LDUBLIF^L KFO UGO[LO@O\F GAU KFBFD UQFI[LI IGALKFOFO,

UQLO^LU KFO BFO@IFM KFBFD GXLKFONG AF^GK DLKPLHGQ\ NFQG

Klfjuifo Wotui Dgdgouml ^fbfm ^ftu [u`fs Dftf Iublfm [gdf 67 Dgtckg Qlsgt
Igalkfofo

Kcsgo Ugdaldalo` : Blof Mfryfol, D. Iga

Klsusuo Cbgm :

Igbcdpci 1

F`ogs ^fbsfalbbf >6;66=558

 Ofokf Mudflrcm Mfsof >6;66=550

Kl
Klol
ol Dglb
Dglbfo
foll Mgrv
Mgrvgr
grll >6;6
>6;66=
6=55
55=
=

Folsf Iurolf Qfdkmlol >6;66=55<

Kgblf
lfo
ol Qfdfkmfotl >6;66=565

UQC@QFD ^[WKL ^FQJFOF KFO UQCHG^L ALKFO

^[LIG^ JGKGQFB FNMDFK \FOL NLDFML

1515
 

IF[F UGO@FO[FQ 

Uujl syuiur ifdl pgojftifo igmfklrft Fbbfm ^P[, yfo` ftfs rfmdft-Oyf sgmlo``f
ifdl kfpft dgoygbgsflifo pgoyusuofo dfifbfm yfo` agrjukub ‒Ldpblifsl Kfo Ugotlo`oyf
GAU
GAU Kfbf
Kfbfd
d Ur
Urfi
fitl
tli
i Igal
Igalkf
kfof
ofo,
o, Ur
Urlo
losl
slp
p Kfo
Kfo Bf
Bfo`
o`if
ifm
m Kfbf
Kfbfd
d Gv
Gvlk
lkfo
fong
ng Af
Afsg
sgk
k
Dlkwlhgry Nfrg—. Ugoyusuofo dfifbfm lol dgrupfifo sfbfm sftu tu`fs yfo` klagrlifo
kfbfd Dftf Iublfm Mcblstln Nfrg Igalkfofo kl ^[LIgs Jgokgrfb Fnmdfk \fol Nldfml.

Kfbfd Ugoyusuofo dfifbfm lol ifdl dgrfsf dfslm afoyfi igiurfo`fo afli pfkf
tgiols pgoublsfo dfupuo dftgrl, dgo`lo`ft fifo igdfdpufo yfo` ifdl dlblil. Wotui ltu,
irltli kfo sfrfo kfrl sgduf plmfi sfo`ft ifdl mfrfpifo kgdl pgoygdpuroffo pgoyusuofo
dfifbfm lol

Kfbfd pgoyusuofo
pgoyusuofo dfifbfm
dfifbfm lol tld pgoyusuo
pgoyusuo dgoyfdpfli
dgoyfdpflifo
fo unfpfo
unfpfo tgrldf
tgrldf ifslm
yfo` sgagsfr-agsfroyf igpfkf plmfi-plmfi yfo` dgdafotu kfbfd dgoygbgsflifo dfifbfm
lol, imususoyf igpfkf Kcsgo ifdl yfo` tgbfm dgdagrlifo tu`fs kfo pgtuojui igpfkf ifdl,
sgmlo``f ifdl kfpft dgoygbgsflifo tu`fs lol.

Nldfml, Kgsgdagr 1515

Ugoyusuo

 
 KFH[FQ L^L

IF[F UGO@FO[FQ ..................................................................................................l
..................................................................................................l
KFH[FQ L^L................................................................................................................ll
AFA L............................................................................................................................6
UGOKFMWBWFO........................................................................................................6
F. Bftfr Agbfifo`.....
Agbfifo`............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
..............6
........6
A. Qudusfo
Qudusfo Dfsfbfm....
Dfsfbfm..........
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
...........6
....6
N. [ujufo Ugoublsfo
Ugoublsfo.......
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
...................
.............................1
................1
AFA LL...........................................................................................................................>
UGDAFMF^FO...........................................................................................................>
F. Ldpblifsl
Ldpblifsl Kfo Ugotlo`oyf
Ugotlo`oyf Gap Kfbfd
Kfbfd Urfitli
Urfitli Igalkfo
Igalkfofo...........
fo................................>
.....................>
A. Urloslp
Urloslp Kfo
Kfo Bfo`ifm
Bfo`ifm Kfbfd Gvlkfong
Gvlkfong Afsgk
Afsgk Dlkwlh
Dlkwlhgry
gry Nfrg.........................=
Nfrg.........................=
AFA LLL.......................................................................................................................68
UGOW[WU..................................................................................................................68
F. Igsldpubfo.
Igsldpubfo........
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.....................68
...............68
A. ^frfo........
^frfo...............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
........................60
.................60
KFH[FQ UW^[FIF................................................................................................6=

ll

 
 AFA L

UGOKFMWBWFO

F. Bftf
Bftfrr Agbfi
Agbfifo
fo`
`
Gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng (GAU) fkfbfm sgaufm prcsgs yfo` fifo dgdafotu
tgof`f igsgmftfo f`fr dfdpu uptckftg ftfu nfrf f`fr dfdpu dgdpgrcbgm lohcrdfsl
tgrafru yfo` kfpft dgojfkl afmfo uotui dgdauft igputusfo iblols yfo` ghgitlh kfo
ghlslgo sgmlo``f kfpft dgdagrlifo pgrfwftfo tgrafli igpfkf pfslgo (Dfnogg, 1566).
^gkfo`
^gkfo`ifo
ifo dgo
dgouru
urutt (Acstw
(Acstwlni
lni,, 156>)
156>) gv
gvlkg
lkgong
ong afsgk
afsgk prf
prfntl
ntlng
ng fkfbfm
fkfbfm
stfrftg`l uotui dgdpgrcbfm pgo`gtfmufo kfo silbb uotui alsf dgolo`iftifo tlo`ifm
bfiu yfo` pcsltlh
pcsltlh sgmlo``f alsf dgogrfpfif
dgogrfpfifo
o GAU klkfbfd prfitli. Kfrl igkuf
 pgo`grtlfo GAU tgrsgaut kfpft klpfmfdl afmwf gvlkfong afsgk prfntlng dgrupfifo
suftu strftg`l uotui dgokfpftifo iocwbgk`g ftfu pgo`gtfmufo tgrafru agrkfsfrifo
gvlkgong ftfu auitl yfo` jgbfs kfo rgbgvfo uotui dgdauft igputusfo iblols yfo`
ghgitlh
ghgitlh kfo dgolo`ifti
dgolo`iftifo
fo silbb
silbb kfbfd
kfbfd prfitli
prfitli iblols
iblols `uof dgolo`iftifo
dgolo`iftifo iufbltfs
iufbltfs
igsgmftfo pfslgo. [ujufo GAU fkfbfm dgdagrl fbft, agrkfsfrifo auitl-auitl-auitl
tgrafli yfo` fkf, uotui dgong`fm, dgokgtgisl kfo dgofo`fol `fo``ufo igsgmftfo
kfo igprlafklfo
igprlafklfo (^tcut & Mfygs,
Mfygs, 1557 & Mfyogs,
Mfyogs, 6<<=). Frtloyf afmwf kfbfd
dgdlblm
dgdlblm suftu pgokgiftfo
pgokgiftfo pgo`caftf
pgo`caftfo
o kfo igprl
igprlafkl
afklfo,
fo, iltf mgokfioyf
mgokfioyf sgnfrf
gdplrls dgblmft-blmft ifjlfo pgogbltlfo yfo` tgbfm klvfblkfslifo sgnfrf gdplrls yfo`
dgouojuiifo igghgitlhfo suftu pgokgiftfo tgrfpl tgrtgotu pfkf klrl loklvlku tgrtgotu.

A. Qu
Qudu
dusf
sfo
o Dfsf
Dfsfbf
bfm
m
Agrkfs
Agrkfsfri
frifo
fo bftfr
bftfr agbfif
agbfifo`
o` kl ftfs,
ftfs, dfif
dfif uotui
uotui dgd
dgdpgr
pgrduk
dukfm
fm pgoubl
pgoublsfo
sfo,,
 pgoubls dgrudusifo dfsfbfm-dfsfbfm
dfsfbfm-dfsfbfm pcici yfo` fifo klafmfs sgaf`fl a
agrliut
grliut :
6. Fpf yfo`
yfo` kldfisuk
kldfisuk kgo`fo
kgo`fo ldpbli
ldpblifsl
fsl kfo pgotlo`oy
pgotlo`oyff gap kfbfd
kfbfd prfitli
prfitli
igalkfofo3
1. Fpf yfo`
yfo` kldfisuk
kldfisuk kgo`fo
kgo`fo prloslp
prloslp kfo
kfo bfo`ifm
bfo`ifm kfb
kfbfd
fd gvlk
gvlkfong
fong afsgk
afsgk
dlkwlhgry nfrg3

N. [ujuf
[ujufo
o Ugou
Ugoubls
blsfo
fo
Wotui dgo`mfslbifo mfslb yfo` bgalm tgrfrfm, dfif klpgrbuifo fkfoyf tujufo
kfrl pgoublsfo ifrfo`fo lbdlfm lol. Fkfpuo tujufo kfrl pgoublsfo ifrfo`fo lbdlfm lol
fkfbfm sgaf`fl agrliut :
 6. Wotui dgo`gtfmul dfisuk kfrl ldpblifsl kfo pgotlo`oyf gap kfbfd prfitli
igalkfofo.

