@aslg
@aslg pl
plgof
gofhpu
hpum
m ; Hj
Hjrgf
rgfwft
wftj,U
j,U.Dl
.Dlp.,
p.,Gs.
Gs.
Hftf duijfm ; Dlplrfwftfg Dahugjtfs JJ

PLRF^J DAH^ILHLGPLR ^F@F ^FUJLG UPRADL

@jsusug Ailm ;
 G\RUZJCF
6=5>6>>6?

^RAORFH UP\@J U6 JIH\ DL^LRF_FPFG

CFD\IPFU DLULMFPFG

\GJSLRUJPFU ^FPRJF FRPMF

 HFDFUUFR

2>26

j
 

DFPF ^LGOFGPFR 

@lgofg Hlgouefp syudur dlmf`jrft Pumfg yfgo Hfmf Lsf.`lgofg rfmhft

slrtf pltugkud-g
pltugkud-gyf,df
yf,dfhj
hj blrmfsji
blrmfsji hlgylilsfjd
hlgylilsfjdfg
fg hfdfi
hfdfifm
fm jgj \gtud
\gtud hlhlgumj
hlhlgumj
tuofs hftf duijfm Dlplrfwftfg Dahugjtfs JJ.
@fifh plguijsfg jgj tj`fd ilpfs `frj pfgtfufg bjhbjgofg sfrfg `fg gfslmft
`frj blrbfofj pjmfd. \gtud jtu pf`f dlslhpftfg jgj dfhj hlgouefpdfg tlrjhf
dfsjm dfhj yfgo tlrmarhft `aslg ^lhbjhbjgo yfgo tlifm hlhblrjdfg tuofs `fg
dlslhpftfg dlpf`f dfhj ugtud hlhbuft `fg hlgyusug hfdfifm jgj. Ulrtf slhuf
 pjmfd yfgo tlifm hlhbfgtu `fg hlhblrjdfg hfsudfg slrtf gfslmft mjgoof
tlrsusuggyf hfdfifm jgj mjgoof fdmjr.
@fifh plgyusugfg hfdfifm jgj hfsjm bfgyfd dldurfgofg-dldurfgofg bfjd 
 pf`f tldgjs plguijsfg hfupug hftlrj slhaof `lgofg tlrsusuggyf hfdfifm
jgj.slhaof `fpft blrhfgcfft bfoj slhuf plhbfef.

Oawf,6? Foustus 2>26

 Gursyjcf

jj
 

@FCPFR JUJ

DFPF ^LGOFGPFR ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
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......j

@FCPFR JUJ..........................................................................................................jj
BFB J^LG@FM\I\FG
F. If
Iftf
tfrr Blifdfgo....................
ifdfgo..........................................
............................................
..................................................6
............................6
B. Pukufg......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
..................22
E. Hfgcfft.....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
.......................................
.................22
BFB JJPJGKF\FG ^\UPFDF
F. @l
@lcj
cjg
gjsj
jsj Ut
Utradl.............................................................................................5
radl
B. Plrf
Plrfpj
pj Da
Dahp
hpil
ilhl
hlgt
gtlr
lr Bldfh...................................................................5
Bldfh
Mllrbfi.................................................................................................<
E. Abft M
BFB JJJ^LG\P\^
F. Dlsjhpuifg................................................................................................6>
B. Ufrfg..........................................................................................................6>
@FCPFR ^\UPFDF

