BN FEMBPK WÊ GPBGB BM NKW ÁP@KNBW

„Bn Westbja Xbribgtk Xara Oagbr Fembrk Bm Emtbrmbt ‚
Emtbrmbt ‚
 Laejb Audustk Pbema
Pbema Wámgobz
 

Êmfegb dbmbran
ADPAFBGEJEBMVKW
»QREÅM GAPALKW BW LAEJB PBEMA U XKP QRÅ
XKP QRÅ EMYBPVEP JE VEBJXK BM
NBBP BWVB NE@PK;
Xrejbra Xartb
BN FEMBPK WÊ GPBGB BM NKW ÁP@KNBW
»BM QRÅ NAFK
QRÅ NAFK FBN GRAFPAMVB
GRAFPAMVB BWVÁW;
BN VAJAÑK
VAJAÑK FB VR XBPPK
VR XBPPK
WRBÑKW FB XNAGBP
»XKP QRÅ
QRÅ RM MBDKGEK BM EMVBPMBV;
GÁXWRNA
GÁXWRN A EMWXEPAFKPA M¼ 1
Wbdumfa Xartb
GRAVPK IKPJAW XAPA DAMAP FEMBPK BM EMVBPMBV
GRAVPK IKPJAW
Xrejbra Ikrja
Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk Ybmfebmfk Xrkfugtks Vamde`nbs Bm Emtbrmbt
Wbdumfa Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk - Grbar Vu Xrkpek Xrkfugtk
Vbrgbra Ikrja fb Damar
Damar Fembrk Xrkdrajas fb Aieneafks
Guarta Ikrja
Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk Wbjemareks
Wbjemareks bm vevk, uma jema fb KPK
Vbrgbra Xartb
Xartb
Bn MBDKGEK
MBDKGEK XBPIBGVK BM EMVBPMBVEMVBPMBV
WEWVBJAW
WEWVBJA W FB DBMBPAGE×M FB VPÁIEGK
VPÁIEGK XADK XKP YBP
Nks Weteks
Weteks fb Xu`negefaf
Xu`negefaf Xadk Xkr Ybr
Nas Dramfbs
Dramfbs Gkrpkragekmbs
Nas Pbfbs GXA
GÁXWRNA EMWXEPAFKPA M¼ 0
GAWK FB Å_EVK XPKJKYEBMFK RMA KIBPVA GXA
»QRÅ GAPALKW OADK AOKPA;
 

Bstb ne`rk bstá fbfegafk a je `bnna iajenea<

 Je nemfa y gareñksa
gareñksa bspksa Afreama,
jes oelks Bstb`am y Ama Jarêa,
quebmbs skm je jktkr y iubmtb fb emsperage÷m
 para qub fêa a fêa jb nbvamtb
gkm fbsbks fb gkmquestar mubstrks subñks
 

ADPAFBGEJEBMVKW
Bsgre`er um ne`rk parbgb um tarba fb mumga aga`ar3 sem bj`ardk, na pase÷m y
bn fbsbk fb gkjparter bstb sbgrbtk
jb nnbvarkm gafa jañama a nbvamtarjb juy tbjpramk a bsgre`er bstas
nêmbas.
Bm prejbr nudar, quebrk adrafbgbr a je `bnna bspksa Afreama, quebm gkm su su
emgrbê`nb ajkr, pagebmgea y gkjprbmse÷m pbrjete÷ qub nnbvara a ga`k gafa
umk fb jes gkpeksks fbsbks, emgnuefk bn fb bsgre`er. A jes fks oelks<
Bstb`am, bn jás vbobjbmtb afjerafkr y ajamtb fb jes vefbks, quebm gkm
tam sknk guatrk añks, jb rk`a fêa a fêa uma skmresa y jb bmsbña nk emgrbê`nb
qub bs aprbmfbr gafa fêa andk mubvk3 y Ama Jarêa, na „mbma‚ fb na gasa,
quebm bs uma ibrvebmtb apasekmafa fb jes mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt y fb gafa
efba qub pebmsk fbsarrknnar3 drageas pkr tu tbrmura y nemfks gkjbmtareks qub
sebjprb jb nnbvam a gkmgnuer qub ¡Wê pkfbjks gkmquestar bn jumfk!
Rstbfbs oelks, skm iubmtb fb emsperage÷m para angamzar aqubnnk qub sebjprb
skñå. Aokra, quebrk adrafbgbr a jes pafrbs, qub jb emgungarkm gkm
pagebmgea, ajkr, premgepeks
premgepeks y vankrbs nk mbgbsarek para sbr uma pbrskma fb
åxetk qub apkrta pksetevajbmtb a na skgebfaf. Vaj`eåm, quebrk adrafbgbr a
jes obrjamks, tam feibrbmtbs tkfks, fb nks guanbs tkjk nk jblkr fb gafa
umk para aprbmfbr fêa a fêa. Mk pkfêa iantar far nas drageas a je ajedk
Gbsar Maramlk quebm a`re÷ je jbmtb y jb nnbvk fb na jamk para oagbr fb
na ne`brtaf iemamgebra um prkp÷setk bm je vefa. Vaj`eåm quebrk far um
trbjbmfk DPAGEAW a je jbmtkr y ajedk3 An Avenås, quebm jb tkj÷ fb na
jamk3 jb bmsbñ÷ nks sbgrbtks fbn apasekmamtb jumfk fbn emtbrmbt, y jb
pbrjete÷
pbrj ete÷ gk
gkmkgbr
mkgbr bbnn bsten
bstenkk fb vefa emtbrmb t  . Iemanjbmtb, quebrk adrafbgbr
a tkfks jes
amejam anujmks
a aprbmfbr fb nks
gafa fêa prkdrajas qub kirbzgk
jás y a emvbrter bm emtbrmbt.
bm je jbmtb Rstbfbs
para nubdk jb
pkfbr
tramsjeternbs bsb gkmkgejebmtk.
gkmkgejebmtk. A aqubnnks qub ya bstám dkzamfk fb bstb
bstenk fb vefa gkm nk qub nbs ob pkfefk tramsjeter3 nbs adrafbzgk y bstky
krdunnksk fb ustbfbs, pkrqub su tbstejkmek fa ib a ktrks y bmsbña qub sê sb
pubfb nkdrar nk qub fbsbas.
 

»QREÅM GAPALKW BW LAEJB PBEMA U XKP QRÅ

EMYBPVEP JE VEBJXK BM NBBP BWVB NE@PK;
Bn jumfk fbn emtbrmbt bs tam apasekmamtb, asê gkjk afegtevksemk sb sa`br
jamblar. A fearek, bstás `kj`arfbafk fbgkrrbks bnbgtr÷megks qub tb

prkjbtbm
sem tra`alarnkkgkm
jblkrumks
y tbguamtks
vbmfbmna IANWA
gnegs bm tu efba fb qub
jkusb, pubfbs
bm sknk umksoagbrtb PEGK
jbsbs.Wa`br
bsgkdbr qub emikrjage÷m vbr, nbbr y farnb sbduejebmtkmk bs tarba iágen, jás
guamfk sb usam tågmegas fb pbrsuase÷m
qub nnbdam a oagbrtb grbbr qub andk bs tam `ubmk guamfkbm rbanefaf mk nk
bs.
Wky um `bmfbgefk pubs bm bn añk 0889, pbsb a bstar`kj`arfbafk fb bsks
gkrrbks, nnbduå pkr gausanefaf, okybmtebmfk qub pkr „Fekgefbmgea‚, a
bmgkmtrar na vbrfafbraemikrjage÷m qub iumgekma bm emtbrmbt y a fbtbrjemar
queåmsbrêa bn jbmtkr gkrrbgtk para jê3 um jennkmarek gkm umfbsbk fb
bmsbñar a pbrskma
guanquebr ktrks tkfk nk qub nbBm
amobnarêa. oabstbne`rk
pbrjetefkbmgkmtrarás
tbmbrbn bstenk fb vefa fbtannafa
fb jambra qub
bn sestbja fb mbdkgekqub usk para dbmbrar feareajbmtb gebmtks, y bm
kgasekmbsjenbs fb f÷narbs, qub jb pbrjetbm vever fbn emtbrmbt. Mk tbnejetbs
a nbbr bstb ne`rk< emtbrekrêzank, bstüfeank y nnåvank ana prágtega para qub
k`tbmdas nks rbsuntafks qub bspbras.
Wå qub pubfk parbgbr prbtbmseksk, pbrk bm nk rbibrbmtb ambdkgeks bm
emtbrmbt bstb ne`rk pubfb sbr bn jás ejpkrtamtbqub lajás oayas nbêfk. Vb
pbrjeterá bmgkmtrar bn bsna`÷mpbrfefk para nkdrar bn åxetk iemamgebrk, sknk
usamfk tugkjputafkra y tu gkmbxe÷m a emtbrmbt, sem ejpkrtar se tebmbsk mk
uma pádema wb`, k se tebmbs k mk um prkfugtk.
Bs pkse`nb qub oayas vevefk na bxpbrebmgea fb gkjprar GFWk andüm gursk
bm emtbrmbt y tbrjemastb tam irustrafk pkrqubmk pufestb nnbvar a na prágtega
nk qub tb kirbgêam3 bs fbger,ianta`a andk jás, qub mk sa`bs quå bs, pbrk
sebmtbs qubfb`b bxester para nkdrar damar bsks f÷narbs fb jás, k pkrqubmk,
nks jenbs qub tb pbrjetam nnbdar a k`tbmbr tu Ne`brtafIemamgebra. Fbspuås
fb jás fb fkgb iannefks mbdkgeks iubrafbn emtbrmbt y jás fb guatrk añks
atrapafk bm „na garrbra fbna rata‚, pubfk fbgertb qub sê bxestb bsa nnavb fb
na requbzabm emtbrmbt, y nk jblkr, iemanjbmtb oas bmgkmtrafk an
jbmtkrgkrrbgtk qub tb dueará para angamzar nk qub fbsbas. Nk qubbstas a
pumtk fb nbbr bs na emgrbê`nb y jaravennksa avbmturafb g÷jk nnbduå an pumtk
fb gkmvbrterjb bm um bxetkskbjprbsarek bm mbdkgeks pkr emtbrmbt<
 

Bsta`a annê, irbmtb an gkjputafkr, gase qub gkjeåmfkjb nks fbfks bsb fêa
fkjemdk fb um jbs fb ib`rbrk bm bn añk 0889. Ua oa`êam pasafk bm bsb
jkjbmtk fks jbsbs fbsfb aqubn fêa bm qub jb susgre`ê a bsa pádema wb`.
Oa`êa rbge`efk um jkmt÷m fb gkrrbks bnbgtr÷megks qub prkjbtêam na
bxpbgtateva fb um mbdkgek, pkr jbfek fbn guan pkfrêa nnbdar a vever bn bstenk
fb „vefa emtbrmbt‚, k pkr nk jbmks asê nk nnaja`a aqubnna pbrskma fb na
bmtrbvesta qub oa`êa bsgugoafk bm emtbrmbt. Xubs asê bra, uma bmtrbvesta, bm
na qub bsa pbrskma nb jameibsta`a a quebm nk bmtrbvesta`a, qub bsta`a
vevebmfk bn bstenk fb „vefa emtbrmbt‚ y qub bra tktanjbmtb gebrtk. Jameibst÷
Jameibst÷
qub tbmêa uma gasa bspbgtagunar, gkm pesgema y `bnnks larfembs3 um garrk
@JT3 uma namgoa bm na pnaya3 uma `ubma gubmta fb aokrrks gkm uma dram
suja fb fembrk y qub oa`êa vealafk pkr bn jumfk lumtk a su bspksa
Tamfa, y gnark, sebjprb agkjpañafk fb sus oelks qub bm bsb jkjbmtk
bram gemgk y nubdk sbrêam sbes. Bsb üntejk fatk jb ejpagt÷, pubs tb
ejademas »Guámtk fembrk sb mbgbseta para jamtbmbr uma iajenea asê; Xkr
bspagek fb guarbmta y gemgk jemutks bn bmtrbvestafkr oagêa fb jambra juy
maturan y sem ne`rbtk uma sbreb fb prbdumtas a bstb jennkmarek qub ya oa`êa
damafk pkr emtbrmbt bm bsb jkjbmtk jás fb um jenn÷m fb f÷narbs. Nk ümegk
qub jb emquebta`a bra qub na prkfugge÷m fbn vefbk mk emgnuêa semk na vkz
fbn bmtrbvestafk y bn bmtrbvestafkr, y prbsbmta`a fb ejadbm um ikmfk bm
gknkr azun, fb bsks qub bmgubmtras guamfk sb oagb uma prbsbmtage÷m bm
XkwbrXkemt. Oagea bn jemutk febgesebtb, se je jbjkrea mk ianna, bn
bmtrbvestafkr oezk uma prbdumta qub fbspbrt÷ aüm jás je gureksefaf y iub
na seduebmtb< „Kyb tebmbs uma vefa emgrbê`nb, pbrk guåmtajb »G÷jk nnbdastb
an pumtk fb fbgefer qubrbr vever fbn emtbrmbt, quå tb emsper÷;‚ Na rbspubsta
jb fbl÷ paranezafk3 ån felk< „»Pbgubrfas bsb mbdkgek Ajway;‚ y bn
bmtrbvestafkr gkmtbst÷< „Gnark qub sê »bn fb nks prkfugtks;‚ „Gkrrbgtk‚
gkmtbst÷ bn bmtrbvestafk. U gkmtemu÷ fegebmfk< „pubs yk bstuvb bm bsb
mbdkgek, drageas a ån jb gaså rápefajbmtb gkm je bspksa, para pkfbr asester
umtk a bnna a uma gkmvbmge÷m fb mbdkgeks qub sbrêa iubra fb je geufaf,
Aduafa, bm Xubrtk Pegk. Vbmêa qub oagbrnk asê, semk sus pafrbs mk na
fblarêam er a bsb bvbmtk gkmjedk. Bstar annê iub emgrbê`nb, rbdrbsajks nnbmks
fb bmbrdêa a gkmvbrtermks bm Feajamtb fb Ajway, bn mevbn qub fa Ne`brtaf
Iemamgebra‚. Lustk bm bsb jkjbmtk bn bmtrbvestafkr prbdumta< „»U nk
nkdrastb;‚ U bn bmtrbvestafk felk< „Mk. Afjerk y rbspbtk prkiumfajbmtb a
nas pbrskmas qub oagbm bsb mbdkgek, pbrk mk nkdrå pasar fbn mevbn fbn 10%3
sem bj`ardk, nk qub sê nkdrå drageas a nas gkmvbmgekmbs, ne`rks y GFW fb su
sestbja fb gapagetage÷m, iub nnbmar je jbmtb y je gkraz÷m fbn amobnk fb

nkdrarfb
parter nk bsb
qubjkjbmtk
tkfks qubrêam
tkjkannê3 Ne`brtaffbIemamgebra‚.
na fbgese÷m U prksedub<
mk parar oasta nkdrarnk y„A
ya vbs,
 

