IKEKJKM ^CR^KFHEKPKF/^CFKRDEKF KEKR ^K@K BDJKFHKF

BSJKP, QDQPCI BDJKFHKF RGIKXD, ECJD^KPKF @KF LKEPGR

BDJKFHKF

ECJGI^GE 0?

  CFHHKR ^RKQCPTG

  QRD FSRKDFD

  TS@K IKSJKFK

SFD\CRQDPKQ PCRBSEK
 EKPK ^CFHKFPKR 

Qchkjk puji syueur ekii pkfjktekf ecmk`irkt Kjjkm swt.ykfh tcjkm icjiipkmekf rkmikt
scrtk mi`kykm-Fyk ecpk`k eitk sciuk. Qmgjkwkt scrtk skjki scighk tctkp tcrjiipkmekf
ecpk`k jufjufhkf bcskr eitk Fkbi Iumkiik` skw.`kf scighk eitk kekf scjkju icf`kpkt

syklkktfyk bkie `i`ufik ikupuf `i kemirkt ecjke.

@cfhkf pcrtgjgfhkf `kf mi`kykm-Fyk pcfujis `kpkt icfyusuf ikekjkm ifi
uftue  icicfumi tuhks iktk eujikm ^cf`i`iekf Iktciktiek `i
Q@ ykfh bcrju`uj
^CR^KFHEKPKF/^CFKRDEKF KEKR ^K@K BDJKFHKF BSJKP,
QDQPCI BDJKFHKF RGIKXD, ECJD^KPKF @KF LKEPGR BDJKFHKF
Ekii icfyk`kri tkfpk bkftukf `kri bcrbkhki pimke pcfujiskf ikekjkm ifi ti`ke iufheif
tcrjkeskfk `cfhkf bkie. Gjcm ekrcfk itu pcfujis icfykipkiekf uakpkf tcriik eksim ecpk`k
@gscf iktk eujikm Iktciktiek Q@ ykfh tcjkm icibiibifh `kf icfhkrkmekf ekii `cfhkf
skbkr khkr icipufyki pcikmkikf ykfh bcfkr icfhcfki iktk eujikm ifi,

Qkyk icfyk`kri, ikekjkm ykfh skyk tujis ifi iksim jkum `kri ektk scipurfk. Gjcm ekrcfk itu,
eritie `kf skrkf ykfh icibkfhuf kekf skyk fkftiekf `cii ecscipurfkkf ikekjkm ifi.

Riibg Bujkfh, fgvcibcr 2>2>

 pcfujis

İ
 @KLPKR DQD

EKPK ^CFHKFPKR....................................................................................................... i

@KLPKR DQD........................................................................................................................................... ii

BKB D ^CF@KMSJSKF ...................................................................................................................... ;

K. JKPKR BCJKEKFH.................................................................................. ;
B. RSISQKF IKQKJKM .......................................................................................................... ;
A. PSOSKF ^CIBCJKOKRKF ..................................................................................................;

BKB DD ^CIBKMKQKF ........................................................................................................................ 2

IG@SJ 0 ................................................................................................................................................. 2

ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR ; ...................................................................................................................... 2

K. ^CR^KFHEKPKF @KF ^CFKRDEKF KEKR ^K@K BDJKFHKF BSJKP .........2

B. ^CFCRK^KF BDJKFHKF BSJKP @KJKI IKQKJKM QCMKRD-MKRD .............3
ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR 2 ...................................................................................................................... 3
K. ICFHCFKJ BDJKFHKF RGIKXD .................................................................................3
B. ICFHSBKM BDJKFHKF @CQDIKJ EC @KJKI BDJKFHKF RGIKXD @KF
QCBKJDEFTK ........................................................................................................................... <
A. ^CIKEKDKF BDJKFHKF RGIKXD ECMD@S^KF QCMKRD-MKRD ......................<
IG@SJ 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 8
ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR ; ...................................................................................................................... 8
K. ECJD^KPKF @KF LKEPGR BDJKFFHKF .....................................................................8
B. LKEPGR BDJKFHKF ............................................................................................................. =

ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR 2 .................................................................................................................. ;>

K. ECJD^KPKF ^CRQCESPSKF @KRD @SK BDJKFHKF ..........................................;>

İİ
 B. LKEPGR ^CRQCESPSKF @SK BDJKFHKF .............................................................;;
A. BDJKFHKF ^RDIK ............................................................................................................. ;;
BKB DDD ................................................................................................................................................... ;0
K. ECQDI^SJKF ....................................................................................................................... ;0
B. QKRKF ..................................................................................................................................... ;3

@KLPKR ^SQPKEK .......................................................................................................................... ;<

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

İİİ
 BKB D

^CF@KMSJSKF

K. JKPKR BCJKEKFH
Iktciktiek k`kjkm skjkm sktu iktk pcjkjkrkf ykfh `i pcjkjkri `kri
jcfjkfh

 pcf`i`iekf `kskr skipki `cfhkf pcf`i`iekf icfcfhkm bkmekf pcrhurukf tifhhi.