jjj
 

BFB J

^LG@FM\I\FG

F. Iftf
Iftfrr Bli
Blifd
fdfg
fgo
o
Utradl hlrupfdfg plgyfdjt dragjd yfgo hlgofifhj plgjgodftfg
sjogjcjdfg pf`f hfsyfrfdft dfrlgf plrubfmfg paif hfdfg, ofyf mj`up `fg
 plgjgodftfg strlsar
strls ar yfgo eudup tjgooj ((Bifed
Bifed & Mfwds, `fifh Musgf L.,
Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63). Utradl `fpft hlgylbfbdfg ofgooufg
yfgo
yfgo dahpil
dahpild
d pf`f
pf`f tub
tubum
um `fg dagsld
dagsldulg
ulgsj
sj glo
gloftj
ftjcc bfo
bfojj pfsjlg
pfsjlg yfgo
yfgo
 blrtfmfg mj`up. Ulifjg jtu, stradl kuof plgylbfb utfhf `jsfbjijty
`jsfbjijty   bfoj
 plg`lrjtfgyf `fg bjfyf plgoabftfg yfgo eudup hfmfi slifhf plrfwftfg
 blrifgosugo. Cfsl plhuijmfg pfsjlg stradl hlhbutumdfg prasls, wfdtu
yfgo ifhf `fg blrdlifgkutfg ugtud hlhplrtfmfgdfg dag`jsj tubum fofr 

`fpft hlgylsufjdfg
hlgylsufjdfg `jrj `lgofg
`lgofg plrub
plrubfmfg
fmfg yfgo tlrkf`
tlrkf`jj (Eifrd
(Eifrdl,`fifh
l,`fifh
Musgf L., Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63).
^rlvfilgsj
^rlvfilgsj plg`lrjtf stradl tj`fd mfgyf `j glofr
glofrff hfku tltfpj kuof
`j glofrf blrdlhbfgo, tlrhfsud Jg`aglsjf. Ulefrf uhuh, `fpft `jdftfdfg
fgodf
fgodf dlk
dlkf`j
f`jfg
fg stra
stradl
dl f`f
f`fifm
ifm 2>> plr 6>>.>>
6>>.>>>
> plg`u`
plg`u`ud.
ud. @frj
@frj kuhifm
kuhifm
tlrslbutt slplrtj
tlrslbu slplrtjofgy
ofgyff bjsf puijm dlhbfij,
dlhbfij, slplrtjof
slplrtjof ifjggyf
ifjggyf hlgo
hlgofifhj
fifhj
of
ofgo
goou
oufg
fg cugo
cugosja
sjagf
gfii rj
rjgo
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fg sfhpf
sfhpfjj sl`
sl`fg
fgo
o `f
`fg
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slplrtjo
joff if
ifjg
jggy
gyff
hlgofifhj ofgooufg blrft yfgo hlgomfrusdfg plg`lrjtf blrf`f `j ftfs
dfsur `fg hlhbutumdfg plrfwftfg pfgkfgo (Zfyfsfg Utradl Jg`aglsjf,

`fifh Musgf L., Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63).

^lgfgo
^lgfgofgf
fgfgg pfsjlg
pfsjlg `lg
`lgofg
ofg ofg
ofgoou
ooufgfg glu
glurai
raiaoj
aoj slplrtj
slplrtj stra
stradl,
dl,
fizl
fizljh
jhlr,
lr, `l
`lhl
hlgt
gtjf
jf,, sljzu
sljzurl
rl hlg
hlgofi
ofifhj
fhj plg
plgjgo
jgodft
dftfg
fg yfg
yfgo
o sjogjc
sjogjcjdf
jdfg.
g.
^lrfwf
^lrfwftfg
tfg pfsjlg
pfsjlg stradl
stradl tj`
tj`fd
fd mfg
mfgyf
yf tlrc
tlrcadu
aduss pf`
pf`ff plg
plgoab
oabftf
ftfg
g hl`
hl`js
js
dl`adtlrfg ftfu dagvlgsjagfi, gfhug su`fm blrdlhbfgo pf`f plgoabftfg
fitlrgftjc dahpilhlgtlr/ eahpilhlgtfry fitlrgftjvl hl`jejgl. Klgjs tlrfpj
fitlrgftjc
fitlrgftjc dahp
dahpilhlg
ilhlgtlr
tlr yfgo slrjgo `jou
`jougfdfg
gfdfg ailm pfsjlg stradl f`fifm
hjg` ba`y tmlrfpjls,
tmlrfpjls , `ji
`jifgk
fgkutd
utdfg
fg `lgofg
`lgofg bjaiaojefi- bfsl` tmlrfpy 
tmlrfpy  `fg
fitlrg
fitlrgftj
ftjvl
vl hl`
hl`jef
jefii systlh
systlh.. Klgjstl
Klgjstlrfp
rfpjjhjg
hjg`
` ba`y
ba`y  yfg
yfgo
o pfi
pfijgo
jgo slrjgo