aquê bstky, vevebmfk bsta iamtástegay jaravennksa vefa sebmfk jennkmarek,

bspksk y pafrb fb tebjpk gkjpnbtk, tra`alamf
tra`alamfkk fbsfb gasa sknk gkm je
gkjputafkra y uma gkmbxe÷m a emtbrmbt‚.
¡Tuak! bs emgrbê`nb, jb felb guamfk bsgugoå bsa rbspubsta, y na raz÷m fb
bsk, bra qub yk bsta`a agtevk bm Ajway bm je paês y mk nkdra`a pasar fbn
mevbn fb pnata k 01% qub bra umk jugok jaykr an qub oa`êa angamzafk bn
bmtrbvestafk, quebm jás afbnamtb sb gkmvbrterêa bm je jbmtkr bm emtbrmbt.
Je rbinbxe÷m iub sejpnb< We bsta pbrskma nnbd÷ an 10% bm Ajway y sb oezk
jennkmarek bm emtbrmbt y yk nnbduå an 01% bm bsb jesjk mbdkgek, bmtkmgbs
yk taj`eåm pubfk sbr jennkmarek. Bm bsb jkjbmtk bmtbmfê qub na vefa bs
um oenk juy iemk fkmfb mk sa`bs pkr quå tb pasa andk y sknk um tebjpk
fbspuås bmtebmfbs pkr quå tb tbmêa qub pasar. Ua bm bsb jkjbmtk nnbva`a
guatrk nardks añks gavamfk je „ratkmbra iemamgebra‚ bm um jar fb fbufas,
bxagtajbmtb $92.888 f÷narbs, bsta`a fbstrkzafk jbmtan, bsperetuan y
bjkgekmanjbmtb.
bjkgekmanjbm tb. Oa`êa vevefk tamtas setuagekmbs
s etuagekmbs bm gafa uma fb bsas árbas
fb je vefa qub ya tbmêa jugoas fufas fb jê jesjk y fb jes gapagefafbs.
Je vefa suire÷
Emdbmebrêa Gevenumgkm
vubngk tktan3 paså fbbm
bspbgeanezagekmbs sbrDbste÷m
um bxgbnbmtb prkibsekman
Bjprbsarean bm
y Jbrgafbk
Emtbrmagekman3 um inajamtb bjpnbafk gkm gardks ferbgtevks bm
juntemagekmanbs
juntemagekman bs gkjk Gbjbx Gknkj`ea y Angatbn Ga`nb fkmfb rbge`êa
`ubmks subnfks3 a fbgefer, bm bn jblkr jkjbmtk fb je garrbra prkibsekman,
rbterarjb fbn bjpnbk. Vkfk bstk, s÷nk pkrqub je gkraz÷m amobna`a na
„Ne`brtaf Iemamgebra‚.
Bm bsb jkjbmtk fbgefê er gkmtra na gkrrebmtb, gkmtra nk qub fbgêam jes
pafrbs, ajedks y gkjpañbrks fb tra`alk< „Laejb »Bstás nkgk; »Yas a
rbmumgear a um bjpnbk `ebm padk bm uma juntemagekman; »F÷mfb tb vam a
padar bsk; ¡Vb vas a jkrer fb oaj`rb! »Quå vas a oagbr aokra;‚. Mk
k`stamtb, yk oa`êa pnameiegafk razkma`nbjbmtb je rbterk< Vbmêa nk qub
gkmsefbra`a `ubmks aokrrks para uma bvbmtuanefaf y tbmêa prbsbmtb qub
pkfrêa vever gkm bnnks jáxejk sbes jbsbs. Fb eduan ikrja, se nas gksas mk
e`am `ebm fbspuås fb bsk tbmfrêa je ümegk „agtevk‚ (nubdk bmtbmfê qub bra
bm rbanefaf um pasevk) se asê sb nb pubfb nnajar a um garrk. Afbjás, oa`êa
oa`nafk amtbs fb je rbterk gkm je obrjamk Arquetbgtk, gkm quebm tbmêa uma
bjprbsa fb arquetbgtura b emdbmebrêa, fb na guan ån bra dbrbmtb y pkr jbfek
fb bnna dama`a tkfk bn fembrk para jamtbmbr a su iajenea. Je obrjamk jb
oa`êa jameibstafk qub na bjprbsa atravbsa`a pkr su jblkr jkjbmtk y qub
tbmêa suiegebmtbs gkmtratks, tkfks bnnks nkdrafks bm bn sbgtkr fb nks
daskfugtks
bjprbsa ya yqub
ktras
jbk`ras gevenbs,
bspbra`a asê qub
um `ubm mk oa`êa
emdrbsk prk`nbja
y pkr supubstkbmnarbdrbsar a na
kiegema qub
 

sebjprb oa`êa tbmefk annê. Gkm tkfks bsks „sbdurks‚ qub tbmêa, mafa pkfrêa
iannar.
Pbdrbsar a je matan geufaf @ugarajamda iub uma sbmsage÷m emgrbê`nb, bra
vknvbr a gkjparter gkm tkfas nas pbrskmas qub qubrêa, afbjás, dkzar bn sbr
prkibsekman emfbpbmfebmtb y fubñk fb je prkpea bjprbsa. Nk qub mumga

ejademå
qub iub qub
nas gksas a parter
fblaram fb fb bsb jkjbmtk
iumgekmar sknk fb`êa
gkrrbgtajbmtb. Natramsgurrer um añk para
gkmkgefa gkrrupge÷m
bm na gkmtratage÷m fb k`ras gevenbs gkm bn Bstafk bsta`a gk`ramfk gkm
grbgbs bn irutk fb mubstrk tra`alk furk, mk aggbfejks a far nas gkjesekmbs
qub gkjümjbmtb sb pefbm guamfk sb aflufega um gkmtratk fb bstas k`ras y
nk qub para ktrks bra andk „mkrjan‚, para mksktrks bra andk amteåtegk b
emjkran, jás guamfk bsks gkmtratks nks oa`êajks damafk partegepamfk
okmbstajbmtb lumtk a ktrks gkmtratestas. Fbgefej
Fbgefejks
ks bmtkmgbs bmirbmtar nk
qub sb mks prbsbmtara, iub asê gkjk tuvejks qub skpkrtar nnajafas
tbnbi÷megas gkm ajbmazas fb jubrtb pkr mk aggbfbr a bmtrbdar fembrk a
gaj`ek. Vuvejks qub jamblar uma fb bsa k`ras gase a gkmtrkn rbjktk, sem
vesetar
oa`êajksna k`ra semk sknkNaqub
gkmtratafk. aparbgebra
zkma annê fb
bm gubste÷m bn bquepk fb emdbmebrks
uma fb nas k`ras bra qub
antajbmtb pbnedrksa, fkjemafa
fkjemafa pkr na dubrrenna gknkj`eama y pkr nks drupks
parajenetarbs.
parajenetarb s. Asê qub tbmêajks qub prbsgemfer fb mubstra prbsbmgea annê
pkrqub andk pbrlufegean pkfêa pasar. Xara ikrtuma mubstra na k`ra tbrjem÷
`ebm, sb rbgkdebrkm juy `ubmas utenefafbs y gbsarkm nas ajbmazas. Bm bsb
jkjbmtk bn dbrbmtb fb na bjprbsa dasêibra fb na guan årajks gkmtratestas
tbmêa krfbm fb gaptura pkr jüntepnbs bstaias y gkrrupge÷m, asê qub ouy÷ fbn
paês ruj`k a Jeaje.
Wem bj`ardk, sejuntámbajbmtb
sejuntámbajbmtb tbmêajks ktra k`ra jás bm na guan kgurrêa
bxagtajbmtb nk jesjk. Mk fejks fembrk a gaj`ek y gkmtrarek a na amtbrekr
k`ra, annê mk tuvejks na jesja subrtb fb na k`ra dasêibra, ya qub bn anganfb
bm bsb jkjbmtk sejpnbjbmtb jameibst÷ nk sugbfefk a nks parajenetarbs
qub gkmtrkna`am bsb jumegepek. Asê qub mk oa`êa sanefa, k bra fembrk k `ebm
um sbgubstrk b emgnusk mubstra vefa. Xbsb a tkfk, na k`ra sb bmtrbd÷ gkm
satesiagge÷m, pubs bra um gknesbk para um gknbdek fb `alks rbgursks,
tbmêajks qub gujpner pkr bsks meñks qub gkm anbdrêa vbêam bm mksktrks nks
oårkbs qub nnbda`am a gkmstruer bsb subñk qub pkr añks bspbrarkm3 um
gknesbk para pragtegar fbpkrtbs. Bra juy dratk qub fêa a fêa tkfks bsks
meñks mks skmrebram y sb skrprbmfebram gkm gafa avamgb fb na k`ra. Bn fêa
fb na emaudurage÷m tkfk bra ibnegefaf para aqubnnks meñks3 mk k`stamtb, para
mksktrks bn ieman mk
rbgursks prkpeks, yaiub
qubnknabspbrafk3 tuvejks
jaykr partb qub tbrjemar
fbn fembrk na k`ra
fb mubstra gkm nk
utenefaf
 

oa`êam tkjafk bn anganfb lumtk a um drupk fb parajenetarbs fb na zkma. Bm

jbfek fb tan setuage÷m mks iub ejpkse`nb a`amfkmar na k`ra. Xkr uma partb
mubstrks premgepeks åtegks y jkranbs mks ejpefebrkm a`amfkmar bn prkybgtk
y fblarnk emgkmgnusk. Xkr ktrk nafk, na bxestbmgea fb nas p÷nezas fb rbspanfk
qub sb ierjam gkm bstks gkmtratks gkmnnbvam umas juntas juy iubrtbs bm
gask fb emgujpnejebmtk, asê qub mk oa`êa sanefa, bstá`ajks annê „gkjk
rat÷m sem qubsk y atrapafk bm na trajpa‚. Gkm bsta marrage÷m mk prbtbmfk
fbspklar fb nas vbstefuras a je paês, vanda agnarar qub tkfk bstk kgurre÷ bm
jumegepeks anblafks fb nas premgepanbs geufafbs fb Gknkj`ea, bm uma åpkga
feiêgen bm guamtk a sbdurefaf. Je paês bs um paraêsk y juy sbdurk guamfk
bstás bm na geufaf3 mk k`stamtb, se vas a bstar anblafk fb`bs sa`br
s a`br oagea
f÷mfb er para bvetar sbr skrprbmfefk pkr andüm drupk an jardbm fb na nby.
Bstks obgoks febrkm emegek a nks qub sbrêam guatrk nardks añks fb amdusteas,
fbsbspbrk, pårfefa fb na gkmieamza bm jê y ianta fb ib. Ua mafa sanêa gkjk
bspbra`a, bn okrezkmtb sb tkrma`a ksgurk. Mk sanêam gkmtratks fb k`ras
gevenbs y pkgk a pkgk nks aokrrks sb e`am aga`amfk. Bn prejbrk bm fbsbrtar
fb na bjprbsa
`argk amtbs fbiub
qubumk fb nks skgeks,
sb oumfebra quebm an parter
gkjpnbtajbmt
gkjpnbtajbmtb. felkfbspuås,
b. Jbsbs qub a`amfkma`a
iub je bn
obrjamk Arquetbgtk quebm tkg÷ ikmfk y tuvk qub vbmfbr su garrk para vever
andumks jbsbs jás, para iemanjbmtb tbrjemar tkjamfk bn autk`üs an
feredersb a na kiegema. Ua bm bsb jkjbmtk yk bsta`a sufamfk irek pubs jes
„s÷nefks aokrrks‚ sb oa`êam aga`afk y tuvb na „`rennamtb efba‚ fb vbmfbr je
garrk y gkjprar umk jás bgkm÷jegk, asê sbduerêa tbmebmfk bm qub
tramspkrtarjb y tbmêa aokrrks para umks jbsbs jás. Xara mk oagbr na
oestkrea jás narda, bn tktan fb jes aokrrks sb aga`÷ bxagtajbmtb sbes jbsbs
fbspuås fb oa`br gkmgnuefk aquån gkmtratk. Furamtb bsb tebjpk bmtrbduå
jugoas oklas fb vefa bm feibrbmtbs bjprbsas para rbdrbsar a um bjpnbk,
pbrk tkfks jbbmkirbgêam
asperagekmbs jbmks fbbsta`am
aqubn jkjbmtk $1.888bmf÷narbs
jêmejkjbmsuanbs y jes
$0.888 f÷narbs
jbmsuanbs, an iem y an ga`k bsb bra bn emdrbsk qub dama`a guamfk rbmumgeå
an gardk fb dbrbmtb gkjbrgean bm Gbjbx y mk bsta`a fespubstk a rbge`er
jbmks pbsb a je påseja setuage÷m bgkm÷jega. Bmtkmgbs, fbgefê emdrbsar an
jumfk fb sbr um bjprbsarek y prk`å guanquebr gamtefaf fb mbdkgeks,
prk`a`nbjbmtb anrbfbfkr
anrbfbfkr fb fkgb. Quesebra mkj`rar sknk nks üntejks fks<
bn prejbrk, navafk fb garrks bm gbmtrks gkjbrgeanbs y gkmlumtks
rbsefbmgeanbs gkm bquepks fb ünteja tbgmknkdêa para aokrrar adua y guefar
bn jbfek aj`ebmtb3 y bn sbdumfk, bmsaj`nb fb tkfk tepk fb jamuanefafbs
para bjprbsas bm Bstafks Rmefks. Bm bsb jkjbmtk ya oa`êam pasafk gase
trbs añks y jbfek, mk så g÷jk nkdrå skrtbar vever gkm sebtb tarlbtas fb
 

gråfetk y um gråfetk rktatevk qub oa`êam sefk dbstekmafks drageas a nks

bxgbnbmtbs Gkmtafkrbs fb na bjprbsa. Jb luda`a je ünteja garta3 erjb a
vever a nks Bstafks Rmefks gkm andumk fb nks iajenearbs qub ya bsta`am annê
qub jb fbgêam jb pkfêam ayufar gkm um tra`alk. Nk ümegk qub fb`êa oagbr
bra sagar na vesa ajbregama, na guan bm bn jblkr jkjbmtk fb je garrbra ya
jb oa`êam mbdafk, y aokra bm na pbkr pbsafenna bgkm÷jega prbtbmfêa qub
jb na febram. Xrk`a`nbjbmtb sugbfe÷ qub je fbmubfk tuvk um bibgtk
pksetevk ya qub jb na febrkm. Fb aoê qub ya mk tbmêa bxgusas para vealar y
gkjbmzar je mubva vefa3 sem bj`ardk, amtbs fb oagbrnk qubrêa oagbr um
üntejk emtbmtk fb bmgkmtrar andk para gkjbmzar, iub asê gkjk um fêa
mavbdamfk bm emtbrmbt, bmgkmtrå pkr gasuanefaf aquån avesk qub fbgêa<
„Fkm Mafeb Dam÷ Rm Jenn÷m Nk Oezk Gkm Rma Varlbta Fb`etk Jebmtras
Bsta`a Bm @amgarrkta‚.
Aquån fkjemdk fb ib`rbrk fb 0889 bsta`a fbjaseafk amseksk, jb luda`a
je ünteja y vbrfafbra garta. Jás tarfarkm bm a`rersb nas emsgrepgekmbs para
bsb vefbk-gursk pkr emtbrmbt, qub yk bm far gneg para gkjprarnk gkm je
üntejk
bspbrar<gupk
jes fb uma fb
pafrbs, jesnasobrjamks,
tarlbtas fbandumks
gråfetk.ajedks
Nas grêtegas mk sb oegebrkm
y je mkvea, quebm sbrêa
nubdk je bspksa, felbrkm qub bm vbz fb oa`br dastafk bsb fembrk bm um
gursk bm emtbrmbt nk qub fb`êa bstar oagebmfk bra `usgar um bjpnbk, qub bsk
fbn emtbrmbt mk iumgekma`a.
Bm bsb jkjbmtk bmtbmfê qub tbmfrêa qub sagar na pkga iubrza y
fbtbrjemage÷m qub jb qubfa`a para nnbvar a ga`k je üntejk mbdkgek. Nk
qub tbmêa gnark bra qub bn pnazk para tbmbr rbsuntafks tbmfrêa qub sbr juy
gkrtk semk tbmfrêa qub vealar a nks Bstafks Rmefks. Bm bsb emstamtb ya tbmêa
gkmkgejebmtks fb emvbrsekmbs bm `knsa fb Bstafks Rmefks y um fbjk
vertuan fkmfb pragtega`a oagebmfk jugok fembrk, pbrk mbgbseta`a inulk fb
gapetan para pkfbr fbsarrknnar bm dramfb bstb mbdkgek y bn inulk fb gapetan
gkmstamtb prbtbmfêa qub sanebra fb je mubvk mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt. Xasarkm
trbs nardks jbsbs tra`alamfk fb febz a fkgb okras feareas y
sejuntámbajbmtb
sejuntámbajb mtb nbybmfk guamtk jatbrean bm emdnås (efekja qub mk
gkmkzgk semk nk `ásegk) fb mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt nnbdara a jes jamks. Bn
gursk gkjpnbtk gkm jás fb guarbmta vefbks nk tbrjemå bm jbmks fb febz
fêas, jb tkj÷ ktrks febz vknvbrnk a bstufear fks vbgbs jás, bsta`a nestk
para je prejbr avesk pu`negetarek y sbrêa bbmm Dkkdnb Afwkrfs. Wu`ê jás fb
guarbmta y gemgk avesks bm jbmks fb uma sbjama y tkfks nks fêas nks
jkmetkrba`a umk a umk. Na amdustea sb apkfbr÷ fb je ktra vbz, ya bram trbs
jbsbs y aümnas
aujbmtafk mkfbufas
vbêa umbmsknk f÷nar fbf÷narbs
quemebmtks emdrbsk,jás
pkrfb
bn nk
gkmtrarek, oa`êa
qub emvbrtê bm na
 

