Imsac Zafelfelcb 8 ^rl ^ufkctrl, ^.A., F.Ko., Ko 

Fktk Ou`lkg 8 Fkckhafac Zafkskrkc

FKOK@KG

‐Kck`lsls Zarl`kou Omcsufac‖

Il ^usuc M`ag 8

Ckfk 8 Ckdk Yrasck

Cpf 8 ;< >5: ::2

ZUMBUKF ^YQIL KOQCYKC^L

DKOQ@YK^ AOMCMFL

QCLTAU^LYK^ IK\KCQ LOG^KCQIILC

EKQEKQ

5:5:/5:5;
 

OKYK ZACBKCYKU 

Zuhl ^yuour Oapkik Yugkc \kcb Fkgk Ask, okrack ktks Lzlc ikc Ouksk-Cyk `kg okfl
ikpkt facya`asklok
facya`asklokc
c fkok`kg
fkok`kg iacbkc huiu` ‐ Kck`lsls Zarl`kou Omcsufac ‐ lcl iacbkc
 eklo .

^gm`kwk
^gm`kwktt sartk
sartk sk`kf
sk`kf safmbk
safmbk tatkp
tatkp tarnur
tarnurkgo
kgokc
kc oapkik
oapkik Ckel Fugkff
Fugkffki
ki ^KR,
^KR,
 easartk oa`ukrbk ikc pkrk skgkektcyk ykcb ta`kg fafelfelcb Okfl ikrl hk`kc oaba`kpkc
facuhu hk`kc ykcb tarkcb eaciarkcb.

Okfl
Okfl gkrkp
gkrkp Fkok`
Fkok`kg
kg lcl
lcl ikpkt
ikpkt earfk
earfkcd
cdkkt
kkt ik
ikc
c fackf
fackfek
ekg
g wkwk
wkwksk
skc
c ek
ekbl
bl okfl
okfl
ogususcyk, ikc sabackp pafeknk ufufcyk, Okfl facykikrl ekgwk @kpmrkc lcl fkslg hkug
ikrll oktk
ikr oktk safpur
safpurck,
ck, m`ag
m`ag Okrack
Okrack ltu
ltu orltlo
orltlo ikc skrkc
skrkc ikrl
ikrl earekbk
earekbkll plgko
plgko skcbkt
skcbkt okfl
okfl
gkrkpokc uctuo facuhu oasafpurckkc Fkok`kg lcl.

Ekueku, 52 Cmvafear 5:5:

Zacyusuc

Zkba ll
 

IKDYKU L^L

Gk`kfkc ^kfpu`...............
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
...............................
................ l

Oktk Zacbkctkr...............
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
................................................ ll
..................................

Ikdtkr Lsl.............
...........................
.............................
..............................
.............................
............................................................. lll
...............................................

Eke L Zacikgu`ukc..............
............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
................................... ...... ;
...........................

K. @ktkr Ea`kokcb...............
.............................
.............................
..............................
........................................................ ;
.........................................

E. Yuhukc Zacu`lskc..............
.............................
.............................
................................................................... ;
.....................................................

Eke LL Zafekgkskc.............
...........................
.............................
..............................
.............................
........................................... 5
.............................

K. Ia
Iaso
sorl
rlps
psll Za
Zarl
rl`k
`kou
ou Omcs
Omcsuf
ufac
ac...............
..............................
.............................
............................................. 5
...............................

E. Fmia
Fmia`` Zar
Zarl`k
`kou
ou Omcs
Omcsuf
ufac
ac..............
.............................
.............................
................................................... >
.....................................

N. Dk
Dkot
otmr
mr-D
-Dko
kotm
tmrr \kcb
\kcb Fafpac
Fafpacbk
bkru
rugl
gl Zrms
Zrmsas
as Oapu
Oaputu
tusk
skc
c

Zafea`lkc Omcsufac .......................................................................................>

I. Fknkf-
Fknkf-Fkn
Fknkf
kf ^ltuks
^ltuksll Zafea`l
Zafea`lkc
kc Zkik Zkskr
Zkskr Omcsuf
Omcsufac..
ac......
.......
.......
.........
.........
........<
....<

A. ^truo
^truotur
tur Oaputuskc
Oaputuskc Ea`l Omcsufac....
Omcsufac...........
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
.................
..........;:
;:

D. Zrmsas
Zrmsas Zacbkfel
Zacbkfel`kc
`kc Oaputusk
Oaputuskc
c Omcsuf
Omcsufac..
ac.....
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
........
.........
..........
..........
......;;
.;;

B. Zafea`lkc
Zafea`lkc Lciustrlk
Lciustrlk`......
`............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
............;9
.....;9

G. Zrmsas Oaputuskc
Oaputuskc Zafea`lkc
Zafea`lkc Lciustrlk`.
Lciustrlk`........
.............
.............
..............
..............
......................
....................;1
.....;1

L. ^ltuks
^ltuksll Zafea`
Zafea`lkc
lkc Lciust
Lciustrl
rlk`.
k`.....
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
........
........;1
...;1

H. Zaciaok
Zaciaoktkc
tkc Zafea`
Zafea`lkc
lkc Lciust
Lciustrlk
rlk`..
`.....
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
..........
.........;4
....;4

Eke LLL Zacutup..............

.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
................................................ ;7
.................................

K. Oaslfpu`kc.............
............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.................................. ;7
....................

IKDYKU ZQ^YKOK..............
............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.........................5:
..........5:

Zkba
lll
 

EKE L

ZACIKGQ@QKC

K. @ktkr Ea
Ea`kokcb

Zarl`k
Zarl`kou
ou omcsuf
omcsufac
ac fafl`l
fafl`lol
ol oapactl
oapactlcbk
cbkc
c ogusus
ogusus ekbl
ekbl mrkcb
mrkcb okrack
okrack earekbk
earekbkll k`kskc
k`kskc
 eargksrkt fafpacbkrugl ktku facbuekg parl`kou ltu, tarfksuo faraok ykcb oapactlcbkc
utkfkcyk kik`kg pafkskrkc, pacililokc, ikc par`lciucbkc omcsufac, sartk oaelhkokc ufuf.

A`afac
A`afac oucnl
oucnl ik`kf
ik`kf iadlcl
iadlclsl
sl lcl kik`kg
kik`kg partuo
partuokrk
krkc
c kctkrk
kctkrk pa`kcbb
pa`kcbbkc
kc ikc pacyup`
pacyup`kl.
kl.
Fkslcb
Fkslcb-fk
-fkslc
slcb
b plgko
plgko fafear
fafearlok
lokc
c sasukt
sasuktu
u ykcb earcl`
earcl`kl
kl oapkik
oapkik plgko
plgko `kl
`klc
c iacbkc
iacbkc tuhukc
tuhukc
fafacugl oaeutugkc faraok fkslcb-fkslcb. Ik`kf omctaos pafea`lkc ykcb cmrfk`, ukcb
iltuokr iacbkc ekrkcb ktku hksk ykcb illcblcokc.

Zargktlo
Zargktlokc
kc ekgwk
ekgwk pa
pa`k
`kcbb
cbbkc
kc ta
tar`
r`at
atko
ko pkik
pkik lc
lctl
tl ik
ikrl
rl pr
prms
msas
as ta
tars
rsae
aeut
ut.. ^afuk
^afuk ykcb
ykcb
il`kouokc pacyup`kl ik`kf gk` prmiuo, gkrbk, prmfmsl ikc ilstrleusl ilkikptkslokc iacbkc
 parflctkkc pkskr. M`ag okrack ltu pa`kcbbkc fachk`kcokc pacbkrug imflckc pkik safuk ykcb
il`kou
il`kouokc
okc parusk
paruskgkk
gkkc.
c. Yliko
Yliko facbga
facbgarkc
rkcokc
okc ekgwk
ekgwk stuil
stuil parl`k
parl`kou
ou omcsufa
omcsufac
c fafl`l
fafl`lol
ol kokr 
kokr 
utkfkcyk il ik`kf elikcb aomcmfl, ikc ykcb `aelg ekru, ik`kf elikcb pafkskrkc.

E. Yuhukc Zacu`lskc

Kikpuc tuhukc ikrl pafeuktkc fkok`kg lcl kik`kg 8

;. Qctuo
Qctuo fafkgkf
fafkgkfll iasorlp
iasorlpsl
sl par
parl`
l`kou
kou omcsuf
omcsufac.
ac.

5. Qctuo
Qctuo fafkg
fafkgkfl
kfl fmia
fmia`` parl`k
parl`kou
ou omcsuf
omcsufac.
ac.
>. Qctuo
Qctuo fafk
fafkgkf
gkfll dk
dkot
otmr
mr-d
-dkot
kotmr
mr yk
ykcb
cb fafp
fafpac
acbk
bkru
rugl
gl pr
prms
msas
as oaput
oaputus
uskc
kc pa
pafe
fea`
a`lk
lkc
c
omcsufac
9. Qctuo fafkgkfl
fafkgkfl fknkf-fknk
fknkf-fknkf
f sltuksl
sltuksl pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc pkik pkskr omcsufac.
omcsufac.
1. Qctuo fafkgkfl
fafkgkfl sstruot
truotur
ur oaputus
oaputuskc
kc ea`l omcsufac.
omcsufac.
4. Qctuo fafkgkfl
fafkgkfl prmsas
prmsas pacbkfel`kc
pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc
oaputuskc omcsufac
omcsufac..
2. Qctuo
Qctuo fafkg
fafkgkfl
kfl pafe
pafea`l
a`lkc
kc lcius
lciustrl
trlk`.
k`.
7. Qctuo fafkgkfl
fafkgkfl prmsas
prmsas oaputuskc
oaputuskc pafea`lkc
pafea`lkc lciustrlk`
lciustrlk`..
<. Qctuo
Qctuo fafkgkf
fafkgkfll sltuksl
sltuksl pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc lciust
lciustrlk
rlk`.
`.
;:. Qctuo fafkgkfl paciaoktkc pafea`lkc lciustrlk`.
 