^k`k pcibcjkjkrkf iktciktiek, k`k bcbcrkpk ikaki bi`kfh pcjkjkrkf ykfh `kpkt
eitk ectkmui, skjkm sktufyk pcfkriekf kekr. ^k`k bkb ifi icfjcjksekf
pcfhcrtikf tcftkfh pcfkriekf kekr ykfh iufheif bkmkffyk ifi su`km pcrfkm kf`k
pcjkjkri.
@i`kjki ikekjkm ifi kekf tkipke bkmwk egfscp pcfkriekf kekr scrifh ekji `i
hufkekf. @cfhkf `ciieikf pcfhkjkikf tcrmk`kp iktcri ifi buekf jkm pcecrjkkf ykfh
sik-sik. @i mkrkpekf ikipu uftue icikmkii pcfhcrtikf pkfhekt `kf kekr 
E^E `kf L^B icrupkekf skjkm sktu iktcri pcftifh ykfh wkjib `i eukski siswk `i
 jcfjkfh Q@ ykfh `i bcjkjkrekf scjke ecjks 0 Q@. Fkiuf, scrifh ekji siswk iksim

ecsujitkf icicakmek sgkj E^E `kf L^B. Mkj ifi ekrcfk bcbcrkpk lketgr ykefi
 pcfhukskkf ykfh eurkfh ikesiikj `kf ictg`c icfhkjkr huru ykfh eurkfh bcrvkriksi
`kjki icfykipkiekf iktcri. Qcmifhhk siswk icrksk bkmwk iktcri E^E `kf L^B
skfhkt sujit `i pkmkii `i kwkj-kwkj. Bcr`kskrekf ecfyktkkf ykfh tcrjk`i `i jkpkfhkf,
ikek huru pcrju icjkeuekf ifgvksi `kjki pcibcjkjkrkf E^E `kf L^B.
B. RSISQKF IKQKJKM
;. Icfjcjksekf `clifisi pcrpkfhektkf `kf pcfkriekf kekr7
2. Kpk skjk silkt-silkt pcrpkfhektkf7
1. Kpk ykfh `iikesu` bijkfhkf rgikwi `kf kpk skjk jkibkfh-jkibkfhfyk7

0. Icfjcjksekf `clifisi bijkfhkf hkfjij `kf hcfkp7

3. Kpk pcfhcrtikf bijkfhkf priik7
A. PSOSKF ^CIBKMKQKF
;. Khkr kfke icfhcrti kpk itu pcrpkfhektkf `kf pcfkriekf kekr 
2. Khkr kfke `kpkt icfhctkmui silkt-silkt pcrpkfhektkf
1. Khkr kfke icfhctkmui kpk itu bijkfhkf rgikwi `kf icfhctkmui jkibkfhfyk
0. Khkr kfke icfhctkmui kpk itu bijkfhkf hkfjij `kf hcfkp
3. Khkr kfke `kpkt icfhctkmui kpk itu bijkfhkf priik

;
 BKB DD
^CIBKMKQKF
IG@SJ 0

ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR ;

K. ^CR^KFHEKPKF @KF ^CFKRDEKF KEKR ^K@K BDJKFHKF BSJKP

;. ^crpkfhektkf
^crpkfhektkf k`kjkm gpcrksi iktciktiek uftue pcrekjikf bcrujkfh
suktu bijkfhkf scbkfyke pkfhektfyk.
Eitk pcrmktiekf pcrekjikf ykfh bcrujkfh, ktku pcrekjikf
bcrhkf`k, iiskjfyk? 2x2x2x2x2
^crekjikf bcrujkfh, krtifyk pcrekjikf ykfh `ijkeuekf scakrk bcrujkfh-
ujkfh `cfhkf lketgr-lketgr ykfh skik. @kjki agftgm ifi tcr`kpkt 3
lketgr  ykfh skik, ykitu bijkfhkf 2. @kpkt `iskjiekf `kjki bcftue
bcrpkfhekt

(pcrpkfhektkf), ykitu?
2x2x2x2x2 9 23
23 `i bkak ‚`uk `i pkfhekt jiik’ ktku `i sifhekt ‚`uk pkfhekt jiik’
2 `i scbut bijkfhkf pgege ktku bijkfhkf ykfh `i pkfhektekf, `kf
3 `i scbut pkfhekt ktku
cespgcf Agftgm jkifyk ykitu?
;>>> 9 scribu 9 ;>1
;>>>.>>> 9 sktu jutk 9 ;><
;>>>.>>>.>>> 9 sktu iijykr 9 ;> 4
;2
;>>>.>>>.>>>.>>> 9 sktu trijiyuf 9 , `kf scbkhkifyk
;>
2. Qilkt-Qilkt ^crpkfhektkf
k. Qilkt pcrekjikf bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt

2
2
 

1
 b. Qilkt pcibkhikf bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt
13?11 9 (1x1x1x1x1)?(1x1x1)
  9 (1x1)(1x1x1)?((1x1x1)
  9 (1x1) x ;
  9 12

a. Qilkt `istributil pcrpkfhektkf tcrmk`kp

pcrekjikf (kxb)a 9 ka x ba
`. Qilkt `istributil pcrpkfhektkf tcrmk`kp
pcibkhikf (k?b)a 9 ka ? ba
c. Qilkt pcrekjikf cespgfcf-cespgfcf
Qcekrkfh eitk pcrmktiekf bcftue scpcrti (3 2)1 ykfh `kpkt eitk tujis scakrk
jcfhekp scpcrti bcrieut?
(32)1 9 (32) x (32) x (32) 9 32+2+2 9 31x2 9 3<
l. Qilkt cespgfcf fchktil 
i f i-f
@kjki ruius `i ktks (silkt b) k  ? k  9 k , eitk ksuisiekf bkmwk i 6 f.
Oiek ruius ifi `i bcrjkeuekf pujk uftue i : f ikek eitk pcrgjcm scbukm
 bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt `cfhkf cespgfcf fchktil, scpcrti bcrieut?
k0  ? k8 9 k0-8 9 k1
h. Qilkt bijkfhkf fgj `kjki pcrpkfhektkf
;) >k 9 >
Bcr`kskrekf `clifisi pcrpkfhektkf, >k 9 > x > x > x...x >

Qcbkfyke k lketgr
k
Ekrcfk mksij pcrekjikf bcrujkfh > `cfhkf > k`kjkm > ikek >  9 >
2) k> `kf k;
 bcftue k> scmkrusfyk mkfyk iciijiei > lketgr, `ki k ; iciijiei sktu
lketgr.
k b ? ka+ 9 k b-a. Ikek `i
pcrgjcm 81 ? 81 9 81-1 9 8>
k b ? k b 9 k b-b 9 k>9
1) >>
Eitk tcjkm icfhcfkj silkt, k b ? ka 9 k b-a. Qcjkfjutfyk eitk kibij k 9 > `kf

 b 9 a, `cfhkf b ≮ >, a ≮ > scmifhhk `i `kpktekf?

> b ? > b 9 > b-b 9 >>

0
 Ekrcfk > ? > ti`ke `i `clifisiekf (pcibkhikf `cfhkf fgj
ti`ke  tcr`clifisi), ikek >> ti`ke `i `clifisiekf.

1. ^cfkriekf Kekr
^rgscs pcilketgrkf scbukm bijkfhkf icfjk`i 2 lketgr, 1 lketgr, ktku

jcbim lketgr-lketgr ykfh skik icjiputi pcibkhikf pkfhektfyk gjcm 2, gjcm 1,

`kf sctcrusfyk, iiskjfyk

∟1  4 9 ∟ 4 9 ∟ 1 Ø1 9 ∟ 1  9 12?2 9 1

2

0. Ecskjkmkf Egfscp @kjki ^crpkfhektkf `kf ^cfkriekf Kekr

k. Qiswk iksim k`k yh bcjui icikmkii egfscp pcrpkfhektkf,
pcrekjikf kftkrk bijkfhkf pgege `cfhkf pkfhektfyk, iiskj 2 1 9 2 x 1,
11 9 1 x 1, fkiuf uftue pcrpkfhektkf euk`rkt jkwkbkf icrcek bcfkr,
iiskj? 2 2 9 2 x 2, 12 9 1 x 1.

 b. @kjki pcrekjikf bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt `cfhkf bijkfhkf pgege ykfh scrifh
`ijkeuekf k`kjkm icfhkjiekf pkfhektfyk, iiskj? 22 x 21 9 22x1,
a. Ecskjkmkf pk`k pcibkhikf bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt gjcm bijkfhkf
pgege 
`ijkeuekf `cfhkf akrk icibkhi pkfhektfyk, iiskj? 2< ? 22 9 2<?2
`. Pcrjk`i ececjirukf `kjki icfcftuekf mksij bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt `i
bkhi gjcm bijkfhkf bcrpkfhekt ykfh pkfhektfyk jcbim bcskr,
scmifhhk icfhmksijekf bijkfhkf fchktil, iiskj? 21 ? 23 9 21-3 9 2-2 9 -0
c. ^k`k pcfkriekf kekr, ‚ kekr pkfhekt i `kri k pkfhekt f k`kjkm
skik
`cfhkf k pkfhekt f `i bkhi i’ fkiuf pk`k prgscs pcrmitufhkffyk iksim

k`k ykfh ecjiru, iiskj? ∟ =; 9 ∟ 1  9 ∟ 1

0
 9 12
0 ? 2

1 1 <9 1 <?1 2
∟  <0 9 ∟  2 ∟  2  9 2
l. Ecskjkmkf `kjki pcfkriekf kekr euk`rkt, iiskj? ∟ 49 »1, ∟ ;< 9 »0, ∟ 23 9
»3... Kekr pkfhekt `uk `kri scbukm bijkfhkf pgsitil icipufyki
`uk eciufheifkf mksij, ykitu fijki pgsitil `kf fchktil, iiskj5