pu`negefaf qub nnbva`a oasta bsb jkjbmtk. Iub um fkjemdk guamfk je

jafrb jb emvet÷ a fbsayumar qub bmgbmfê je gkjputafkra gkjk nk oagêa
fêa a fêa, pbrk bsta vbz jb nnbvb uma dram skrprbsa guamfk ve bm bn jkmetkr
trbemta y fks f÷narbs3 mumga knvefarå bsa geira. Gkm dram bjkge÷m jerå qub
oa`êa vbmfefk andk bm uma tebmfa fb rbpubstks para Lbbp. Bsb jbs iemanez÷
gkm uma vbmta jás fbn jesjk setek para um dram agujunafk fb sbtbmta y
gemgk f÷narbs.
Xebmsa pkr um jkjbmtk bstk< Quemebmtks f÷narbs bm pu`negefaf, trbs jbsbs
fb tra`alk furk y um emdrbsk fb sbtbmta y gemgk f÷narbs. Rma jbmtb
pbrfbfkra gkmgnuerêa< Emtbrmbt mk iumgekma. Xbrk nk ümegk qub mbgbseta`a
bra uma dkta fb ib, ya sb oa`êa fafk bn prejbr pask. Aokra sknk qubfa`a
bspbrar a qub nnbdara bn gobqub a je paês y gkjprk`ar se bra fb vbrfaf3 nk
qub sugbfe÷ guarbmta y gemgk fêas fbspuås, bn gobqub nnbd÷ bm um sk`rb
`ebm sbnnafk, pkr gebrtk bra na prejbra vbz qub vbêa bstk bm je vefa, ya qub
bm je paês mumga sb bmvêam gobqubs bm sk`rb, pbrk bm Bstafks Rmefks bs fb
nk jás gkjüm para padar tus sbrvegeks y tkfk nk qub mbgbsetbs. Gkm bn
gobqub bm je
`amgks fb jamk gkjbmgå
geufaf um jarat÷megk
`usgamfk rbgkrrefk
guán sbrêa bn qub jb pkr nks premgepanbs
nk gaj`earêa, tkfks jb
fbgêam qub bsks gobqubs mk sb gaj`ea`am y qub pkr bsb jkmtk tam `alk
qub me para quå nk emtbmta`a. Wem bj`ardk, yk prkjbtêa qub se jb
ayufa`am yk trabrêa bn jbs seduebmtb gobqubs fb jaykr vankr. Bn rbsuntafk
iub qub memdüm `amgk jb nk gaj`e÷, para jê nk jás ejpkrtamtb bm bsb
jkjbmtk mk bra bn jkmtk fb fembrk qub e`a a rbge`er, semk sa`br qub bn
gobqub rbanjbmtb bra nbdan. Vuvb bmtkmgbs qub oa`nar gkm um iajenear bm
Bstafks Rmefks y jb felk qub ån tbmêa uma gubmta gkm fbp÷setk ferbgtk qub
nb pbrjetêa gkmsedmar guanquebr tepk fb gobqub qub mk iubra fb su
prkpebfaf, asê qub nk ümegk qub tbmêa qub oagbr bra bmvear bn gobqub fb
vubnta a nks Bstafks
oegb, emgnusk Rmefks
sa`ebmfk qub bnpara qubpkr
bmvêk jegkrrbk
iajenear nk gkmsedmara.
gbrteiegafk Asênnbdará
para qub nk
bm sknk trbs fêas, jb gksta`a andk asê gkjk guarbmta f÷narbs. Guamfk bn
gobqub nnbd÷ y iemanjbmtb je iajenear nk gkmsedm÷ nk nnajå y jb felk<
„Laejb, bn gobqub bs nbdan y ya tbmdk bn fembrk bm je gubmta‚, bsb, qubrefk
ajedk nbgtkr, iub umk fb nks jkjbmtks jás ibnegbs qub ob vevefk.
Iemanjbmtb bn mbdkgek iumgekma`a y sa`êa g÷jk gaj`ear nks gobqubs.
Na prbdumta qub tb bstarás oagebmfk bs< »Jb qubf÷ andk fb fembrk fb bsb
bmve÷; na rbspubsta bs MK. Nk qub sugbfe÷ iub qub para oagbrjb nnbdar bn
fembrk, je iajenear tbmêa qub oagbrnk pkr jbfek fb um derk emtbrmagekman y
bmvear
asê qubnkmkqub jb mafa
rbge`ê qubfa`a bra jás gkstksk
jkmbtareajbmtb pbrkqub bn fembrk
se andk qub e`a a rbge`er,
jás ejpkrtamtb3 rbtkjå
 

je ib.
Gkm bsta bxpbrebmgea rbdrbså a je kiegema a grbar gebmtks fb avesks jás y
sknk umks fêas fbspuås nkdrå uma fb nas vbmtas jás dramfbs qub ob obgok
fbsfb qub bstky bm bstb mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt. Emvbrtê jbmks fb fks f÷narbs
bm um avesk y damå jás fb jen fksgebmtks f÷narbs. Bsta vbz na vbmta oa`êa

vbmefk bsta`a
rbanegb fb uma iubra
bjprbsa qub sb
fb tkfa nnaja OkgcbyDeamt.gk
prkpkrge÷m,  j  , gkmsbduerna3
bra emejadema`nb na vbmta qub gkm
uma gkjese÷m fb sknk 4%, qub kirbgêa bn setek, oa`êa obgok uma vbmta para
na bjprbsa fb jás fb $1?.888 f÷narbs, nk guan bm je bmtbmfejebmtk
sedmeiega qub oa`êa vbmfefk tkfks nks umeikrjbs y aggbskreks para um
bquepk fb Okgcby. Jb grbê bn jás astutk fb tkfks, jás afbnamtb bmtbmfbrêa
qub bstb oa`êa sefk bn sanvavefas qub jb bmve÷ bn Vkfkpkfbrksk para
aujbmtar je ib.
Mumga jás nkdrå uma vbmta fb bsb tajañk y gkm tam pkga emvbrse÷m. Aokra
bmtebmfbs pkr quå så qub aqubnnk mk iub je dbmeanefaf semk uma
gkemgefbmgea Fevema.
Fevema. Bm bsb guartk jbs fb je mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt,
fbtbrjemå qub bstk bra nk qub oarêa bn rbstk fb je vefa y asê oa sefk oasta
bn jkjbmtk.
 

Xrejbra Xartb
BN FEMBPK WÊ GPBGB BM NKW ÁP@KNBW
»Pbgubrfas guamfk bras pbqubñk, tkfas bsas irasbs qub tus pafrbs tb
fbgêam;
„Agask »grbbs qub sky um `amgk;‚
„Bs qub fb bsk tam `ubmk mk fam tamtk‚
„We quebrbs sbr regk g÷jpratb na nktbrêa‚
„Vbmbr fembrk bs jank‚
„Bs jblkr sbr pk`rb, pbrk okmrafk‚
„Bn fembrk mk grbgb bm nks ár`knbs‚
Vkfas bsas irasbs nk ümegk qub nkdrarkm iub qub grbgebras gkm um patr÷m fbn
fembrk bquevkgafk, bstám tam arraedafas bm tu jbmtb y sk`rb tkfk bm tu
su`gkmsgebmtb qubdamar
prejbr pask para grbbsfembrk
qub skm
mkgebrtas.
s knk bmXkr
sknk bsk sesemk
emtbrmbt, jb prbdumtas guán bs bn
bm guanquebr
mbdkgek k prkibse÷m, je rbspubsta sbrêa, gaj`ear tu prkdrajage÷m jbmtan.
Mk vky a bmtrar bm fbtannbs fb g÷jk fb`bs oagbrnk pkrqub para bsk
bmgubmtras juy `ubmks ne`rks qub tb duêam pask a pask y tb pubfbm ayufar
gkm bstk. Xbrk bs ejpkrtamtb qub sbpas qub se fbsbas k`tbmbr rbsuntafks
bgkm÷jegks nk jás rápefk pkse`nb, pkr bmgeja fb na partb tågmega qub
fb`bs fkjemar bs aüm jás ejpkrtamtb sbr na pbrskma gkrrbgta.
»A quå jb rbiebrk gkm bstk; Oaztb bstas prbdumtas< »Queåm sky yk; »Quå
pebmsk; »Guánbs skm jes grbbmgeas; We brbs gasafk »Brbs okmbstk gkm tu
parbla bm tkfk; »Vratas rbanjbmtb fb ikrja gkrrbgta a tus oelks; »Brbs
fbtbrjemafk; »Vebmbs uma bxgbnbmtb agtetuf para fbsarrknnar tu tra`alk,
pbsb a qub bstås fbsamejafk;
Bn obgok bs qub bmtrb jás tb bmikqubs bm „sbr‚ uma jblkr pbrskma amtbs
qub bm „tbmbr‚ jás fembrk, jás rápefk nnbdarám nks rbsuntafks. Ob
aprbmfefk qub bn patr÷m y krfbm gkrrbgtk para qub sb få nk qub fbsbajks
bm na vefa bs< prejbrk, „sbr‚3 nubdk, „oagbr‚3 y pkr üntejk, „tbmbr‚. A vbgbs
sugbfb, nk vevk a fearek, qub tbmdk anujmks qub gkjpram andumk fb jes
gursks y fbspuås fb uma k fks sbjamas pebmsam qub vam a oagbrsb
jennkmareks. Guamfk nbs prbdumtk quå oam obgok an rbspbgtk, guámtk tra`alk
oam pubstk, guámtk fembrk oam emvbrtefk, fbsgu`rk qub mk oam obgok jaykr
gksa. Aprbmfbr andk mubvk sedmeiega nnbvarnk a na prágtega y bs aoê fkmfb na
jaykrêa fb nks bjprbmfbfkrbs iragasam. Vkfks quebrbm uma i÷rjuna
 

jádega qub nbs få nks rbsuntafks fbsbafks sem rbanezar bn tra`alk mbgbsarek
para k`tbmbrnks y sem sbr na pbrskma gkrrbgta. Vkfk gkjebmza fbsfb afbmtrk
y nas `bmfegekmbs bgkm÷jegas nnbdaram se gkjebmzas pkr tra`alar bm tu
„sbr‚. Bmi÷gatb bm sagar bsb sbr oujamk qub pkr bxgbnbmgea brbs y nnbvas
fbmtrk3 oaztb bn ierjb prkp÷setk fb qub a parter fb aokra sbrás um jblkr
pafrb k jafrb3 um jblkr ajedk3 um jblkr bjpnbafk3 bn jblkr bspksk k
bspksa3 bn jblkr oelk k oela3 fblarás fb gretegar y oa`nar fb nks fbjás3 sbrás
tktanjbmtb okmbstk bm tu tra`alk y gkm tkfas nas pbrskmas qub tb rkfbam3
fblarás fb pbnbar gkm nas pbrskmas qub jás tb quebrbm y sk`rb tkfk3
tra`alarás bm fbsarrknnar uma bxgbnbmtb agtetuf.
Xara nkdrarnk grba bn oá`etk fb pkr nk jbmks nbbr um ne`rk an jbs bm gafa
uma fb nas árbas fb tu vefa qub mbgbsetas jblkrar, vb a na ne`rbrêa jás
gbrgama y g÷jpratb um par fb GFW k sejpnbjbmtb gkmågtat
gkmågtatbb bm emtbrmbt a
andüm `ubm setek fb jbmsalbs pksetevks b emsperafkrbs qub tb nnbvam a far nk
jblkr fb te. Gråbjb, bstk tra`alará para te a jaykr vbnkgefaf se pkmbs bm
prágtega bstb prejbr pask.
Vkfks qubrbjks nks rbsuntafks iêsegks pbrk edmkrajks qub amtbs qub bstks
sb fbm bm bsta fejbmse÷m jatbrean sb fb`b grbar bm anduma fb nas ktras
fejbmsekmbs qub mk vbjks. Xubfb sbr na bjkgekman, bsperetua
bsperetuann k jbmtan.
Bstky gkjpnbtajbmtb sbdurk qub guamfk oas tbmefk andüm iragask bm andüm
árba fb tu vefa bs pkrqub aüm tb ianta andk pkr aprbmfbr bm anduma fb bsas
fejbmsekmbs.
Rma pesta dramfb para sa`br bm guán k guánbs pubfbm sbr, bs sejpnbjbmtb
jerar bm tu emtbrekr nas árbas qub brbs jás få`en. »Xkr quå så qub bstk bs
asê; We rbgubrfas na partb fb je oestkrea guamfk iragaså, bn iragask mk sknk
iub bgkm÷jegk, semk bjkgekman y bsperetuan. Jb tkj÷ guatrk nardks añks
aprbmfbr qub bra aoê fkmfb fb`êa tra`alar y bmikgarjb, mk bm gkmsbduer
ktrk tra`alk, nk guan bra ejpkrtamtb, pbrk mk sb e`a a far oasta bstar bm
arjkmêa bm bstas fejbmsekmbs. Gkjk nas edmkrå pkr añks3 pbrfê, y gnark,
gkjbmgå pkr pbrfbr bn pkgk fembrk qub tbmêa, bstk sugbfe÷ sejpnbjbmtb
pkrqub bn árba fbn fembrk bra na qub fbspbrta`a je jaykr emtbrås. Bm tu
gask pubfb qub na prub`a qub fb`bs supbrar mk vbmda fesirazafa fb
pårfefas bgkm÷jegas bm su partb emegean, pbrk sê fb ktrk tepk fb pårfefas bm
anduma fb nas ktras fejbmsekmbs. Vkja gkmgebmgea fb bstk y bstá atbmtk a
nas árbas qub fb`bs er ikrtanbgebmfk, fb bsa ikrja nas kpkrtumefafbs tb
nnbdarám jás rápefk y guamfk nnbdubm nas vbrás tbmebmfk um åxetk jugok
jaykr fbn qub ou`ebras tbmefk guamfk mk tra`alastb gkm tu „sbr‚.
Bn sbdumfk pask, bs tkjar agge÷m k tra`alar bm bn „oagbr‚. Guamfk fbgefas
 

tkjar agge÷m bm um mubvk prkybgtk, bspbgeanjbmtb bm tu mbdkgek bm

emtbrmbt, fb`bs sbr uma pbrskma qub bstå fbtbrjemafa a nkdrar bn åxetk, aquê
mk vanb na irasb „vky a emtbmtarnk‚. We gkjebmzas asê tb daramtezk tbmfrás um
iragask jás bm tu vefa y mk tb va a iumgekmar bn mbdkgek. Fb`bs tbmbr na
jbmtb pubsta bm su setek y na agtetuf gkrrbgta para fbger „Mk vky a tra`alar
para bstk3 bstk va a tra`alar para jê‚, pumtk y sb aga`÷, aquê mk oay
mbdkgeagekmbs, k oagbs bstk k tb jubrbs. Bm je gask bsta partb iub „iágen‚,
bs fbger, ya oa`êa fegok „vky a emtbmtarnk‚ uma y jen vbgbs, fb aoê, qub
tuvb vareks mbdkgeks iannefks gkjk gkmtå bm je oestkrea. Xbrk je mubvk
mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt bra andk feibrbmtb, bra um rbtk gkmjedk jesjk fb
rbgupbrar je okmkr, je fedmefaf y je autkgkmieamza, asê qub mk jb pkfêa
far bn nulk fb „emtbmtarnk‚, tbmêa qub oagbrnk. Guamfk nkdras bstk oas
pasafk fb sbr um agujunafkr fb emikrjage÷m a gkmvbrtertb bm um apnegafkr
fb na emikrjage÷m. Bn åxetk bm emtbrmbt sb fará para aqubnnks qub tkjam bn
rebsdk fb pasar a na agge÷m y atrbvbrsb a oagbr gksas qub tan vbz mumga sb
ejadem÷ qub oarêa, aoê bs fkmfb tkfa tu prbparage÷m fbn „sbr‚ tb va a
ayufar a jamtbmbrtb bm bn gajemk. Xkr bsk bs qub tb amejk a qub mk nbas
bstb ne`rk3 bstüfeank y nubdk `usga jás emikrjage÷m. Xara bsk pubfbs
bjpbzar, guamfk tbrjembs fb nbbr, vesetamfk umk fb jes setks wb`<
 JeJbmtkr.emi  k  y vever na bxpbrebmgea qub tb tramsjetk bm bstb ne`rk bm um
sbjemarek pkr emtbrmbt. Rma vbz pkmdas bm agge÷m tu mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt,
mk fbsestas. Fa um pask a na vbz fêa a fêa. An gkjebmzk mk sbrá mafa iágen.
Pbgubrfa qub bstás nugoamfk pkr k`tbmbr tu „Ne`brtaf Iemamgebra‚. Wå qub
bsb `kgafk bs juy dramfb fb gkjbr y pkr bsk fb`bs fevefer bsa jbta ieman
bm jbtas jás pbqubñas qub tb ayufbm a avamzar. Vb bxpnegarå bstk bm um
pr÷xejk gapêtunk gkm jás fbtannb.
Xkr üntejk, vebmb na btapa fb na rbgkjpbmsa3 na fb „tbmbr‚. Wem memdüm
tbjkr a bquevkgarjb bn rbsuntafk bgkm÷jegk qub amobnas va a nnbdar se oas
tra`alafk gkrrbgtajbmtb
gkrrbgtajbmtb bm nas fks árbas amtbrekrbs y mk tb nnbdará a dktas,
semk gkjk guamfk a`rbs na nnavb bm su gapagefaf jáxeja y k`tebmbs um
`nkqub fb adua qub nnbda gkm iubrza, um gokrrk nk nnajarêa bm je paês, sknk
qub bsta vbz bs um gokrrk fb fembrk gkmstamtb jbs a jbs. Guamfk oayas
nnbdafk a bsb pumtk tb agkrfarás fb na irasb< „Bn Fembrk We Grbgb Bm Nks
Ár`knbs‚, y bsb ár`kn bs emtbrmbt.
 