EKE LL

ZAFEKGK^KC

K. Iasor
Iasorlp
lpsl
sl Zar
Zarl`k
l`kou
ou Omcs
Omcsuf
ufac
ac

Omcsap pafkskrkc farupkokc dl`skdkt ekbl satlkp pafkskr uctuo facnkpkl suosas. Lctl
ikrl
ikrl dl`k
dl`ksk
skdk
dktt tars
tarsae
aeut
ut ki
kik`
k`kg
kg mrla
mrlact
ctks
ksll pa
pa`k
`kcb
cbbk
bkc.
c. M`
M`ag
ag ok
okra
rack
ck lt
ltu,
u, pa
pafk
fksk
skrr pa
par`
r`u
u
facbliactldloksl ikc fafkgkfl parl`kou omcsufac. Zarl`kou omcsufac iliadlclslokc saekbkl
 prmsas factk` ikc afmslmck` sartk kotlvltks dlslo yb il`kouokc m`ag lcilvliu-lcilvliu oatlok
faraok
faraok fafl`l
fafl`lg,
g, fafea`
fafea`l,
l, facbbu
facbbuckok
ckokc
c ikc facbkt
facbktur
ur ekrkcb
ekrkcb ikc hksk
hksk uto fafuks
fafuksokc
okc
oaeutugkc ikc oalcblckc tartactu (Eakriac ioo, ;<<1). Eaearkpk partlfekcbkc yb facyaekeokc
safkolc pactlcbcyk pafkgkfkc parl`kou omcsufac, kctkrk `klc 8

;. Eask
Easkrc
rcyk
yk pks
pkskr
kr om
omcs
csuf
ufac
ac

5. Zaruekgkc-par
Zaruekgkc-paruekgkc
uekgkc ik`kf
ik`kf oaelkskkc
oaelkskkc ea`kchk
ea`kchk omcsufac
omcsufac sartk
sartk oaputuskc
oaputuskc ea`l faraok
faraok
>. Dmous earoa`
earoa`kchut
kchutkc
kc pkik pafksk
pafkskrkc
rkc yb earmrlactks
earmrlactksll pkik omcsufa
omcsufac
c

^arlcb ilhufpkl 5 lstl`kg yb ckfpko fafl`lol pacbartlkc skfk, ykltu parl`kou omcsufac ikc
 parl`kou pa`kcbbkc. Ourtz ikc Emmca (5::4) fafearlokc iadlclsl yb eareaik uto oaiuk lstl`kg
tarsaeut 8

 Zarl`kou pa`kcbbkc kik`kg kotlvltks factk` ktku dlslo yb tarhkil skkt fafl`lg ikc fafea`l
saeukg prmiuo 


Za
Zarl
rl`k
`kou
ou omcsu
omcsufa
fac
c kik`k
kik`kg
g kotlv
kotlvlt
ltks
ks fact
factk`
k` kt
ktku
ku dl
dlsl
slo
o sa
sasa
samr
mrkc
kcb
b yb sa
sank
nkrk
rk cy
cykt
ktkk
facbbuckokc ekrkcb ikc hksk yb ilea`l

Oaiukk lstl`k
Oaiu lstl`kg
g tarsae
tarsaeut
ut fafl`l
fafl`lol
ol pareai
pareaikkc
kkc pkik
pkik kspao
kspao tlcikok
tlcikokccyk
ccyk,, ykltu
ykltu parl`
parl`kou
kou
 pa`kcbbkc `aelg facaokcokc pkik tlcikokc fafl`lg ikc fafea`l, saikcbokc parl`kou
omcsufac
omcsufac `aelg facaokcokc
facaokcokc pkik tlcikokc facbbuckokc. Hlok safuk tlcikokc il`kouokc m`ag
lcilvliu yb skfk, fkok lstl`kg yb tapkt kik`kg parl`kou omcsufac.

Facurut Ourtz ikc Emmca (5::4), kotlvltks parl`kou yb kik pkik ilrl omcsufac fa`lputl

5 fknkf, ykltu 8
 

;. Kotl
Kotlvl
vltk
tkss fact
factk`
k`,, kik`k
kik`kg
g ko
kotl
tlvl
vltk
tkss yb earok
earoklt
ltkc
kc ia
iacb
cbkc
kc om
omci
cils
lsll oahlw
oahlwkkc
kkc omcsu
omcsufa
fac
c
saglcbbk tliko ikpkt il`lgkt iacbkc fktk, tatkpl ikpkt ilkfktl ikc iloatkgul iacbkc
fatmia tartactu. Nmctmgcyk 8 fmtlvksl, slokp, oaykolckc, parsapsl ikc oaprlekilkc
5. Kotlvltks
Kotlvltks dlslo,
dlslo, skcbkt
skcbkt fuikg ilkfktl
ilkfktl ikc
ikc il`lgkt,
il`lgkt, sapartl
sapartl omcsufac
omcsufac yb fksuo oa saeukg
saeukg
tmom & fa`kouokc pafea`lkc prmiuo tartactu

E. Fmia
Fmia`` Zarl
Zarl`k
`kou
ou Omc
Omcsu
sufa
fac
c
Zafkgk
Zafkgkfk
fkc
c ta
targ
rgki
kikp
kp pa
parl
rl`k
`kou
ou om
omcs
csuf
ufac
ac euokc
euokc`k
`kg
g su
sukt
ktu
u gk
gk`` yk
ykcb
cb fuikg
fuikg uctuo 
uctuo 
il`kou
il`kouokc,
okc, okrack
okrack tarikpk
tarikpktt ekcyko
ekcyko dkotmr
dkotmr ykcb earpac
earpacbkr
bkrug
ug ikc sk`lcb
sk`lcb lctark
lctarkosl
osl sktu
sktu skfk
skfk
`klccyk, saglcbbk paciaoktkc pafkskrkc ykcb il`kouokc m`ag suktu paruskgkkc gkrus eackr-
 eackr ilrkcnkcb saeklo fucbolc iacbkc fafpargktlokc dkotmr-dkotmr tarsaeut. ^a`klc ltu, pkrk
 pafkskr gkrus fkfpu fafkgkfl omcsufac, ikc earuskgk fafpa`khkrl ekbklfkck faraok
 earparl`kou, eartlciko ikc earplolr. Rk`kupuc omcsufac fafl`lol earekbkl fknkf pareaikkc
ckfuc faraok hubk fafl`lol ekcyko oaskfkkc.
Zkrkk pafksk
Zkr pafkskrr wkhle
wkhle fafkgkf
fafkgkfll oarkbk
oarkbkfkc
fkc ikc oaskfk
oaskfkkc
kc omcsuf
omcsufac
ac ktku
ktku parl`k
parl`kou
ou
omcsuf
omcsufac
ac kbkr
kbkr faraok
faraok fkfpu
fkfpu fafksk
fafkskrok
rokc
c prmiuoc
prmiuocyk
yk iacbkc
iacbkc eklo.
eklo. Zkr
Zkrkk pafksk
pafkskrr gkrus
gkrus
fafkgkf
fafkgkfll facbkpk
facbkpk ikc ekbklf
ekbklfkck
kck omcsufa
omcsufac
c facbkf
facbkfel`
el` oaputus
oaputuskc
kc omcsuf
omcsufsl,
sl, saglcb
saglcbbk
bk
 pafkskr ikpkt farkcnkcb strktabl pafkskrkc iacbkc `aelg eklo. Zafkskr ykcb facbartl parl`kou
omcsufac kokc fkfpu fafparolrkokc ekbklfkck oanaciarucbkc omcsufac uctuo earakosl
targkikp
targkikp lcdmrfksl
lcdmrfksl ykcb iltarlfkcy
iltarlfkcyk,
k, saglcbbk
saglcbbk pafkskr
pafkskr ikpkt facyusuc strktabl
strktabl pafkskrkc
pafkskrkc
ykcb
ykcb sasukl
sasukl.. Yliko
Yliko ikpkt
ikpkt ilrkbu
ilrkbuokc
okc `kbl
`kbl ekgwk
ekgwk pafksk
pafkskrr ykcb fafkgkf
fafkgkfll omcsuf
omcsufac
ac kokc
kokc
fafl`lol oafkfpukc earsklcb ykcb `aelg eklo 

N. Dkotmr-D
Dkotmr-Dkotmr
kotmr \kcb Fafpacbkrugl
Fafpacbkrugl Zrmsas Oaputuskc
Oaputuskc Zafea`lk
Zafea`lkc
c Omcsufac
Omcsufac
Zarl`kou
Zarl`kou omcsufac
omcsufac facltloeark
facltloearktokc
tokc pkik kotlvltks
kotlvltks ykcb eargueucbkc
eargueucbkc iacbkc omcsufsl
omcsufsl
ikrl lcilvliu.
lcilvliu. Zarl`kou
Zarl`kou omcsufac
omcsufac eargueucbkc
eargueucbkc iacbkc k`kskc
k`kskc ikc taokckc
taokckc ykcb fafpacbkrugl
fafpacbkrugl
 pafl`lgkc, pafea`lkc, pacbbuckkc, ikc pafeukcbkc ekrkcb ikc hksk ykcb eartuhukc uctuo 
fafuksokc oaeutugkc ikc oalcblckc prlekil. Facurut Hkfas D. Acba` „ Umbar I. E`knowa`` „ 
Zku` R. Flclkri ik`kf ^k`kilc (5::> 8 ;<) tarikpkt tlbk dkotmr ykcb fafpacbkrugl parl`kou
omcsufac ykltu 8
 

;. Zacbkrug
Zacbkrug `lcboucbkc,
`lcboucbkc, tarilrl
tarilrl ikrl
ikrl euikyk, oa`ks
oa`ks smslk`,
smslk`, oa`ukrbk
oa`ukrbk ikc sltuks
sltuksl.
l. ^aekbkl
^aekbkl ikskr 
utkfk parl`kou omcsufac kik`kg fafkgkfl pacbkrug `lcboucbkc ykcb fafeactuo ktku
facbgkfekt
facbgkfekt lcilvliu
lcilvliu ik`kf facbkfel` oaputuskc earomcsufsl
earomcsufsl faraok. Omcsufac
Omcsufac
gliup ik`kf `lcboucbkc ykcb omfp`aos, ilfkck parl`kou oaputuskc faraok ilpacbkrugl
m`ag oaafpkt dkotmr tarsaeut ilktks.
5. Zareai
Zareaikkc
kkc ikc pacbkrug
pacbkrug lcilvl
lcilvliu,
iu, tarilrl
tarilrl ikrl
ikrl fmtlvk
fmtlvksl
sl ikc oatar`l
oatar`lekt
ektkc,
kc, pacbat
pacbatkgu
kgukc,
kc,
slokp, oaprlekilkc,
oaprlekilkc, bkyk gliup, ikc iafmbrkdl.
iafmbrkdl. Zareaikkc lcilvliu farupokc dkotmr 
lctarck` (lctarparsmck`) ykcb facbbarkookc sartk fafpacbkrugl parl`kou. Oa`lfk dkotmr 
tarsaeut kokc fafpar`uks pacbkrug parl`kou omcsufac ik`kf prmsas oaputuskccyk.
>. Zrmsas pslom`
pslom`mbls,
mbls, tarilr
tarilrll ikrl pacbm`kgkc
pacbm`kgkc lcdmrfks
lcdmrfksl,
l, pafea`khkrkc
pafea`khkrkc,, paruekgkc slokp
slokp ikc
 parl`kou. Oatlbk dkotmr tarsaeut fackfekg flckt utkfk ikrl paca`ltlkc omcsufac saekbkl
dkotmr
dkotmr ykcb
ykcb turut
turut fafpacb
fafpacbkru
krugl
gl parl`k
parl`kou
ou omcsuf
omcsufac
ac ik`kf
ik`kf packfe
packfel`k
l`kc
c oaputu
oaputuskc
skc
 pafea`lkc.