`jougfdfg
`jougfdfg f`fifm yaof, hl`jtfsj,
hl`jtfsj, mypg
mypgasjs,
asjs, `fg `llp brlftmjg
brlftmjgo
o lxlrejsl.
lxlrejsl.

6
 

Ul`fgo
Ul`fgodfg
dfg mlrbfi slrjgo `joug
`jougfdf
fdfg
g `fr
`frjj klgjs
klgjs tlr
tlrfpj
fpj bjaia
bjaiaojefi
ojefi bfsl` 
tmlrfpy.. Emj
tmlrfpy Emjrap
raprfe
rfetje
tje `fg hfssfol
hfssfol   hlrupfdfg klgjs tlrfpj yfgo slrjgo
`jou
`jougf
gfdf
dfg
g ug
ugtu
tud
d tj
tjpl
pl hfg
hfgjpu
jpuift
iftjvl
jvl fg`
fg` ba`
ba`yy bf
bfsl` 
sl`   , fdupug
fdupugtur
tur `fg
mahl
mahlap
apft
ftmy
my il
ilbj
bjm
m slrj
slrjgo
go `j
`jou
ougf
gfdf
dfg
g `frj
`frj kl
klgj
gjss fitlrg
fitlrgftjvl
ftjvl hl`je
hl`jefi 
fi 
 systlh(`fifh
 systlh (`fifh Musgf L., Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63).

B. Pukufg
6. \gtud hlgoltfmuj
hlgoltfmuj fpf yfgo
yfgo `jhfd
`jhfdsu`
su` `lgofg
`lgofg Utr
Utradl.
adl.
2. \g
\gtu
tud
d hlgo
hlgolt
ltfm
fmuj
uj tlrfp
tlrfpjj dahp
dahpil
ilhl
hlgt
gtlr
lr fp
fpff yfgo
yfgo `j
`jbl
blrj
rjdf
dfg
g pf`f
pf`f
 pfsjlg Utradl.
5. \gt
\gtud
ud hlgolt
hlgoltfmu
fmujj abft mlrb
mlrbfi
fi fpf yfgo yfg
yfgo
o `jbl
`jblrjd
rjdfg
fg pf`f pfsj
pfsjlg
lg
Utradl.
0. \gtud hlgoltfmuj
hlgoltfmuj fgfijsjs
fgfijsjs kurgfi
kurgfi yfgo
yfgo su`fm `j `
`fpft.
fpft.

E. Hfgc
gcff
fftt

Ulhaof `lgofg f`fgyf hfdfifm tlrfpj dahpilhlgtlr pf`f pfsjlg

stradl jgj bjsf hlhbfgtu hfmfsjswf/j `fg kuof hfsyfrfdft ugtud ilbjm
hlgo
hlgolt
ltfm
fmuj
uj fp
fpff jt
jtu
u st
stra
radl
dl `f
`fg
g tl
tlrf
rfpj
pj da
dahp
hpil
ilhl
hlgt
gtlr
lr fp
fpff yfgo
yfgo bfjd 
bfjd 
`jblrjdfg dlpf`f pfsjlg stradl.