»BM QRÅ NAFK FBN GRAFPAMVB BWVÁW;

Pk`brt Ceyksace1 , autkr fbn ne`rk bn guaframtb fbn inulk fbn fembrk, bn guan
rbanjbmtb rbgkjebmfk, fegb qub bxestbm guatrk ikrjas fb damar fembrk
nbdanjbmtb bm bsta vefa<

Guaframtb fb nas ikrjas para damar fembrk fb Pk`brt Ceyksace

B fb Bjpnbafk< Xbrskma qub gaj`ea su tebjpk pkr fembrk. Vu bjpnbafkr

gkmtrkna tu vefa
garrk pubfbs ya qubf÷mfb
jamblar3 bs ån quebm fbgefb<
pubfbs vever3 guámfk tbmbr vagagekmbs3
f÷mfb pubfbm bstufear tusquå
oelks.
Vkfk bstk, fb`efk a qub tebmb bn gkmtrkn fb tus emdrbsks. Bstb guaframtb bs
bn iavkretk fb jennkmbs fb pbrskmas qub gkrrbm a fearek a um tra`alk qub mk
nbs satesiagb, sejpnbjbmtb pkr bn obgok fb tbmbr uma pada a iem fb jbs. Na
jaykrêa fb bstas pbrskmas bstám bm bstb guaframtb pkr uma supubsta
„sbdurefaf iemamgebra‚ qub fa um tra`alk3 sem bj`ardk, bm bn jumfk fb oky
mk bs sbdurk mafa. Gafa fêa sb pebrfbm jennkmbs fb pubstks fb tra`alk a
mevbn jumfean, bjprbsas qub bmtram bm queb`ra iemamgebra, ktras qub fb`bm
aujbmtar nas utenefafbs para sus aggekmestas y an ieman tkfas rbanezam sus
iajksas rbbstrugturagekmbs,
rbbstrugturagekmbs, qub bm na jaykrêa fb gasks sknk gkmsestb bm
fbspefk jasevk fb bjpnbafks, ktras vbgbs aujbmtk fb garda na`kran.
Yevê bstk bm uma fb nas juntemagekmanbs fkmfb tra`alå, qub pkr nk jbmks
uma vbz gafa guatrk jbsbs sb oa`na`a fb rbbstrugturage÷m y mk bra ktra
gksa qub fbspefks fb bjpnbafks qub dama`am $?.888 a $18.888 f÷narbs
jbmsuanbs, para nubdk sbr rbbjpnazafks pkr l÷vbmbs prkibsekmanbs juy
`ebm prbparafks gkm Jadestbr y Xof a nks guanbs nbs padam fks a trbs vbgbs
jbmks y nbs emgrbjbmtam sus iumgekmbs. Bstb guaframtb iumgekm÷ juy `ebm
bm na bra emfustrean guamfk sb pkfêa daramtezar um bjpnbk fb pkr vefa, gkm
bxgbnbmtbs prbstagekmbs y umas gkmfegekmbs bxgbnsas a mevbn pbmsekman. We
bstás atrapafk bm bstb guaframtb sa`bs a nk qub jb rbiebrk guamfk fedk fb ?
a.j.
gasa.aNa
9 p.j.
trestbtkfks nks bs
rbanefaf fêas ybmfk
qub se mkfb
tb na gasa anytra`alk
sagufbs y fbnfeibrbmtb
oagbs andk tra`alk avas
na a
 

vever bm jbfek fb bstk pkr jugoks añks k oasta guamfk fbgefam fbspbfertb.
Bstk jb rbgubrfa na irasb bmumgeafa pkr um jennkmarek sk`rb nks
bjpnbafks< „We tebmbs guarbmta añks y nnbvas tra`alamfk vbemtb añks,
bmtkmgbs tü mk tebmbs vbemtb añks fb bxpbrebmgea na`kran
na`kran,, semk sknk um añk
fb bxpbrebmgea rbpbtefk vbemtb vbgbs‚. Bsta irasb bs juy fegebmtb ya qub na
jaykrêa fb nks bjpnbafks
bn pk`rb pbmsajebmtk bstám
„bs qub jbfbsbspbramzafks
tkga‚, guamfk nayrbanefaf
vam a sus
bs tra`alks pkrannê
qub bstám
prbsks fbn tbrrkr y bn pámegk fb er tras su subñk, bmtkmgbs sb rbsedmam a
tra`alar pkr bn subñk fb anduebm jás qub sê sa`b para f÷mfb va y bstá
fbtbrjemafk a angamzar sus subñks.
We brbs fb nks aikrtumafks qub sb gams÷ fbn bjpnbk k nkdrastb fbspbfer a tu
bib amtbs qub ån nk oada gkmtedk, bmtkmgbs „avamzarás‚ an seduebmtb
guaframtb3 AB fbn autkbjpnbk. Bstb guaframtb bm je gkmgbptk bs um
vbmfbfkr fb enusekmbs. Ua mk brbs bjpnbafk y aokra grbbs qub brbs
bjprbsarek, guamfk bm rbanefaf aokra bstás jás atrapafk qub bm bn bjpnbk.
We fb bjpnbafk tra`ala`as kgok okras ejadêmatb guámtk tra`ala bn autk
bjpnbafk. Nas pbrskmas qub bstám annê bm su jaykrêa skm prkibsekmanbs
emfbpbmfebmtbs gkjk< jåfegks, a`kdafks, gkmtafkrbs pü`negks, emdbmebrks
y fbjás prkibsekmanbs qub pubfbm fbsarrknnar su prkibse÷m pkr gubmta
prkpea. Vaj`eåm sb bmgubmtram tkfas nas pbrskmas gkm bspêretu
bjprbmfbfkr qub gkjebmzam mubvks mbdkgeks gkjk uma ibrrbtbrêa,
papbnbrêa, supbrjbrgafk, k guanquebr mbdkgek fkmfb bnnks skm na jáquema
fb prkfuger fembrk y mk pubfbm ausbmtarsb fb bstb semk nas gksas mk
iumgekmam. Fegb ceyksace qub bs bn pbkr fb nks guaframtbs y sbdurk qub nk
bs. Aquê oay qub tra`alar furk para gujpner nks gkjprkjesks `amgareks,
padar na m÷jema, emvbmtarek fb prkfugtks y fbjás gkstks ielks y sknk oasta
bn ieman, se andk qubfa, mks padajks a mksktrks jesjks. Bsta ünteja partb
bs bn jaykr brrkr, bm rbanefaf brbs bn prejbrk a quebm fb`b padarsb, asê ssba
ba
uma jêmeja partb k um subnfk rbprbsbmtatevk, fb bsa ikrja tb sbmterás
jktevafk, sa`rás qub bstás tra`alamfk pkr andk.
Bm bstb guaframtb iub fkmfb prágtegajbmtb gaê bm `amgarrkta. We sujk
guamtk tebjpk bstuvb atrapafk bm nks guaframtbs ezquebrfks B y AB, iubrkm
bm tktan mubvb nardks añks. Oky, vankrk tkfas bsas bxpbrebmgeas pkrqub
bmtebmfk guamfk andumk fb jes anujmks jb bsgre`b y jb fegb qub bstá
vevebmfk anduma setuage÷m partegunar bm su tra`alk k bm su pbqubñk mbdkgek.
Na rbanefaf bs qub nas umevbrsefafbs skm bxpbrtas bm drafuar prkibsekmanbs
qub rápefajbmtb
jebmtbm< sb u`equbm
Anrbfbfkr fbn 58% bm
fb umk fb bstks fks
na pk`nage÷m guaframtbs.
na`kran Nassbgeiras mk
fbn jumfk
 

bmgubmtra bm bstks fks guaframtbs0 . Nk gkmtrafegtkrek bs qub bstks fks

guaframtbs sknk rbümbm bn 18% fbn fembrk qub bxestb. »Bmtebmfbs aokra pkr
quå fb`bs oagbr andk feibrbmtb; Bstas bm nks guaframtbs bquevkgafks,
gkmkgefks taj`eåm gkjk nks guaframtbs fb na vebla bgkmkjêa. Na ikrja fb
oagbr nas gksas bstám gaj`eamfk y oay uma irasb qub nb bsgugoå a anduebm y
jb parbge÷ juy emtbrbsamtb< „Bjpnbk mk oay pbrk tra`alk sê.‚ We iuestb a na
umevbrsefaf mk tebmbs na gunpa fb pbmsar qub bstar bm bstks guaframtbs bs nk
jblkr qub tb oa pkfefk pasar. Xbrk bspbrk qub bstk sknk nk ou`ebras
pbmsamfk jebmtras bsta`as bm nk qub yk nnajk „na numa fb jebn fbn mubvk
bjpnbk‚. Bsta numa fb jebn dbmbranjbmtb na vevbm nks mubvks prkibsekmanbs
k nas pbrskmas qub nnbvam bm su tra`alk jbmks fb gemgk añks. We ya oas
supbrafk bsb tebjpk
0 Pk`brt V. Ceyksace gkm Woarkm N. nbgotbr ,   Bn
 Bn guaframtb fbn
inulk fb fembr k  , Vejb amf Jkmby Mbtwkrcs Bfetekms, @ubmks
Aerbs, 0880.

y sebmtbs qub ya mk tb satesiagb tu tra`alk, bmtkmgbs bs okra fb gkrrbr tras tu

subñk. Mk tb amejk a qub rbmumgebs a tu bjpnbk, sejpnbjbmtb aprkvbgoa
tus emdrbsks para tbmbr uma tramquenefaf tbjpkran, pbrk bjpebza a oagbr
andk feibrbmtb qub tb ayufb a nnbdar a na tebrra fb nas kpkrtumefafbs qub skm
nks guaframtbs qub tb bxpkmfrå a gkmtemuage÷m. Na raz÷m müjbrk umk pkr na
guan bjpbgå a tra`alar bm nkdrar bstar an nafk fbrbgok fbn guaframtb, iub
para mk tbmbr jás fbufas y bjpbzar a fesirutar umas bxgbnbmtbs vagagekmbs
añk a añk bm andüm nudar fbn jumfk3 oasta aokra nk ob nkdrafk, pbrk
afbjás na rbgkjpbmsa fb pasar a bstks guaframtbs bs na ne`brtaf fb oagbr nk
qub quebras, guamfk quebras y fkmfb quebras, y bsk sknk sb nkdra gkm nks

emdrbskspara
tra`ala fb tepk
te, mkpasevk
gkjkqub sknkguaframtbs
bm nks sb fam bm fbn
bsksBguaframtbs.
y AB fkmfbAquê bn fembrk
tü brbs bsgnavk
fbn tra`alk. Bn prejbrk fb bstks guaframtbs bs bn FM k Fubñk fb Mbdkgek,
na fbiemege÷m bxagta bs< „Anduebm qub pksbb um sestbja bjprbsarean, qub
tra`ala para ån, pubfb ausbmtarsb pkr um añk y guamfk rbdrbsa su mbdkgek
oa grbgefk‚. We pebmsas bm bsta fbiemege÷m y mumga oas nkdrafk emdrbsks fb
tepk pasevk, bmtkmgbs bs prk`a`nb qub bstås pbmsamfk< »U queåm garalks
pubfb farsb bsks nulks; Na rbspubsta, bs qub nks regks skm quebmbs dkzam fb
nks pnagbrbs fb bstks guaframtbs.
Na `ubma mktegea bs qub bs um guaframtb qub bstá an angamgb fb tkfks y qub
taj`eåm pubfbs bjpbzar a fesirutar sem sbr regk. Nks tepks fb mbdkgeks qub
aquê bmgkmtrajks skm< Nas ya rbgkmkgefas iramquegeas fb dedamtbs
 

mbdkgeks gkjk< @urdbr Cemd3 JgFkmanf―s3 nks anjagbmbs fb dramfbs

supbriegebs k oepbrjbrgafks3 nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs k `amgks3 y tkfks
aqubnnks mbdkgeks qub tebmbm um sestbja fb festre`uge÷m, um sestbja fb
bjpnbafks, um sestbja nkdêstegk k jüntepnbs sestbjas qub apanamgam bn
tebjpk y bn fembrk fb sus prkpebtareks. Vb prbdumtk< »Anduma vbz oas vestk
an fubñk fb bstks mbdkgeks irbmtb a te; We na rbspubsta bs sê, nk jás prk`a`nb
bs qub sba a um autk bjpnbafk y mk a um bjprbsarek.
Afquerer uma iramquegea gkjk na qub gkjbmtå gubsta jenbs fb f÷narbs,
nnbdar a tbmbr um ejpbrek gkjk bn fb bstks mbdkgeks tkja añks fb
bxpbrebmgea b emvbrsekmbs jkmbtareas, bmtkmgbs »Quå kpgekmbs tbmbjks;
Na `ubma mktegea bs qub oky fêa pubfbs sbr um fubñk fb mbdkgek sem tarfar
tamtks añks bm nkdrarnk, sem gkmtar gkm um gapetan tam bnbvafk y sem tbmbr na
bxpbrebmgea prbvea.
Bxestbm fks ikrjas fb oagbrnk< k tb askgeas a uma iramquegea pbrskman tepk
juntemevbn fkmfb tb prkvbbm tkfas nas obrrajebmtas y sestbjas fb
gapagetage÷m,, k fbsarrknnas um mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt tepk iramquegea, fkmfb
gapagetage÷m
aprbmfbs fb anduebm jás qub ya nkdr÷ bn rbsuntafk. Bsb bs bn tbja qub vky
a fbsarrknnar pask a pask bm bstb ne`rk.
Xkr üntejk, qubfa bn guaframtb fbn Emvbrsekmesta, fkmfb sb nnbda guamfk
bxestbm bxgbfbmtbs fb fembrk y pubfbs emvbrter gkjpramfk, pkr blbjpnk
uma gasa k apartajbmtk para rbmtar, emvebrtbs bm ikmfks, `knsa fb vankrbs k
andüm ktrk mbdkgek qub jbs a jbs gknkqub fembrk bm tu `knsennk sem qub
iêsegajbmtb bstås prbsbmtb.
Bstb guaframtb bs edmkrafk pkr dram gamtefaf fb dbmtb, pbrk bs aquê fkmfb
nks regks apanamgam su fembrk y sb gkmvebrtbm bm jennkmareks k

juntejennkma
juntejennkmareks.
autkbjpnbk sb reks. Na rbanefaf
pubfb bs qub
nnbdar a sbr regk,feiêgenjbmtb gkm um
y bm na jaykrêa fbbjpnbk k me
nks gasks,
sequebra a tbmbr um nudar prkpek fkmfb vever, na raz÷m fb bstk bs qub na
jaykrêa fb nas pbrskmas mk tebmbm me efba fb pnameiegage÷m iemamgebra.
Mk pebmsam bm um rbterk tbjpramk semk sknk bm drateiegage÷m emjbfeata qub
nk ümegk qub nkdra bs bnbvar bn mevbn fb fbufas, nk guan bm jugoks gasks me
sequebra pbrjetb qub bn bjpnbafk prkjbfek nkdrb nnbdar a iem fb jbs gkm
andüm bxgbfbmtb fb fembrk para sus ejprbvestks.
Xkr bsk bn fêa fb padk bs bn jás ibnez para nks bjpnbafks, pubs vubnvbm a
tbmbr na enuse÷m fb qub bsb fembrk bs suyk guamfk bm rbanefaf sknk pasa fb
um `knsennk
fbufas an fb anduebm
bm tarlbtas jás, oepktbga
fb gråfetk3 pkr jugoks
fb naiagtkrbs< padksfbn
gasa3 fbufa `amgareks pkr
autkj÷ven3
 