Zrmsas
Zrmsas pslom`
pslom`mbl
mbl ikskr
ikskr fafklc
fafklcokc
okc parkckc
parkckc pactlc
pactlcb
b ik`kf
ik`kf fafkgk
fafkgkfl
fl ekbklf
ekbklfkck
kck
omcsufac eackr-eackr fafeukt oaputuskc pafea`lkc faraok. Zaruskgkkc ykcb nariks earuskgk
uctuo fafkgkfl prmsas oaputuskc pafea`lkc pa`kcbbkc sankrk pacug ilfkck farupkokc safuk
 pacbk`kfkc ik`kf pafea`khkrkc. Fafl`lg, facbbuckokc ikc ekgokc facylcbolrokc prmiuo.
p rmiuo.

Zarlsat
Zarlsat pafkskrkc
pafkskrkc ta`kg facbafekcbokc
facbafekcbokc 1 (`lfk)
(`lfk) ‐fmia` tlcbokt‖ prmsas oaputuskc
 pafea`lkc omcsufac, ykltu 8
 Ykgkp pacback`kc fksk`kg

 Ykgkp pacnkrlkc lcdmrfksl

 Ykgkp avk`uksl k`tarcktlva
 Ykgkp oaputuskc pafea`lkc
 Ykgkp parl`kou pksnk pafea`lkc
  Zacback`kc Fksk`kg
Zrmsas pafea`lkc ilfu`kl oatlok pafea`l facykikrl suktu fksk`kg ktku oaeutugkc ykcb
ilplnu
ilplnu m`ag rkcbskcbkc lctarck`
lctarck` ktku aostarck`.
aostarck`. Iacbkc rkcbskcbkc
rkcbskcbkc lctarck`,
lctarck`, sk`kg sktu ikrl
oaeutugkc cmrfk` sasamrkcb cklo oa tlcbokt fkoslfuf ikc fachkil imrmcbkc (imrmcbkc elsk
tlfeu` kolekt rkcbskcbkc aostarck`).
  Zacnkrlkc Lcdmrfksl
 

Omcsuf
Omcsufac
ac sarlcb
sarlcb facnkr
facnkrll huf`kg
huf`kg lcdmrf
lcdmrfksl
ksl ykcb tar
tarekt
ektks.
ks. ^urvay
^urvay fafpar
fafpar`lg
`lgkto
ktokc
kc
 ekgwk uctuo ekrkcb tkgkc `kfk, satacbkg ikrl omcsufac gkcyk fa`lgkt sktu tmmo, ikc gkcyk
>:% ykcb fa`lgkt
fa`lgkt `aelg ikrl sktu faro park`ktkc.
park`ktkc. Oakikkc pacnkrlkc ykcb `aelg racikg ilsaeut
ilsaeut
 pargktlkc tkhkf. Zkik tlcbkt lcl sasamrkcb gkcyk fachkil `aelg rasaptld targkikp lcdmrfksl
tactkcb
tactkcb saeukg prmiuo.
prmiuo. Zkik tlcbokt
tlcbokt earloutcyk,
earloutcyk, sasamrkcb
sasamrkcb ikpkt
ikpkt hubk fafksuol
fafksuol  pacnkrlkc
lcdmrfksl kotld .
 ^ufear lcdmrfksl utkfk ilekbl fachkil 9 (afpkt) oa`mfpmo, ykltu 8

 Zrlekil
 Omfarslk`
 Zue`lo 
 Aosparlfactk`
^atlkp
^atlkp sufear
sufear lcdmrfksl
lcdmrfksl fa`koskckokc
fa`koskckokc ducbsl ykcb eareaik
eareaik ik`kf fafpacbkrugl
fafpacbkrugl
oaputuskc pafea`lkc.

 Ilckflok pacnkrlkc,
Fa`k`u
Fa`k`ull pacbuf
pacbufpu`
pu`kc
kc lcdmrf
lcdmrfksl
ksl,, omcsuf
omcsufac
ac fafpa`
fafpa`khk
khkrl
rl faro
faro pasklc
pasklcb
b ikc dl
dltur 
tur 
faraok. Omcsufac parmrkcbkc gkcyk kokc facbatkgul saekblkc faro lcl, oufpu`kc
oaskik
oaskikrkc
rkc.. Eaeark
Eaearkpk
pk faro, oufpu`kc partlfekcbkc
partlfekcbkc ykcb kokc fafacugl
fafacugl orltarlk
orltarlk
 pafea`lkc kwk`.

Zafkskr gkrus facbliactldloksl glarkrol ktrleut ykcb fafkciu pacbkfel`kc oaputskc

omcsufac uctuo fafkgkfl earekbkl oaouktkc parsklcbkc ikc ekbklfkck earekbkl oufpu`kc lcl
tareac
tareactuo
tuo.. Glarkr
Glarkrol
ol ktrleu
ktrleutt hubk
hubk ikpkt
ikpkt facbucb
facbucbokp
okpokc
okc sabfac
sabfac pa`kcbb
pa`kcbbkc.
kc. Zaf
Zafea`
ea`ll ykcb
ykcb
fafutusokc gkrbk `aelg iu`u frupkokc pafea`lkc imflckc gkrbk.
Zaruskgkkc hubk facbliactldloksl faro `klc ik`kf oa`mfpmo pl`lgkc omcsufac saglcbbk
 paruskgkkc ikpkt faracnkckokc ikyk tkrlo omfpatltld ykcb tapkt. ^a`klc ltu paruskgkkc ikpkt
faracnkckokc
faracnkckokc ikyk gkrus facbliactldlok
facbliactldloksl
sl sufear lcdmrfksl
lcdmrfksl omcsufac
omcsufac ikc facbavk`uks
facbavk`uksll krtl
 pactlcb ra`ktlva faraok.
  Avk`uksl K`tarcktld 
Eaearkpk omcsap ikskr ykcb kokc fafekctu oltk fafkgkfl prmsas avk`uksl, ykltu 8
 Omcsufac earuskgk fafuksokc saeukg oaeutugkc

 Omcsufac facnkrl fkcdkkt tartactu ikrl sm`usl prmiuo 

 

 Omcsufac fa`lgkt fkslcb-fkslcb prmiuo saekbkl saoa`mfpmo ktrleut iacbkc earekbkl

oa
oafk
fkfp
fpukc
ukc uctuo
uctuo facb
facbgk
gkct
ctkr
krokc
okc fkcd
fkcdkkt
kkt ykcb
ykcb il
ilpar
par`u
`uok
okc
c ucruo
ucruo fafu
fafuks
ksokc
okc
oaeutugkc
Omcsuf
Omcsufac
ac kokc fafear
fafearlok
lokc
c pargkt
pargktlkc
lkc tareas
tareaskr
kr pkik ktr
ktrleu
leutt ykcb facbgk
facbgkctk
ctkrok
rokc
c
fkcdkkt ykcb fafacugl oaeutugkc.
  Oaykolckc ikc ^lokp
Oaykolckc
Oaykolckc ikc slokp fafpacbkrugl
fafpacbkrugl parl`kou
parl`kou pafea`lkc. Oay
Oaykolckc (ea`lava
kolckc ea`lava)) kik`kg
 paflolrkc iasorlptld ykcb ilpabkcb sasamrkcb tactkcb sasuktu. ^kfk
^ kfk pactlcbcyk iacbkc
slokp (kttltuia
kttltuia),
), ykltu avk`uksl ik`kf wkotu `kfk tactkcb ykcb ilsuokl ktku tliko ilsuokl
sasa
sasamr
mrkc
kcb,
b, pa
para
rask
skkc
kc afms
afmslm
lmck
ck`,
`, ik
ikc
c oa
oanac
nacia
iaru
rucb
cbkc
kc tl
tlci
ciko
kokc
kc ta
targ
rgkik
kikp
p ea
eaea
eark
rkpk
pk
mehao/lia. Mrkcb fafpucykl slokp gkfplr targkikp sabk`k gk` flsk`cyk kbkfk, pm`ltlo,
 pkoklkc, fuslo, fkokckc. ^lokp facafpktokc oltk ik`kf oarkcbok plolrkc ykltu
facyuokl ktku tliko facyuokl saeukg mehao, earbarko facuhu ktku eark`lg ikrlcyk.

  Fmia` Aospaotkcsl Cl`kl

Omcsufac skfpkl pkik slok targkikp earekbkl faro fa`k`ul prmsaiur pacl`klkc ktrleut.
Lk facbafekcbokc sahuf`kg oaykolckc tactkcb ilfkck fkslcb-fkslcb faro earilrl ktks
satlkp ktrleut. Fmia
ia`` kosp
kospaaotkc `kl (ax
tkcsl cl`kl axpa
pant
ntkc
kcny
ny vk
vk`u
`uaa fmia
fmia` 
` ) faru
farupk
pkokc
okc
 pafeactuokc slokp faciubk ekgwk omcsufac facbavk`uksl prmiuo ikc hksk iacbkc
facbbkeucbokc oaykolckc faro faraok eklo pmsltld fkupuc cabktld earikskrokc krtl
 pactlcbcyk.
 Oaputuskc Zafea`lkc

Ik`kf tkgkp avk`uksl, omcsufac fafeactuo pradaracsl

pradaracsl kctkr faro ik`kf oufpu`kc
oufpu`kc
 pl`lgkc. Omcsufac fucbolc
fucb olc hubk fafeactuo fkosui uctuo fafea`l faro ykcb pk`lcb
p k`lcb ilsuokl.
Ik`kf fa`koskckokc
fa`koskckokc fkosui pafea`lkc,
pafea`lkc, omcsufac ikpkt fafeactuo
fafeactuo 1 (`lfk)
(`lfk) sue oaputuskc,
ykltu faro, pacyk`ur, oukctltks, wkotu ikc fatmia pafekykrkc.

