturh cfi s`dkc`.

GIHRF CF W@I
Fs ud sknd` quf sf fsgrkaf hi prkdgkpk` cfi pfdthnrhoh. Wkrvf phrh shafr c÷dcf
sf fsgrkaf ghch d`th fd fi pfdthnrhoh. Wf trhzh fd ih sfnudch iïdfh cfi
pfdthnrhoh y p`r fs` shafo`s quf t`chs ihs d`ths quf sf fsgrkafd fd ih
sfnudch iïdfh sf vhd h iihohr "s`i". Fd fi UFDSHNQHOH, ghch iïdfh y fsphgk`
rfprfsfdth udh d`th ouskghi.

Ihs d`ths cf ihs iïdfhs s`d OK,

W@I, WK, QF y BH, y fstèd uakghc`s
cf ih sknukfdtf ohdfrh<

Ihs d`ths cf i`s fsphgk`s s`d BH,

IH, C@ y OK, y fstèd uakghc`s cf
ih sknukfdtf ohdfrh<

FI G@OUÈW
I`s g`ophsfs ouskghifs s`d ud` cf i`s fifofdt`s cf ih oüskgh quf oès
hp`rthd hi rkto` cf udh `arh. S`chs ihs phrtkturhs s`d sfnofdthchs fd
pfquføhs phrtfs, h fsths phrtfs
ph rtfs ihs cfd`okdho`s g`ophsfs ouskghifs.

;
Fd ih oüskgh, i`s g`ophsfs s`d udkchcfs cf ofckgk÷d cf tkfop`,
tkfop`, sfnofdt`s
rïtokg`s, cf udh `arh ouskghi. Fstèd g`db`rohc`s p`r ih ghdtkchc cf d`ths
quf sføhif ih gkbrh kdckghc`rh hi prkdgkpk` cf ih `arh.

Fstf fs fi düofr` ` oëtrkgh cf g`opès, y cfbkdf ih ghdtkchc cf puis`s quf sf

fsgrkafd fd fi fsphgk` cf ud g`opès. Fsth oëtrkgh sf iff guhtr` guhrt`s y
thoakëd sf pufcf fsgrkakr g`d fi sïoa`i` fd b`roh cf g.

Flfopi`s<

QKSO@
Fs ih sugfsk÷d cf n`ipfs y hgfdt`s `rcfdhc`s fd fi tkfop`, g`dtkfdf h i`s `tr`s
fifofdt`s cf ih oüskgh. Fs fi rfsp`dshaif cf ’htrhphr‟ bïskghofdtf hi s`dkc`.

Fi rkto` tkfdf ougm` quf vfr g`d cfbkdkr fi g`opès, fi

tkp` cf g`opès quf cfbkdf hi hgfdt` y h ihs bknurhs
ouskghifs quf ih g`op`dfd.

85
BKNVQHW QÏSOKGHW
Cf ih g`oakdhgk÷d cf g`rgmfhs y sfokg`rgmfhs tfdfo`s vhrk`s nrup`s
rïtokg`s. Uhrh udkr fsths bknurhs fd nrup`s sf sufifd udkr i`s g`rgmftfs y sf
trhdsb`rohd fd ahrrhs quf udfd ihs pikghs cf t`chs fiihs<
NQVU@ CF NQVU@ CF C@W
UHQFLH CF NQVU@ CF GVHSQ@
G@QGMFH [ C@W WFOKG@QGMFHW [
G@QGMFHW WFOKG@QGMFHW WFOKG@QGMFHW G@QGMFH

Wk I@ IFFO@W G@D WÏIHAHW <

SK SK SKQK SKQK SK SKQK SKQK SK

FLFQGKGK@WQÏSOKG@W
Fs kop`rthdtf hprfdcfr h iifvhr fi tkfop`.

88
81
 S@D@ [ WFOKS@D@
Wf iihoh t`d` h ih cksthdgkh quf mhy fdtrf c`s s`dkc`s sugfskv`s, fxgfpt` fd

Ok-Bh y Wk-C`
Wk-C`,, c`dcf
fstè g`opufsth ih cksthdgkh
cf 6 t`d`s fs cf sfokt`d`
sfokt`d`.
y 1 sfokt`d`s . Dufstrh
ckstrkaukc`s cf ihfsghih (cf C`
sknukfdtf h C`
C`))
b`roh<

Rkst` fd fi pfdthnrhoh y fd ud pkhd` sfrïh hsï <

87
 HISFQHGK@DFW
W`d sknd`s quf o`ckbkghd ih hiturh cf s`dkc`s ` d`ths ouskghifs, p`r fifvhgk÷d
` cksokdugk÷d. Sfdfo`s trfs sknd`s cf hitfrhgk÷d<

 Fi s`stfdkc` suaf ofck` t`d` h ih d`th

 Fi afo`i ahlh ofck` t`d` h ih d`th
 Fi afguhcr` hduih fi fbfgt` cfi s`stfdkc` y cfi afo`i.