2
 

BFB JJ

PJGKF\FG ^\UPFDF
F. @lcj
@lcjgj
gjsj
sj Utr
Utrad
adll
Utradl hlrupfdfg plgyfdjt dragjd `fg elg`lrugo hlguku tfmfp
stf`juh ifgkut. ^f`f tfmfp stf`juh ifgkut `jbutumdfg plrfwftfg ugtud 
 plhlgumfg/plgoabftfg olkfif cjsjd, `udugofg tlrmf`fp dlbutumfg
 psjdaiaojs, sasjfi `fg spjrjtufi yfgo `jifdudfg `lgofg plg`ldftfg
jgtlr`jsjpijg
jgtlr`jsjpijg ftfu `jslbut
`jslbut slbfofj
slbfofj plrfwf
plrfwftfg
tfg  pfiijftjvl (Musgf, `dd `fifh
Hljifgj L., _fmyugj @., `fg Hfryftug U., 2>2>).
Utradl `fpft hlgylbfbdfg ofgooufg yfgo dahpild pf`f tubum
`fg dagsldu
dagsldulgs
lgsjj gloftj
gloftjcc bfo
bfojj pfsjlg
pfsjlg yfg
yfgo
o blrtfm
blrtfmfg
fg mj`up.
mj`up. Ulifjg
Ulifjg jtu,
jtu,
st
stra
radl
dl ku
kuof
of plgy
plgylb
lbfb
fb ut
utfh
fhff `jsfbjijty
`jsfbjijty   bfoj
bfoj plg`lr
plg`lrjtf
jtfgyf
gyf `fg bjfyf
 plgoabftfg yfgo eudup hfmfi slifhf plrfwftfg blrifgosugo
(Eifrdl,`fifh Musgf L., Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63).

B. Plr
Plrfpj
fpj Da
Dahpi
hpilhl
lhlgtl
gtlrr Bld
Bldfh
fh
Bldfh hlrupfd
hlrupfdfgfg efrf plgo
plgoabftfg
abftfg trf`jsjagfi
trf`jsjagfi yfg
yfgo
o hlhjijdj
hlhjijdj
 prjgsjp dlrkf hlgoliufrdfg `frfm `j frlf pugoougo slmjgoof`fpft
hlgylhbumdfg plgyfdjt (\hfr F., `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).Hfgcfft bldfh
f`fifm `fpft hlhblrsjmdfg tubum `frj rfeug-rfeug, hlgjgodftdfg fdtcjtfs
sfrfcc tuifgo
sfrf tuifgo blifdf
blifdfgo,
go, hlg
hlgoft
oftfsj
fsj ofg
ofgoou
ooufg
fg tldfgf
tldfgfg
g `fr
`frfm
fm yfgo
yfgo tj`fd 
tj`fd 
garhfi, hlgomjifgodfg rfsf pusjgo, dlkfgo-dlkfgo `fg dlrfh yfgo tlrkf`j
 pf`f atat (Cftfmjiifm `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).
Cugo
Cugosj
sj bldf
bldfh
h hl
hlgo
goli
liuf
ufrd
rdfg
fg `frf
`frfm
m plrh
plrhud
udff
ffg
g duij
duijtt yfgo
yfgo
hlgofg`ug
hlgofg`ugo
o rfeug
rfeug/tadsj
/tadsjg/zft
g/zft djhjf.Bldfhk
djhjf.Bldfhkuof
uof hlhjijdj
hlhjijdj hfgcfft
hfgcfft bfoj
tubum,
tubum, slplrt
slplrtjj bf`fg
bf`fg hlg
hlgkf`
kf`jj ilbjm
ilbjm slmft,
slmft, kuof
kuof tj`
tj`ur
ur hlg
hlgkf`
kf`jj gylgy
gylgyfd.
fd.
@lgofg
@lgofg dli
dliufr
ufrgyf
gyf `fr
`frfm
fm `fr
`frjj tjg
tjg`fd
`fdfg
fg plh
plhbld
bldfhf
fhfg
g fdf
fdfg
g `jjdut
`jjdutjj kuof
kuof
`l
`lg
gof
ofg
g dliuf
liufrg
rgy
yf bl
blb
blrfp
lrfpff zft
zft bl
blrb
rbfm
fmfy
fyf.
f.B
Bld
ldfh
fh hlgkf
lgkf`
`jd
jdfg
fg
hjdras
hjdrasjrd
jrduif
uifsj
sj plh
plhbui
buium
um `fr
`frfm
fm slm
slmjgo
jgoof
of tjhbui
tjhbui lcld rlifdsf
rlifdsfsj
sj pf`
pf`ff
atat.L
atat.Lcld
cldgyf
gyf hlg
hlgkf`
kf`jj hlrfsf
hlrfsf gyfhfg
gyfhfg `fg ilb
ilbjm
jm rjilds.
rjilds. Dlilbj
Dlilbjmfg
mfg `fr
`frjj
 bldfh dfrlgf tj`fd hlhjijdj lcld sfhpjgo (Gjifwftj `fifh Hljifgj L.,
_fmyugj @., `fg Hfryftug U., 2>2>).