  Fmia` Cmcomfpacsktmrls Ikrl Zl`lgkc Omcsufac

Fmia`
Fmia` aospaot
aospaotkcs
kcsll cl`kl
cl`kl farupk
farupkokc
okc fmia`
fmia` omfpacs
omfpacsktm
ktmrls
rls,, ykltu
ykltu gk`-gk
gk`-gk`` ykcb
ykcb
ilkcbbkp eklo uctuo saeukg prmiuo ikpkt fafekctu facutup gk`-gk` ykcb ilkcbbkp
 euruo. Yatkpl omcsufac sarlcb facbkfel` hk`kc plctks factk` iacbkc facbbuckokc

kturkc (gaurlstlo 
(gaurlstlo ) pl`lgkc ykcb saiargkck, ilfkck farupkokc kturkc saiargkck ktku
 

 hk`kc plctks factk` ik`kf prmsas oaputuskc. Iacbkc fmia` cmcomfpacsktmrl

cmcomfpacsktmrlss
(cmcnmfpacsktmry fmia` ),
), farupkokc pl`lgkc omcsufac, partlfekcbkc ktrleut pmsltld 
ikc cabktld tliko sa`k`u facburkcbl. Facbavk`uksl ktrleut ykcb earkik ik`kf lsm`ksl
fafeukt omcsufac `aelg fuikg facbkfel` oaputuskc, tatkpl hubk faclcboktokc
oafucbolckc ekgwk lk kokc facbkfel` pl`lgkc eareaik hlok lk earplolr `aelg rlcnl.
Yarikpkt > (tlbk) fknkf gaurlstlo , ykltu 8
 Gaurlst
Gaurlstlo
lo Omchucbt
Omchucbtld
ld (nmchuc
nmchucbtlva
btlva gaurlstln
gaurlstln),
), omcsuf
omcsufac
ac facatk
facatkpokc
pokc tlcbokt
tlcbokt
nutmdd flclfuf ykcb ikpkt iltarlfk uctuo satlkp ktrleut ikc fafl`lg k`tarcktlva
 partkfk ykcb fafacugl stkcikr flclfuf uctuo safuk ktrleut.
 Gaurlstlo @aoslombrkdls (`axlnmbrkpgln
(`axlnmbrkpgln gaurlstln),
gaurlstln), omcsufa fafl`lg faro tareklo 
 earikskrokc ktrleut ykcb ilkcbbkp pk`lcb pactlcb.
 Gaurs
Gaurstl
tlo
o A`
A`lf
lflc
lcks
ksll Ea
Eari
riks
kskr
krok
okc
c Kspa
Kspao
o (a`l
a`lflc
flcktl
ktlmc
mc ey kspant
kspantss gaurls
gaurlstln
tln),
),
omcsu
omcsufa
fac
c fafe
fafekc
kcil
ilcb
cbokc
okc faro
faro ea
eari
riks
kskr
krokc
okc kt
ktrl
rleu
eutt yk
ykcb
cb il
ilpl
pl`l
`lg
g sa
sankr
nkrkk

 prmekel`lstln, ilfkck prmekel`ltks pafl`lgkc ktrleut eargueucbkc pmsltld iacbkc

krtl pactlcbcyk ikc facbgl`kcbokc faro ykcb tliko fafacugl ektkskc flclfuf
ykcb iltarlfk.
  Dkotmr Zacblctarvacsl
Yarikpkt 5 (iuk) dkotmr ufuf ykcb facblctarvacsl kctkrk fkosui pafea`lkc, ykltu
 slokp mrkcb `klc ikc
`klc ikc dkotmr
 dkotmr sltukslmck` .
m ^lokp mrkcb `klc, ektks ilfkck slokp sasamrkcb facburkcbl pradaracsl oltk uctuo 
saeukg k`tarcktlva tarbkctucb pkik 5 (iuk) gk`, ykltu lctacsltks slokp cabktld mrkcb
`klc
`klc targki
targkikp
kp k`tarc
k`tarcktl
ktlva
va ykcb oltk
oltk suokl
suokl ikc fmtlvk
fmtlvksl
sl olt
oltkk uctuo
uctuo fafktu
fafktugl
gl
oagaciko mrkcb `klc.
m Dkotmr sltukslmck`, tliko ilkctlslpksl ykcb fucbolc fucnu` uctuo facbuekg elkt
 pafea`lkc.
Oaputuskc
Oaputuskc omcsufac
omcsufac uctuo fafmildloks
fafmildloksl,
l, facucik
facucik ktku facbglcikrl
facbglcikrl oaputuskc
 pafea`lkc skcbkt ilpacbkrugl m`ag raslom kcbbkpkc.
kcbb kpkc. Omcsufac ikpkt facl`kl ekcyko 
 hacls raslom ik`kf fafea`l ikc facbmcsufsl saeukg prmiuo 8
;. Uaslom
Uaslom ducbsl
ducbslmck
mck`` (prmiuo
(prmiuo tliko
tliko sasukl
sasukl gkrkpk
gkrkpkc)
c)
5. Uaslom dlslo
dlslo (prmiuo
(prmiuo facbkcnk
facbkcnkf
f oasahkgtarkk
oasahkgtarkkc
c ktku oasagktkc
oasagktkc dldlo
dldlo pacbbuck)
pacbbuck)

>. Uaslom oaukcbkc (prmiuo

(prmiuo tliko
tliko `kyko
`kyko uctuo
uctuo gkrbk ykcb ilekykro
ilekykrokc)
kc)
 

9. Uaslom smslk`
smslk` (prmiuo
(prmiuo faclfeu
faclfeu`okc
`okc rksk
rksk fk`u
fk`u ikrl
ikrl mrkcb
mrkcb `klc)
`klc)
1. Uaslom pslom`mbls
pslom`mbls (prmiuo
(prmiuo fafpacbkr
fafpacbkrugl
ugl oasagktkc
oasagktkc hlwk pacbbuck)
pacbbuck)
4. Uaslom wkotu (oabkbk`
(oabkbk`kc
kc prmiuo facbgksl`okc
facbgksl`okc elkyk
elkyk pa`ukcb
pa`ukcb uctuo facafuo
facafuokc
kc
 prmiuo fafuksokc `klccyk).
Huf`kg raslom kcbbkpkc earvkrlksl iacbkc huf`kg ukcb ykcb ilpartkrugokc, huf`kg
oatliko pkstlkc ktrleut ikc huf`kg oaparnkykkc ilrl omcsufac.

  Zarl`kou Zksnk Zafea`lkc

^ata`kg pafea`lkc, omcsufac fucbolc facbk`kfl omcd`lo il okrackokc fa`lgkt dltur 
facbog
facbogkwkt
kwktlro
lrokc
kc tartac
tartactu
tu ktku
ktku faciac
faciacbkr
bkr gk`-gk`
gk`-gk` facyack
facyackcbok
cbokc
c tactkc
tactkcb
b farao
farao `kl
`klc
c ikc
wkspkik targkikp lcdmrfksl ykcb faciuoucb oaputuskccyk.

Okr
kraack ltu tubk
bkss pafk
afkskr tliko earko
kog
glr iacbkc pa
paf
fea`
a`llkc. Zafkskr gkrus

facbkfktloapukskc pksnk pafea`lkc, tlcikokc pksnk pafea`lkc, ikc pacbbuckkc prmiuo pkksnk
 pafea`lkc.
  Oapukskc Zksnk Zafea`lkc
Oapukskc farupkokc ducbsl oaiaoktkc kctkrk gkrkpkc ikc olcarhk kcbbkpkc prmiuo.
Hlokk olcarh
Hlo olcarhkk tliko
tliko fafacu
fafacugl
gl gkrkpkc
gkrkpkc omcsufac
omcsufac oan
oanaw
awk,
k,  hlok fafacugl gkrkpkc
omcsufac puks,
omcsufac  puks, hlok
 hlok fa`aelgl gkrkpkc omcsufac skcbkt
omcsufac skcbkt puks.
^afkolc easkr oasachkcbkc kctkrk gkrkpkc ikc olcarhk, safkolc easkr oatlikopukskc
tarhkil.
 Ylcikokc Zksnk Zafea`lkc
 Hlok omcsufac puks, lk fucbolc lcblc fafea`l prmiuo ltu oafek`l. Il `klc plgko,
omcsufac ykcb oanawk facbkeklokc ktku facbafek`lokc prmiuo. Faraok fucbolc
facnkrl lcdmrfksl ykcb fafkstokc cl`kl prmiuo ykcb tlcbbl Omfucloksl pksnk
 pafea`lkc oapkik pafea`l facbgksl`okc pacbafek`lkc prmiuo ikc pafektk`kc
 paskckc ykcb `aelg sailolt.
  Zacbbuckkc ikc Zacylcbolrkc Zksnk Zafea`lkc
 Zafkskr gkrus hubk facbkfktl ekbklfkck pafea`l facbbuckokc ikc facylcbolrokc
 prmiuo. Zacimrmcb oucnl draouacsl pachuk`kc kik`kg tlcbokt omcsufsl prmiuo „

safkolc napkt pafea`l facbomcsufsl saeukg prmiuo, safkolc napkt faraok oafek`l
 

 oa pkskr uctuo fafea`lcyk `kbl.