 ∟ 23 9 3, scbkb 23 9 3 2, `kf ∟ 23 9 -3, scbkb 23 9 (-3) 2, jk`i23 9 »3

 Fkiuf `ciieikf `kjki pcfkriekf kekr `i bktksi mkfyk pk`k bijkfhkf
 pgsitil skjk, scmifhhk `i `clifisiekf?
 Kekr pkfhekt `uk `kri bijkfhkf pgsitil k`kjkm fijki ykfh pgsitil 

3
 B. ^CFCRK^KF BDJKFHKF BSJKP @KJKI IKQKJKM QCMKRD-MKRD
Qcakrk hkris bcskrfyk echiktkf pcibcjkjkrkffyk `kpkt `i urutekf ec `kjki
cipkt echiktkf pgege bcrturut-turut, ykitu?
;. Icfhcrti pcrsgkjkf
2. Icrcfakfkekf pcfycjcskikf

1. Icjkeskfkekf pcfycjcskikf
0. Icicriesk ecibkji
Agftgm kjtcrfktil sgkj-sgkj
acritk?
Bkfyke iuri` `i Q@ fchcri D k`k 23; grkfh `kf `i Q@ fchcri DD k`k scbkfyke 
;4= grkfh. Bcrkpkekm juijkm iuri` sciuk7
23;
^cfycjcskikffyk? ;4=  +
004

Ok`i, k`k scbkfyke 004 grkfh iuri`.

ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR 2
K. ICFHCFKJ BDJKFHKF RGIKXD
Bijkfhkf rgikwi k`kjkm sistci pcfgigrkf ykfh bcrkskj `kri rgikwi eufg
ykfh icfhhufkekf murul jktif uftue icjkibkfhekf pcfgigrkf kfhekfkyk. ^k`k

sistci jkibkfh bijkfhkf rgikwi ktku kfhek rgikwi `i hufkekf jkibkfh-

jkibkfh ktku siibgj-siibgj pgege scpcrti bcrieut?

Jkibkfh-jkibkfh pgege (siibgj-siibgj `kskr) kfhek rgikwi

D 9; \93
] 9 ;> J 9 3>
A 9 ; >> @ 9 3 >>

I 9 ; >>> - 9 e kjiekf ; >>>

k.Qistci rgikwi ifi icrupkekf sistci pcfjuijkmkf `kf sistci pcrekjikf.
Agftgm?
;)
] \ D D

;> + 3 + ; + ; 9 ;8

<
 2) I A A ] \

;>>> + ;>> + ;>> + ;> + 3 9 ;2;3

B. ICFHSBKM BDJKFHKF @CQDIKJ EC @KJKI BDJKFHKF RGIKXD

@KF QCBKJDEFTK
;. Icfhubkm bijkfhkf `csiikj icfjk`i bijkfhkf rgikwi
< 9 .....
;) Kpkekm < 9 DDDDDD7
2) Kpkekm pk`k sistci rgikwi `i bgjcmekf icfujis jcbim `kri 1 jkibkfh
 bijkfhkf scakrk bcrturut-turut7
1) < 9 3 + ; 9 \D, scbkb `kri eiri ec ekfkf fijkifyk turuf bcrkrti mkrus `i
 juijkmekf
2. Icfhubkm bijkfhkf rgikwi icfjk`i bijkfhkf `csiikj
]\DDD 9 ....
9 ;> + 3 + 1
9 ;=
A. ^CIKEKDKF BDJKFHKF RGIKXD ECMD@S^KF QCMKRD-MKRD
;. ^k`k pcfujiskf bueu tcriksue pcfujiskf ekryk ijiikm kfhek rgikwi iksim
scrifh `i pcrhufkekf, iiskjfyk?
Bkb D ^cf`kmujukf
Bkb DD Jkf`kskf Pcgri
Bkb DDD Ictg`c ^cfcjitikf
Bkb D\ ^cibkmkskf Mksij ^cfcjitikf
Bkb \ Ecsiipujkf `kf Qkrkf
2. ^cfkikkf suktu scegjkm, suktu ecjks scrifh pujk `i hufkekf kfhek rgikwi,
iiskjfyk?
Q@ Fchcri ^ksirekjiei D, QI^ Fchcri D], QIK Fchcri D\
Ecjks \, Ecjks DDB, Ecjks DDDL, `kf scbkhkifyk

8
 ^cfhhufkkf kfhek rgikwi ifi iksim tkipke pujk eitk juipki pk`k
 bcrbkhki ketivitks ecmi`upkf scmkri-mkri, bkie `i jifheufhkf scegjkm,
iksykrkekt ikupuf pcicriftkm.