1. Wotui dgo`gtfmul dfisuk kfrl prloslp kfo bfo`ifm kfbfd gvlkfong afsgk
dlkwlhgry nfrg.

AFA LL

UGDAFMF^FO

F. Ldpblifs
Ldpblifsll Kfo Ugotlo`oy
Ugotlo`oyf
f Gap Kfbfd Urfitli
Urfitli Igalkfof
Igalkfofo
o
Ifrgof GAU fkfbfm agotui pgrlbfiu tgriflt tujufo, ifdl dgo`fturoyf
tlojfufo ifdl dgo``uofifo lotg`rfsl tgcrl Fjzgo (6<<6) tgotfo` pgrlbfiu tgrgonfof
 kf
kfo
o tg
tgcr
crll pg
pgrl
rlbf
bfiu
iu tg
tgdp
dpft
ft ig
igrj
rjff Xrcc
Xrccd
d (6<8
(6<8;)
;).. Igrf
Igrfo`
o`if
if ig
igrj
rjff tg
tgrl
rlot
otg`
g`rf
rfsl
sl
igdfdpufo,
igdfdpufo, dctlvfsl,
dctlvfsl, pgbuf
pgbufo`
o` (FDC) agr`uof
agr`uof uotu
uotui
i dgo``fdafr
dgo``fdafrifo
ifo pgrlbfiu
pgrlbfiu
yfo` agrmuauo`fo kgo`fo tgdpft igrjf (dlsfboyf, Mu`mgs 1550, Ugtty & Nfnlcppc
6<=8). Igrfo`if igrjf lol dgdafotu dgojgbfsifo dgo`fpf crfo` dgo`fkcpsl ftfu
tlk
tlkfi
fi dgo
dgo`fk
`fkcps
cpsll GAU sgaf`f
sgaf`fll huo`sl
huo`sl kfrl
kfrl igdfdp
igdfdpufo
ufo,, dctlv
dctlvfsl
fsl,, kfo pgbufo
pgbufo`
`
dgrgif uotui tgrblaft kfbfd fitlvltfs tgriflt GAU.
6. Ig
Igdf
dfdp
dpuf
ufo
o uo
uotu
tui
i Agrb
Agrbft
ftlm
lm
Ugo``u
Ugo``uoff
offo
o GAU yf
yfo`
o` ghgit
ghgitlh
lh dgdaut
dgdautumi
umifo
fo lok
loklv
lvlku
lku uotui
uotui dgdlbl
dgdlblil
il
icdpgtgosl kfsfr kfo huo`slcofb. Icdpgtgosl kfsfr fkfbfm igtgrfdplbfo udud
kfo pgo
pgo`gt
`gtfmu
fmufo
fo yfo`
yfo` klautu
klautumif
mifo
o uotui
uotui tgrbla
tgrblaft
ft kfbfd
kfbfd sg
sgduf
duf fsp
fspgi
gi GAU.
GAU.
Icdpgtgosl huo`slcofb fkfbfm igtgrfdplbfo kfo pgo`gtfmufo imusus yfo` tgriflt
kgo`fo fitlvltfs GAU yfo` tgrplsfm, sgpgrtl pgonfrlfo auitl kfo pgolbflfo irltls.
Icdpg
Icdpgtgo
tgosl
sl kfsfr
kfsfr GAU dgonfi
dgonfiup
up ifpfsl
ifpfsltfs
tfs uotui
uotui agrpli
agrplilr
lr irltls
irltls kfo
kcdflooyf
kcdflooyf ftfu pgo`gtfmufo
pgo`gtfmufo tgiols
tgiols yfo` klpgrcbgm
klpgrcbgm dgbfbu
dgbfbull pgoklklif
pgoklklifo
o kfo
 pgo`fbfdfo prfitli kl alkfo` tgrtgotu (^fnigtt 1555). Agrplilr irltls fkfbfm
 prcsgs klslpblo lotgbgitufb uotui sgnfrf fitlh kfo tgrfdplb dgdauft icosgp,
dgo`fofblsls, dgo`gvfbufsl, kfo dgoslotgsls lohcrdfsl sgaf`fl pfokufo uotui 
igyfilofo kfo tlokfifo (Hfnlcog & Hfnlcog 155=, Urchgttc Dn@rftm 1557). Lol
dgongrdloifo ifpfsltfs uotui agrplilr tlo`ift tlo``l, tgrdfsui rghbgisl pfkf
 pgdlilrfo kfo pgo`fbfdfo sgsgcrfo`, gvfbufsl lohcrdfsl, kfo pgdlilrfo
mlpctgtls tgotfo` fbtgroftlh. Ifrgof pgo`fdftfo loklvlku kfo dckgb dgotfb alsf
 jfkl f`fi tlkfi fiurft ftfu tlkfi bgo`ifp, prfitlsl yfo` kfpft dgdpgrmftlifo
ig
igtl
tlkf
kfis
isgs
gsuf
uflf
lfo
o kf
kfo
o dckg
dckgbb dgotf
dgotfbb fb
fbtg
tgro
roft
ftlh
lh bg
bgal
alm
m df
dfdp
dpu
u dg
dgon
onfr
frll kf
kfo
o
dgdfmfdl
dgdfmfdl rufo` dfsfbfm. Ifrgof
Ifrgof lokl
loklvlku
vlku tfdpfioyf dgo`fbfdl
dgo`fbfdl igsubltfo
igsubltfo

>

dgo``uofi
dgo``uofifo
fo bgalm
bgalm kfrl sftu dckgb dgotfb pfkf sftu wfitu, af`fldfo
af`fldfofpuo
fpuo,,
igdfdpufo
igdfdpufo uotui
uotui dgdpgrtlda
dgdpgrtldafo`i
fo`ifo
fo agagrfpf
agagrfpf dckgb dgotf
dgotfbb dgdautumif
dgdautumifo
o
loklvlku uotui dgo`fkcpsl stfokfr irltls uotui dgo`mlokfrl mfoyf dgogrldf
dckgb dgotfb pgrtfdf
pgrtfdf yfo` dgdagrlifo
dgdagrlifo jfwfafo
jfwfafo yfo` dloldfb dgdufsifo
dgdufsifo
(^ldco 6<<5) . Filaftoyf, pgdlilrfo irltls dgdfisfifo stfokfr pfkf pgdlilrfo
sgsgcrfo` uotui dgo`urfo`l alfs kfo klstcrsl sgrtf dgolo`iftifo igbgo`ifpfo
lohcrdfsl yfo` tgrsgklf. Kgo`fo kgdlilfo, igduo`ilofo fifo dgdafotu prcsgs
GAU kfbfd dgo`fjuifo pgrtfoyffo tgriflt prfitli kfo dgo`fkfptfsl auitl ig
 prfitli (Urchgttc-Dn@rftm
(Urchgttc-Dn@rftm 1557).
Agrplilr irltls agrmuauo`fo pcsltlh kgo`fo ilogrjf fifkgdls (Icwfbsil &
[fybcr 155<). Kgoogy (6<<7) dgo`fdftl afmwf tfdpfioyf dgolo`ift sglrlo`
  agrtfdafmoyf uslf, sgtlkfioyf kl fotfrf crfo`-crfo` yfo` agrpgoklklifo
agrpgoklklifo..
Agagrfpf auitl kfrl igpgrfwftfo dgouojuiifo afmwf pgbftlmfo kfbfd prcsgs
 agrplilr kfpft dgolo`iftifo pgdlilrfo irltls (dlsfboyf, Fbbgo gt fb.155;).
^gafblioyf, igtlif loklvlku slaui ftfu igbgalmfo ic`oltlh, igdfdpufo dgrgif
uotui agrplilr irltls kfpft tgr`fo``u (Alttogr & @rfvblo 155<). [lo`ift irltls
yfo` rgokfm agrplilr sgsufl kgo`fo rgfblsdg ofãvg (Blblgohgbk gt fb. 155=), kl
dfof loklvlku tlkfi rghbgitlh dgogrldf dckgb dgotfb fwfb yfo` klplnu cbgm
 pgo`fbfdfo sgcbfm-cbfm tlkfi fkf igsfbfmfo kfbfd pgrsgpsl. Ugdlilrfo irltls
yfo` tlkfi dgdfkfl klifltifo kgo`fo prghgrgosl uotui igputusfo lotultlh (Kfwgs
155=)
155=) kfo prghgr
prghgrgos
gosll uotui
uotui lo
lotul
tulsl
sl ftfs
ftfs auitl
auitl lbdlfm
lbdlfm (bl
(blm.
m. Ml`mmc
Ml`mmcusg
usg 155=,
155=,
Blblgohgbk gt fb. 155=). Icdpgtgosl kfsfr bflo uotui GAU fkfbfm kcdflo ftfu
 pgo`gtfmufo tgiols ‛ dls., ^pgslhli pgo`gtfmufo kfo igtgrfdplbfo prcsgkurfb
yfo`
yfo` tgrifl
tgrifltt kgo`fo
kgo`fo alkfo`
alkfo` prfit
prfitli
li prchgs
prchgslco
lcofb,
fb, sgsufl
sgsufl kgo
kgo`fo
`fo icostr
icostruis
uisll
 pslicbc`ls igfmblfo (Grlnssco & Bgmdfoo 6<<8). Ugotlo` kfbfd klrloyf sgoklrl
uo
uotu
tui
i dgon
dgonfp
fpfl
fl kf
kfo
o dgdp
dgdpgr
grtf
tfmf
mfoi
oifo
fo if
ifrl
rlgr
gr prch
prchgs
gslc
lcof
ofbb yf
yfo`
o` suis
suisgs
gs,,
 pgo`gtfmufo kcdflo ju`f dgdhfslbltfsl pgdlilrfo irltls yfo` dgokfsfrl GAU,
kfo igkufo
igkufoyf
yf duo
duo`il
`ilo
o sfblo`
sfblo` dgdpgr
dgdpgriuf
iuftt (Aflbl
(Aflblo
o 1551).
1551). ^gn
^gnfrf
frf imu
imusus
sus,,
 pgo`gtfmufo kcdflo dgdafotu prfitlsl
prfitlsl dgo`gofbl lohcrdfsl yfo` tl
tlkfi
kfi bgo`ifp,
dgo`gvfbufsl auitl iufbltfs, kfo dgofhslrifo auitl afru (Grlnssco & Bgmdfoo
6<<8).
6<<8). ^gnfrf bgalm udud,
udud, pgo`gtfmu
pgo`gtfmufo
fo kcdflo
kcdflo dgoygklfi
dgoygklfifo
fo dckgb
dckgb dgotf
dgotfbb