gknbdek fb nks meñks3 rbge`ks fbn agubfugtk, bmbrdêa, tbnåikmks, y fbjás

gkjprkjesks qub sb tebmbm. Bxestb uma dram gamtefaf fb amågfktas,
gkjbmtareks y `rkjas qub mkrjanjbmtb sb oagbm irbmtb a bstb tbja, pbrk
bm anduma kpkrtumefaf bsgugoå um goestb rbspbgtk a bstk qub jb nnaj÷
pkfbrksajbmtb na atbmge÷m bn guan fbgêa< A nks Bjpnbafks nbs sk`ra jás
jbs qub gobqub, ya qub emgrbê`nbjbmtb bn gobqub qub rbge`bm pkr bn
tra`alk fb um jbs, bm bn jblkr fb nks gasks, sknk pubfbm „bsterarnk‚ pkr
febz fêas. Xkr bsk mumga sb nnbda a pbmsar bm bn guaframtb fbn Emvbrsekmesta.
Bm nks guaframtbs FM b E sb bmgubmtra sknk bn 18% fb na pk`nage÷m fbn
jumfk y annê bs fkmfb bstá agujunafk bn 58% fbn fembrk7 . Bstks fks skm
nks guaframtbs fb na mubva bgkmkjêa y pkr bsk bs qub bn regk sb pubfb
oagbr jás regk. Mumga bsgugoarás a um regk fegebmfk< »F÷mfb pubfk pasar
uma okla fb vefa para um bjpnbk; k »Quå pbqubñk mbdkgek pubfk emegear;
Bsgugoarás tårjemks gkjk< »F÷mfb pubfk emvbrter k qub mbdkgek pubfk
gkjprar; Bs um lubdk fb pana`ras qub fb`bs fkjemar se bm vbrfaf fbsbas
sbr ne`rb. Fbspuås fb bstb `rbvb rbsujbm fb nks guaframtbs bs ejpkrtamtb
qub sbpas
sa`br gnarajbmtb
a f÷mfb bm guánNk
fbsbas nnbdar. fbjblkr
bnnks bstás,
bs qubbsta sbrá naa`amfkmar
mk fb`bs ümega ikrja
nk fb
qub
oagbs agtuanjbmtb para k`tbmbr åxetk bm mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt. Bs jás, mk
nk oadas oasta guamfk tu mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt tb bstå fblamfk damamgeas fb
pkr nk jbmks fks a trbs vbgbs jás fb nk qub damas bm tu tra`alk trafegekman,
fb bsa ikrja bstarás gkmstruybmfk um mbdkgek s÷nefk y rbmta`nb, y tbmfrás
na tramquenefaf fb sa`br qub tb pubfbs rbterar fb tu tra`alk pkrqub tebmbs um
pnam @.
7 Pk`brt V. Ceyksace gkm Woarkm N. nbgotbr ,   Bn
 Bn guaframtb fbn
inulk fb fembr k  , Vejb amf Jkmby Mbtwkrcs Bfetekms, @ubmks

Aerbs, 0880.
 

BN VAJAÑK FB VR XBPPK
Ejadêmatb pkr um jkjbmtk bsta setuage÷m< Wanbs fb tu gasa um fêa pkr na
jañama y fbgefbs er gajemamfk oagea tu tra`alk, fb prkmtk pasas lumtk a
uma gasa qub tebmb um `bnnk larfêm y tb qubfas jerámfknk fbtbmefajbmtb.
Fb rbpbmtb gkrrb oagea te um pbqubñk y `bnnk Dknfbm Pbtrebvbr, umk fb nks
pbrrks jás nemfks fbn jumfk. Fbgefbs tkgar su peb a travås fb bsa rbla
jbtánega qub nks sbpara. Wem bj`ardk, fb um jkjbmtk a ktrk bn `bnnk pbrrk
fbsaparbgb y aokra nnbda gkrrebmfk oagea te um mbdrk y dedamtbsgk pbrrk
Pkttwbenbr. Bs pkse`nb qub fb jkjbmtk mk sbpas guán bs pbrk bs têpegk
vbrnk bm nas pbnêgunas fb tbrrkr. Xkr bn jkjbmtk tb asustas, pbrk quebrbs
fevbrtertb um pkgk para bsgugoarnk nafrar, tb anblas um tamtk y nkdras oagbrnk
bmklar sem tbmbr na prbgauge÷m fb vbr se na rbla fb bmtrafa an larfêm bstá
gbrrafa. Guamfk gabs bm gubmta vkntbas tu jerafa y bsa skmresa fb `urna
fbsaparbgb fb tu rkstrk an vbr qub bn dram Pkttwbenbr gkrrb para saner
aprkvbgoamfk qub na rbla bstá a`ebrta. Je prbdumta aquê bs< »Quå oarêas;
Bstky gkjpnbtajbmtb sbdurk qub bm bsb jkjbmtk vas a gkrrbr gkjk mumga
ajás ejademastb qub pkfrêas nnbdar a oagbrnk.
Bstb blbjpnk enustra fb jambra gnara qub guamfk tebmbs um pbrrk pbqubñk
mk tb atbjkreza bm nk a`sknutk pbrk qub guamfk bn pbrrk bs dramfb y
afbjás gkrrb tras fb te, mk vas a tbmbr tebjpk fb pbmsar bm se gkrrbs k mk
gkrrbs.
Aokra `ebm »Fb quå tajañk bs tu pbrrk bm na vefa; »Bstás bm uma zkma fb
„gkjkfefaf‚, gkmsemtebmfk
gkmsemtebmfk a tu Dknfbm Pbtrebvbr y vas a fearek a tu
tra`alk, rbge`bs tu pada jbmsuan y na dastas tkfa bm sknk umks fêas para
gkjbmzar mubvajbmtb bn gegnk, pbrk mk tb jknbsta bm nk a`sknutk; K pkr bn
gkmtrarek
angamgb y »Bstás
tra`alasjbs a jbs
tamtk paragkrrebmfk paranks
gujpner gkm qub„dramfbs
bn dram Pkttwbenbr mk tb
pbrrks‚ bm nks qub tb
oas jbtefk bm na vefa< Xadar na gukta fbn garrk3 na oepktbga fb na gasa3 nas
guktas fb tus tarlbtas fb gråfetk3 y tkfas nas fbjás k`nedagekmbs fb nas
guanbs tb oagbs bsgnavk;
Je pbrrk gkjbmz÷ sebmfk um Dknfbm Pbtrebvbr. Mk k`stamtb, gkm bn pask
fb nks añks, gkjk ya gkmkgbs je oestkrea, sb gkmverte÷ bm um Pkttwbenbr
qub grbge÷ oasta um tajañk fb $92.888 f÷narbs, nk guan para jê bm aquån
jkjbmtk bra uma geira fbjaseafk anta bm fbufas. Na `ubma mktegea fb tkfk
bstk bs qub tü pubfbs ajabstrar a um `ravk y ibrkz pbrrk oasta qub nkdras
vbrnk gkjk um pbqubñk Dknfbm Pbtrebvbr. Bm jugoks gasks bsb pbrrk
ibrkz sb gkmvebrtb bm tu premgepan „arja‚ para nkdrar saner fbn adulbrk.
 

Pbgubrfa< „We um vask gkm adua bstá oasta na jetaf, tu pubfbs fbgefer vbr
bn vask jbfek nnbmk k jbfek vagêk‚, fbpbmfb gkm nks klks qub vbas. We oas
nbêfk gkm atbmge÷m bstb ne`rk y gkjebmzas na tarba fb prkdrajar tu jbmtb,
vbrás bn vask jbfek nnbmk.
Jugoas vbgbs bstb pbrrk ibrkz sb gkmkgb taj`eåm gkjk subñks fb fknkr.
Wugbfb
qub qub guamfk
nas gksas mk na
jblkrbm, bmgubmtras
vefa gkrrbuma
bmjktevage÷m suiegebmtb
tu ayufa y tb para oagbrqub
bmvêa setuagekmbs
fb`bs rbsknvbr, aum guamfk amtbs grbêstb mk sbr gapaz fb oagbrnas. Xkr
blbjpnk, We nnbvas quemgb añks bm bn jesjk tra`alk, tebmbs guarbmta y gemgk
añks y fb um jkjbmtk a ktrk brbs fbspbfefk, nk jás prk`a`nb bs qub bsta
setuage÷m tb emgkjkfb fbjaseafk, pkr añks asujestb qub bras fubñk fb um
pubstk fb tra`alk guamfk bm rbanefaf bsta`as annê jebmtras prkfugêas
rbsuntafks k utenefafbs para nks aggekmestas. Rma vbz bstk fbla fb sugbfbr
brbs rbbjpnazafk pkr anduebm jás lkvbm y gkm jaykr prbparage÷m.
Bs pkse`nb qub pasbs pkr vareas btapas< fbprbse÷m, era, rbsbmtejebmtk. Xbrk
taj`eåm sugbfb, bspbrk qub asê sba, qub sebmtbs qub pbrfestb quemgb
prbgeksks añks fb tu vefa y tb bmgknbrezas tamtk gkmtedk jesjk qub
gkjebmzas tu bjprbmfejebmtk bm emtbrmbt y nkdras tbmbr rbsuntafks. Xkr nk
tamtk „oas obgok fb bstb nej÷m uma bxqueseta nejkmafa‚. Ktrks gasks fb
subñks fb fknkr pubfbm sbr< ianta fb tebjpk para gkjparter gkm quebmbs
jás ajas< bspksk, bspksa, oelks, pafrbs3 fbtbrekrk fb tu sanuf pkr bxgbsk
fb tra`alk3 emiefbnefaf pkr partb fb tu parbla pkr gkmstamtbs vealbs y
ausbmgea bm bn okdar3 y pkse`nbjbmtb uma fb nas jás irbgubmtbs< nas
fbufas.
Je okmbstk gkmsblk bs qub mumga tb bmikqubs sknk bm bn prk`nbja, mafa
nkdrarás. Bmi÷gatb bm na sknuge÷m, y sk`rb tkfk, gkjebmza um pnam fb
agge÷m fb emjbfeatk qub tb pbrjeta saner fbn pumtk fkmfb tb bmgubmtras.
Pbgubrfa bstk< Na vefa tb bmvêa sknk uma garda qub pubfas skpkrtar, mumga
uma supbrekr me uma emibrekr, bmtrb jás feiêgen sba na setuage÷m qub bmirbmtas
jás dramfb sbrá na rbgkjpbmsa guamfk sandas fb bsb bspemksk atknnafbrk
jkjbmtámbk. Vkfk bs tbjpkran, mafa fura para sebjprb bm bstb tepk fb
setuagekmbs.
Rma vbz nkdras supbrar bsb k`stágunk sbrás iubmtb fb emsperage÷m y tu
gkmieamza aujbmtará fb tan ikrja qub sebmtbs qub mafa bs ejpkse`nb fb
nkdrar. Vra`ala a fearek bm tu jbmtb, bs tu agtevk premgepan. Nbb ne`rks fb
pbmsajebmtk pksetevk, bsgugoa oestkreas fb supbrage÷m, `usga vefbks bm
kutu` b  y tkfks nks fêas oas fbgnaragekmbs bm pksetevk usamfk irasbs
gkrtas y jktevamtbs qub tb ayufbm a aujbmtar tu gkmieamza. We nk oagbs a
 

fearek prkmtk bn umevbrsk vbmfrá bm tu ayufa y gkjbmzarám a aparbgbr nas

kpkrtumefafbs. Bsta jesja nbgtura bs uma trbjbmfa kpkrtumefaf. Gråbjb,
mk bstás nbybmfk bstb ne`rk pkr gasuanefaf3 bstas mk bxestbm, nk ümegk qub
rbanjbmtb bxestb skm nas gausanefafbs k gkjk um ajedk felk um fêa nas
„Feksgefbmgeas‚,
„Feksgefbmgea s‚, asê qub prbpáratb, nk jblkr bstá pkr vbmer.
 

WRBÑKW FB XNAGBP 
Xkr añks iue jkvefk ümegajbmtb pkr jes subñks
s ubñks fb fknkr, je pbrskmanefaf
antajbmtb ragekman,
ragekman, k gkjk sb gkmkgb bm bn bstufek fb nas pbrskmanefafbs,
uma pbrskmanefaf inbjátega, mk jb pbrjetêa sbmter uma dram bjkge÷m pkr
nks subñks fb pnagbr, bra uma nugoa gkmstamtb fkmfb jb prbdumta`a bn „pkr
quå‚ mk sbmtêa gkjk nas ktras pbrskmas bsa dram anbdrêa k bsb andk qub
qubja bm tu emtbrekr y tb pbrjetb gkjbmzar a oagbr nk qub rbanjbmtb
fbsbas.
Nnbd÷ bn jkjbmtk bm qub tuvb qub fblar fb oagbrjb bsa tkmta prbdumta
qub bm rbanefaf mk pbrjetêa qub avamzara oagea jes subñks. Bs pkr bsk qub,
bm je gask, nnbduå an emtbrmbt pkr um subñk fb fknkr y mk pkr umk fb pnagbr.
We brbs uma pbrskma anbdrb, bxtrkvbrtefa, qub tb dustam nas iebstas y qub
nnkrastb
nnkra stb gguamfk
uamfk vestb Vetame g  , tb ibnegetk3 tebmbs uma pbrskmanefaf qub sb
nb nnaja „samduêmbk‚3 sedmeiega qub ajas nks subñks fb pnagbr y mk tebmbs
prk`nbja bm gkjbmzar um bjprbmfejebmtk bm emtbrmbt para nkdrar vever
gkjk sebjprb oas skñafk.
Nk ümegk bm nk qub tbmfrás qub tra`alar pkr tu ikrja fb sbr, bs bm bn
bmikqub, pubs rápefajbmtb pkr tu pbrskmanefaf jerarás a ktrks nafks, y pkr
je bxpbrebmgea tb fedk qub guanquebr mbdkgek qub oaya sefk bxetksk
mbgbset÷ fb uma anta fkses fb bmikqub y fbtbrjemage÷m.
Aokra `ebm, jerbjks andumks blbjpnks fb subñks fb pnagbr< Xadar tkfas
tus fbufas y qub tkfks nks jbsbs sk`rb fembrk bxtra para bn aokrrk, nas
emvbrsekmbs y na fevbrse÷m3 vever bm na gasa qub sebjprb skñastb tbmbr y mk
nejetartb a nk qub pubfbs padar3 jamblar bn autk qub tb jbrbgbs3 tbmbr fks a
trbs vbgbs an añk vagagekmbs emtbrmagekmanbs y gkmkgbr nks nudarbs qub
sebjprb grbêstb bsta`am annê para ktras pbrskmas y mk para te3 aprbmfbr a
tkgar bsb emstrujbmtk jusegan qub pkr ianta fb tebjpk mumga nk oa`êas
obgok3 fkmar partb fb tu tebjpk y fembrk a `ubmas gausas gkjk uma
emstetuge÷m bfugateva sem rbgursks k um amgeamatk3 bsgre`er um ne`rk sk`rb bn
tbja qub jás tb apasekmb3 oagbr um `ubm gursk fb gkgema emtbrmagekman3 sbr
pafrb k jafrb fb tebjpk gkjpnbtk3 far a tus oelks na bfugage÷m qub sb
jbrbgbm3 aprbmfbr ktrk efekja3 vever fks a trbs jbsbs bm andüm setek qub
sebjprb skñastb vever aprbmfebmfk na guntura y gkstuj`rbs fb bsb nudar3
fbsgkmbgtartb pnagbmtbrajbmtb
pnagbmtbrajbmtb fb bstb jumfk y anblartb a gkmtbjpnar na
maturanbza pkr uma sbjama bm andüm parafeseagk nudar. Gkjk vbs,
pkfrêajks bmujbrar gebmtks fb subñks fb pnagbr qub tb emsperam a nkdrar
tus jbtas.
 