IG@SJ 3
ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR ;

K. ECJD^KPKF @KF LKEPGR BDJKFFHKF

;.Bijkfhkf Hkfjij `kf Bijkfhkf Hcfkp

• hkfjij k`kjkm bijkfhkf ksji ykfh ti`ke mkbis `ibkhi `uk.

Agftgm ? 1, 3, 8, 4, ... k`kjkm bijkfhkf hkfjij scbkb ti`ke mkbis `ibkhi `uk.

• Bijkfhkf hcfkp k`kjkm bijkfhkf ksji ykfh mkbis `ibkhi `uk.

Agftgm ? 2, 0, <, =, ... k`kjkm bijkfhkf hcfkp scbkb mkbis `ibkhi `uk

k. ^cibcjkjkrkf

Akrk pcibcjkjkrkf `kpkt icfhhufkekf ji`i ktku ecjcrcfh

`cfhkf icfhcjgipgeekffyk `uk-`uk.
 b. Qilkt bijkfhkf hkfjij

• Ouijkm `uk bijkfhkf hkfjij k`kjkm bijkfhkf hcfkp.

Agftgmfyk ? 8 + 8 9 ;0

23 + 3 9 1>

<+29=

• Mksij ekji `uk bijkfhkf hkfjij k`kjkm bijkfhkf

hkfjij. Agftgmfyk ? 1 x 1 9 4

1 x 3 9 ;3

3 x 8 9 13

=
 2. Ecjipktkf Bijkfhkf

Ecjipktkf `kri suktu bijkfhkf k`kjkm skfhkt bkfyke `kf ti`ke tcrbktks.

Agftgm ? 20 k`kjkm ecjipktkf `kri 1 ekrcfk 20 9 = x 1

20 k`kjkm ecjipktkf `kri < ekrcfk 20 9 0 x <

20 k`kjkm ecjipktkf `kri 2 ekrcfk 20 9 ;2 x 2 `jj.

Akrk pcibcjkjkrkf `kpkt icfhhufkekf hkris bijkfhkf ktku `cfhkf

ji`i ikupuf ecjcrcfh icfhcjgipgeekffyk scsuki `cfhkf ecjipktkf ykfh `iakri.
Kpkbijk
 juijkm ecjcrcfh ktku ji`i tcrscbut mkbis `i bkhi ikek bcrkrti juijkm tcrscbut k`kjkm
ecjipktkf `kri kfhek pcfhcjgipgekffyk.

Quktu bijkfhkf juhk icrupkekf ecjipktkf `kri bijkfhkf itu scf`iri , iiskjfyk?

= k`kjkm ecjipktkf `kri = scbkb = 9 ;x=

8 k`kjkm ecjipktkf `kri 8 scbkb 8 9;x8

B. LKEPGR BDJKFHKF

Airi-airi bijkfhkf ksji ykfh mkbis `ibkhi gjcm bijkfhkf ksji tcrtcftu, ykitu 2, 1, 0, 3, `kf <

;. Quktu bijkfhkf ksji mkbis `ibkhi 2, jiek kfhek kemir pcibcftue bijkfhkf
tcrscbut hcfkp `kf fgj. Agftgm? 0,<,;0,2<,1>,1=,;>0,;;>,;1=,`sb

2. Quktu bijkfhkf ksji mkbis `ibkhi 1 , jiek juijkm kfhek pcibcftue bijkfhkf
tcrscbut icrupkekf ecjipktkf 1. Agftgm? ;2, 28 `kf scbkhkifyk.

;2 mkbis `ibkhi `ibkhi 1 scbkb;+29 ecjipktkf 1

28 mkbis `ibkhi 1 scbkb 2+89 ecjipktkf 1

1. Quktu bijkfhkf ksji mkbis `ibkhi 0, jiek `uk kfhek tcrkemir pcibcftue
bijkfhkf tcrscbut icrupkekf ecjipktkf 0 agftgm? ;32, 8<0

4
;32 mkbis `ibkhi 0 scbkb 32 icrupkekf ecjipktkf 0

4
 8<0 mkbis `ibkhi 0 scbkb <0 icrupkekf ecjipktkf 0

0. Quktu bijkfhkf ksji mkbis `ibkhi 3, jiek kfhek tcrkemir `kri bijkfhkf tcrscbut > ktku

3 Agftgm? ;2>,;13,13> `kf scbkhkifyk, sciuk bijkfhkf tcrscbut mkbis `ibkhi 3

3. Quktu bijkfhkf ksji `kpkt `ibkhi <, jiek bijkfhkf tcrscbut bijkfhkf hcfkp
ykfh
 juijkm sciuk kfhek pcibcftue bijkfhkf icrupkekf ecjipktkf 1 agftgm? 1<, 0=,;00
`kf scbkhkifyk.