yfo`
yfo` kfpft
kfpft dgd
dgdhfs
hfslbl
lbltfs
tfsll igsldp
igsldpubf
ubfo
o yfo`
yfo` sgsufl
sgsufl dgo`go
dgo`gofl
fl dfs
dfsfbf
fbfm
m kfo
dgdafotu prfitlsl dgolbfl rgbgvfosl auitl.
1. Dc
Dctl
tlvf
vfsl
sl uotu
uotui
i Agr
Agrbf
bftl
tlm
m
Dctlvfsl, kcrco`fo uotui tgrblaft kfbfd pgrlbfiu tgrtgotu, dgrupfifo huo`sl
kfrl tl`f igyfilofo loklvlku (Fjzgo 6<<6). Igyfilofo pgrlbfiu dgwfilbl slifp
yfo` dgo`uotuo
dgo`uotuo`ifo
`ifo ftfu tlkfi
tlkfi dgo`uotuo
dgo`uotuo`ifo
`ifo tgrm
tgrmfkfp
fkfp pgrlbfiu,
pgrlbfiu, icot
icotrcb
rcb
 pgrlbfiu yfo` klrfsfifo dgongrdloifo igyfilofo loklvlku afmwf klf dfdpu
 agrpgrlbfiu, kfo igyfilofo ocrdftlh dgongrdloifo ocrdf-ocrdf scslfb yfo`
klpgrsgpslifo dgo`gofl igsfdffo pgrlbfiu.Olft loklvlku uotui dgbfiuifo suftu
 pgrlbfiu pfkf ududoyf klmfrfpifo dgojfkl yfo` pfblo` iuft igtlif igtl`f
igyfilofo tgrsgaut tlo``l (Fjzgo 6<<6).
Igyfilofo pgrlbfiu dgongrdloifo sgjfum dfof suftu pgrlbfiu klpfokfo`
 agrdfohfft. Kfyf tfrli GAU tgbfm klifltifo kgo`fo igyfilofo fifo dfohfftoyf
(Ffrcos 155;). Urfitlsl yfo` dgdlblil tgriflt GAU pgo`gtfmufo bgalm duo`ilo
uotui dgblmftoyf sgaf`fl sgsuftu yfo` agrdfohfft (dlsfboyf, Jgttg gt fb. 155>,
 Dgboyi gt fb. 155;). Kldfof pgo`gofbfo GAU sgnfrf gicocdls ftfu pslicbc`ls
dgru`lifo prfitlsl kfbfd agagrfpf nfrf, ltu bgalm duo`ilo uotui kltcbfi (Fjzgo
6<<6).
6<<6). Mfoyf
Mfoyf dgo`mgot
dgo`mgotlifo
lifo prfitli
prfitli agrafsls
agrafsls oco-auit
oco-auitll ngokgruo`
ngokgruo` bgal
bgalm
m sublt
sublt
kfrlpfkf dgo``fotloyf kgo`fo prfitli agrafsls auitl yfo` dgdafwf dfohfft
 af`l pgo``uof (Aftgs gt fb. 155>). Dlsfboyf, dfofjgr ngokgruo` dgocbfi 
dgo`liutl prfitli pgrgirutfo tgrstruitur yfo` mfoyf dgo`urfo`l igokfbl dgrgif
ftfs slfpf yfo` klpgigrjfifo (Aczlcogbcs 1557). Alfyf sgpgrtl ltu af`l prfitlsl
sgrlo` ifbl dgdauft lotgrvgosl tlo`ift tlo``l kfo prcsgs ldpbgdgotfsl yfo` bgalm
icdpbgis klpgrbuifo uotui dgbfiuifo trfoslsl ig GAU (Aftgs gt fb. 155>).
Dgdlblil
Dgdlblil dgotcr
dgotcr GAU dgolo
dgolo`ifti
`iftifo
fo pgrsgpsl
pgrsgpsl dfohfft,
dfohfft, pgo`gtfmu
pgo`gtfmufo,
fo, kfo
 prfitli GAU (Dgboyi gt fb. 155;). Muauo`fo kgo`fo pgdldplo cplol GAU yfo`
klsuifl kl bufr cr`folsfsl ju`f dgolo`iftifo dfohfft yfo` klrfsfifo kfrl GAU
kf
kfo
o dgolo
dgolo`i
`ift
ftif
ifo
o ig
igtg
tgra
raui
uiff
ffo
o crfo
crfo`
` tg
tgrm
rmfk
fkfp
fp locv
locvfs
fsl,
l, klsp
klspcs
csls
lsll yf
yfo`
o`
 agricotrlausl pfkf slifp GAU yfo` pcsltlh (Ffrcos 155;). Urfitlsl yfo` bgalm tuf
yfo`
yfo` kftfo`
kftfo` kfr
kfrll us
uslf
lf sgagbu
sgagbud
d GAU ngokgr
ngokgruo`
uo` bga
bgalm
lm sigpt
sigptls
ls kfo dgd
dgdlbl
lblil
il
 pgdfmfdfo yfo` agragkf tgotfo` auitl klafoklo`ifo prfitlsl yfo` bgalm dukf

(Ffrcos & ^fwltziy 1558), yfo` duo`ilo agricotrlausl pfkf tgdufo afmwf
 pgo`fbfdfo agrmuauo`fo og`ftlh kgo`fo igpftumfo pgkcdfo (Nmcukmry gt fb.
1557)
1557) . Fpf
Fpf puo su
sudag
dagroy
royf,
f, igy
igyfil
filofo
ofo pgrlbf
pgrlbfiu
iu afm
afmwf
wf GAU agrdfo
agrdfohff
hfftt
 agricotrlausl pfkf
pfkf fkcpsl fitlhoyf.
 Ocrdf tgriflt GAU, sgrtf igyfilofo dctlvfsl bflooyf, klagotui cbgm
cr`fol
cr`folsfs
sfsll yfo`
yfo` bufs
bufs kfo / ftfu
ftfu aukfyf
aukfyf igbgda
igbgdaf`
f`ffo
ffo.. Igtlif
Igtlif pgrtfd
pgrtfdff ifbl
ifbl
klfkcpsl kfbfd suftu alkfo`, GAU dgogifoifo pfkf lbdlfm iufbltfs auitl kfo
 auitl kfpft dgo`faflifo pgo`fbfdfo prfitli. Ufkf tfmuo-tfmuo fwfboyf,
dlsfboyf, prctcicb kfo pgkcdfo pgo`caftfo agrafsls auitl klgjgi sgaf`fl "caft

 auiu dfsfi" (BfUfl`g 155<). Kgo`fo nfrf yfo` sfdf, pgo`gofbfo GAU pfkf
fwfboyf
fwfboyf kfpft dgo`fonfd
dgo`fonfd lkgotltfs
lkgotltfs prchgslco
prchgslcofb
fb prfitlsl
prfitlsl (dlsfboyf,
(dlsfboyf, "Dgourut
"Dgourut
Fokf pcblsl icrup"9 ^mgrdfo 1551) ftfu pgrfsffo dfofjgr klrl sgaf`fl pgdauft
igputusfo
igputusfo yfo` icdpgtgo
icdpgtgo (Ml`mmcu
(Ml`mmcusg
sg 155=).
155=). Ugofo``ub
Ugofo``ubfo`fo
fo`fo yfo` sfo`ft
sfo`ft
 pgotlo` hcrng fkfbfm kuiuo`fo igpgdldplofo, yfo` dgdafotu uotui 
dgbg`ltld
dgbg`ltldfsl
fsl GAU kfo dgojgbfsi
dgojgbfsifo
fo sfblo`
sfblo` dgbgo`ifp
dgbgo`ifpll pgo`fbfdfo
pgo`fbfdfo prfitlsl
prfitlsl
(Dgboyi gt fb. 155;, 1561). Ag`ltu pubf kgo`fo kuiuo`fo kfrl rgifo prchgsslcofb
dgokcrco` pgoygrfpfo locvfsl sgnfrf udud, kfo GAU pfkf imususoyf (Hgrblg gt
fb. 1558), sgpgrtl mfboyf pfokfo`fo pfrf pgdldplo cplol prc-GAU (^cudgrfl gt
fb. 6<<=).
 Ugo`fturfo struiturfb ju`f kfpft dgdagotui igyfilofo fifo igsfdffo GAU.
Dlsfboyf, pgrfo yfo` dgokcrco` prfitlsl uotui agrpfrtlslpfsl ftfu dgbfiuifo
 pgogbltlfo dgrgif sgoklrl uotui dgdprcdcslifo prc-GAU ocrdf (Ictmfrl &
Pftmgo
Pftmgo 156>,
156>, Dgboyi
Dgboyi & Hlogcu
Hlogcut-C
t-Cvgr
vgrmcb
mcbtt 1566).
1566). Ocrdf
Ocrdf sgpgrt
sgpgrtll ltu bgalm
bgalm
duo`ilo dgojfkl bgdfm ftfu fasgo igtlif pgdldplo kfo rgifo igrjf dgocbfi 
GAU ftfu tlkfi fkf kuiuo`fo sltufslcofb bflooyf. [grfimlr, pgogbltlfo tgotfo`
kl
klhu
husl
sl lo
locv
cvfs
fsll tgbf
tgbfm
m dgoy
dgoyfr
frfo
foif
ifo
o af
afmw
mwff fo``
fo``c
ctf suft
suftu
u prch
prchgs
gsll kf
kfpf
pftt
dgbfiuifooyf tlkfi sgpgoumoyf dgo`fkcpsl ocrdf-ocrdf afru kfo trfoslsl ig
 prfitli afru uotui sftu `gogrfsl (Qc`grs 6<<7), kfo pgragkffo `gogrfsl sgpgrtl
ltu kfpft dgojfkl nlrl GAU. ^lo`iftoyf, igyfilofo ocrdftlh klbfnfi ig sgaufm
frrfy hfitcr cr`folsfsl kfo / ftfu igbgdaf`ffo kfo kfpft dgdagrlifo pgo`frum
yfo` iuft pfkf igputusfo uotui tgrblaft kfbfd GAU