5
 

Fifsfg
Fifsfg slsl
slslarf
arfgo
go hlhjijm
hlhjijm tlrfpj
tlrfpj bld
bldfh
fh dfr
dfrlgf
lgf pli
plifyf
fyfgfg
gfggyf
gyf..
F`ff ij
F` ijhf
hf cfdt
cfdtar
ar yf
yfgo
go `a
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hjgf
gfg
g yfgo
yfgo blrm
blrmub
ubug
ugof
ofg
g `l
`lgo
gofg
fg tj
tjgo
godf
dftt
dlpufs
dlpufsfg
fg slslarf
slslarfgo
go yfj
yfjtu;
tu;  Rlfbjijty (dlmf
(dlmfg`fif
g`fifg),
g),  Fssurfgel (kfhjgfg),
Pfgojbil (bud
(budtj
tjif
ifgo
gosu
sugo
go)) Lh
Lhpm
pmft
fty
y  Rlspagsjvlgsls (`fyf
(`fyf tfg
tfgoof
oofp)
p)
(Hugjgkfyf `fifh Hljifgj L., _fmyugj @., `fg Hfryftug U., 2>2>).
^lhb
^lhbld
ldfh
fhfg
fg fdfg
fdfg hl
hlrf
rfgo
gosf
sfgo
go syfr
syfrfc
fc `j plrh
plrhud
udff
ffg
g duij
duijt,
t,
dlhu`jfg `jifgkutdfg pf`f eargupastlrjar hl`uiif spjgfijs hlifiuj syfrfc 
F-`litf `fg E slrtf trfdtus spjgatmfifhus dl frfm tmfifhus yfgo fdfg
hlgomf
hlgomfsjid
sjidfg
fg lg`arp
lg`arpjg.
jg. Lg
Lg`ar
`arpjg
pjg jgj fdfg
fdfg hlh
hlhblr
blrjdf
jdfg
g lcld rlifdsf
rlifdsfsj
sj
yfgo hlgurugdfg stjhuius (Durgjf `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).Ulbfojfg blsfr 
arfgo
arfgo ifgosug
ifgosugo
o hlrfsf
hlrfsf slhbum
slhbum `fg slo
slofr
fr slkfd plrt
plrtfhf
fhf dfi
dfijj bldfh
bldfh
gfhug slbfojfg yfgo ifjg hlhbutumdfg tlrfpj bldfh ilbjm `frj sldfij
`fifh plrja`l tlrtlgtu (Zfsjg., UF `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).
^lhb
^lhbld
ldfh
fhfg
fg fdfg
fdfg hl
hlrf
rfgo
gosf
sfgo
go syfr
syfrfc
fc `j plrh
plrhud
udff
ffg
g duij
duijt,
t,
dlhu`jfg `jifgkutdfg pf`f eargupastlrjar hl`uiif spjgfijs hlifiuj syfrfc 
F-`litf `fg E slrtf trfdtus spjgatmfifhus dl frfm tmfifhus yfgo fdfg
hlgomf
hlgomfsjid
sjidfg
fg lg`arp
lg`arpjg.
jg. Lg
Lg`ar
`arpjg