Akrk pcibcjkjkrkf `cf`kf akrk bcrtkfyk ecpk`k siswk kpkekm suktu bijkfhkf tcrtcftu
`kpkt mkbis `ibkhi gjcm bijkfhkf tcrtcftu jkiffyk.agftgm?

3<9 ;x3<

3<9 2x2=

3<9 0x;0

3< 98x=

Ok`i, lketgr `kri 3< k`kjkm ;,2,0,8,=,;0,2=, `kf 3<.

Dfhkt ! sktu k`kjkm lketgr `kri sciuk bijkfhkf `kf suktu bijkfhkf k`kjkm lketgr `kri
`irifyk scf`iri

Gjcm ekrcfk itu, uftue icfakri lketgr suktu bijkfhkf , eitk `kpkt icjkeuekf `cfhkf

icfakri pcibkhifyk.
Agftgm?tcftuekf lketgr `kri 0=

0=20;<;2
0=
; 2 1 0 <
9

Bcftue `iktks `ibkak?

0=9 ;x0=

0=9 2x20

0=9 1x;<
;>
0=9 0x;2

0=9 <x=

Ok`i lketgr `kri 0= k`kjkm? ;,2,1,0,<,=,;2,;<,20,0=.

Ecjipktkf pcrsceutukf, lketgr pcrsceutukf `kf bijkfhkf priik.

ECHDKPKF BCJKOKR 2

K. ECJD^KPKF ^CRQCESPSKF @KRD @SK BDJKFHKF

Jkfhekm pcfhcrjkkf?

;. Pcftuekf ecjipktkf bijkfhkf ykfh pcrtkik scakrk bcrurutkf

2. Pcftuekf ecjipktkf bijkfhkf ykfh ec`uk juhk scakrk bcrurutkf

1. ^ijim bijkfhkf ykfh skik `kri ec`uk ecjgipge ecjipktkf ykfh `i`kpkt, `kf urutekf
`kri ykfh tcrecaij.

Agftgm?

Pcftuekf ecjipktkf pcrsceutukf `kri 0 `kf < scbkfyke 0 bukm (bkfykefyk ecjipktkf
ykfh `iakri scbkiefyk

`iscbutekf khkr jkwkbkf ykfh `i`kpkt jcbim pksti.

^cfycjcskikf?

Jkfhekm pcfhcrjkkf?
;. Pcftuekf ecjipktkf `kri 0, ykitu? 0, =, ;2, ;<, 2>, 20, 2=, 12, 1<, 0>, 00, 0=, …
2. Pcftuekf ecjipktkf `kri <, ykitu? <, ;2, ;=, 20, 1>, 1<, 02, 0= …
1. ^ijim cipkt bijkfhkf ykfh skik `kri ec`uk ecjgipge ecjipktkf ykfh `i`kpkt, `kf
urutekf `kri ykfh tcrecaij, ykitu? ;2, 20, 1<, 0=.
Ok`i, cipkt bukm ecjipktkf pcrsceutukf `kri 0 `kf < k`kjkm ;2, 20, 1<, 0=.
Akrk ykfh skik juhk `kpkt `itcipum uftue icfakri ecjipktkf pcrsceutukf `kri tihk

 bijkfhkf ktku jcbim.

;;
 @kf kpkbijk `ipcrmktiekf, ectiek `uk ecjipktkf pcrsceutukf tcjkm `i`kpkt, ikek
scjkfjutfyk aueup `cfhkf
icfkibkmekf `cfhkf scjisim `kri `uk mksij pcrtkik tcrscbut.

B. LKEPGR ^CRQCESPSKF @SK

BDJKFHKF Jkfhekm pcfhcrjkkf?

;. Pcftuekf lketgr `kri bijkfhkf ykfh pcrtkik.
2. Pcftuekf lketgr `kri bijkfhkf ykfh ec`uk.
1. ^ijim bijkfhkf ykfh skik `kri ec`uk ecjgipge lketgr ykfh `i`kpkt.
Agftgm?
Pcftuekf lketgr pcrsceutukf `kri ;2`kf ;3.
^cfycjcskikf.

Lketgrisksi `kri ;2 k`kjkm ;2 ;2 < 0

9 ; 21

Lketgrisksi `kri ;2 k`kjkm ? ;, 2, 1, 0, <, ;2

Lketgrisksi `kri ;3 k`kjkm ? ;3 ;33

9 ; 1

Lketgr `kri ;3 k`kjkm ? ;, 1, 3, ;3.