>. Ig
Igsg
sgdp
dpft
ftfo
fo uot
uotui
ui Agr
Agrbf
bftl
tlm
m
Ugbufo` uotui agrbftlm dgo`fnu pfkf pgrsgpsl dgo`gofl kuiuo`fo yfo`
klagrlifo icotgis prfitli uotui tgrblaft kfbfd GAU. Dgdlblil igdfdpufo kfo
dctlvfsl
dctlvfsl uotu
uotui
i tgrblaft
tgrblaft kfbfd GAU ngokgruo`
ngokgruo` tlkfi dgo`frfm
dgo`frfm pfkf pgrlbfiu
pgrlbfiu
fitufb ignufbl loklvlku ju`f dgo`fbfdl igsgdpftfo uotui agrbftlm (Jgttg gt fb.
155>).
155>). Ugo`gr
Ugo`grtlf
tlfo
o afmwf
afmwf icokl
icoklsl
sl prfit
prfitli
li dgo
dgo``
``fo`
fo``u
`u GAU sgrlo`
sgrlo` kls
klsgau
gautt
sgaf`fl
sgaf`fl ‒rgf
‒rgfbltfs
bltfs prfitli—
prfitli— (Dfotzcui
(Dfotzcuifs
fs 155=,
155=, Ocvctogy
Ocvctogy 156;)
156;).. Igsg
Igsgdpftf
dpftfo
o
uotui dgdprfitliifo GAU tgriflt kgo`fo ctcocdl kfo hbgislalbltfs kl tgdpft
igrjf (Agbkgo gt fb. 1561). [gifofo wfitu agrmuauo`fo og`ftlh kgo`fo GAU
(Kfbmgld gt fb. 1561, Jgttg gt fb. 155>) kfo dgolo`iftifo igtgr`fotuo`fo pfkf

lotulsl (Ibglo gt fb. 1556). Iurfo`oyf ctcrltfs uotui agrtlokfi agrkfsfrifo auitl
dgonlptfifo pgo`mfbfo` bflo (Kfbmgld gt fb. 1561).
Icdpbgis
Icdpbgisltfs
ltfs kfo vfrlfalbl
vfrlfalbltfs
tfs kfbfd icoklsl
icoklsl prfitli
prfitli ju`f dgold
dgoldaubi
aubifo
fo
mfdaftfo
mfdaftfo yfo` klrfsfifo.
klrfsfifo. Dgo`mfkfp
Dgo`mfkfpll agagrfpf
agagrfpf dfsfb
dfsfbfm
fm yfo` sfbl
sfblo`
o` tgrif
tgriflt
lt
kfrlpfkf mfoyf sftu (dlsfboyf, pfslgo fbicmcbli yfo` kgprgsl vgrsus sgifkfr 
 pfslgo kgprgsl) kfpft dgdpgrsublt prfitlsl uotui dgoygsuflifo auitl kgo`fo
icoklsl prfitli. ^gbflo ltu, igsgdpftfo uotui agrbftlm kfpft klaftfsl cbgm agafo
ifsus yfo` mgtgrc`go, dgdaftfsl fisgslalbltfs auitl yfo` rgbgvfo kfo pgokuiuo`
igputusfo (Mcf`wcck gt fb. 1556), kfo cbgm iurfo`oyf kuiuo`fo pgo`fwfsfo
(Mcf`wcck gt fb. 15569 Dgboyi gt fb. 155;, 1561). Imususoyf Hfitcr pgotlo`

kfbfd igsgdpftf
igsgdpftfoo uotui
uotui agrbftlm
agrbftlm fkfbfm
fkfbfm igfdfofo
igfdfofo psli
pslicbc`
cbc`ls,
ls, igpgrnfyffo
igpgrnfyffo
 agrsfdf klfotfrf fo``ctf igbcdpci igrjf yfo` pgo`fturfooyf fdfo uotui 
 pgo`fdalbfo rlslic. Igfdfofo pslicbc`ls dgolo`iftifo igduo`ilofo tgrblaft
 kf
kfbf
bfd
d pg
pgda
dagb
gbfj
fjfr
frfo
fo ag
agrk
rkfs
fsfr
frif
ifo
o pg
pgo`
o`fb
fbfd
fdfo
fo yf
yfo`
o` klpg
klpgrb
rbui
uifo
fo uo
uotu
tui 
i 
dgoygsufli
dgoygsuflifo
fo GAU kgo`fo
kgo`fo pgo`fturfo
pgo`fturfo igrjf ([uni
([unigr
gr kii. 1550). Kuiu
Kuiuo`fo
o`fo
igbgdaf`ff
igbgdaf`ffo
o kl bufr blo`iuo`
blo`iuo`fo
fo igrjf kfpft dgoygklfifo
dgoygklfifo lohrfstru
lohrfstruitur
itur yfo`
dgolo`ift
dgolo`iftifo
ifo pgbufo`
pgbufo` GAU yfo` klrfsfifo
klrfsfifo.. Ugo`gdafo`
Ugo`gdafo`fo
fo pcrtf
pcrtfbb pgonf
pgonfrlfo
rlfo
coblog kfo kftfafsg pgogbltlfo (dls.,
Ugrpus
Ugrpustfi
tfiffo
ffo Ncnmrf
Ncnmrfog)
og) dgd
dgdlbl
lblil
il fisgs
fisgs prchgs
prchgslco
lcofb
fb tlo`if
tlo`iftt bfojut
bfojut ig
 pgogbltlfo lbdlfm sgbfdf kgifkg tgrfimlr. Ufkf tfmuo-tfmuo fwfb GAU, lohcrdfsl
kfbfd kftfafsg sgdfnfd ltu sgaf`lfo agsfr tgraftfs pfkf pgrtfoyffo tgotfo`

 pgigrjffo fpf. Kfbfd agagrfpf tfmuo tgrfimlr, tlojfufo slstgdftls dgo``uofifo

 pgokgiftfo afru tgbfm duonub yfo` dgojfwfa pgrtfoyffo yfo` bgalm bufs
tgrdfsui ghgitlvltfs alfyf, rlslic yfo` tgriflt kgo`fo lotgrvgosl, kfo dfsfbfm
ldpbgd
ldpbgdgot
gotfsl
fsl (Bfvls
(Bfvls gt fb. 1557).
1557). Ugrbuf
Ugrbufsfo
sfo tcpli
tcpli ubfsfo
ubfsfo lol
lol klafot
klafotu
u cbgm
cbgm
 pgo`gdafo`fo pgogbltlfo agrcrlgotfsl prfitli yfo` dgoygblklil icoklsl prfitli 
yfo` agrhuo`sl sgaf`fl GAU mfdaftfo kfo hfslbltftcr (Nfstco`ufy gt fb. 156>).
^lo`iftoyf, iltf sgifrfo` dgdlblil pgdfmfdfo yfo` afli tgotfo` hfitcr-hfitcr 
yfo`
yfo` dgolo`
dgolo`ift
iftifo
ifo igs
igsgdp
gdpftf
ftfo
o uotui
uotui agrbft
agrbftlm,
lm, sg
sgrtf
rtf hfitf
hfitf afmwf
afmwf,, tfopf
tfopf
igsgdpftfo uotui agrbftlm, igdfdpufo kfo dctlvfsl uotui agrbftlm duo`ilo
tlkfi nuiup.

A. Urloslp Kfo
Kfo Bfo`ifm
Bfo`ifm Kfbfd
Kfbfd Gvlkfong
Gvlkfong Afsgk
Afsgk Dlkwlhgry
Dlkwlhgry Nfrg.
Nfrg.
Agrkfsfrifo (Dgboyi gt fb., 156;) fkf agagrfpf tfmfpfo ftfu bfo`ifm kfbfd
 prcsgs GAU. [ujum bfo`ifm kfbfd gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng (GAU) kldubfl kgo`fo
sgdfo`ft uotui dgbfiuifo pgoygblklifo ftfu pgonfrlfo (loqulry) pgrscofb. Aukfyf
GAU
GAU kf
kfo
o bl
blo`
o`iu
iuo`
o`fo
fo dgru
dgrupf
pfif
ifo
o hf
hfit
itcr
cr yf
yfo`
o` sf
sfo`
o`ft
ft pg
pgot
otlo
lo`
` uotu
uotui
i tg
tgtf
tfp
p
dgdpgrtfmfoifo tldauboyf pgrtfoyffo-pgrtfoyffo iblols yfo` irltls kfbfd prfitgi 
igsgmfrlfo. Bfo`ifm-bfo`ifm kfbfd prcsgs gvlkfong afsgk prfntlng fkfbfm sgaf`fl
 agrliut:
6. Dgoudaumi
Dgoudaumifo
fo sgdfo
sgdfo`ft
`ft pgoy
pgoygblk
gblklifo
lifo (loqulry
(loqulry))
1. Dgo`f
Dgo`fjui
juifo
fo pgrtfo
pgrtfoyf
yffo
fo ULNC([)
ULNC([) qugst
qugstlco
lco
>. Dgonfr
Dgonfrll aui
auitl-
tl-aui
auitl
tl tgrafl
tgrafli 
i 
;. Dgbfiuifo
Dgbfiuifo pgolbf
pgolbflfo
lfo (fpprflsf
(fpprflsfb)
b) tgrm
tgrmfkfp
fkfp auitl-au
auitl-auitl
itl yfo
yfo`
` kltgd
kltgduifo
uifo
7. Dgo`
Dgo`lo
lotg
tg`r
`rfs
fsli
lifo
fo au
auit
itll kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo ig
igfm
fmbl
blfo
fo iblo
iblols
ls kf
kfo
o plbl
plblmf
mfo
o pf
pfsl
slgo
go uo
uotu
tui 
i 
dgdauft igputusfo iblols tgrafli 
8. Gvfbufsl
Gvfbufsl mfslb
mfslb kfrl
kfrl pgruafm
pgruafmfo
fo prfitgi
prfitgi sgtgbf
sgtgbfm
m pgo
pgogrfpfo
grfpfo GAU
0. Dgoygafrbu
Dgoygafrbufsifo
fsifo mfslb
mfslb (klssgdlo
(klssgdloftg
ftg cutncdg)
cutncdg)
 Jlif klurflifo 0 bfo`ifm kfbfd prcsgs gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng fkfbfm sgaf`fl
 agrliut:
6. Dgo
Dgouda
udaumi
umifo
fo sgdfo`f
sgdfo`ftt pgoygb
pgoygblkl
lklifo
ifo (loqul
(loqulry)
ry)..
Loqulry fkfbfm sgdfo`ft uotui dgbfiuifo pgoygblklifo yfltu slifp irltls
uotui sgbfbu agrtfoyf tgrmfkfp hgocdgofhgocdgof sgrtf igjfklfo-igjfklfo yfo`