^k`kg
^k`kg sktu
sktu pa`ukc
pa`ukcb
b uctuo
uctuo faclcb
faclcbokt
oktokc
okc draoukc
draoukcsl
sl pacbbuc
pacbbuckkc
kkc prmiuo
prmiuo tar
tarhki
hkill oatlok
oatlok
 parsapsl omcsufac tactkcb pacbbuckkc faraok eareaik ikrl oacyktkkc. Omcsufac fucbolc
bkbk` facbbkctl prmiuo ykcb fafl`lol ractkcb ufur ra`ktlva paciao iacbkc nuoup napkt okrack
faraok
faraok sk`kg
sk`kg facl`k
facl`kll ufur
ufur prmiuo.
prmiuo. ^ktu
^ktu str
strkta
ktabl
bl uctuo
uctuo faf
fafpar
parnapk
napktt pacbbkc
pacbbkctlk
tlkc
c kik`kg
kik`kg
facbkltokc tlcikokc facbbkctlokc prmiuo iacbkc `leurkc, oahkilkc, ktku wkotu tartactu ik`kf
sktu tkguc.

I. Fknkf-F
Fknkf-Fknk
knkf
f ^ltuksl
^ltuksl Zafea
Zafea`lkc
`lkc Zkik
Zkik Zkskr
Zkskr Omcsu
Omcsufac
fac

Kik afpkt fknkf parl`kou pafea`lkc ykcb il`kouokc m`ag omcsufac8

;. Uaspmc targkikp pafea`lkc sankrk rutlc

^kkt Kcik parbl oa tmom ikc facnmek facbkfel` sapmtmcb rmtl, oafucbolckc Kcik kokc
fafea`l vkrlatks ykcb Kcik oack` ktku ykcb fafekwk `kea` gkrbk pk`lcb rlcbkc. Ik`kf
sltuksl lcl, prmiuo pkik ikskrcyk ilea`l tkcpk paflolrkc ykcb earkrtl, okrack kpk ykcb
faraok ea`l earikskrokc tlcikokc sankrk rutlc
5. Zacbkfel`kc oaputuskc ykcb tarektks
Hlok Kcik earkik il pkskr uctuo fafea`l pkoklkc ekru ktku oursl ekru ykcb ikpkt il`lpkt
ykcb ikpkt Kcik ekwk iacbkc fuikg, Kcik ikpkt fa`kouokc sailolt rlsat pkik farao,
tatkpl oafucbolckccyk oanl`. ^aekblkc ikrl Kcik kokc parbl iacbkc kpk ykcb kik il
kcbbkrkc Kcik ikc kpk ykcb tar`lgkt ekbus ktku ykcb pk`lcb prkotls.
>. Zacbkfel`kc oaputuskc ykcb `uks
Ekykcbokc Kcik fkfpu fafea`l rufkg partkfk ok`l ykcb lcblc facatkp il rufkg
 partkfk Kcik lcl. Fasolpuc Kcik ea`uf parckg fafea`l rufkg saea`ufcyk, tatkpl ha`ks
Kcik fafkgkf
fafkgkfll saeark
saearkpk
pk easkr
easkr lcvast
lcvastksl
ksl ikc saeark
saearkpk
pk `uks
`uks oaputu
oaputuskc
skc pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc
tarsae
tarsaeut.
ut. Oaputu
Oaputuskc
skc safknkf
safknkf ltu iktkcb
iktkcb iacbkc
iacbkc rls
rlslom
lom aomcmf
aomcmfll ykcb ha`
ha`ks.
ks. Yatkpl
Yatkpl
 ekbklfkck parkskkc Kcik sankrk prlekil tactkcb pafea`lkc= Ekbklfkck raokc-raokcfu
kokc fafkci
fafkcikcbf
kcbfu=
u= Zacbkfe
Zacbkfel`k
l`kc
c oaputu
oaputuskc
skc ykcb
ykcb `uks
`uks fafeut
fafeutugok
ugokc
c paca`l
paca`ltlk
tlkc
c
tarekcyko.

9. Zafea`lkc lfpu`sld 
 

Omcsufac ykcb fafea`l sasuktu prmiuo sankrk lfpu`slva, tkcpk facbatkgul faraok
kokc facbgkelsokc ukcb uctuo ekrkcb tartactu. Ykpl tlek-tlek, faraok tarlcsplrksl uctuo 
k`kskc
k`kskc kpk puc ikc fa`kouo
fa`kouokc
kc pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc.. Zaf
Zafea`
ea`lkc
lkc lf
lfpu`
pu`sld
sld tl
tliko
iko fafar`
fafar`uokc
uokc
 paracnkckkc ykcb ilracnkckokc sankrk skikr.

A. ^truo
^truotur
tur Oap
Oaputu
utuskc
skc Ea`l
Ea`l Omcs
Omcsuf
ufac
ac
Oaput
Oaputus
uskc
kc uctuo
uctuo fafe
fafea`
a`ll yk
ykcb
cb ilkf
ilkfel
el`` m`
m`ag
ag pa
pafe
fea`
a`ll lt
ltu
u sa
saea
eack
ckrc
rcyk
yk faru
farupk
pkokc
okc
oufpu`
oufpu`kc
kc ikrl
ikrl sahuf`
sahuf`kg
kg oaputu
oaputuskc
skc.. ^atlkp
^atlkp oaputu
oaputuskc
skc fafea`
fafea`ll fafpuc
fafpucykl
ykl suktu
suktu str
struot
uotur 
ur 
saekcyko tuhug omfpmcac. Ilkctkrkcyk8
;. Oaputuskc tactkcb hacls prmiuo 
Omcsufac
Omcsufac ikpkt facbkfel`
facbkfel` oaputuskc
oaputuskc uctuo fafea`l
fafea`l saeukg
saeukg rkilm ktku facbbuckokc
facbbuckokc
ukcbcyk uctuo tuhukc `klc. Ik`kf gk` lcl paruskgkkc gkrus fafusktokc pargktlkccyk
oapkik
oapkik mrkcb-
mrkcb-mrk
mrkcb
cb ykcb earflc
earflckt
kt fafea`
fafea`ll rkilm
rkilm sartk
sartk k`t
k`tarc
arcktl
ktldd `kl
`klc
c ykcb
ykcb far
faraok
aok

 partlfekcbokc.
5. Oaputuskc tactkcb eactuo prmiuo 
Omcsufac ikpkt facbkfel` oaputuskc uctuo fafea`l eactuo rkilm tartactu. Oaputuskc
tarsaeut facykcbout pu`k uourkc, futu sukrk, nmrko ikc saekbklcyk. Ik`kf gk` lcl
 paruskgkkc gkrus fa`kouokc rlsat pafkskrkc uctuo facbatkgul oasuokkc omcsufac
tactkcb prmiuo earskcboutkc kbkr ikpkt fafkoslfufokc ikyk tkrlo faraocyk.
>. Oaputuskc tactkcb farao 
Omcsufac gkrus facbkfel` oaputuskc tactkcb farao fkck ykcb kokc ilea`l. ^atlkp
farao
farao fafl`
fafl`lol
lol pareai
pareaikkc-
kkc-par
pareai
eaikkc
kkc tarsac
tarsacilr
ilrl.
l. Ik`kf
Ik`kf gk` lcl parusk
paruskgkkc
gkkc gkrus
gkrus
facbatkgul ekbklfkck omcsufac fafl`lg saeukg farao.
9. Oaputuskc tactkcb pachuk`cyk
Omcsufac
Omcsufac gkrus facbkfel`
facbkfel` oaputuskc il fkck rkilm tarsaeut kokc ilea`l,
ilea`l, kpkokg pkik
tmom sarek kik, tmom k`kt-k`kt `lstrlo, tmom ogusus rkilm, ktku tmom `klc. Ik`kf gk` lcl,
 prmiusac, paikbkcb easkr, ikc pacbanar gkrus facbatkgul ekbklfkck omcsufac
fafl`lg pahuk` tartactu.
1. Oaputuskc tactkcb huf`kg prmiuo 
Omcsufa
Omcsufac
c ikpkt
ikpkt facbkf
facbkfel`
el` oaputus
oaputuskc
kc tactkc
tactkcb
b saeark
saearkpk
pk ekcyko
ekcyko prmiuo
prmiuo ykcb
ykcb kok
kokc
c

ilea`lcyk pkik suktu skkt. Zafea`lkc ykcb il`kouokc fucbolc `aelg ikrl sktu uclt. Ik`kf
 

gk` lcl paruskgkkc gkrus fafparslkpokc ekcykocyk prmiuo sasukl iacbkc oalcblckc
ykcb eareaik-eaik ikrl pkik pafea`l.
4. Oaputuskc tactkcb wkotu pafea`lkkc
Omcsufac ikpkt facbkfel` oaputuskc tactkcb okpkc lk gkrus fa`kouokc pafea`lkc.
Fksk`kg lcl kokc facykcbout tarsailkcyk ukcb uctuo fafea`l rkilm. M`ag okrack ltu
 paruskgkkc gkrus facbatkgul dkotmr-dkotmr ykcb fafpacbkrugl oaputuskc omcsufac
ik`kf pacactukc wkotu pafea`lkc. Iacbkc iaflolkc paruskgkkc ikpkt facbktur wkotu
 prmiuosl ikc oablktkc pafkskrkccyk.
2. Oaputuskc tactkcb nkrk pafekykrkc
Omcsufac gkrus facbkfel` oaputuskc tactkcb fatmia ktku nkrk pafekykrkc prmiuo 
yk
ykcb
cb ilea
ilea`l
`l,, kp
kpkok
kokg
g sa
sank
nkrk
rk tuck
tuckll kt
ktku
ku ia
iacb
cbkc
kc nl
nlnl
nl`k
`kc.
c. Oapu
Oaputu
tusk
skc
c ta
tars
rsae
aeut
ut ko
kokc
kc
fafpacb
fafpacbkru
krugl
gl oaputu
oaputuskc
skc tactkc
tactkcb
b pachuk`
pachuk` ikc huf`kg
huf`kg pafea`
pafea`lkcc
lkccyk.
yk. Ik`kf
Ik`kf gk` lcl
 paruskgkkc gkrus facbatkgul oalcblckc targkikp nkrk pafekykrkccyk.