Ok`i lketgr pcrsceutukf `kri ;2 `kf ;3 k`kjkm ; `kf 1.

A. BDJKFHKF ^RDIK

Bijkfhkf priik k`kjkm bijkfhkf ksji jcbim `kri ; ykfh icipufyki tcpkt 2
lketgr pgsitil, ykitu ; (sktu) `kf bijkfhkf itu scf`iri.
@cfhkf ektk jkif, bijkfhkf priik k`kjkm bijkfhkf ykfh mkfyk mkbis `ibkhi
gjcm ; (sktu) `kf bijkfhkf itu scf`iri.
Agftgm?
2 icrupkekf bijkfhkf priik, ekrcfk lketgr `kri 2 k`kjkm ; `kf 2.
;4 icrupkekf bijkfhkf priik, ekrcfk lketgr `kri ;4 k`kjkm ; `kf ;4.
3; icrupkekf bijkfhkf priik, ekrcfk lketgr `kri 3; k`kjkm ; `kf 3;.
;;; buekf icrupkekf bijkfhkf priik, ekrcfk lketgr `kri ;;; k`kjkm ;, 1, 18, `kf ;;;.
;. Akrk icfhi`cftilieksi bijkfhkf priik
;2
 Qkrifhkf CRKQPGPMCFCQ uftue icfcftuekf bijkfhkf priik ykfh eurkfh `kri ;>>.
;. Agrct ;
2. Agrct ecjipktkf 2, 1, 3, 8 ecaukji 2, 1, 3, 8
1. Agrct ecjipktkf ;;, ;1, ;8, ;4, `st ecaukji bijkfhkf itu scf`iri

Ok`i, bijkfhkf priik ykfh ti`ke tcragrct (tujiskf mitki) `kjki tkbcj `i bkwkm

; 2 1 0 3 < 8 = 4 ;>
; ;2 ; ;0 ;3 ; ;8 ;= ; 2>
; 1 < 4
2 22 2 20 23 2 28 2= 2 1>
; 1 < 4
1 12 1 10 13 1 18 1= 1 0>
; 1 < 4
0 02 0 00 03 0 08 0= 0 3>
; 1 < 4
3 32 3 30 33 3 38 3= 3 <>
; 1 < 4
< <2 < <0 <3 < <8 <= < 8>
; 1 < 4
8 82 8 80 83 8 88 8= 8 =>
; 1 < 4
= =2 = =0 =3 = =8 == = 4>
; 1 < 4
Bijkfhkf ykfh ti`ke tcragrct (
4 42 4 40 43 4 48 4= 4 ;>>
tujiskf mitki ) icrupkekf bijkfhkf
; 1 < 4
priik ykfh jcbim ecaij `kri ;>>. Tkitu ?
;1, ;8, ;4, 21, ..., 48. 2, 1, 3, 8, ;;,

2. Akrk icfhi`cftilieksi bijkfhkf priik scakrk uiui

k. Bijkfhkf hkfjij ecaukji 2.
b. Buekf kfhek ecibkr iiskjfyk 11, 88, 33, 44, buekf bijkfhkf priik.
a. Ouijkm kfhek pcibcftuefyk buekf ecjipktkf 1 iiskjfyk ? 2;, 28, <1, 281 buekf
 bijkfhkf priik.
`. Kfhek tcrkemir buekf 3 iiskjfyk 13, 83, 43 buekf bijkfhkf priik.
c. Buekf bijkfhkf euk`rkt, iiskjfyk 20, 04, =;.

;1
 Agftgm?
18 k`kjkm bijkfhkf priik, scbkb icicfumi eritcrik `iktks
  23 buekf bijkfhkf priik , scbkb kfhek tcrkemirfyk 3
  44 buekf bijkfhkf priik , scbkb icrupkekf bijkfhkf ecibkr 
  81 bijkfhkf priik , scbkb icicfumi eritcrik `iktks

  <4 buekf bijkfhkf priik , scbkb <+49 ecjipktkf 1

  04 buekf bijkfhkf priik, scbkb bijkfhkf euk`rkt

0. Agrct ;
3. Agrct ecjipktkf 2, 1, 3, 8 ecaukji 2, 1, 3, 8
<. Agrct ecjipktkf ;;, ;1, ;8, ;4, `st ecaukji bijkfhkf itu scf`iri

Ok`i, bijkfhkf priik ykfh ti`ke tcragrct (tujiskf mitki) `kjki tkbcj `i bkwkm

;0
 BKB DDD

^CFSPS^

K. ECQDI^SJKF
Bkhi iuri` Qcegjkm @kskr ykfh tcjkm icfhukski pgege bkmkskf pcfjuijkmkf,

 pcfhurkfhkf, pcrekjkikf `kf pcibkhikf `kpkt `cfhkf iu`km icfycjcskiekf

 pcfhcrjkkf pcrpkfhektkf `kf kekr bijkfhkf
@cfhkf `itkfkiekffyk egfscp pcfhcrjkkf pcrpkfhektkf `kf kekr bijkfhkf ifi

`kpkt icipcriu`km iuri` `kjki icfkfhekp suktu iktcri ykfh kekf `iskjiekf
scmifhhk iuri` `kpkt tcrigtivksi uftue icfhcrjkekf iktcri-iktcri scjkfjutfyk. @kri

sifijkm scmifhhk tcrbcftue suktu iftcrkesi suktu prgscs bcjkjkr icfhkjkr ykfh
`imkrkpekf.