tgrjfkl sfft prfitgi klbfiuifo cbgm sgcrfo` iblolsl ftfu pgtu`fs igsgmftfo kfbfd
dgbfiuifo pgrfwftfo igpfkf pfslgo. Ofduo kgdlilfo, tfopf fkfoyf aukfyf
yfo` dgokuiuo`, sgdfo`ft uotui dgoygblklil ftfu dgogbltl afli kfbfd blo`iup
loklvlku ftfupuo lostltusl tlkfi fifo alsf agrmfslb kfo klpgrtfmfoifo. Gbgdgo
iuonl
iuonl kfbfd
kfbfd dgd
dgdafo
afo`uo
`uo auk
aukfyf
fyf GAU fkfbfm
fkfbfm sgd
sgdfo`
fo`ft
ft uotui
uotui dgb
dgbfiu
fiuifo
ifo
 pgoygblklifo kldfof sgduf prchgslcofb igsgmftfo klkcrco` uotui 
dgdgpgrtfoyfifo iufbltfs prfitgi yfo` dgrgif jfbfoifo pfkf sfft lol, sgaufm
 plbcschl, dlsl kfo slstgd
slstgd prcdcsl iblols kgo`fo dgo`lotg`rfslifo
dgo`lotg`rfslifo gvlkgong
gvlkgong afsgk
 prfntlng, dgotcr yfo` dgdlblil pgdfmfdfo dgo`gofl gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng,
dfdpu dgdaldalo` crfo` bflo, kfo dfdpu dgo`ftfsl tfotfo`fo ftfu mfdaftfo
yfo` duo`ilo tgrjfkl, igtgrsgklffo lohrfstruitur yfo` dgokuiuo` uotui dgonfrl
lohcrdfsl ftfu blgrftur sgpgrtl icdputgr kfo bfptcp, kuiuo`fo kfrl fkdlolstrfsl
kfo igpgdldplofo, sgrtf dctlvfsl kfo icoslstgosl loklvlku ltu sgoklrl kfbfd
dgogrfpifo gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng ([lbsco gt fb, 1566).

1. Dgo
Dgo`fj
`fjuif
uifo
o pgrtfoy
pgrtfoyffo
ffo ULNC
ULNC([)
([) qugst
qugstlco
lco..
Dgourut (Ogwmcusg gt fb., 1550) kfbfd dgonfrl jfwfafo uotui pgrtfoyffo
iblols yfo` duonub, dfif klpgrbuifo strftg`l yfo` ghgitlh yfltu kgo`fo dgdauft
hcrdft ULNC. U fkfbfm pfslgo, pcpubfsl ftfu dfsfbfm afli ltu udur, `gokgr, rfs
ftfpuo
ftfpuo pgoyfi
pgoyfilt
lt sgpgrt
sgpgrtll mgp
mgpftl
ftltls
tls kbb.
kbb. L fkfbfm
fkfbfm lotgr
lotgrvgo
vgosl
sl afli
afli ltu dgblpu
dgblputl
tl
trg
trgftd
ftdgot
got kl iblols
iblols ftfupu
ftfupuo
o pgoklk
pgoklklif
lifo
o kfo fkdlol
fkdlolstr
strftl
ftlh.
h. ^gbflo
^gbflo lt
ltu
u ju`f
ju`f
lotgrvgos
lotgrvgosll ju`f kfpf
kfpftt agrupf
agrupf pgrjfbfof
pgrjfbfofo
o pgoy
pgoyfilt
filt ftfupuo
ftfupuo pgrl
pgrlbfiu
bfiu agrgs
agrgslic
lic

sgpgrtl
sgpgrtl dgrci
dgrcici.
ci. N ftfu ncdpfrlsc
ncdpfrlsco
o dgrupfifo
dgrupfifo lotgrvgosl
lotgrvgosl pgdafoklo`
pgdafoklo` alsf
kfbfd agotui tgrfpl, hfitcr rgslic, pbfngac ftfupuo ocolotgrvgosl. ^gkfo`ifo C
ftfu cutncdg fkfbfm mfslb yfo` lo`lo klnfrl kfpft agrupf iufbltfs mlkup, pftlgot
sfhgty, dgouruoifo alfyf ftfupuo dgolo`iftifo igpufsfo pfslgo. (Acstwlni gt
fb., 156>)
156>) dgoyftfifo
dgoyftfifo afmwf pfkf bfo`ifm sgbfojutoyf
sgbfojutoyf dgdau
dgdauft
ft pgrtfoyffo
pgrtfoyffo
iblols
iblols kgo`fo
kgo`fo dgo``u
dgo``uofi
ofifo
fo hcrdft
hcrdft ULNC[
ULNC[ yfltu
yfltu U(U
U(Uftl
ftlgot
got ftfu
ftfu pcpubf
pcpubfsl)
sl),,
L(Lotgrvgotlco ftfu tlokfifo ftfu pcici pgrscfbfo yfo` dgofrli), N(Ncdpfrlsco
lotgrvgotlco ftfu lotgrvgosl yfo` klafoklko`ifo), C(Cutncdg ftfu mfslb) sgrtf
 [([ldg
[([ldg hrf
hrfdg
dg ftfu
ftfu igrfo`
igrfo`if
if wfitu)
wfitu).. Ncotcm
Ncotcmoyf
oyf fkf
fkfbfm
bfm kfbfd
kfbfd dgdago
dgdagotui 
tui 

<

 pgrtfoyffo sgsufl ULNC[ fkfbfm pfkf Dfmfslswf igpgrfwftfo(pcpubftlco)

igpgrfwftfo(pcpubftlco)
 af`fldfof prcsgs pgdagbfjfrfo UAB tutctlfb (Lotgrvgotlco ftfu tlokfifo)
klafok
klafoklo`
lo`ifo
ifo kg
kgo`f
o`fo
o sdfbb
sdfbb `rcup
`rcup klsnus
klsnussl
slco
co (ncdpf
(ncdpfrls
rlsco
co ftfu
ftfu lotgrv
lotgrvgos
gosll
 pgdafoklo`) agrkfdpfi pfkf pgolo`iftfo nrltlnfb tmloilo` (cutncdg) sgtgbfm
 pgbfisfoffo kfbfd iuruo wfitu 6 sgdgstgr (tldg hrfdg). Ftfupuo kfbfd
 pgo``uoffo ULNC[ oco lotgrvgosl sgpgrtl af`fldfof sgcrfo` lau afru
(Ucpubftlco) yfo` pfyukfrfoyf tgrigof icdpblifsl (Lssug ch lotgrgst) tgrmfkfp
igdfdpufooyf kfbfd dgdagrlifo F^L (Cutncdg) pfkf > aubfo pgrtfdf pfkf
sfft afyl afru bfmlr. Mfslb ftfu sudagr kftf ftfu bltgrftur yfo` klmfslbifo fifo
sfo`ft agragkf jlif iltf dgo``uofifo pgrtfoyffo yfo` tlkfi tgpft dfifo iltf
fifo dgokfpftifo agraf`fl fastrfi yfo` tlkfi rgbgvfo kgo`fo fpf yfo` iltf
 autumifo (Dgboyi & Hlogcut,
Hlogcut, 1566).
^gkfo
gkfo`
`ifo
ifo kfb
fbfd
fdbc
bcal
alc
cokc
okc & mfagr
fagr,, (155
(1558)
8) kln
lnco
cotc
tcm
mifo
ifo nfrf
frf
dgdh
dgdhcr
crdu
dubf
bfsl
slif
ifo
o pg
pgrt
rtfo
foyf
yffo
fo GAU
GAU yf
yflt
ltu
u pf
pfkf
kf bf
bfos
oslf
lf kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo hrfi
hrfitu
tur 
r 
mlp(pftlgot/prcabgd), fpfifm pftlgotfofb`gsln ncotrcb (lotgrvgosl) bgalm ghgitlh 
klafoklo`ifo kgo`fo stfokfrk ch nfrg oursg fkdlolstfrtlh fofb`gsln(ncdpfrlsco)
kfbfd dgouruoifo lotgosltfs oygrl kfo dgouruoifo BC^ (Cutncdg).