H phrtf cfi s`stfdkc`♠, fi afo`i ♯, y fi afguhcr` ♤, thoakëd p`crfo`s

fdg`dtrhr fi c`aif s`stfdkc` (sknd` ) ` fi c`aif afo`i (sknd` ).

Ihs hitfrhgk`dfs fd fi pfdthnrhoh sf fsgrkafd hi ihc` kzqukfrc` cf ih d`th

ouskghi. Hbfgthd h t`chs ihs d`ths cfi okso` d`oarf, cfdtr` cfi g`opès.

Hitfrhgk`dfs UQ@UKHW y HGGKCFDSHIFW<

Wfnüd c`dcf fstëd g`i`ghchs ihs hitfrhgk`dfs p`cfo`s ckstkdnukr fdtrf<
Hitfrhgk`dfs pr`pkhs< s`d ihs quf sf fsgrkafd cfspuës cf ih gihvf,
g`dstktuyfdc` i` quf sf iihoh hrohcurh y quf hbfgthd h t`chs ihs d`ths cf ih
g`op`skgk÷d (p`r fs` d` fs dfgfshrk` fsgrkakrihs cfihdtf cf ghch d`th). Fshs
hitfrhgk`dfs sf fsgrkafd fd ih oksoh iïdfh ` fsphgk` quf ih d`th<
d `th<

@rcfd cf s`stfdkc`s
s`stfdkc`s<< @rcfd cf afo`ifs
afo`ifs<<
BH, C@, W@I, QF, IH OK, WK WK, OK, IH, QF, W@I, C@, BH

83
Hitfrhgk`dfs hggkcfdthifs< s`d ihs quf sf fsgrkafd cfihdtf cf ghch d`th y s÷i`
hbfgthd h ihs d`ths cfi okso` d`oarf quf cfdtr` cfi g`opès (p`r fs` sf
iihohd hsï, p`rquf fstèd p`r ’hggkcfdtf‟).

Uhrh fstuckhr t`chs fsths t`dhikchcfs y ihs vhrkhs budgk`dfs cfi Gïrgui` cf
Xukdths y Guhrths d`s vfo`s fd fi sknukfdtf dkvfi cfi ’ kar` cf Sf`rïh O
Ouskghi‟
uskghi‟
c`dcf hcfoès hprfdcfrès ihs fsghihs, kdtfrvhi`s, hro`dïhs, trkhchs y hg`rcfs,
t`c` i` dfgfshrk` phrh quf pufchs grfhr tus pr`pkhs g`op`skgk`dfs ☼.

86
 HGSKRKCHCFW
G@OUIFSHGHCHÈQA@ICFD@SHW

G`opifthyg`dtfsth<
°Guèdths g`rgmfhs fdtrhd fd udh dfnrh0
°Guèdths dfnrhs fdtrhd fd udh aihdgh0
°Guèdths g`rgmfhs fdtrhd fd udh aihdgh0

- Ghch bknurh vhif fi PPPPPPPPPPPPP quf ih sknukfdtf..

- Fi pfdthnrhoh fs ud g`dludt` cf iïdfhs y fsphgk`s s`arf
ihs quf sf fsgrkafd ihs PPPPPPPPPPPPP .

82
- Ihs hitfrhgk`dfs hggkcfdthifs sf g`i`ghd
g`i`ghd h ih PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP .
- Ihs hitfrhgk`dfs pr`pkhs sf g`i`ghd h ih PPPPPPPPPPP PPPPP .
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

- °Guèdt` curh fi fbfgt` cf ihs hitfrhgk`dfs hggkcfdt

hggkcfdthifs
hifs y pr`pkhs0

Vdfg`dudhiïdfh
Ahlh ofck` t`d`

Hduih fi fbfgt` cf ihs cfoès hitfrhgk`dfs

Wuaf ofck` t`d`

CKAVLFO@WIHGIHRFCFW@I
Wknuf ih iïdfh cf pudt`s fd fi sfdtkc` cf ihs bifgmhs. Cfspuës ckaülhi`s fd fi
pfdthnrhoh

8>
G`i`rfhfdfitfgihc`g`di`sg`i`rfs
G`i`rfhfdfitfgihc`g`di`sg`i`rfsqufkdckgh
qufkdckghdihsd
dihsd`ths
`ths

W@UHCFIFSQHW

8=
GQVGKNQHOHCFKDWSQVOFDS@W

8;
15