D. Zrms
Zrmsas
as Zacbkf
Zacbkfel`
el`kc
kc Oap
Oaput
utus
uskc
kc Omc
Omcsuf
sufac
ac
Acba` (;<<1) facbktkokc ekgwk prmsas pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc fafea`l facbknu pkik
tlcikokc
tlcikokc omcslstac
omcslstac ikc elhkoskck
elhkoskck ykcb il`kouokc uctuo fafacugl
fafacugl oacutugkc.
oacutugkc. Zacbkfel`kc
Zacbkfel`kc
oaputuskc fafea`l farupkokc oaputuskc omcsufac tactkcb kpk ykcb gaciko ilea`l, earkpk
 ekcyko ykcb kokc ilea`l, il fkck kokc il`kouokc, okpkc kokc il`kouokc ikc ekbklfkck
 pafea`lkc kokc il`kouokc (@muimc & Elttk, ;<<>). Earomwltz (5::5) hubk facbafuokokc
 ekgwk prmsas oaputuskc pafea`lkc farupkokc tkgkp-tkgkp ykcb il`k`ul pafea`l ik`kf
facactuokc pl`lgkc tactkcb prmiuo ikc hksk ykcb gaciko ilea`l.

Fmia` pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc ilekbl fachkil 58

 

;. Fmia` Zarl`kou Zacbkfel`kc oaputuskc

Fmia` Aomcmfl ykcb iloafuokokc m`ag kg`l aomcmfl o`kslo ilfkck oaputuskc mrkcb ltu
rkslmck`, ykltu earuskgk facikpktokc oauctucbkc fkrblck` skfk iacbkc elkyk fkrblck` ktku
uctuo fafparm`ag oauctucbkc fkoslfuf.

 Fmia` Fkcuslk Kiflclstrksl Iloafuokc m`ag Gareart K. ^lfmc ilfkck `aelg earprlcslp
mrkcb tliko facblcblcokc fkoslfk`lsksl tatkpl nuoup oauctucbkc ykcb fafuksokc.
 Fmia` Fkcuslk Fmelnactrlo Iloafuokokc m`ag Hacclcbs, ilfkck paruekgkc farupkokc
cl`kl utkfk saglcbbk mrkcb gkrus sa`k`u earbarko eaeks facbkfel` oaputuskc.
 Fmia
Fmia`` Fkcu
Fkcusl
slkk Mrbk
Mrbkcl
clsk
sksl
sl Iloa
Iloafu
fuok
okok
okc
c m`
m`ag
ag R.D.
R.D. Rgyt
Rgyta,
a, fmia
fmia`` lc
lcll `a
`ael
elg
g
facbaiapkcokc sldkt satlk ikc pacug oarhkskfk ik`kf pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc.
 Fmia
Fmia`` Zacbu
Zacbusk
skgk
gk Ekru
Ekru Il
Iloaf
oafuok
uokok
okc
c m`ag
m`ag Rrlb
Rrlbgt
gt Fl``
Fl``ss faca
facaokc
okcok
okc
c pk
pkik
ik sl
sldk
dktt
omfpatltld.
 Fmia` ^mslk` Iloafuokokc
Iloafuokokc m`ag Draui Tae`ac
Tae`ac ilfkck facurutcyk
facurutcyk mrkcb sarlcbe tliko 
rkslmck` ik`kf facbkfel` oaputuskc il`lputl parkskkc afmsl ikc sltuskl ilekwkg skikr.

5. Fmia` Zrasorlptld ikc Iasorlptld 

Dlsgar facbafuokokc ekgwk pkik gkoaoktcyk kik 5 fmia` pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc,

ykltu8

;. Fmia
Fmia`` Zr
Zras
asor
orlp
lptl
tldd Za
Zafe
fear
arlk
lkc
c ra
rasa
sap
p pa
pare
rekl
klok
okc,
c, fmia`
fmia` lc
lcll faca
facark
rkcbo
cbokc
kc ek
ekbkl
bklfk
fkck
ck
oa`mfpmo sagkruscyk facbkfel` oaputuskc.
5. Fmia`
Fmia` Iasorl
Iasorlptl
ptldd Fmia`
Fmia` lcl facarkcb
facarkcbokc
okc ekbklfkck
ekbklfkck oa`mfp
oa`mfpmo
mo facbkf
facbkfel`
el` oaputusk
oaputuskc
c
tartactu.
 

Ykgkpkc Zrmsas Zacbkfel`kc Oaputuskc

^aea`
^aea`uf
uf ik
ikc
c sa
sasu
suik
ikg
g fa`k
fa`kouo
ouokc
kc pafea`
pafea`lk
lkc,
c, sa
samr
mrkc
kcb
b omc
omcsu
sufa
fac
c ko
kokc
kc fa`k
fa`kou
ouokc
okc
sahuf`kg prmsas ykcb facikskrl pacbkfel`kc oaputuskc, ykocl8

;. Zacback`kc
Zacback`kc fksk`kg
fksk`kg   ( prme`af
 prme`af ranmbcltlmc).
ranmbcltlmc). Omcsuf
Omcsufac
ac kokc
kokc fafea`
fafea`ll suktu
suktu prmiuo 
prmiuo 
saekbkl sm`usl ktks
sm`usl ktks parfksk`kgkc ykcb ilgkikplcyk. Ykcpk kikcyk pacback`kc fksk`kg
ykcb fucnu`, omcsufac tliko ikpkt facactuokc prmiuo ykcb kokc ilea`l.
5. Zacnkrlkc
Zacnkrlkc lcdmrfksl
lcdmrfksl   (lcdmr
lcdmrfktlm
fktlmc
c smurna
smurna).
). ^a
^ata
ta`k
`kg
g fafk
fafkgkf
gkfll fksk
fksk`k
`kg
g yk
ykcb
cb ki
kik,
k,
omcsufac
omcsufac kokc tar fmtlvksl uctuo
fmtlvksl uctuo facnkrl lcdmrfksl uctuo facya`asklokc parfksk`kgkc
ykcb kik fa`k`ul
fa`k`ul pacnkrlkc
pacnkrlkc lcdmrfksl.
lcdmrfksl. Zrmsas pacnkrlkc lcdmrfksl ikpkt earksk` ikrl
ik`kf fafmrl (
fafmrl (lctarck` 
lctarck` ) ikc earikskrokc pacbk`kfkc
earikskrokc pacbk`kfkc mrkcb
 mrkcb `klc (aostarck` 
(aostarck` ))..
>. Facbavk`uksl k`tarcktld   (k`tarcktlva avk`uktlmc).
avk`uktlmc). ^ata`kg omcsufac facikpkt earekbkl
fknkf
fknkf lcdmrf
lcdmrfksl
ksl,, omcsuf
omcsufac
ac kokc facbav
facbavk`u
k`uksl
ksl k`tarcktld   ykcb kik uctuo facbktksl
 parfksk`kgkc ykcb ilgkikplcyk.
9. Oaputuskc pafea`lkc 
pafea`lkc  ( purngksa
 purngksa ianlslmc).
ianlslmc). ^ata`
^ata`kg
kg omcsufac
omcsufac facbavk`uks
facbavk`uksll eaearkpk
eaearkpk
k`tarcktld strktabls 
strktabls  ykcb kik, omcsufac
omcsufac kokc fafeukt
fafeukt oaputuskc pafea`lkc.
pafea`lkc. Yarokikcb
Yarokikcb
wkotu   ykcb ileutu
wkotu ileutugokc
gokc kctkrk
kctkrk fafeukt
fafeukt oaputu
oaputuskc
skc pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc iacbkc
iacbkc facnlp
facnlptkok
tkokc
c
 pafea`lkc ykcb kotuk` 
kotuk`  tlik
tliko
o sk
skfk
fk ilok
ilokra
racko
ckokc
kc kikcy
kikcykk gk
gk`-
`-gk
gk`` `k
`klc
lc yk
ykcb
cb pa
par`
r`u
u
ilpartlfekcbokc.
1. Avk`uksl pksnk-pafea`lkc 
pksnk-pafea`lkc  ( pmst-purngksa
 pmst-purngksa avk`uktlmc)
avk`uktlmc) farupkokc prmsas avk`uksl ykcb

il`kouokc omcsufac tliko gkcyk earkoglr pkik tkgkp pafeuktkc oaputuskc pafea`lkc.
 

^ata`k
^ata`kg
g fafea`l
fafea`l  prmiuo   tarsaeut,
tarsaeut, omcsufac kokc fa`kouokc
fa`kouokc avk`uksl 
avk`uksl  kpkokg prmiuo 
tarsaeut
tarsaeut sasukl iacbkc gkrkpkccyk. Ik`kf gk` lcl, tarhkil
tarhkil oapukskc 
oapukskc  ikc oatlikopukskc
omcsufac. Omcsufac kokc puks hlok prmiuo tarsaeut sasukl iacbkc gkrkpkccyk ikc
sa`kch
sa`kchutc
utcyk
yk kokc faclcb
faclcbokt
oktokc
okc  parflctkkc 
 parflctkkc  kko
okc farao   prmiuo
prmiuo tar
tarsae
saeut
ut pkik fksk
iapkc. ^aek`locyk, omcsufac kokc farksk tliko puks hlok prmiuo tarsaeut tliko sasukl
iacbkc gkrkpkccyk ikc gk` lcl kokc facurucokc parflctkkc omcsufac pkik fksk iapkc

B. Zafea`lkc Lciustrlk`
Lciust
Lciustrl
rlk`
k` euyar
euyar eagkvlm
eagkvlmrr ktku
ktku parl`
parl`kou
kou pafea`
pafea`ll lciust
lciustrlk
rlk`` kik`kg
kik`kg nkrk
nkrk mrbkcl
mrbkclsks
sksll
 eartlciko ktku fa`kouokc ilrl sacilrl oatlok tar`lekt ik`kf
i k`kf pafea`lkc ekrkcb ktku hksk. Faraok
fafea`l fucbolc uctuo ilhuk` oafek`l ktku uctuo ilbuckokc ik`kf prmiuosl ekrkcb ktku hksk
`klc.
Zarl`kou
Zarl`kou fucbolc
fucbolc kokc eareaik uctuo oktabmrl __pafea`lVV
__pafea`lVV.. Faraok
Faraok fucbolc
fucbolc kik`kg

 pafea`l partkfk ikrl suktu prmiuo ktku `kykckc ktku pafea`l ykcb fafaskc oafek`l __prmiuoVV
ktku
ktku `kykck
`kykckc
c ykcb skfk
skfk ykcb saea`u
saea`ufcy
fcykk ilea`l
ilea`l.. Faraok
Faraok hubk
hubk fucbol
fucbolc
c lcblc
lcblc fa`kou
fa`kouokc
okc
 pacyasuklkc iacbkc spasldloksl prmiuo ktku `kykckc ra`ktld targkikp pafea`lkc saea`ufcyk.
Ykgkpkc-tkgkpkc ik`kf prmsas pafea`lkc elsk hkil facnkoup pacback`kc oaeutugkc,
iadlclsl
iadlclsl oaeutugkc,
oaeutugkc, iasorlpsl
iasorlpsl oaeutugkc,
oaeutugkc, liactldlok
liactldloksl
sl pachuk`,
pachuk`, parflctkkc
parflctkkc prmpmsk`,
prmpmsk`, avk`uksl
avk`uksl
 prmpmsk`, pafl`lgkc prmpmsk`, prmsaiur pafaskckc, ikc tlchkukc olcarhk.