Rma `ubma ikrja fb bmikgartb bm tus subñkss ubñks fb pnagbr bs lumtk gkm tü
parbla y tus oelks, se nks tebmbs, oagbr nk qub sb gkmkgb gkjk na „gartbnbra
fb tus subñks‚ fb na seduebmtb ikrja< Gkmsedub uma gartunema, af÷rmana
grbatevajbmtb,
grbatevajbmt b, pbda nas ejádbmbs fb nk qub fbsbas y gknkga a gafa ejadbm
na ibgoa bm na guan fbsbas nkdrarnk. Vkja juy bm sbrek bstb blbrgegek, `usga
um nudar rbnalafk y gajpbstrb fkmfb oagbrnk, tkjatb um fêa gkjpnbtk para
fbsarrknnarna, an gkjebmzk bs pkse`nb qub pebmsbs qub bs andk refêgunk pbrk
uma vbz tb pkmdas bm agge÷m fesirutarás nk qub oagbs. Fbspuås fb tbrjemar
bstk, `usga um setek bm tu gasa fkmfb gknkgarna, bm bn guan pubfas
vesuanezarna a fearek. Bm uma åpkga tuvb pbdafa na gartbnbra fb jes subñks
s ubñks
bm bn tbgok fb je gasa lustk bmgeja fbn setek fkmfb bsta`a je gaja, bsk jb
k`neda`a a vbrna gafa vbz qub jb agksta`a. Pbgubrfa qub fb`bs usar tkfas
nas obrrajebmtas qub tbmdas a tu angamgb para atrabr aqubnnk qub sebjprb
oas skñafk. Gafa vbz qub sb s b agbrqub bn tebjpk fb gujpner uma jbta y aüm
mk na oayas angamzafk, mk fbsestas aoê, sejpnbjbmtb „aprebta bn agbnbrafkr‚
fb nk qub bstás oagebmfk y tra`ala bn fk`nb. Pbgubrfa bstk< „Nas jbtas sb
gkmstruybm bm gkmgrbtk, nks pnambs bm arbma‚.
Nks pnambs skm nks ümegks qub pubfbs jkfeiegar para nkdrar nas jbtas pbrk
na jbta gkjk tan jamtbmna emtagta, an ieman sebmtbs qub oas gkrrefk uma
jarat÷m pkr angamzarna y bm na jaykrêa fb nks gasks nk nkdrarás, bsk sb
gkmkgb gkjk „sbmtefk fb ejpkrtamgea‚3 oas fafk uma prekrefaf a andk qub
bs rbanjbmtb ejpkrtamtb. Van vbz bn tårjemk tb sba pkgk iajenear pkrqub
guamfk bstas bj`b`efk bm tu tra`alk fbsarrknnas na oa`enefaf fb tbmbr um
„sbmtefk fb urdbmgea‚ y tb na pasas gkjk bn `kj`brk3 apadamfk emgbmfeks.
Xadas bn rbge`k fbn agubfugtk, na bmbrdêa, tbnåikmks, jás tkfas nas ktras
k`nedagekmbs y pebrfbs bn bmikqub fb sa`br bm rbanefaf guán bs tu jese÷m bm
na vefa. »Grbbs bm vbrfaf qub vbmejks a bstb jumfk a apadar emgbmfeks y
padar rbge`ks jbs a jbs pkr bn rbstk fb tu vefa; Fesiruta gafa jkjbmtk fb
tu vefa, skmrêb jás, sanufa jás, oaz gksas qub amtbs mk oagêas y ya vbrás
gkjk tkfk va a jblkrar.
Oasta aquê objks fbsarrknnafk tkfk nk rbnagekmafk gkm na prbparage÷m
jbmtan qub mbgbsetas para nkdrar tbmbr um mbdkgek bxetksk fbmtrk y iubra fb
emtbrmbt. Vb ob fafk obrrajebmtas suiegebmtbs para qub tu jbmtb bstå
prbparafa para nk qub vas a gkjbmzar. We fbsarrknnas gkrrbgtajbmtb
gkrrbgtajbmtb tkfks
nks pasks qub tb ob fafk, vas a nkdrar tbmbr åxetk bm emtbrmbt fb uma jambra
jás rápefa, tb ob fafk „bn atalk‚ y bn rban sbgrbtk para nkdrarnk.
 

»XKP QRÅ RM MBDKGEK BM EMVBPMBV;

Bm je gask, gkjk ya nk sa`bs, nnbduå an emtbrmbt gase qub pkr aggefbmtb, mk
tbmêa antbrmatevas vea`nbs bm um bjpnbk trafegekman pkrqub mk bmgkmtra`a na
bjprbsa qub bstuvebra fespubsta a padarjb nk qub grbêa vanêa je
bxpbrebmgea, tuvb vareks emtbmtks iannefks bm mbdkgeks trafegekmanbs y bm je
prkpea bjprbsa fb emdbmebrêa y arquetbgtura.
Bm tu gask, fb`bs bmgkmtrar pkr quå nk vas a oagbr, usa fb duêa nks subñks
fb emsperage÷m y pnagbr qub tb ob bxpubstk amtbs, mk tb atrbvas a gkjbmzar
tu mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt sem tbmbr gnark bn pkr quå nk vas a oagbr, fb nk
gkmtrarek mk avamzarás jugok. Jugoa dbmtb a fearek sb prbkgupa jás pkr
sa`br „bn g÷jk‚ y fbsgkmkgb qub bstb sb fa gase qub autkjátegaj
autkjátegajbmtb
bmtb
guamfk tebmbs gnark bn pkr quå3 bs fbger, guamfk bm rbanefaf bstás
fbtbrjemafk a qub tu åxetk iemamgebrk nk vas a gkmsbduer gkm um mbdkgek bm
emtbrmbt. Nas vbmtalas fb fbsarrknnar um mbdkgek usamfk bn emtbrmbt skm
bmkrjbs gkjparafas gkm um mbdkgek trafegekman. Vb vky a mkj`rar sknk
andumas qub tb pubfbm ayufar a tbrjemar gkm tus fufas, se aüm nas tebmbs, y
vam a ayufartb a jblkrar tu fbtbrjemage÷m<
• Wbr fubñk fb um mbdkgek prkpek< Vkfks skñajks gkm sbr fubñks fb um
mbdkgek prkpek, na raz÷m, bs pkrqub grbbjks qub bstb mks fará jás ne`brtaf
fb tebjpk y fembrk, nk guan sknk bs gebrtk se bstás u`egafk bm bn nafk
fbrbgok fbn guaframtb gkjk sb oa fegok. Er÷megajbmtb magbjks ne`rbs y
guamfk grbgbjks bs na iedura fbn bjpnbk na qub mks oagb bsgnavks. Bsta
raz÷m fb`brêa sbr suiegebmtb para nnbmarmks fb gkralb y bjpbzar mubstrk
bjprbmfejebmtkk bm emtbrmbt. Rm mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt gkm um sestbja fb
bjprbmfejebmt
bmtrbmajebmtk pask a pask, qub sba um jkfbnk qub sb pubfa fupnegar k tü
jesjk
jkjbmtk gkpear bs nk
bm qub tb efban. We rbsuntafks
fará nks nk fbsarrknnas gkrrbgtajbmt
gkrrbgtajbmtb
bgkm÷jegks qub bfbsbas.
nnbdará• bn
Xkga
emvbrse÷m para gkjbmzar< Bstb bs fb nks jaykrbs atragtevks para guanquebra
qub fbsbb emegear su prkpek mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt. Rm `ubm mbdkgek
dnk`anezafk pkr emtbrmbt sb pubfb emegear gkm jbmks fb $1.088 f÷narbs
emgnuybmfk tkfk bn jatbrean fb gapagetage÷m bm nêmba y pu`negefaf emegean bm
emtbrmbt. Xebmsa pkr um jkjbmtk bm um mbdkgek iubra fb emtbrmbt qub sb
pubfa gkjbmzar gkm bsta suja. Feiêgenjbmtb bmgkmtrará
bmgkmtraráss gkjk fbsarrknnar
um mbdkgek trafegekman gkm bsb vankr y se s e nk nnbdas a bmgkmtrar, bn rafek fb
agge÷m qub tbmfrás para k`tbmbr gnebmtbs sbrá juy nejetafk, bm jugoks
gasks tus gnebmtbs sbrám sknk nas pbrskmas k mbdkgeks qub sb bmgubmtrbm a
bsgasas jennas fb fkmfb bstá u`egafk tu mbdkgek.
 

• Fesjemuge÷m fbn rebsdk< Na tasa fb mbdkgeks iannefks iubra fb emtbrmbt bs

bmkrjb. Bm Natemkajårega pkr gafa febz mbdkgeks qub sb gkjebmzam, sknk
umk k fks sk`rbvevbm bm nks prejbrks sbes jbsbs, na raz÷m, bm su jaykrêa,
bs ianta fb prbparage÷m y gkmkgejebmtk fbn mbdkgek qub sb gkjebmza. Bn
emtbrmbt tebmb na bmkrjb vbmtala qub prbsbmta jkfbnks fb mbdkgeks
gkjprk`afks qub oam iumgekmafk `ebm para ktras pbrskmas, asê qub bn
sestbja ya bstá grbafk y nk ümegk qub fb`bs oagbr bs qub iumgekmb para te.
Xara fesjemuer na prbse÷m fbn rebsdk fb gapetan, nks prkdrajas fb
bmtrbmajebmtk sbrek gubmtam gkm uma daramtêa fb satesiagge÷m k fbvknuge÷m
fbn fembrk fb um pbrekfk fb trbemta a sbsbmta fêas para sknegetar tu fembrk.
Bsta daramtêa pubfb sbr um „arja fb fk`nb ienk‚ para te, ya qub pubfbs
gkjbmzar gkm jbmtanefaf fb pbrfbfkr fegebmfk< „Yky a emtbmtarnk y se mk
iumgekma pefk je fembrk fb vubnta‚. Bstarás fb agubrfk gkmjedk qub gkm
bstb pbmsajebmtk mk bs jugok nk qub sb avamzará, pkr bsk na prbparage÷m
jbmtan bs iumfajbmtan ya qub bn pbmsajebmtk gkrrbgtk bs< „Yky a oagbr
qub bstk iumgekmb para jê y pumtk‚ „We anduebm ya dama fembrk gkm bstb
sestbja yk taj`eåm vky a damar fembrk‚. Vam sknk
s knk bsb gaj`ek fb agtetuf
oagb uma feibrbmgea juy dramfb bmtrb nas pbrskmas qub tbmbjks åxetk bm
emtbrmbt y quebmbs aüm mk nkdram damar su prejbr f÷nar.
• Pbsuntafks rápefks< Aumqub bstks sestbjas fb mbdkgeks mk skm jádegks y
oay qub tbmbr anta åtega fb tra`alk y bmikqub, sê bs gebrtk qub pubfbs nkdrar
rbsuntafks bgkm÷jegks juy rápefks gkjparafks gkm um mbdkgek
trafegekman iubra fbn emtbrmbt. Bstks rbsuntafks sb farám jás rápefk para nas
pbrskmas qub bståm prbparafas afbguafajbmtb
afbguafajbmtb jbmtan, bjkgekman y
bsperetuanjbmtbb qub skm nas fejbmsekmbs fkmfb rbanjbmtb tkfk sugbfb. Xkr
bsperetuanjbmt
bsk, mk bs fb bxtrañar qub bmgubmtrbs uma pbrskma gkm um mevbn fb bstufeks
juy `alk qub nkdra bn åxetk iemamgebrk bm emtbrmbt rápefajbmtb.
rápefajbmtb.
Wejpnbjbmtb su mevbn fb grbbmgea, agtetuf, fbtbrjemage÷m
fbtbrjemage÷m y su drafk fb ib
skm jaykrbs qub bn fb ktras pbrskmas. Wkm bstas pbrskmas nas qub guamfk sb
nbs gruza uma `ubma kpkrtumefaf y na tkjam, nkdram gatapuntar su åxetk. Na
`ubma mktegea bs qub tkfks pubfbm nkdrar bn jesjk åxetk k jaykr se sb
tra`ala bm nas fejbmsekmbs qub jbmgekmå. Bm je gkmgbptk se fbgefbs
gkjbmzar um mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt fb`bs fartb um añk gkjpnbtk fb prub`a
oagebmfk tkfk nk qub fb`bs oagbr. We nk oagbs fb bsa ikrja bstky sbdurk
tbmfrás rbsuntafks. Mk bspbrbs vknvbrtb jennkmarek gkm um mbdkgek bm
emtbrmbt gkm sknk umk k fks bsgasks jbsbs fb tra`alk. Xara ayufartb a qub
mk a`amfkmbs, a jbfefa qub vas avamzamfk bm bn ne`rk bmgkmtrarás
„Gápsunas fb Emsperage÷m‚, qub skm sknk oestkreas fb pbrskmas gkjumbs y
gkrrebmtbs qub oam nkdrafk k`tbmbr rbsuntafks bgkm÷jegks bxetksks drageas
 

an emtbrmbt.
• Emdrbsks enejetafks< Bn jumfk bs a`umfamtb, pkr nk tamtk bs refêgunk
pbmsar qub gkjk nks regks sb oagbm gafa vbz jás regks bmtkmgbs mk qubfa
gase fembrk para nas fbjás pbrskmas. Bsb tepk fb jbmtanefaf nk ümegk qub
nkdra atrabr bs jás pk`rbza. Vkfks nks fêas sb ejprejbm jás y jás `ennbtbs
aganefaf
mevbn jumfean,
fb vefa fbsbnas
grbam mubvksy prkfugtks,
pbrskmas mubvks
bstk sb trafugb sbrvegeks, bm
sejpnbjbmtb sb jblkra
jás y na
jás requbza para quebm bstå fespubstk a aprkvbgoarna. Bn fembrk pkr se sknk
bs uma efba y mk oay jblkr ikrja para gkjprk`arnk qub gkm um mbdkgek bm
emtbrmbt, bn guan bs netbranjbmtb uma obrrajebmta para ejprejer tus prkpeks
`ennbtbs, sknk qub bn nêjetb bstá ümega y bxgnusevajbmtb bm tu jbmtb. Vus
emdrbsks bm emtbrmbt sbrám tam dramfbs gkjk tu ikrja fb pbmsar, asê qub mk
pbrjetas sa`ktbar tu åxetk gkm pbmsajebmtks mbdatevks, fbsgkmågtatb fb nks
jbfeks gkjk na VY b emgnusk andumks pbre÷fegks qub bm mafa gkmtre`uybm
a tu grbgejebmtk gkjk pbrskma y qub sknk emvknugekmam tu gapagefaf fb
grbgbr jbmtanjbmtb.
jbmtanjbmtb. We vas a bmtbrartb fb mktegeas mbdatevas qub mk pasb fb
gamanbs
tra`alk kfbajedks.
tramspkrtb fb emikrjage÷m gkjk tu iajenea, gkjpañbrks fb