pjg jgj fdfg
fdfg hlh
hlhblr
blrjdf
jdfg
g lcld rlifdsf
rlifdsfsj
sj
yf
yfgo
go hl
hlgu
guru
rugd
gdfg
fg st
stjh
jhui
uius
us.. ^l
^lgu
guru
rugf
gfg
g stj
stjhu
huiu
iuss dl Ujs
Ujstlh
tlh Fdtjvf
Fdtjvfsj
sj
 Rltjeuifr   (UFR
(UFR),
), dl
dlhu
hu`
`jf
jfg
g tlrk
tlrkf`
f`jj plgo
lgofh
fhb
bji
jifi
fijm
jmfg
fg ailm
ilm  Buibfr 
Uygemragjzj
UygemragjzjgoRl
goRlojag
ojag ( BUR)
B UR).. @f
@fhp
hpfd
fdgy
gyff f`
f`fif
fifm
m bj
bjsf
sf hlgy
hlgylb
lbfb
fbdf
dfg
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hlgo
hlgofg
fgtu
tud
d `fg
`fg tj
tj`u
`urr gylg
gylgyf
yfd.
d.Pj
Pj`u
`urr hlru
hlrupf
pfdf
dfg
g suft
suftu
u dlf`
dlf`ff
ffg
g
 plrubfmfgdlsf`frfg ftfu dltj`fdsf`frfg sltjfp jg`jvj`u yfgo hfsjm `fpft
`jbfgougdfg (@arifg G., `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).
Pj`ur hlrupfdfg efrf ugtud hlilpfsdfg dlilifmfg kfshfgj `fg
dlilif
dlilifmfg
mfg hlgtfi
hlgtfi.. Ulh
Ulhuf
uf jrfhf
jrfhf dlm
dlmj`u
j`upfg
pfg `jhuif
`jhuifjj `frj
`frj bfgoug
bfgoug tj`
tj`ur 
ur 
`jpfoj mfrj sfhpfj tj`ur `jwfdtu hfifh mfrj slsufj `lgofg ratfsj wfdtu
`fifh sjdius 20 kfh `jslbut jrfhf sjrdf`jfg.^usft dagtraigyf `j vlgtrfi
fg
fgtl
tlrj
rjar
ar my
mypa
patm
tmfi
fifh
fhus
us sl`
sl`fg
fgod
odfg
fg pu
pusft
sft tj
tj`u
`urr subs
substf
tfgs
gsjf
jf vl
vlgt
gtrj
rjdu
duia
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rltjduifrjs
rltjduifrjs hl`uif
hl`uif abiag
abiagoftf.
oftf. Ul`fg
Ul`fgodfg
odfg pusft plgo
plgoouofm
ouofm (furasfi stftl)
yfgo blrcu
blrcugosjh
gosjhlgomj
lgomjifgod
ifgodfg
fg sjgdr
sjgdragjsf
agjsfsj
sj ftfu `lsjgdragjsf
`lsjgdragjsfsj
sj tlriltf
tlriltfd 
d 
 pf`f bfojfg rastrfihl`uif abiagoftf (Kfpfr`j J., `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).
2>2>).