Bijkfhkf Rgikwi k`kjkm systci pcfgigrkf ykfh bcrkskj `kri Rgikwieufg

ykfh icfhhufkekf murul jktif uftue icjkibkfhekf pcfgigrkf kfhekfyk. Kfhek

Rgikwi ykfh uiui `ihufkekf pk`k zkikf ifi, kftkrk jkif bkfyke `ihufkekf pk`k
 jki, bkb bueu, pcfgigrkf sceucj liji, pcfgigrkf scri cvcft gjkmrkhk scpcrti

gjiipik`c. ^k`k `kskrfyk bijkfhkf Rgikwi tcr`iri ktks?

bijkfhkf
DIcjkibkfhekf
\ Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf 3
] Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf ;>
J Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf 3>
A Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf ;>>
@ Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf 3>>

I Icjkibkfhekf bijkfhkf ;>>>

Qcakrk sifhekt ykfh `ibkmks `kjki ikekjkm ifi k`kjkm mksij ekji,
lketgr `kf bijkfhkf priik. Bijk bijkfhkf F icrupkekf ecjipktkf K, B, A, `kf @,
ikek lketgr `kri F k`kjkm {K, B, A, @}. {K, B, A, @} `iscbut lketgr
 priik jiek { K, B, A, @} icrupkekf miipufkf bijkfhkf priik (bijkfhkf
ykfh tcpkt iciijiei `uk lketgr ykitu bijkfhkf itu scf`iri `kf sktu).

Qcakrk sifhekt ykfh `ibkmks `kjki ikekjkm ifi k`kjkm mksij ekji, lketgr `kf bijkfhkf priik. Bijk bijkfhkf F icrupkekf ecjipktkf K, B, A, `
@, ikek lketgr `kri F k`kjkm {K, B, A, @}. {K, B, A, @} `iscbut

;3
 lketgr priik jiek {K, B, A, @} icrupkekf miipufkf bijkfhkf priik
(bijkfhkf ykfh tcpkt iciijiei `uk lketgr ykitu bijkfhkf itu scf`iri `kf sktu

B. QKRKF

Qkrkf scmubufhkf `cfhkf iktcri ykfh `ibkmks ykefi pcrpkfhektkf/pcfkriekf

kekr pk`k bijkfhkf bujkt `kf ecjipktkf scrtk lketgr bijkfhkf, icfurut ecjgipge ekii
mcf`kefyk scbkhki akjgf pcf`i`ie, `kjki icfhkjkrekf iktcri icfhcfki bijkfhkf
akakm ecpk`k siswk-siswi ID/Q@ ecjke eitk mcf`kefyk icfhkitekf iktcri ykfh eitk
kjkrekf ec`kjki ecmi`upkf scmkri-mkri khkr siswk-siswi bisk jcbim iu`km icfhcrti.
@kf skrkf scmubufhkf `cfhkf ikekjkm ifi, tik`k hk`ifh ykfh tke rctke `cfhkf ektk
jkif ikekjkm ifi tke juput `kri eceurkfhkf. Gjcm scbkb itu, ekii icfhmkrkpekf eritie 
`kri bcrbkhki pimke `cii jcbim bkiefyk ikekjkm ifi.

;<
 @KLPKR ^SQPKEK

@krmii, `ee, (;44;). ^cf`i`iekf Iktciktiek 2. Okekrtk? Sfivcrsitks Pcrbuek

Mu`gyg, Mcrikf. (;44;). Qtrktchi Icfhkjkr Bcjkjkr Iktciktiek. Ikjkfh? DED^ Ikjkfh.

@cpcrtcicf pcf`i`iekf `kf ecbu`kykkf, ;441. ESRDESJSI ^CF@D@DEKF @KQKR (Q@).

Okekrtk

Iumsctyg, Hktgt, 2>>2. ^cibcjkjkrkf Iktciktiek Q@. Okekrtk? ^uskt ^cfcrbitkf SP.

Xkjjc, \kf @c O.K (;44>), Cjcicftkry samggj iktmciktias? Pckamifh @cvcjgpicftkjjy. Fcw

Tgre? Jgfhikf

;8