Omcsap puskt pafea`lkc kik`kg oucnl uctuo ekcyko parl`kou pafea`l lciustrl okrack
 eardmous pkik parkc ykcb il`kouokc eaearkpk lcilvliu il mrbkclsksl ik`kf pafea`lkc lciustrl.

Facblcbkt
Facblc bkt ekgwk
ekgwk puskt
puskt pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc tarilr
tarilrll ikrl
ikrl saoufp
saoufpu`k
u`kc
c lcilvl
lcilvliu
iu ykcb tar
tar`le
`lekt
kt ik`kf
ik`kf
 pafea`lkc elscls ik`kf mrbkclsksl, parkc tarsaeut ikpkt iliaomfpmslsl fachkil8

 Zacactu (ianliars)8  lcilvl

Zacactu lcilvliu-
iu-lci
lcilvl
lvliu
iu iacbkc
iacbkc pacbkru
pacbkrug
g dmrfk`
dmrfk` ktku
ktku lcdmrf
lcdmrfk`
k` ktks
ktks
 pafl`lgkc koglr pafksmo 
 Zafe
Zafear
arll pacb
pacbkr
krug
ug (lcſtuacnars)8  mrkcb
mrkcb-m
-mrk
rkcb
cb yk
ykcb
cb fafp
fafpacb
acbkr
krugl
ugl oa
oaput
putus
uskc
kc
 pafea`lkc fa`k`ul iadlclsl spasldloksl ktku
ktku avk`uksl k`tarcktld.
   Bktaoaapars8 lcilvl
lcilvliu-l
iu-lcil
cilvli
vliu
u ykcb ikpkt
ikpkt fafekt
fafektksl
ksl kosas
kosas aostar
aostarck`
ck` oa lcilvl
lcilvliu-
iu-
lcil
lcilvl
vliu
iu oucnl
oucnl ik
ik`k
`kf
f mrbkc
mrbkcls
lsks
ksll kt
ktku
ku,, ia
iacb
cbkc
kc nkrk
nkrk yk
ykcb
cb sk
skfk
fk,, facb
facbgk
gkfe
fekt
kt kt
ktku
ku
fafdksl`ltksl k`lrkc lcdmrfksl oa mrkcb `klc utkfk ik`kf mrbkclsksl
 

G. Zrmsas Oaputuskc Zafea`lkc Lciustrlk`

Ykgkp-tkgkp pafea`lkc Lciustrlk`8

;. Facback
Facback`l
`l fksk`k
fksk`kg
g (oaeut
(oaeutugkc
ugkc))

5. Facactuokc
Facactuokc okrkota
okrkotarlst
rlstlo
lo prmiuo
prmiuo & huf`kg
huf`kg yb ilpar`uokc
ilpar`uokc
>. Faciasorlps
Faciasorlpslokc
lokc spasld
spasldloksl
loksl prmiuo iacbkc
iacbkc tapkt
tapkt & oaeutugkc
oaeutugkc orltlscyk
orltlscyk
9. Facnkrl
Facnkrl & facactu
facactuokc
okc ouk`ldlo
ouk`ldloksl
ksl sufear-
sufear-sufea
sufearr yb pmtacsl
pmtacslk`
k`
1. Facarl
Facarlfk
fk & facbk
facbkck`
ck`lsl
lslss usu`
usu`kc
kc
4. Facbavk
Facbavk`uk
`uksl
sl usu`k
usu`kc
c & facya`a
facya`aosl
osl pafk
pafksmo 
smo 
2. Fafl`
Fafl`lg
lg & fa`kou
fa`kouokc
okc pafask
pafaskckc
ckc
7. Facbkik
Facbkikokc
okc ufpkc
ufpkc-ek`
-ek`lo
lo olcar
olcarhk
hk & avk`uk
avk`uksl
sl

Ik`kf prmsas tarsaeut, plgko-plgko yb tar`lekt tliko gkcyk sktu mrkcb, tatkpl elsk ekcyko 

mrkcb. Kikpuc dmous ikrl prmsas tarsaeut kik`kg pkik pafeuktkc oaputuskc earskfk.

L. ^ltu
^ltuks
ksll Zaf
Zafea
ea`l
`lkc
kc Lciu
Lciust
strl
rlk`
k`

Kik > sltuksl pafea`lkc ik`kf pkskr lciustrlk`, ykltu8

;. ^ltuksl
^ltuksl pafea`lkc
pafea`lkc tubks
tubks ekru? tubks
tubks ekru kokc
kokc tarhkil
tarhkil el`kfkck
el`kfkck paruskgkkc
paruskgkkc ekru partkf
partkfkk
ok`l fa`kouokc pafea`lkc suktu prmiuo uto oaeutugkccyk. ^ltuksl pafea`lkc yb partkfk
lcl
lcl faru
farupk
pkok
okc
c sl
sltu
tuks
ksll yb pk
pk`l
`lcb
cb su
su`l
`ltt & omfp`
omfp`ao
aoss il
ilek
ekcil
cilcbo
cbokc
kc ia
iacb
cbkc
kc yb `k
`klc
lc..
Za
Zafe
fea`
a`lk
lkc
c pk
pkik
ik sl
sltu
tuks
ksll tubk
tubkss ekru
ekru lcl
lcl ik
ikpk
pktt fach
fachkil
kil sk
skcbk
cbktt pa
pact
ctlc
lcb
b ok
okra
rack
ck gk
gkru
russ
facact
facactuok
uokc
c spasld
spasldlok
loksl
sl prmiuo
prmiuo yb kokc
kokc ilea`l
ilea`l & pafksm
pafksmocy
ocyk.
k. Kikpuc
Kikpuc okrkot
okrkotarl
arlstl
stlo 
o 
 pafea`lkc tubks ekru lcl kik`kg saekbkl earlout8

 Oaeutugkc ktku fksk`kg ea`uf parckg tarhkil saea`ufcyk

 ^ailolt ktku skfk saok`l tliko ra`avkc iacbkc pacbk`kfkc ea`l fksk `k`u

 Ekcyko lcdmrfksl yb ilpar`uokc

 Gkrus facnkrl nkrk-nkrk k`tarcktld uto facbktksl fksk`kg & k`tarcktld pafksmo 

 Yliko sarlcb tarhkil, tatkpl pactlcb ekbl pafkskr okrack ikpkt facactuokc pafea`lkc

rutlc earloutcyk
 

 Ikpkt ilkctlslpksl ikc iloafekcbokc iacbkc pafkskrkc yb oraktld 

5. Zafea`lkc
Zafea`lkc u`kcb?
u`kcb? farupkokc
farupkokc pafea`lkc
pafea`lkc yb parckg
parckg il`kouokc
il`kouokc m`ag
m`ag pafea`l
pafea`l targkikp
targkikp suktu
suktu
 prmiuo yb skfk & kokc fafea`l `kbl uto oaiuk ktku oatlbk ok`lcyk. ^ltuksl oaiuk lcl
 earkik ilkctkrk sltuksl partkfk & oatlbk ik`kf gk` wkotu
wko tu yb ileutugokc uto facbkfel`
oaputuskc, lcdmrfksl yb ilpar`uokc, earekbkl k`tarcktld yb gkrus ilpartlfekcbokc, ise.
Za
Zafe
fea`
a`lk
lkc
c u`kc
u`kcb
b ik
ikpkt
pkt il`k
il`kouo
ouokc
kc pk
pkik
ik pa
pafk
fksm
smo
o yb sk
skfk
fk.. Hl
Hlok
ok sl
sltu
tuks
ksll pafea
pafea`l
`lkc
kc
lciustrlk` tarhkil okrack pafea`l tliko farksk puks iacbkc pafksmo yb kik ktku prmiuo 
yb kik, & `aelg naciarucb earea`kchk iacbkc fa`lgkt-`lgkt fkck yb nmnmo ikrlpkik
`kcbsucb fafea`l u`kcb, fkok sltuksl lcl ilckfkokc pafea`lkc u`kcb yb ilfmildloksl.
>. Zafea`
Zafea`lkc
lkc u`kcb `kcb
`kcbsuc
sucb?
b? farupkokc
farupkokc sltuksl
sltuksl pafea`l
pafea`lkc
kc ilfkck
ilfkck pafea`l
pafea`l suikg parckg
parckg
 earok`l-ok`l fa`kouokc pafea`lkc yb skfk, eklo prmiuocyk fkupuc pafksmocyk. Hlok
iltlchku ikrl sabl `kfkcyk wkotu yb ilpar`uokc ik`kf prmsas pafea`lkc, sltuksl oatlbk lcl
 hkug `aelg paciao ikrlpkik sltuksl partkfk.