0
 

E. Abft
Abft Ml
Mlrb
rbfi
fi
Mjplrtlgsj hlgkf`j cfdtar prl`jspasjsj stradl tlrbfgyfd slmjgoof
hlgylbfbdfg slrfgodfjfg plrubfmfg pf`f sjstlh dfr`javfsduilr tlrhfsud 
sjrduifsj slrlbrfi (_ari` Mlfrt Cl`lrftjag `fifh Rftgfwftj `dd, 2>2>).
\kj dijgjd plgoougffg mlrbfi slbfofj sfifm sftu ha`fijtfs tlrfpj
 pfsef stradl tlifm bfgyfd `jifdudfg `j Emjgf. ^lgoougffg mlrbfi slefrf
lhpjrjs
lhpjrjs slbfof
slbfofjj plrfwf
plrfwftfg
tfg stradl `fpft `jtlhu
`jtlhudfg
dfg ilbjm iufs ifoj `j`ugjf
`j`ugjf
tlrhfsud Jg`aglsjf. Carhuif kfhu slbfofj plrfwftfg pfsef stradl yfgo `j
ougfdfg `j RRK hlgofg`ugo `jfgtfrfgyf slil`rj yfgo hlhjijdj fdtjvjtfs
fgtjmjplrtlgsj (@jfgft `dd., `fifh Rftgfwftj `dd, 2>2>).
Dfg`ugofg Fpjolgjg `fifh slil`rj hlhjijdj fdtjvtfs vfsarlifdsfg
hlifiu
hlifiujj hldfgj
hldfgjshl
shl plg
plgomf
omfhbf
hbftfg
tfg gagspls
gagsplsjcj
jcjd
d `fr
`frjj fdtjvj
fdtjvjtfs
tfs hjtaolg-
fetjvftl` pratljg djgfsls (HLD) `fg fdtjvjtfs Rma-djgfsl (Kl, Djh, & If
`fifh Rjsgfwftj `dd, 2>2>).
Bfwf
Bfwfgo
go pu
putj
tjm
m hlhj
hlhjijd
ijdjj lcld
lcld cfrh
cfrhfd
fdai
aiao
aojj slbfo
slbfofj
fj  Fgojatlgsjg
Eagvlrtjgo Lgzyhl (FEL) jgmjbjtar. Fiijejg lcldtjc hlgomfifgoj fdtjvjtfs
fgojatlgsjg   ― JJ slmjg
fgojatlgsjg slmjgoo
ooff bl
blrh
rhfg
fgcf
cfft
ft hlgo
hlgoft
ftfsj
fsj vf
vfsa
sada
dags
gstr
trjd
jdsj
sj `fg
`fg
hlguru
hlgurugdf
gdfg
g df`
df`fr
fr fi`ast
fi`astlra
lrag
g (Ijgoo
(Ijgooff I., `fifh
`fifh Dfr
Dfrtjd
tjdfsfr
fsfrjj F., `fg
Pkadraprfgata R., 2>65).
Bfwf
Bfwfgo
go pu
putj
tjm
m hlgo
hlgofg
fg`u
`ugo
go slilg
slilgju
juh
h yf
yfgo
go blrp
blrplr
lrfg
fg slb
slbfo
fofj
fj
fgtjadsj`fg `j `fifh tubum hfgusjf. Ulilgjuh hlrupfdfg dacfdtar `frj
 oiutftmjagl plraxj`fsl,
plraxj`fsl, yfdgj sfifm sftu lgzjh fgtjadsj`fg. Bfwfgo putjm
tj`fd mfgyf dfyf fdfg slilgjuh, tltfpj kuof hjglrfi ifjg, yfdgj hfgofg.
Hfgofg kuof blrcugosj slbfofj dacfdtar `frj lgzjh fgtjadsj`fg ifjggyf,
hjsf
hjsfig
igyf
yf  suplraxj`l `jshutfsl(He^mll
`jshutfsl(He^mll UK., `fifh Dfrtjdfsfrj F., `fg
Pkadraprfgata R., 2>65).