>. Dgo
Dgonfr
nfrll auitl-
auitl-aui
auitl
tl tgrafl
tgrafli.
i.
Iftf iuonl yfo` sukfm klsusuo kgo`fo dgo``uofifo plnct kl`uofifo uotui 
dgdubf
dgdubfll pgonfr
pgonfrlfo
lfo auitl
auitl tgrafl
tgrafli.
i. Auitl
Auitl tgr
tgrafl
afli
i fkfbfm
fkfbfm klblmf
klblmftt kfrl
kfrl tlpg
tlpg kfo
tlo`iftfo
tlo`iftfo pgogbltlfo.
pgogbltlfo. [lo`iftfo
[lo`iftfo pgogbltl
pgogbltlfo
fo yfo` alsf kljfklifo
kljfklifo gvlkgong
gvlkgong ftfu
 auitl tgrafli fkfbfm dgtffofbysls kfo systgdftln rlvlgw. ^ystgdftln rlvlgw
fkfbfm rlo`ifsfo mfslb kfrl afoyfi pgogbltlfo yfo` dgdfifl dgtckg iufotltftlh.
^g
^gkf
kfo`
o`if
ifo
o dgtf
dgtf-f
-fof
ofby
bysl
slss fk
fkfb
fbfm
fm rlo`
rlo`if
ifsf
sfo
o kf
kfrl
rl af
afoy
oyfi
fi pg
pgog
ogbl
bltl
tlfo
fo yf
yfo`
o`
dgofdplbi
dgofdplbifo
fo kfdpfi
kfdpfi kfrl lotgrvgo
lotgrvgosl
sl kfrl agraf`fl stukl. Ofduo jlif dgtf
fofblsls
fofblsls kfo systgdftl
systgdftlnn rlvlgw
rlvlgw tlkfi
tlkfi tgrsgklf
tgrsgklf dfif gvlkgong
gvlkgong pfkf tlo`iftfo
tlo`iftfo
sgbfojutoyf alsf kl`uofifo sgpgrtl QN[. Gvlkgong tgrsgaut kfpft kltgduifo pfkf
 agagrfpf kftf afsg sgpgrtl NLOFMB, DGKBLOG, UWADGK, OGJD kfo
NCMQFOG BLAQFQ\ (Dgboyi & Hlogcut, 1566).

65
 

Fkf 7 tlo`iftfo yfo` alsf kljfklifo auitl ftfu gvlkgong (@uyftt&Qgoolg,

1551) yfltu:
f. Auit
Auitll yfo` agrfs
agrfsfb
fb kfrl
kfrl dgt
dgtf-fof
f-fofbysl
byslss ftfuifm
ftfuifm systgdf
systgdftln
tln rlvlgw
rlvlgw..
 a. Auitl yfo` agrfsfb kf
kfrl
rl klsflo QN[.
n. Auit
Auitll yfo`
yfo` agrfsfb
agrfsfb kfrl icotrcb
icotrcb trlfb
trlfb tfopf
tfopf rfokcdls
rfokcdlsfsl.
fsl.
k. Auit
Auitll yfo`
yfo` agrfsfb
agrfsfb kfrl ifsus icot
icotrcb
rcb k
kfo
fo stukl
stukl icmcr
icmcrt.
t.
g. Auit
Auitll kf
kfrl
rl syst
systgd
gdft
ftln
ln rl
rlvl
vlgw
gw yf
yfo`
o` ag
agrf
rfsf
sfbb kf
kfrl
rl pg
pgog
ogbl
bltl
tlfo
fo iu
iufb
fblt
ltft
ftlh
lh kf
kfo
o
klsirlptlh.
h. Auitl
Auitl yfo`
yfo` agrfsfb
agrfsfb kfrl slo`bg-k
slo`bg-klsirl
lsirlptlh
ptlh ftfu iufbltft
iufbltftlh
lh stuky
stuky
`. Auit
Auitll yfo`
yfo` a
agrfsf
grfsfbb kf
kfrl
rl c
cplol
plol kfo icdltg
icdltg fm
fmbl.
bl.
Kfbfd
Kfbfd dgonfrl
dgonfrl agst gvlkgong,
gvlkgong, mfb yfo` sgrlo`
sgrlo` dgojfkl
dgojfkl mfdaftfo
mfdaftfo kfbfd
 prcsgs pgonfrlfo fkfbfm igtgraftfsfo bcifsl ftfu sudagr kftfafsg yfo` hrgg
fnnsgs
fnnsgsss tgrmfk
tgrmfkfp
fp jurofb
jurofb-ju
-jurof
rofbb pgogbl
pgogbltlf
tlfo.
o. Ofduo
Ofduo kgdlil
kgdlilfo
fo sglrlo
sglrlo`
` kgo`fo
kgo`fo
 pgrigdafo`fo tgiocbc`l, agrliut ncotcm kftfafsgk yfo` hrgg fnnsgss kfo pfblo`
 afoyfi kliuojuo`l cbgm tgof`f igsgmftfo yfltu DLKLQ^,NLOFMB, Uuadgk,
ncmrfog blarfry kfo UsynLOHC sgrtf Dgkblog. Agrliut fkfbfm ncotcm pgrtfoyffo
GAU agsgrt
agsgrtff kftf
kftf afsgk
afsgk yfo
yfo`
` klsfrf
klsfrfoif
oifo,
o, klfotf
klfotfrfo
rfoyf
yf fkfbfm
fkfbfm (^nmog
(^nmoglkg
lkgrr &
Pmltgmgfk, 156>).
^gkfo`
^gkfo`ifo
ifo dgouru
dgourutt (Ogwmc
(Ogwmcusg
usg,, 1550)
1550) bfo
bfo`if
`ifm-b
m-bfo`
fo`ifm
ifm ftfu
ftfu st
strft
rftg`l
g`l
dgonfrl lohcrdfsl dgbfbul kftfafsgk klfotfrfoyf fkfbfm:
f. Dg
Dgon
onfr
frll if
iftf
tf iu
iuon
onl,
l, sl
sloc
ocol
old,
d, ft
ftfu
fu yf
yfo`
o` dg
dgdp
dpuo
uoyf
yfll muau
muauo`
o`fo
fo kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo
 pgrtfoyffo yfo` sukfm
sukfm klsusuo kgo`fo ULNC hcrdft
hcrdft
 a. Dgogotuifo sudagr ftfu kftfafsg tgrafli uotui dgonfrl lohcrdfsl yfo`
tgpft
n. Dg
Dgo`
o`gd
gdaf
afo`
o`if
ifo
o ag
agag
agrf
rfpf
pf strf
strftg
tg`l
`l kf
kfbf
bfd
d dg
dgbf
bfiu
iuif
ifo
o pg
pgon
onfr
frlf
lfo
o kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo
ncotrc
ncotrcbbg
bbgk
k vcnfau
vcnfaubfr
bfrrlg
rlgs,
s, dgo``u
dgo``uofi
ofifo
fo acbgf
acbgfo
o cpg
cpgrft
rftcr,
cr, sgrtf
sgrtf bldlt.
bldlt.
Ncotrcbbgk vcnfaubfrrlgs yfo` kfpft dgouotuo iltf uotui dgdfsuiifo loput
yfo` sgsufl kgo`fo yfo` fkf pfkf kftfafsg. ^gpgrtl dlsfboyf Dg^M pfkf
Uu
Uuad
adgk
gk sgrt
sgrtff NLOF
NLOFMB
MB ^u
^uaj
ajgn
gntt Mgfk
Mgfklo
lo`
` pf
pfkf
kf kf
kftf
tfaf
afsg
sg NLOF
NLOFMB
MB..
dgo``u
dgo``uofi
ofifo
fo acbgfo
acbgfo cpgrft
cpgrftcr
cr dlsfbo
dlsfboyf
yf FOK,
FOK, CQ, OC[.
OC[. FOK
FOK uotui 
uotui 
dgonfrl 1 tgdf ftfu lstlbfm, CQ uotui dgonfrl sgbflo kfrl sfbfm sftu ftfu

66

 
 igkuf
igkuf lst
lstlbf
lbfm
m tgr
tgrsga
sgaut
ut.. Ofduo
Ofduo jl
jlif
if klicda
klicdalof
lofsli
slifo
fo kgo`fo
kgo`fo ncotrc
ncotrcbbg
bbgk
k
vc
vcnf
nfau
aubf
bfrr
rrlg
lgs,
s, CQ fifo
fifo dgdp
dgdpgr
grbu
bufs
fs pgon
pgonfr
frlf
lfo,
o, sg
sgrt
rtff FOK
FOK fifo
fifo
dgdpgrsgdplt pgonfrlfo. ^gtgbfm ltu uotui bgalm spgslhli kfo hcius bf`l
kfpft
kfpft kl`uof
kl`uofifo
ifo kgo`fo
kgo`fo dgo
dgo``u
``uofi
ofifo
fo bldlt
bldlt yfo`
yfo` sgsufl
sgsufl sgpgrt
sgpgrtll udur,
udur,

 afmfsf, tfo``fb puablifsl. Ncotcmoyf fkfbfm bldlt tgrfimlr 7 tfmuo uotui 

 jurofb ftfu go`blsm
go`blsm cr fdgrlnfo coby.
k. Dg
Dgbf
bfiu
iuif
ifo
o gvfb
gvfbuf
ufsl
sl dgdl
dgdlbl
blm
m gvlk
gvlkgo
gong
ng kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo dgtc
dgtckg
kg tgra
tgrafl
fli
i kfo
kfo
dgoyld
dgoyldpfo
pfo mfslb
mfslb ^gkfo`
^gkfo`ifo
ifo dgouru
dgourutt (Acwdf
(Acwdfo
o gt fb.,
fb., kfbfd
kfbfd bgvlo
bgvlo &
hgbkdfo, 1561) imususoyf pfkf bgvgb uokgr`rfkuftg stukgot, fkf agagrfpf
ncotcm gvlkgong yfo` kfpft kl`uofifo kfbfd tgrfpl kfo prc`ocsls yfltu:

Agagrfpf ncotcm tlo`iftfo gvlkgong tgrsgaut kfpft dgojfkl ncotcm ftfu

kfsfr kfo pgkcdfo yfo` kl`uofifo cbgm dfmfslswf uokgr`rfkuftgkfbfd
dgdlblm gvlkgong yfo` tgpft. Ifrgof uokgr`rfkuftg stukgot tlkfi dgdlblil

igdfdpufo
igdfdp ufo kf
kfbfd
bfd dgbfiu
dgbfiuifo
ifo irltli
irltli ftfu
ftfu dgblmf
dgblmftt tlo`if
tlo`iftt igi
igiuft
uftfo
fo kfo
igbgdfmfo
igbgdfmfo bltgrftur
bltgrftur pgogbltlf
pgogbltlfo,
o, dfif kfbfd pgdagbfjfrfo
pgdagbfjfrfo gvlkgvlkgong
gong afsgk
afsgk
 prfntlng dfmfslswf klfrfmifo uotui dgdlblm bltgrftur agrkfsfrifo tlo`iftfo
gvlkgong tgrafli tgrbgalm kfmubu.Jlif agagrfpf gvlkgong tgrafli tlkfi kfpft
kltgduifo, dfif bfo`ifm sgbfojutoyf fkfbfm dgdlblm bltgrftur yfo` tgbfm
klsgbgis
klsgbgisll pfkf agagrfpf kftfafsgk
kftfafsgk sgpgrtl
sgpgrtl DGKBLOG
DGKBLOG kfo NLOFMB
NLOFMB ftfu
 pfkf puadgk sgfrnm go`log
go`log (Bgvlo & Hgbkdfo, 1561).