• Grbgejebmtk bxpkmbmgean< Nks rbsuntafks bm emtbrmbt skm emgrbê`nbjbmtb

bxpkmbmgeanbs guamfk bn mbdkgek nk fbsarrknnas fb uma jambra gkrrbgta. Mk
ob bmgkmtrafk ktrk mbdkgek qub nkdrb apanamgar bn fembrk fb na ikrja bm
qub nk oagbm nks mbdkgeks pkr emtbrmbt. Guamfk nkdras bmtbmfbr bstk, oas
nnbdafk an pumtk fkmfb vesuanezas qub rbanjbmtb tb pubfbs oagbr regk. Bm
um mbdkgek iubra fbn emtbrmbt nkdrar rbmta`enefafbs k grbgejebmtks amuanbs
supbrekrbs an 12% k 08% ya bs tkfk um åxetk, y bmtrb jás dramfb sba bn
jesjk mbdkgek bsks pkrgbmtalbs fesjemuerám. Gkmtrarek a bstk, bm bn

aemtbrmbt sb pubfbm
usar gkjk nkdrar
blbjpnk rbmta`enefafbs
na gajpaña y utenefafbs
pu`negetarea astrkm÷jegas.
fb na guan oa`nå bm jeYajks
oestkrea, gkm na guan an jerar nks müjbrks y sagar na rbmta`enefaf k`tbmefa
gkm na emvbrse÷m, sb k`tebmb um emgrbê`nb rbtkrmk fb na emvbrse÷m fbn
02.088%. »Fb f÷mfb sanb tan müjbrk; Mkj`rb fb na Bjprbsa<
OkgcbyDeamt.gkj
OkgcbyDeamt .gkj Ybmta rbanezafa : RW $1?.888 Gkjese÷m damafa (4%) :
RW $1.098 Emvbrse÷m bm pu`negefaf : RW $ 2 Pbtkrmk fb Emvbrse÷m :
($1.098 x 188)/2 : 02.088%
• Gkjk emvbrsekmesta prkibsekman qub sky fb na `knsa fb vankrbs, mumga ob
k`tbmefk rbtkrmk fb emvbrse÷m supbrekr an 762%, bm um pbrekfk jbmkr a
trbemta fêas y bsk bs uma bxgbnbmtb rbmta`enefa
rbmta`enefaf.
f. Aokra ejadêmatb tbmbr um
blårgetk fb gebm pana`ras k fkjemeks qub tb prkfuzgam rbmta`enefaf gkjk
 

bsta y bståm tra`alamfk para te fêa a fêa. Bsk bs rbanjbmtb um `ubm emdrbsk
fb tepk pasevk fkmfb gafa gbmtavk qub emvebrtbs nk pubfbs juntepnegar
gebmtks k jenbs fb vbgbs.
• Dnk`anezage÷m fbn mbdkgek< Guamfk gkjebmzas um mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt y
nk fbsarrknnas bm ikrja gkrrbgta mk tb ejademas bn angamgb qub pubfb nnbdar
a tbmbr. Xebmsa
mbdkgek pkrBm
fbn gaiå. umGknkj`ea
jkjbmtkoaybm um
umambdkgek trafegekman,
dram varebfaf pkryblbjpnk,
fb gaiå bn
sb prkfugb
bn jblkr fbn jumfk, bstk oagb qub sb vbmfa a mevbn jumfean gkm jugok
åxetk. Wem bj`ardk, bn prkgbsk qub rbquebrb para sbr pubstk iemanjbmtb bm
nas d÷mfknas fb nks supbrjbrgafks
s upbrjbrgafks bm nks feibrbmtbs paêsbs fbn jumfk bs
bxoaustevk< Xrejbrk, sb fb`b guntevar na tebrra3 fbspuås, sbj`rar bn gaiå3 bm
jbfek fbn prkgbsk, guefar qub mk sba atagafk pkr nas pnadas3 rbgkdbr bn
dramk guamfk bstá nestk3 pasarnk a navafk y bjpaqub3 y iemanjbmtb,
bjpbzar tkfk um prkgbsk nkdêstegk para u`egarnk bm nks pubrtks, fbspuås
agufer a tkfks nks prktkgknks y sestbjas mbgbsareks para nkdrar uma
bxpkrtage÷m gkm åxetk. Vkfk bstk bs um prkgbsk gkjpnblk y bn prkfugtk bm

asêtravås
jesjkfbnknaoagb jás gkjpnblk.
festre`uge÷m, Wequb
tbmfrás pebmsas
oagbrbmumguanquebr
jbrgafbkprkfugtk tra`alafk
emtbnedbmtb
tbmebmfk bm gubmta iagtkrbs tanbs gkjk sa`br bm guánbs paêsbs bs rbmta`nb
nnbvar bn prkfugtk y gkmtratar a anduma bjprbsa qub rbanegb na nkdêstega fb
tramspkrtb y su bxpkrtage÷m. Vkfk bstb prkgbsk pubfb tarfar añks bm sbr
pbribggekmafk. Mk k`stamtb, bm bn emtbrmbt oagbr um „bstufek fb jbrgafks‚
para fbtbrjemar se um prkfugtk k sbrvegek pubfb nnbdar a sbr bxetksk mk va a
tkjar jás fb fks okras. Bn prkgbsk fb grbage÷m pubfb tkjar andumks
jbsbs, mk k`stamtb, fbpbmfebmfk fb na emikrjage÷m qub fbsbas gkjparter,
va tkjar sknk umks fêas u`egar avesks pu`negetareks bm nks feibrbmtbs seteks
fb emtbrmbt y para nks paêsbs qub fbsbbs. Bstk, se nk qub fbsbas bs namzar um
prkfugtk prkpek, pbrk se nk qub fbsbas bs oagbr fembrk damamfk gkjesekmbs
pkr rbprbsbmtar prkfugtks qub ktrks oam grbafk bn prkgbsk bs jás sejpnb y
bm sknk fks okras fbspuås fb bstufear um pkgk bn prkfugtk, pubfbs namzarnk
pkr emtbrmbt gknkgamfk nks jesjks avesks pu`negetareks bm nks feibrbmtbs
paêsbs fkmfb fbsbbs vbmfbrnk. Bs pkse`nb qub bstås pbmsamfk qub bn efekja
bs uma `arrbra3 sem bj`ardk, rbgubrfa qub tkfks nks nêjetbs qub tb
ejpkmdas skm jbmtanbs. Oky bm fêa pubfbs usar obrrajebmtas dratuetas
gkjk tramsnatb.dkkdnb.gk j  gkm na guan sejpnbjbmtb bsgre`bs bn tbxtk qub
fbsbas trafuger y fbtbrjemar a guán efekja, bm sbdumfks tebmbs bn tbxtk bm
bn efekja qub fbsbbs. Na trafugge÷m bs fb um mevbn juy `ubmk, mk pbribgta,
pbrk tbmebmfk bm gubmta qub bn avesk pu`negetarek sknk tb pbrjetb andüm
tbxtk -se usas `ammbrs pu`negetareks anduma ejadbm- pubs bs jás iágen aüm.
 

Bm je gask, ob nkdrafk oagbr fembrk bm efekjas gkjk bn emdnås, pkrtuduås,

etaneamk, anbjám, gkrbamk
gkrbamk y mk sky pknednkta, fb obgok bn ümegk efekja qub
oa`nk bs bn bspañkn. Jás afbnamtb jkstrarå gkjk gask fb bstufek umk fb
jes jaykrbs åxetks bm pu`negefaf bm emtbrmbt.
• Geufafamk fbn jumfk< »A quå jb rbiebrk gkm bstk; Rm mbdkgek bm
emtbrmbt
mk bstás bs bn ümegk
atafk qub tb okrarek
a um rêdefk pbrjetbfb
bstar bm tkfks
tra`alk nafksokras
fb kgok an jesjk
feareastebjpk,
y
tajpkgk bstás atafk a um bspagek iêsegk. Guamfk bstky fb vagagekmbs gkm
je iajenea bm andumk fb nks paêsbs qub objks vesetafk, je kiegema sebjprb
va gkmjedk, nnbvk a jamk sebjprb je gkjputafkr pkrtáten y bsks fêas fb
vagagekmbs sknk tra`alk jáxejk uma okra para gobqubar je mbdkgek. Bn
skpkrtb an gnebmtb nk fbnbdk a je asestbmtb y bnna sb bmgarda fb rbsknvbr nas
fufas. We andk bs fbjaseafk urdbmtb, gksa qub feiêgenjbmtb sb prbsbmta,
fky andumks gnegs y tkfk bstá rbsubntk. Wbr „geufafamk fbn jumfk‚ tb fa
uma sbmsage÷m fb ne`brtaf emgrbê`nb. Bs g÷jegk pbmsar qub nas ibgoas qub
usajks para er fb vagagekmbs mk bstám fbtbrjemafas pkr je okrarek fb
tra`alk semkqub
vagagekmbs pkr nbs
bn fb
famnksbmmeñks, ya qub sebjprb
sus gknbdeks. usajks bn fbn
• Autkjatezage÷m tebjpk fb Bs
mbdkgek<
uma fb jes partbs iavkretas. An gkjebmzk fb je mbdkgek jb gkst÷ emvbrter
bm obrrajebmtas qub jb ayufaram a autkjatezarnk, rbgubrfa qub vbmêa fbn
jumfk fbn autkbjpnbk fkmfb na irasb rbema bs< „Oádank tkfk ustbf jesjk,
semk nk oagb ustbf mk qubfará `ebm‚. We brbs autk bjpnbafk tb efbmteiegarás
gkm bsa irasb pkrqub grbbjks qub para qub tkfk sanda `ebm fb`bjks
oagbrnk mksktrks, nk qub bs um dravb brrkr.
Anduma vbz bsgugoå qub Fkmanf Vrujp bsta`a rbumefk gkm ktrks regks y
jennkmareks tbmebmfk qub ausbmtarsb pkr jemutks para er an `añk, bstamfk
annê sb
qub bmgkmtr÷
bsta oa`na`aa pkr
ktrasupbrskma
gbnunarqub taj`eåm
famfk bsta`a
rbspubsta bm pbfefk
a um na rbume÷m y bsgugo÷
fb su mbdkgek.
Guamfk tbrjem÷ na gkmvbrsage÷m tbnbi÷mega Fkmanf Vrujp nb fegb< ¡Vü mk
brbs um jbda regk! Gkm dram askj`rk na pbrskma nb prbdumta pkr quå nk
fegb, Fkmanf Vrujp nb gkmtbsta< -Xkrqub se iubras um jbda regk mk bstarêas
tü jesjk famfk skpkrtb a tus gnebmtbs-. Quå dram nbgge÷m para sbr regk3
aprbmfbr a fbnbdar.
Nk jblkr fb tkfk bs qub na autkjatezage÷m sb va a far gkm obrrajebmtas
qub nk oagbm tkfk pbribgtk se nas aprbmfbs a prkdrajar. Na prejbra
obrrajebmta qub uså guamfk gkjbmgå jes mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt iub bn autk
rbspkmfbfkr, jb nnbv÷ andüm tebjpk bmtbmfbr bn pkfbr qub tebmb. Oasta
amtbs fb usarna mk sa`êa qub bstk bxestêa, grba`a je nesta fb prkspbgtks gkm
 

um sgrept qub oa`êa bmgkmtrafk drates bm emtbrmbt, bstk jb ayufa`a a

gknbggekmar bn mkj`rb y bn bjaen fb gafa prkspbgtk. Bsb prkgbsk iub üten y
sejpnb jebmtras bn mbdkgek gkjbmza`a, pbrk sb oezk bxoaustevk y
tbrre`nbjbmtb tbfeksk guamfk nnbduå a tbmbr uma nesta fb gase jen pbrskmas
sknk umks jbsbs fbspuås. Ejadêmatb je `asb fb fatks bm Bxgbn gkm jen
pbrskmas y bmveamfk umk a umk gkrrbks pbrskmanezafks fêa tras fêa. Wknk
bstb prkgbsk jb gkmsujêa gase gemgk okras feareas.
Jbsbs fbspuås gkmsuntå a je jbmtkr agbrga fb g÷jk bra pkse`nb qub ån
bmveará tamtk gkrrbks a jenbs fb pbrskmas an jesjk tebjpk y aum asê
tuvebra tebjpk para fbsarrknnar su mbdkgek, iub aoê guamfk jb bxpneg÷ qub
tkfk bn prkgbsk bra autkjatezafk drageas a nks autk rbspkmfbfkrbs. Bn
gaj`ek iub emgrbê`nb, mk pkfêa grbbr qub bsb iubra je prejbr bjpnbafk
vertuan, bra jaravennksk3 oagea nas gksas pbribgtajbmt
pbribgtajbmtb3
b3 bmvea`a nks gkrrbks
a na okra qub yk nb felbra3 anjagbma`a nas bstafêstegas3 jb jkstra`a
dráiegajbmtb queåmbs oa`êam nbêfk k mk bn gkrrbk3 gkmkgêa guámtas pbrskmas
emdrbsa`am a fearek a je mbdkgek3 y tkfk bstk nk oagêa a um prbgek
refêgunajbmtb jásvagagekmbs,
tkfk, mumga pbfêa `alk fb nk qub jb gkstarêa
mk pbfêa umafb
aujbmtk sbgrbtarea
subnfk yymumga
nk jblkr
sb fb
qubla`a. Drageas a bsa emgrbê`nb obrrajebmta ob pkfefk gkmstruer uma nesta
fb prkspbgtks supbrekr a nas 108.888 pbrskmas y gkmtemüa grbgebmfk.
• Nks sestbjas fb pu`negefaf kmnemb skm ktra ikrja fb autkjatezar tu
mbdkgek, ya qub pubfbs gknkgar tus avesks pu`negetareks bm jüntepnbs seteks,
fbgefer guámtk prbsupubstk fearek fbsbas emvbrter, quå pana`ras usar, bm quå
okras fbsbas qub sb jubstrbm tus avesks y an ieman pubfbs tbmbr tus
bstafêstegas fb pu`negefaf prbparafas bm tu `amfbla fb bmtrafa feareajbmtb.
• Emdrbsks pasevks< Nks regks gkmstruybm mbdkgeks fb emdrbsks pasevks
fkmfb bn fembrk tra`ala para bnnks. Rm mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt bs uma bxgbnbmtb
ikrja fb gkmsbduernk. Aquê gafa gbmtavk fb f÷nar qub sb uteneza bm
pu`negefaf pubfb sbr juntepnegafk pkr gebmtk, b emgnusk, jenbs fb f÷narbs.
Bn tra`alk para nkdrar emdrbsks fb bsb tepk bs efbmteiegar bmtkmgbs quå
prkfugtks k sbrvegeks `usga na dbmtb bm emtbrmbt, bm quå seteks wb` k
jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa sb prkfugbm nas vbmtas y gkm quå pana`ras nks `usgam3
uma vbz nkdras bn prkgbsk gkm åxetk, tebmbs nk qub yk nnajk uma „jema fb
krk‚, bn seduebmtb tra`alk bs gkmsbduer ktra. Bmtrb jás „jemas fb krk‚
bmgubmtrbs, jás gbrga bstás fb angamzar na ne`brtaf iemamgebra, qub mk bs
ktra gksa qub tbmbr um bquene`rek bmtrb tebjpk y fembrk. Bsta ne`brtaf bs na
qub pbrjetb dkzar fb ganefaf fb vefa para oagbr nk qub sb fbsbb, guamfk sb
fbsbb, fkmfb fbsbb y gkm quebm sb fbsbb.
 

GÁXWRNA EMWXEPAFKPA M¼ 1
„Vkfk gkjbmz÷ bm bn 088?, bm aqubn añk, tuvb uma dram rbgbse÷m
bgkm÷jega, oa`êa qubfafk bm `amgarrkta y sem mafa qub oagbr. Fbsfb
aqubn jkjbmtk, iub mbgbsarek bn pask fb fks añks para, drageas a Feks,
bmtbmfbr qub fb`êa fblar a um nafk je krdunnk. Xkr iem supb bn sedmeiegafk
bsb „Feks sa`b g÷jk oagb sus gksas‚.
 Bm bsb añk -bn 0818-, jb bmgkmtra`a
bmgkmtra`a gubstekmámfkjb, agbrga fb guámtk
guámtk
jás furarêa bsta setuage÷m. Ua bsta`a a pumtk fb gabr bm „na launa fbn
bjpnbk‚, mk k`stamtb, nb pbfê a Feks qub jb jkstrara guán bra bn gajemk
qub fb`êa sbduer, lustk annê, pbsb a qub sebjprb nk supb, bmtbmfê qub yk
bsta`a para dramfbs gksas, asê qub bn bjpnbk, mk bra uma kpge÷m.
Rma tarfb fb mkvebj`rb, fbn jesjk añk, jb bmgkmtra`a jamblamfk je
jktk fb gajemk a gasa, gkm dram gamtefaf fb prbdumtas y fbsgkmgebrtks
bm je ga`bza sk`rb qub fb`êa oagbr. Bm bsb jkjbmtk, Feks, agtuamfk fb

ikrja
fbtrás sk`rbmaturan b embspbrafa
fb um autkj÷ven -gkjk
qub nnbva`a bs su gkstuj`rb-
uma prkpadamfa fb jb nnbvk a irbmar
jennkmarekbm`nksa.gkj.
jennkmarekbm`nksa.g kj. Jb gautev÷ tamtk, qub nk sbduê pkr vareas gannbs
oasta qub jb aprbmfê bn nemc. Bm jbfek fb je gureksefaf, nnbduå a gasa a
gkmbgtarjb a emtbrmbt para avbreduar fb quå sb trata`a, bsta agtetuf, bra
rkfugtk fb je dram amobnk fb sbr emvbrsekmesta fb na `knsa. Na pádema jb
rkpkrgekma`a emikrjage÷m rbibrbmtb an tbja, asê qub na rbveså y bstufeå 
fbtannafajbmtb. Bm jbfek fb bstb prkgbsk, bm um vefbk, a je ajedk Laejb
 Pbema sb nb bsgapk su ferbgge÷m y tbnåikmk, bmtkmgbs, fbgefê
fbgefê `usgarnk
krqub sbmtêa um dram iubdk bm je gkraz÷m qub jb fbgêa ¡Bstb bs bn
gajemk! Xasarkm anrbfbfkr fb fks jbsbs, oasta qub pkr iem pufb
bmgkmtrarjb gkm Laejb bm su kiegema. Bm aqubnnks fêas, bsta`a nbybmfk um
ne`rk agbrga fb emvbrsekmbs, bn autkr prkpkmêa uma sbrea fb prbdumtas, asê 
qub nas amktb, para pkfbr ikrjunársbnas a Laejb. Na geta fb febz jemutks,
rbsunt÷ sebmfk fb uma okra. Rma fb nas prbdumtas qub nb oegb a Laejb iub<
»U ustbf qub jás oagb; Annê iub guamfk ån jb jkstrk tkfk nk rbibrbmtb an
GXA.
 Bstb tepk fb gksas lajás kgurrbm pkr ggasuanefaf,
asuanefaf, bs fbger,
fbger, gkm gafa
emikrjage÷m qub rbge`êa fbn mbdkgek y jb bjpapa`a jás fbn tbja, sbmtêa
qub bsk emfesgute`nbjbmtb bra para jê. Na vbrfaf, bm bsb jkjbmtk, mk
bmtbmfê gase mafa agbrga fb nks mbdkgeks GXA, nk ümegk qub bmtbmfêa bs

qub bm emtbrmbt
fbfegage÷m. Fb sb
tanpubfb oagbr
jadmetuf fembrk,
bra gnark qub
na bjkge÷m gkm jb
umabj`arda`a,
sbreb fb bsiubrzks y
qub pbmså 
 

qub se gkjpra`a bn gursk, e`a a oagbr fembrk.