<
 

BFB JJJ

^LG\P\^

F. Dlsj
Dlsjhp
hpui
uifg
fg
Utradl hlrupfdfg plgyfdjt dragjd yfgo hlgofifhj plgjgodftfg
sjogjcjdfg pf`f hfsyfrfdft dfrlgf plrubfmfg paif hfdfg, ofyf mj`up `fg
 plgjgodftfg strlsar
strls ar yfgo eudup tjgooj ((Bifed
Bifed & Mfwds, `fifh Musgf L.,
Ultjfwfg., `fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63). Utradl `fpft hlgylbfbdfg ofgooufg
yfgo
yfgo dahpil
dahpild
d pf`f
pf`f tub
tubum
um `fg dagsld
dagsldulg
ulgsj
sj glo
gloftj
ftjcc bfo
bfojj pfsjlg
pfsjlg yfgo
yfgo
 blrtfmfg mj`up (Eifrdl,`fifh Musgf L., Ultjfwfg., `fg
`fg Pfrjofg R., 2>63).
Bldfh hlrupfd
hlrupfdfg
fg efrf plgo
plgoabftfg
abftfg trf`jsjagfi
trf`jsjagfi yfg
yfgo
o hlhjijdj
hlhjijdj
 prjgsjp dlrkf hlgoliufrdfg `frfm `j frlf pugoougo slmjgoof`fpft
hlgylh
hlgylhbum
bumdfg
dfg plgyfd
plgyfdjt
jt (\hfr
(\hfr F., `fi
`fifh
fh Hjf `dd
`dd,, 2>2>).
2>2>). Hfg
Hfgcfft
cfft
 bldfh f`fifm `fpft hlhblrsjmdfg tubum `frj rfeug-rfeug, hlgjgodftdfg
fdtcjtfs sfrfc tuifgo blifdfgo, hlgoftfsj ofgooufg tldfgfg `frfm yfgo
tj`fd garhfi, hlgomjifgodfg rfsf pusjgo, dlkfgo-dlkfgo `fg dlrfh yfgo
tlrkf`j pf`f atat (Cftfmjiifm `fifh Hjf `dd, 2>2>).

B. Ufrfg
Ulhaof `lgofg f`fgyf hfdfifm tlrfpj dahpilhlgtlr pf`f pfsjlg
stradl jgj plhbfef bjsf hlifdudfg ftfu hlglrfpdfg tlrfpj dahpilhlgtlr 
dlpf`f pfsjlg stradl.

3
 

@FCPFR ^\UPFDF

Musg
Musgff L.
L.,, Ul
Ultj
tjfw
fwfg
fg.,
., `f
`fg
g Pf
Pfrjo
rjofg
fg R. (2>6
(2>63).
3). ^l
^lgo
gofi
fifh
fhfg
fg ^l
^lrf
rfwf
wftt @fif
@fifh
h
Hlglrfpdfg Plrfpj Eahpilhlgt
Eahpilhlgtfry
fry Fitlrgftjvl
Fitlrgftjvl Hl`jejgl ^f`f ^fsjlg

Utradl @j Uuhftlrf Bfrft. Sai. 62 Ga 6. Glrs Kurgfi Dlplrfwftfg.

Dfrtj
Dfrtjdf
dfsfr
sfrjj F.
F.,, `f
`fg
g Pk
Pkad
adra
rapr
prfg
fgat
ata
a R.,
R., (2>6
(2>65)
5).. Lcld
Lcld Bf
Bfwf
wfgo
go ^utj
^utjm
m ( Fiijuh
 sftjvjuh Ijgg) Plrmf`fp ^lgurugfg Pldfgfg @frfm

Hljifgj L., _fmyugj @., `fg Hfryftug U. (2>2>). ^lgofifhfg ^fsjlg Utradl
Hlgoougfd
Hlgoougfdfg
fg Plrfpj Bldfh Pml Lxplrjlgel Ac Utradl ^ftjlgts \sjgo 
Euppjgo Pmlrfpy .

Hjf `dd. (2>2>). Bldfh Blrplgofrum Plrmf`fp Dufijtfs Pj`ur ^f`f ^lg`lrjtf
Utradl Euppjgo Fcclet Pml qufijty Ac Uillp Jg Utradl ^ftjlgts

Rjsgfwftj `dd. (2>2>). Lcldtjvjtfs Kfhu \gtud ^lrfwftfg ^fsef Utradl @j Ruhfm
Rjsl
Rjsltt Kfh
Kfhu
u (RRK
(RRK)) Mart
Martus
us Hl`j
Hl`jeu
euss Pfwf
Pfwfgo
gohf
hfgo
gou.
u. Kurg
Kurgfi
fi Cf
Cfrh
rhfsj
fsj
\`fyfgf