61

 
 ;. Dgbfiuifo
Dgbfiuifo pgolbf
pgolbflfo
lfo (fpprfl
(fpprflsfb)
sfb) tgrmfkfp
tgrmfkfp auitl-aui
auitl-auitl
tl yfo`
yfo` kltgduifo
kltgduifo
^g
^gtg
tgbf
bfm
m dgog
dgogdu
duif
ifo
o gv
gvlk
lkgo
gong
ng ft
ftfu
fu au
auit
itll yf
yfo`
o` tg
tgra
rafl
fli,
i, sg
sgag
agbu
bud
d kl
ldpbgdgotfslifo ig lostltusl ftfu prfitgi iblols, mfb yfo` pgrbu iltf bfiuifo
fkfbfm
fkfbfm dgbfiuifo
dgbfiuifo fpprflsfb
fpprflsfb ftfu pgolbflfo
pgolbflfo tgrmfkfp gvlkg
gvlkgong
ong tgrsgaut.
tgrsgaut. Wotui 
Wotui 

dgbfiuifo pgolbflfo fkf agagrfpf mfb yfo` pgrbu klpgrtldafo`ifo klfotfrfoyf

fkfbfm (Ucblt & Agni, 156>) :
f. Gvlkg
Gvlkgong
ong qufblty
qufblty fkfbfm
fkfbfm af`
af`fld
fldfof
fof iufbltfs
iufbltfs auitl
auitl jurof
jurofbb tgrsga
tgrsgaut3
ut3 (fpfi
(fpfifm
fm
tgpft ftfu rl`crcus kfo rgblfabg ftfu mfokfb)
 a. Pmft ls df`oltuk
df`oltukgg ch ghhgnt3 (sgagrfpf pgotlo` kfdpfioyf3)
kfdpfioyf3)
n. Mcw p
prlnls
rlnlsgg tmg gstldf
gstldftg
tg ch gh
ghhgnt3
hgnt3 ^gagrfpf
^gagrfpf tgp
tgpft
ft pgrilrffo
pgrilrffo ghgioyf3
ghgioyf3
k. Fpfi
Fpfifm
fm gvl
gvlkgong
kgong dgdlb
dgdlblil
lil ghgi
ghgi sfdplo`
sfdplo` ftfui
ftfuifm
fm iguo
iguotuo`f
tuo`fo3
o3
g. ^gagr
^gagrfpf
fpf afoyfi
afoyfi alfyf
alfyf yfo`
yfo` pgrbu
pgrbu klslfpifo
klslfpifo uotui
uotui dgo`f
dgo`fpbli
pblifslif
fslifo
o auitl3
auitl3
h. Fpfifm
Fpfifm aui
auitl
tl tgrsgau
tgrsgautt sgsufl
sgsufl uotui
uotui sltufs
sltufsll ftfu hfitf yfo` fkf
fkf kl iblols3
iblols3
^gkfo`ifo irltgrlf pgolbflfo gvlkgong dgourut (Agrofkgttg & Gbbgo, 1566)

yfltu:
f. Xfblklty.
Gvlkgo
Gvlkgong
ng ftf
ftfu
u pgogbl
pgogbltlf
tlfo
o tgrsga
tgrsgaut
ut kli
kliftf
ftfifo
ifo vfb
vfblk
lk fkf
fkfbfm
bfm jlif
jlif
 pgogbltlfo tgrsgaut dgo``uofifo dgtckg pgogbltlfo yfo` tgpft. Ncotcmoyf
fkfbfm
fkfbfm fpfifm
fpfifm vfr
vfrlfa
lfagb
gb pgo``f
pgo``fo``
o``u
u kfo alfs
alfs klico
klicotrc
trcbb kgo
kgo`fo
`fo afl
afli,
i,
 af`fldfof af`fldfof prcsgs rfokcd pfkf igbcdpci icotrcb kfo lotgrvgosl,
gqufb ftfu tlkfi.
 a. Qgblfalblty
Qgbl
Qgblfa
fagb
gb dfis
dfisuk
ukoy
oyff fkfb
fkfbfm
fm icos
icosls
lstg
tgos
osll mf
mfsl
slbb yf
yfo`
o` du
duo`
o`il
ilo
o
klkfpftifo kfbfd dgdauft igputusfo iblols kgo`fo dgo`ldpbgdgotfslifo

gvlkgong tgrsgaut, fpfifm lotgrvgosl tgrsgaut kfpft kligrjfifo sgrtf sgagrfpf

 agsfr kfdpfi kfrl lotgrvgosl
lotgrvgosl yfo` duo`ilo klkfpftifo.
klkfpftifo.
n. Fppb
pbllnfa
nfalb
lblt
lty
y
Fppb
Fppbln
lnfa
fabg
bg dfis
dfisuk
ukoy
oyff fkfb
fkfbfm
fm ig
igdu
duo`
o`il
ilof
ofo
o mf
mfsl
slbo
boyf
yf alsf
alsf kl
ldpbgd
ldpbgdgot
gotfsl
fslifo
ifo kfo al
alsf
sf dgd
dgdafo
afotu
tu icokls
icoklsll pfslgo
pfslgo.. Mfb tgr
tgrsga
sgaut
ut als
alsff
klbfiuifo
klbfiuifo kgo`fo
kgo`fo dgdpgrtlda
dgdpgrtldafo`i
fo`ifo
fo fpfifm
fpfifm suaj
suajgi
gi pgogbltlf
pgogbltlfooyf
ooyf sfdf,

6>

iguotuo`fo kfo rgslic kfrl lotgrvgosl tgrsgaut kfo iglo`lofo pfslgo (pftlgot
 prghgrgong) kgo`fo lotgrvgosl
lotgrvgosl tgrsgaut.
 Ofduo kgdlilfo kfbfd (Mfokg gt fb., 1560) kljgbfsifo afmwf
nrltlnfb fpprflsfb dgrupfifo prcsgs yfo` sfo`ft icdpbgis. Bgvgb ftfu tlo`ift
 nrltln
nrltlnfb
fb fpprfl
fpprflsfb
sfb sfo`ft
sfo`ft kl
klpgo
pgo`fr
`fruml
uml cbgm
cbgm igkfbf
igkfbfdfo
dfo kfo pgd
pgdfmf
fmfdfo
dfo
loklvlku kfbfd dgolbfl gvlkgong. [lo`ift nrltlnfb fpprflsfb pfkf dfmfslswf

sfrjfo
sfrjfoff fkfbfm
fkfbfm lk
lkgot
gotlhl
lhlif
ifsl
sl tfmfpf
tfmfpfo
o yfo
yfo`
` fkf kfbfd
kfbfd prcsgs
prcsgs pgogbl
pgogbltlf
tlfo
o
iu
iufo
fotl
tltf
tftl
tlh.
h. Ofdu
Ofduo
o pf
pfkf
kf ag
agag
agrf
rfpf
pf prc`
prc`rf
rfd
d sf
sfrj
rjfo
fof,
f, fkf
fkf ju`f
ju`f yf
yfo`
o`
dgo`lk
dgo`lkgot
gotlhl
lhlifs
ifsll tlk
tlkfi
fi mfo
mfoyf
yf iuf
iufotl
otltft
tftlh
lh ofd
ofduo
uo ju`f
ju`f prcsgs
prcsgs pgogbl
pgogbltlf
tlfo
o
iufbltftlh. ^gkfo`ifo pfkf dfstgr stukgot, tlo`iftfo nrltlnfb fprflsfboyf tlkfi 
bf
bf`l
`l pf
pfkf
kf tfmf
tfmfp
p lk
lkgo
gotl
tlhl
hlif
ifsl
sl,, ofdu
ofduo
o mf
mfru
russ alsf
alsf dgou
dgouoj
ojui
uiif
ifo
o kf
kfo
o
dgoyldpubifo igiuftfo kfo igbgdfmfo, tlo`ift igpgrnfyffo gvlkgong sgrtf
 pgbfjfrfo yfo` kfpft klfdalb
klfdalb kfrl pgo`gtfmu
pgo`gtfmufo
fo kfo prfitgi.