H. Zaci
Zaciao
aoktk
ktkc
c Zafe
Zafea`
a`lk
lkc
c LLci
ciust
ustrlk
rlk``

Zaciaoktkc uctuo facl`kl ikc fafea`l prmiuo facurut Zarraku`t, Hr & FnNkrtgy (5::1)
kik`kg8

;. Za
Zafe
fea`
a`lk
lkc
c iacbk
iacbkc
c nk
nkrk
rk lcsp
lcspao
aosl
sl?? ilbu
ilbuck
ckokc
okc ut
uto
o pr
prmiu
miuo-
o-pr
prmiu
miuo
o yb eu
euokc
okc st
stkc
kcikr
ikr &
fafar`uokc pacbanaokc pkik satlkp hacls prmiuo. Hkil, prmiuocyk gkrus il`lgkt sktu par 
sktu. Zrmiuo tarsaeut sarlcb ilhuk` ik`kf pkskr tareuok ktku iacbkc nkrk `a`kcb hlok
tarikpkt eaearkpk pafea`l pmtacslk`.
5. Zafea`
Zafea`lkc
lkc iacbk
iacbkc
c nkrk
nkrk pacykfp
pacykfpa`k
a`kc?
c? hlok prmiuo
prmiuo yb kokc ilea`l
ilea`l earsld
earsldkt
kt `aelg stkcikr 
stkcikr 
(fucbolc
(fucbolc okrack pacbkwkskc
pacbkwkskc ouk`ltkscyk
ouk`ltkscyk suikg eklo) fkok pafea`lkc ikpkt il`kouokc
il`kouokc
iacbkc pacykfpa`kc, krtlcyk pafea`l nuoup fafarlosk skfpa`cyk skhk. Ylcbokt gkrbk
ufuf ikpkt iltactuokc m`ag dkotmr parflctkkc & packwkrkc, tatkpl gkrbk rll` ikpkt
tarhkil facurut tlcbokt ouk`ltks skfpa`cyk. Ok`ku skfpa` yb iltuchuookc nuoup eklo,
 earkrtl kik kcbbkpkc ekgwk safuk prmiuo yb iltkwkrokc hubk eklo.
>. Zafea`lkc
Zafea`lkc iacbkc
iacbkc nkrk iasorlps
iasorlpsl?
l? ekcyko
ekcyko prmiuo fkcudko
fkcudkotur
tur fkupuc
fkupuc prmiuo partkclkc
partkclkc
yb fafar`uokc pacbkwkskc ouk`ltks `aelg eklo. Hlok ouk`ltks ikpkt ilhkflc tlcboktkccyk,
fkok pafea`lkc iacbkc iasorlpsl lcl ikpkt il`kouokc, ykltu fafpartlfekcbokc farao 
 

ktku spasldloksl prmiuocyk. Ekbl pafea`l yb suikg fafl`lol pacbatkgukc nuoup tactkcb
 prmiuo yb sarupk kokc `aelg fuikg fafkgkfl spasldloksl tartu`ls tactkcb prmiuo yb
kokc ilea`lcyk. Zafea`lkc lcl hubk ilsaeut pafea`lkc iacbkc nkrk spasldloksl. Kikcyk
iasorlpsl
iasorlpsl lcl ikpkt facburkcbl mcboms pafea`lkc
pafea`lkc okrack tliko par`u iacbkc lcspaosl
lcspaosl &
 pacykfpa`kc, saglcbbk ilkcbbkp `aelg prkotls.
9. Zafea`
Zafea`lkc
lkc iacbk
iacbkc
c omctrko
omctrko yb ilcabmsl
ilcabmslksl
ksl?? ik`kf
ik`kf pafea`lk
pafea`lkc
c lcl
lcl,, pafea`
pafea`ll & pafksmo 
pafksmo 
facbga
facbgaciko
cikoll parsat
parsatuhu
uhukc
kc yb iltukc
iltukcbokc
bokc ik`kf
ik`kf eactuo
eactuo omctrko
omctrko parhkc
parhkchlk
hlkc.
c. ^aea`u
^aea`uf
f
omctrko
omctrko pafea`
pafea`lkc
lkc ilsatu
ilsatuhul
hul m`ag
m`ag oaiuk
oaiuk ea`kg
ea`kg plgko,
plgko, il`
il`kouo
kouokc
kc cabmsl
cabmslksl
ksl yb sarlcb
sarlcb
fafar`uokc wkotu & upkyk yb easkr. Nkrk omctrko lcl ilpar`uokc facblcbkt kikcyk
oafucbolckc tarhkil eaearkpk paruekgkc oatlok prmiuo saikcb ilprmsas. Okikcb-okikcb
 eaearkpk dkotmr su`lt ilparolrkokc saea`ufcyk okrack kikcyk pacbkrug yb earsldkt tliko 
taroacik`l. Eaearkpk upkyk pacyasuklkc il`kouokc, & safuk iltukcbokc ik`kf omctrko.
Zafea`ll gkrus earuskgk fafl`lg
Zafea` fafl`lg omctrkotmr
omctrkotmr yb earsailk
earsailk fafearlokc
fafearlokc omcsasl pk`lcb

facbuct
facbuctucbo
ucbokc.
kc. ^afuk
^afuk lcl ilfkos
ilfkosuiok
uiokc
c uto facbgl
facbglcik
cikrl
rl tar
tarhki
hkilcyk
lcyk pafemr
pafemrmsk
mskc
c &
oarublkc-oarublkc yb tliko illcblcokc.
 

EKE LLL

ZACQYQZ

K. Oaslfpu`kc

Ourtz ikc Emmca (5::4) fafearlokc iadlclsl yb eareaik uto oaiuk lstl`kg tarsaeut 8
Zarl`kou pa`kcbbkc kik`kg kotlvltks factk` ktku dlslo yb tarhkil skkt fafl`lg ikc fafea`l
saeukg prmiuo Zarl`kou omcsufac kik`kg kotlvltks factk` ktku dlslo sasamrkcb yb sankrk cyktk
cy ktk
facbbuckokc ekrkcb ikc hksk yb ilea`l Oaiuk lstl`kg tarsaeut fafl`lol pareaikkc pkik kspao
tlcikokccyk, ykltu parl`kou pa`kcbbkc `aelg facaokcokc pkik tlcikokc fafl`lg ikc fafea`l,
saikcbokc parl`kou omcsufac `aelg facaokcokc pkik tlcikokc facbbuckokc.

Fmia` Zarl`kou Omcsufac Zafkgkfkc targkikp parl`kou omcsufac euokc`kg suktu gk`
ykcb fuikg uctuo il`kouokc, okrack tarikpkt ekcyko dkotmr ykcb earpacbkrug ikc sk`lcb
lctarkosl sktu skfk `klccyk, saglcbbk paciaoktkc pafkskrkc ykcb il`kouokc m`ag suktu
 paruskgkkc gkrus eackr-eackr ilrkcnkcb saeklo fucbolc iacbkc fafpargktlokc dkotmr-dkotmr
tarsaeut.

Yliko ikpkt ilrkbuokc `kbl ekgwk pafkskr ykcb fafkgkfl omcsufac kokc fafl`lol
oafkfp
oafkfpukc
ukc earskl
earsklcb
cb ykcb
ykcb `aelg
`aelg eklo.
eklo. Dkotmr-
Dkotmr-dko
dkotmr
tmr ykcb
ykcb faf
fafpacb
pacbkru
krugl
gl prmsas
prmsas oaputus
oaputuskc
kc
 pafea`lkc omcsufac Zarl`kou omcsufac facltloearktokc pkik kotlvltks ykcb eargueucbkc
iacbkc omcsufsl ikrl lcilvliu.

Zarl`k
Zarl`kou
ou omcsufa
omcsufac
c eargueu
eargueucbkc
cbkc iacbkc
iacbkc k`kskc
k`kskc ikc taokck
taokckc
c ykcb fafpacb
fafpacbkru
krugl
gl
 pafl`lgkc, pafea`lkc, pacbbuckkc, ikc pafeukcbkc ekrkcb ikc hksk ykcb eartuhukc uctuo 
fafuksokc oaeutugkc ikc oalcblckc prlekil.

Avk`uksl
Avk`uksl K`tarcktld
K`tarcktld Eaearkpk
Eaearkpk omcsap ikskr ykcb kokc fafekctu oltk fafkgkfl
fafkgkfl prmsas
avk`uksl, ykltu 8  Omcsufac earuskgk fafuksokc saeukg oaeutugkc  Omcs
Omcsuf
ufac
ac facn
facnkr
krll
fkcdkk
fkcdkktt tartac
tartactu
tu ikrl
ikrl sm`usl
sm`usl prmi
prmiuo
uo  Omcsuf
Omcsufac
ac fa`lg
fa`lgkt
kt fkslc
fkslcb-f
b-fksl
kslcb
cb prmiuo
prmiuo saek
saekbkl
bkl
saoa`mfpmo ktrleut iacbkc earekbkl oafkfpukc uctuo facbgkctkrokc fkcdkkt ykcb ilpar`uokc
ucruo fafuksokc oaeutugkc
 

Zacbkfel`kc oaputuskc ykcb tarektks Hlok Kcik earkik il pkskr uctuo fafea`l pkoklkc
 ekru ktku oursl ekru ykcb ikpkt il`lpkt ykcb ikpkt Kcik ekwk iacbkc fuikg, Kcik ikpkt
fa`kouokc sailolt rlsat pkik farao, tatkpl oafucbolckccyk
oafucbolckccy k oanl`.

Zacbkfe
Zacbkfel`k
l`kc
c oaputus
oaputuskc
kc fafea`
fafea`ll farupko
farupkokc
kc oaputus
oaputuskc
kc omcsuf
omcsufac
ac tactkc
tactkcb
b kpk ykcb
gaciko ilea`l, earkpk ekcyko ykcb kokc ilea`l, il fkck kokc il`kouokc, okpkc kokc il`kouokc
ikc ekbklfkck pafea`lkc kokc il`kouokc (@muimc & Elttk, ;<<>).
 

IKDYKU ZQ^YKOK

Fuckcikr,^ucymtm. (5::;), Zslom`mbl Lciustrl ikc Mrbkclsksl. Hkokrtk 8QL Zrass.

Hurck`
Hurck` 8 Flnga`
Flnga` Yukc
Yukc Zgkf.
Zgkf. (5:;>)
(5:;>),, Yga ^avac
^avac ^lcs
^lcs md Nmcsuf
Nmcsufar
ar Zsyngm
Zsyngm`mb
`mby.
y. Nm`
Nm`ufe
ufelk
lk

Qclvarslty.

Hurck` 8 Hma` E. Nmgac. (5:;>) , Avm`utlmckry psyngm`mby kci nmcsufar eagkvlmr8 K nmcstruntlva
nrltlqua. Qclvarslty md D`mrlik, Bklcasvl``a, Q^K.Zatar, H. Zku` ikc M`smc, Harry N.

Omt`ar
Omt`ar,, Zgl`lp
Zgl`lp,, Fkckha
Fkckhafac
fac Zafksk
Zafkskrkc
rkc,, ilLcimc
ilLcimcasl
aslkokc
kokc m`ag
m`ag Kcna``
Kcna``kk Kcltkw
Kcltkwktl
ktl Garfkw
Garfkwkc,
kc,
^k`afek Afpkt, Hkokrtk, ;<<1