7. Dgo
Dgo`lo
`lotg`
tg`rfs
rfslif
lifo
o auitl
auitl kgo`fo
kgo`fo igfmbl
igfmblfo
fo iblols
iblols kfo plblmfo
plblmfo pfslgo
pfslgo uotui 
dgdauft igputusfo iblols tgrafli

^gsufl kgo`fo kghlolsl kfrl GAU, uotui dgo`ldpbgdgotfslifo GAU ig kfbfd

 prfitli iblols iltf mfrus alsf dgo`lotg`rfslifo auitl pgogbltlfo kgo`fo lohcrdfsl
bflooyf. Lohcrdfsl ltu kfpft agrfsfb kfrl igfmblfo kfo pgo`gtfmufo yfo` iltf
dlblil, ftfuifm kfrl plblmfo kfo olbfl yfo` kldlblil cbgm pfslgo. ^gbflo ltu ju`f,
dgofdafmifo pgogbltlfo iufbltftlh dgo`gofl pgo`fbfdfo ftfu pgrspgitlh iblgo
 alsf dgojfkl kfsfr uotui dgo`urfo`l rgslic ig`f`fbfo kfbfd dgbfiuifo
lotgrvgosl tgrafru (Ucblt & Agni, 156>). ^gtgbfm dgdpgrtldafo`ifo agagrfpf
mfb tgrsgaut dfif bfo`ifm sgbfojutoyf fkfbfm dgo``uofifo agraf`fl lohcrdfsl
tgrsgaut uotui dgdauft igputusfo iblols yfo` tgpft kfo ghgitlh uotui pfslgo.
[lo`ift igagrmfslbfo pgbfisfoffo GAU prcsgs sfo`ft klpgo`fruml cbgm gvlkgong

yfo` kl`uofifo sgrtf tlo`ift ignfifpfo kfbfd dgbfbul sgtlfp prcsgs kfbfd GAU
(Ucblt & Agni, 155=).
^gtgbfm dgogrfpifo GAU, pgotlo` uotui dgdfotfu kfo dgo`gvfbufsl sgtlfp
 pgruafmfo mfslb sgmlo``f ghgi pcsltlh kfpft klkuiuo` kfo yfo` og`ftlh 
klpgraflil. Mfoyf ifrgof lotgrvgosl ghgitlh kfbfd ujl ncaf tgricotrcb sgnfrf igtft

6;

tlk
tlkfi
fi agrfrt
agrfrtll lotgrv
lotgrvgos
gosll fifo
fifo agigrj
agigrjff kgo`fo
kgo`fo nfr
nfrff yfo`
yfo` pgrsls
pgrsls sfdf
sfdf kfbfd
kfbfd
 pgo`fturfo iblols. Dgdfotfu ghgi pgruafmfo GAU pfkf iufbltfs kfo mfslb
 pgrfwftfo igsgmftfo kfpft dgdafotu kcitgr dgogduifo igiurfo`fo kfbfd
ldpbgdgotfsl kfo dgo`lkgotlhlifsl kgo`fo bgalm tgpft.
8. Gvfbufsl
Gvfbufsl mfslb kfrl pgruafmfo
pgruafmfo prfitgi
prfitgi sgtgbfm
sgtgbfm pgo
pgogrfpf
grfpfo
o GAU
Gvfbufsl tgrmfkfp pgbfisfoffo gvlkgong afsgk sfo`ft pgrbu klbfiuifo uotui 
dgo`gtfmul sgagrfpf ghgitlh gvlkgong yfo` tgbfm kltgrfpifo, fpfifm pgruafmfo
yfo` tgrjfkl sukfm sgsufl kgo`fo mfslb yfo` klmfrfpifo kfo fpfifm gvlkgong
 tgrsgaut
tgrsgaut agrkfdpfi
agrkfdpfi pfkf pgol
pgolo`if
o`iftfo
tfo iufbltfs
iufbltfs igsgmftfo pfslgo (Dgboyi
(Dgboyi &
Hlogcut, 1566).

0. Dgoygafrbu
Dgoygafrbufsifo
fsifo mfslb (klssgdlo
(klssgdloftg
ftg cutncdg)
cutncdg)
Bfo`ifm tgrfimlr kfbfd gvlkgong afsgk prfntlng fkfbfm dgoygafrbufsifo
mfslb. Jlif gvlkgong yfo` klkfpftifo tgrauitl dfdpu dgoldaubifo pgruafmfo
kfo dgdagrlifo mfslb yfo` pcsltlh dfif mfb tgrsgaut tgotu sfo`ft pgrbu kfo
 pgotlo` uotui klaf`l
klaf`l (Ucblt & Agni, 156>)
 Ofduo sgbflo bfo`ifm-bfo`ifm yfo` klsgautifo klftfs, dgourut (Bgvlo &

Hgbkdfo, 1561) tgrkfpft 7 bfo`ifm utfdf gvlkgong afsgk prfntlngkfbfd sgttlo`

fifkgdliyfltu Hrfdlo` tmg qugstlco (dgoyusuo pgrtfoyffo iblols), sgfrnmlo` hcr 
gvlk
gvlkgo
gong
ng,, fp
fppr
prfl
flsl
slo`
o` tm
tmgg gvlk
gvlkgo
gong
ng,, lotg
lotgrp
rprg
rgtl
tlo`
o` tmg
tmg gvlk
gvlkgo
gong
ng ftfu
ftfu
dgdafoklo`ifo fotfrf bltgrftur yfo` klpgrcbgm kgo`fo olbfl yfo` klfout pfslgo
kfo dgrgonfofifo pgbfisfoffo gvlkgong igkfbfd prfitgi, sgrtf gvfbuftlo` ycur 
fppblnftlco ch tmg gvlkgong ftfu dgo`gvfbufsl sgjfum dfof gvlkgong tgrsgaut
kfpft dgoygbgsflifo dfsfbfm iblols.

67

AFA LLL

UGOW[WU

F. Igsl
Igsldp
dpub
ubfo
fo
GAU fkfbfm agotui pgrlbfiu tgriflt tujufo, ifdl dgo`fturoyf tlojfufo ifdl

dgo``uofi
dgo`` uofifo
fo lotg`rfsl
lotg`rfsl tgcrl Fjzgo (6<<6) tgotfo`
tgotfo` pgrlbfiu
pgrlbfiu tgrgonfof kfo tgcrl
 pgrlbfiu tgdpft igrjf Xrccd (6<8;). Igrfo`if igrjf tgrlotg`rfsl igdfdpufo,
dctl
dctlvf
vfsl
sl,, pg
pgbu
bufo
fo`
` (FDC
(FDC)) ag
agr`
r`uo
uoff uotu
uotui
i dgo`
dgo``f
`fda
dafr
frif
ifo
o pg
pgrl
rlbf
bfiu
iu yf
yfo`
o`
 agrmuauo`fo kgo`fo tgdpft igrjf (dlsfboyf, Mu`mgs 1550, Ugtty & Nfnlcppc 6<=8).
 Igrfo`if igrjf lol dgdafotu dgojgbfsifo dgo`fpf crfo` dgo`fkcpsl ftfu tlkfi 
dgo`fkcpsl GAU sgaf`fl huo`sl kfrl igdfdpufo, dctlvfsl, kfo pgbufo` dgrgif
uotui tgrblaft kfbfd fitlvltfs tgriflt GAU.
Bfo`ifm-bfo`ifm kfbfd prcsgs gvlkfong afsgk prfntlng fkfbfm sgaf`fl agrliut:
6. Dgoudaumi
Dgoudaumifo
fo sgdfo
sgdfo`ft
`ft pgoy
pgoygblk
gblklifo
lifo (loqulry
(loqulry))
1. Dgo`f
Dgo`fjui
juifo
fo pgrtfo
pgrtfoyf
yffo
fo ULNC([)
ULNC([) qugst
qugstlco
lco
>. Dgonfr
Dgonfrll aui
auitl-
tl-aui
auitl
tl tgrafl
tgrafli 
i 
;. Dgbfiuifo
Dgbfiuifo pgolbf
pgolbflfo
lfo (fpprflsf
(fpprflsfb)
b) tgrm
tgrmfkfp
fkfp auitl-au
auitl-auitl
itl yfo
yfo`
` kltgd
kltgduifo
uifo
7. Dgo`
Dgo`lo
lotg
tg`r
`rfs
fsli
lifo
fo au
auit
itll kg
kgo`
o`fo
fo ig
igfm
fmbl
blfo
fo iblo
iblols
ls kf
kfo
o plbl
plblmf
mfo
o pf
pfsl
slgo
go uo
uotu
tui 
i 
dgdauft igputusfo iblols tgrafli 
8. Gvfbufsl
Gvfbufsl mfslb
mfslb kfrl
kfrl pgruafm
pgruafmfo
fo prfitgi
prfitgi sgtgbf
sgtgbfm
m pgo
pgogrfpfo
grfpfo GAU
0. Dgoygafrbu
Dgoygafrbufsifo
fsifo mfslb
mfslb (klssgdlo
(klssgdloftg
ftg cutncdg)
cutncdg)

A. ^frfo

68

^gtgbf
^gtgbfm
m dgdpgb
dgdpgbfjf
fjfrl
rl dfifbf
dfifbfm
m lol klmfrf
klmfrfpif
pifo
o dfmfsl
dfmfslswf
swf dfdpu
dfdpu
dgo`ldpbgdgotfslifooyf kfbfd igmlkupfo sgmfrl-mfrl sgmlo``f lbdu yfo`
klpgbf
klpgbfjfr
jfrll kfpft
kfpft agrdfo
agrdfohff
hfftt kfo tgotuo
tgotuoyf
yf agr`uof
agr`uof uotui
uotui dgojfk
dgojfkll loklvl
loklvlku
ku
yfo` bgalm afli bf`l. Kfbfd dgoyusuo dfifbfm lol, ifdl dgoyfkfrl dfslm
 afoyfi igiurfo`fo, uotui ltu klmfrfpifo sfrfo kfo irltli tgrmfkfp
igiurfo`fo dfifbfm lol.
 60

KFH[FQ UW^[FIF

Gvlkgong-afsgk prfntlng: stgp ay stgp: tmg sgvgo stgps ch gvlkgong-afsgk prfntlng. FJO [mg
Fdgrlnfo Jcurofb ch Ourslo`, 665(6), 76-7>.
Dgboyi, A. D., Hlogcut-Cvgrmcbt, G., ^tlbbwgbb, ^. A., & Plbblfdsco, I. D. (1565).
Qcussgfu, K. D., & @uolf, A. N. (1568). Gvlkgong-afsgk prfntlng: [mg psynmcbc`y ch GAU
ldpbgdgotftlco. Fooufb
ldpbgdgotftlco. Fooufb Qgvlgw ch Usynmcbc`y
Usynmcbc`y,, 80 , 880-8<1
 6=