 Nubdk fb oagbr bn
bn gursk, bmtbmfê qub tbmêa qub emvbrter fembrk, bm bsb
aspbgtk qubfå juy skrprbmfefk3 sem bj`ardk, felb< „Nk qub bjpebzk nk
tbrjemk, jás tbmebmfk a Feks gkjk rbspanfk‚.
Gkjk ya gkjbmtå, bm aqubnna åpkga mk tbmêa fembrk. @ebm gkmkgefk bs,
qub tkfk mbdkgek rbquebrb fb agtetuf, damas b emvbrse÷m. Nks fks prejbrks
aspbgtks, nks tbmêa fb sk`ra3 bn üntejk, tuvb qub gkmsbduernk gkm jugok
bsiubrzk, emgnusk pkr um añk, nnbdub a pbmsar qub tbmêa qub vbmfbr je
jktk. Iemanjbmtb, mk tuvb qub vbmfbrna, drageas a Feks, tkfk rbsunt÷ fb
jaravenna3 oky bm fêa, bstky a pumtk fb gasarjb, jamblk je tebjpk y
fembrk, y bstky agkjpañafk fb nas `bmfegekmbs fb Feks. Bmtbmfê qub tkfks
mbgbsetajks pasar pkr um fbsebrtk para sbr rbmkvafks, pubs fb mafa servb
bgoar vemk mubvk bm kfrb veblk, pkrqub bstb sb fañarêa, asê qub bs
mbgbsarek fbsbgoar bn kfrb veblk, para bgoar bn vemk mubvk, bm kfrb mubvk.
gtuanjbmtb, je subñk fb na `knsa sedub bm jargoa, bm bstks jkjbmtks
sky emvbrsekmesta3 afbjás, bstky gujpnebmfk y trazamfk mubvks subñks.
 Bstb tbstejkmek bs para farnb na dn
dnkrea
krea y okmra an Feks
Feks tkfkpkfbrksk. Fb
na jamk fb ån tkfk bs pkse`nb.‚
 Obrjam Jamtenna
@ugarajamda-Gknkj`ea
 

Wbdumfa Xartb
GRAVPK IKPJAW XAPA DAMAP FEMBPK BM
EMVBPMBV
Na ikrjafbfbpu`negefaf
adbmgea gkmstruer requbza bm emtbrmbt
bm emtbrmbt. bs aprbmfebmfk
Gkmtrarek a fbsarrknnar
a nk qub sb pufebra pbmsar,uma
mk
sb mbgbseta oa`br bstufeafk pu`negefaf me sbr um bxpbrtk bm jbrgafbk para
tbmbr um mbdkgek bxetksk bm emtbrmbt, nk jás ejpkrtamtb bs bstar fespubstk a
gapagetarsb bm bstas y ktras árbas fbn mbdkgek y aprbmfbr fb bxpbrtks k
pbrskmas qub ya oam nkdrafk bn rbsuntafk qub sb fbsba.
Xkr bstk, se quebrbs nkdrar requbza gkmstruybmfk tu prkpea adbmgea fb
pu`negefaf vertuan fb`bs susgre`ertb a JeJbmtkr.emi  k  fkmfb jubstrk
fbtannbs fbn prkgbsk qub fb`bs rbanezar para gkmstruer um mbdkgek bxetksk
bm emtbrmbt y nk jblkr fb tkfk, sem vbmfbr mafa.

Yajks a fbsarrknnar
damar fembrk aokra
bm emtbrmbt nas jes
y qub prejbras
tü taj`eåm guatrkusar<
pubfbs ikrjas qub utenezk para
Na prejbra,
vbmfebmfk prkfugtks tamde`nbs qub sbam fb tu prkpebfaf k qub gkjprbs bm
ktrks seteks para rbvbmfbr, pkfrêam sbr< pbriujbs, rkpa, zapatks,
gkjputafkrbs, gájaras iktkdráiegas k guanquebr ktrk. Na sbdumfa,
s bdumfa,
vbmfebmfk emikrjage÷m qub `usgam nas pbrskmas sk`rb um tbja bm
bspbgêieg
bspbg êiegk,
k, bstk sb oagb grb
grbamfk
amfk um duêa  XF I  I  k vefbk-gursk fbn tbja a
tratar.
Na tbrgbra ikrja, sb fa vbmfebmfk prkfugtks tamde`nbs k emtamde`nbs,
mbdkgeks k bjprbsas fb ktras pbrskmas a gaj`ek fb uma gkjese÷m pkr gafa
vbmta bxetksa,
aieneafks. bstafeibrbmgea
Na dram ikrja fb damar fembrkgkm
gkjparafa sb gkmkgb gkjk
na prejbra prkdrajas
ikrja fb damarfb
fembrk bs qub aquê mk mbgbsetas emvbmtarek fb prkfugtk me rbanezar memdüm
fbspagok fbn jesjk, jebmtras qub bm na prejbra pkr nk jbmks vas a
mbgbsetar gkjprar para rbvbmfbr bn prkfugtk.
Xkr üntejk, tbmbjks na ikrja fb damar fembrk qub yk nnajk „bn mbdkgek
emtbrmbt ‚  , bn guan bs bn k`lbtevk gbmtran fb bstb ne`rk. Bsta
pbribgtk bm emtbrmbt 
ikrja fb damar fembrk mk rbquebrb qub tbmdas um prkfugtk k sbrvegek
prkpek, tajpkgk qub vbmfas prkfugtks k sbrvegeks fb ktras pbrskmas, na
dram vbmtala bs qub bm bstb tepk fb mbdkgek damas fembrk pkr kirbgbr
jubstras k skitwarb drates a ktras pbrskmas, k pkr ayufar a gkmstruer `asbs
fb fatks para bjprbsas, gkjpañêas k mbdkgeks a travås fbn emtbrmbt.
 

Netbranjbmtb tb pubfbs oagbr regk ssem

Netbranjbmtb em vbmfbr a`sknutajbmtb mafa bm na
jaykrêa fb nks gasks.
Yajks aokra a fbsarrknnar bm fbtannb gafa uma fb nas guatrk ikrjas fb
damar fembrk gkm pu`negefaf bm emtbrmbt, nas obrrajebmtas qub pubfbs usar,
g÷jk nk pubfbs oagbr y nas vbmtalas y fbsvbmtalas qub pubfbs tbmbr bm
gafa
ikrjasumk
fbfb nks mbdkgeks.
oagbr Rma vbz bmtebmfas
fembrk, gkjprbmfbrás pkr quåbnprbiebrk
prkgbsk na
fbünteja
gafa uma fb nas
kpge÷m,
fb aoê, qub na k`sbrvarbjks gkm jás fbtannb. Bs pkse`nb qub tb bstås
prbdumtamfk bmtkmgbs< »We na jblkr kpge÷m para damar fembrk bs na ünteja,
pkr quå mk bsgre`er bstb ne`rk sknk sk`rb bsb tbja; Bm um gkjebmzk bsb bra
je k`lbtevk3 sem bj`ardk, fbspuås fb pbmsarnk jblkr fbgefê bsgre`er sk`rb
nas ikrjas qub ob usafk para damar fembrk bm emtbrmbt y g÷jk jb oam
pbrjetefk fevbrseiegar jes emdrbsks y tbmbr um mbdkgek s÷nefk y rbmta`nb.
Nk jblkr, bs qub tb nnbvarå pask a pask, mk fbsfb na tbkrêa semk fbsfb na
prágtega, fb`efk a qub tkfas bstas ikrjas fb damar fembrk bm emtbrmbt nas ob
pubstk bm iumgekmajebmtk y aüm oky nas sedk usamfk gkm jugok åxetk.
Nk jás ejpkrtamtb fb tbmbr um mbdkgek fevbrseiegafk bm emtbrmbt bs qub tb
pbrjetb tbmbr jüntepnbs iubmtbs fb emdrbsks vertuanbs nk guan sb trafugb bm
tramquenefaf para te y tu iaje
iajenea.
nea. Pbgub
Pbgubrfa<
rfa< „  Nk ümegk gkmstamtb bs bn
gaj`ek‚. Bm emtbrmbt bsta irasb sê qub sb oagb bvefbmtb a fearek, asê qub se
nkdras tbmbr um `anamgb fb emdrbsks gkm feibrbmtbs ikrjas fb damar fembrk
bm emtbrmbt pkfrás rbsperar tramquenk y nnbvarás umas vbmtalas gkjpbtetevas
bmkrjbs, gkjparafas gkm bn rbstk fb bjprbmfbfkrbs vertuanbs.
Aokra `ebm, vbajks g÷jk iumgekma tkfk bstb sestbja, bjpbzamfk pkr
bmujbrar nas obrrajebmtas qub mbgbsetas, vky oagbrnk gkjbmtámfktb fkmfb
gkmsbduer bn tráiegk para nnbvar a nas kibrtas GXA. Ybajks jes prejbras
guatrk ikrjas fb mbdkgek qub utenezk para damar fembrk bm emtbrmbt<
Xrejbra Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk Ybmfebmfk
Xrkfugtks Vamde`nbs Bm Emtbrmbt
Bxestbm jüntepnbs ikrjas fb damar fembrk vbmfebmfk prkfugtks bm emtbrmbt,
fbsarrknnarnas tkfas mks nnbvarêa um ne`rk gkjpnbtk sk`rb bstb tbja, pkr bsk
vky a jbmgekmar uma ikrja prágtega gkm na qub rápefajbmtb pubfbs oagbr
fembrk sem oagbr um sknk avesk pu`negetarek k bm jugoks gasks sem tbmbr bn
prkfugtk iêsegk bm tus jamks y nk jblkr, sem emvbrter fembrk.

Xara gkjbmzar,
prkfugtks vajks a utenezar
fks pnataikrjas gkjk seteks`ebm
juy pkfbrksas, wb`pksegekmafas
para vbmfbr bm
mubstrks
emtbrmbt,
 

bstks se
bstks setek
tekss skm
skm<< b`ay.gk j  y jbrgafkne`rb.gk j  Bm bn gas
gaskk fb b`ay.gk
j  , iumgekma `ebm para nks paêsbs amdnksalkmbs y ktrks paêsbs fb Burkpa,
premgepanjbmtbb Bspaña, Etanea y Iramgea. Bn sbdumfk setek wb`, iumgekma
premgepanjbmt
juy `ebm se vevbs bm guanquebr setek fb Ajårega fbn sur y para andumks
paêsbs fb Gbmtrk Ajårega gkjk Jåxegk, Xamajá y Gksta Pega.

A`rer uma gubmta

mbgbsetarás bm andumks
emdrbsar guanquebra fb bstks
fatks seteks bs
pbrskmanbs, tktanjbmtb
bmvear drates,
uma gkpea sknk
fb tu
efbmteiegage÷mm pbrskman y bstarás nestk para vbmfbr gase guanquebr artêgunk.
efbmteiegage÷
Nk prejbrk qub fb`bs oagbr uma vbz tu gubmta bs agbptafa, bs gkjbmzar a
mavbdar bm bstas pádemas para iajenearezartb gkm na pnataikrja b emvbstedar
guanbs skm nks prkfugtks jás `usgafks y nks jás vbmfefks. Bstb sejpnb
blbrgegek tb fa uma efba gnara fb quå bstá `usgamfk na dbmtb, fb bsa ikrja
bstás oagebmfk uma tarba fb „bspekmalb nbdan‚ para gkmkgbr pkr f÷mfb
gkjbmzar rápefajbmtb. Dbmbranjbmtb
Dbmbranjbmtb nks prkfugtks qub kgupam nks
prejbrks nudarbs bm bstks seteks skm nks fbn árba fb tbgmknkdêa gkjk
gájaras iktkdráiegas, gkjputafkrbs, gbnunarbs
gbnunarbs y fbjás bquepks
tbgmkn÷degks.
artêgunks, semkBsk
qubmk quebrb
bstks skm fbger qubjás
nks qub mk gkjpra
sb pubfam vbmfbr ktrk tepk fb
na dbmtb.
Rma vbz bmgubmtras andüm emtbrås bm anduma gatbdkrêa fb prkfugtks, fb`bs
emfadar aüm jás, para bsk tb sudebrk grbar uma sejpnb okla bm Bxgbn fkmfb
anjagbmbs nks fatks fb, pkr nk jbmks, nks prejbrks febz gkjpbtefkrbs fb
bsb prkfugtk bm bspbgêiegk qub quesebras vbmfbr. Fb`bs tbmbr fatks gkjk<
müjbrk fb vbmtas fbn prkfugtk, bspbgeiegagekmbs fbn jesjk, prbdumtas
irbgubmtbs an vbmfbfkr, emikrjage÷m fb su pádema fb vbmtas y tkfk nk qub
pubfas rbgknbgtar rbibrbmtb an prkfugtk.
Gkm bsta emikrjage÷m pubfbs aokra emvbstedar f÷mfb gkjprar bn prkfugtk y
sa`br se bn prbgek bs gkjpbtetevk. Guamfk grbas uma gubmta tebmbs trbs
ikrjas fb damar rbputage÷m< vbmfebmfk jás `aratk qub na gkjpbtbmgea
gkjpbtbmgea33
kirbgebmfk bn prkfugtk gkm um prbgek um pkgk jaykr pbrk gkm bxgbnbmtb
sbrvegek an gnebmtb3 k gkmseduebmfk um prkfugtk bm bn qub mk bxesta
gkjpbtbmgea.
Bm guanquebra fb nks gasks amtbrekrbs tebmbs trbs kpgekmbs fb gkjpra3 nas
fks prejbras skm tebmfas u`egafas bm Goema gkm jás fb um jenn÷m fb
prkfugtks. Nk ejpkrtamtb amtbs fb gkjprar bm anduma fb bstas tebmfas bs
oagbr bn jesjk
jesjk prkgbsk fb em
emvbstedage÷m
vbstedage÷m qub sb oezk para jbrgafkne`r b  k
 y  3 sem bj`ardk, aquê oay qub er jás an fbtannb.
b`a y
Amtbs fb gkjbmzar jes mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt ikrjanjbmtb, ya tbmêa uma
 

gubmta bm jbrgafk ne`rb, na usa`a gkjk ok``y para vbmfbr andumks

artêgunks y damar andumks pkgks f÷narbs. Guamfk gkjbmz÷ na avanamgoa fb
vbmtas fb tbnbveskrbs pamtanna pnama, nbf y fbjás rbibrbmgeas, ve uma dram
kpkrtumefaf fb oagbr fb bsta kna je mbdkgek prkpek3 asê qub jb avbmturå a
gkjprar gemgk tbnbveskrbs fb Goema bm uma pádema fb bsb paês, bn rbsuntafk
iub qub mumga rbge`ê nks tbnbveskrbs y pbrfê jás fb $0.288 f÷narbs. Bsa
ajarda bxpbrebmgea na tramsikrjå bm um gursk fkmfb bmsbñk a gkjprar fb
ikrja sbdura bm Goema, para oagbr fb bstk um mbdkgek qub dbmbrb
utenefafbs y mk pårfefas, fb aoê mage÷ umk fb nks vefbk-gursks jás
ejpkrtamtb qub tbmdk bn guan nk fbmkjemk gkjkgkjprarbmusa.gk j  .
Pbdrbsamfk an tbja, fb`bs sbr guefafksk bsgkdebmfk tu prkvbbfkr, para
bsk rbgkjebmfk
rbgkjebmfk gkjprar, bm bn gask
gask fb Goema
Goema,, gkm<  Ane`a`a.gk j  y
 Fodatb.gk j  3 bm aj`ks gasks fb`bs jerar na rbputage÷m fbn vbmfbfkr
amtbs fb gkjprar y mumga oagbr uma gkjpra a um vbmfbfkr qub tb pefa
bmvear bn fembrk pkr andüm sestbja fb derk emtbrmagekman gkjk Tbstbrm
Rmek m  k  Jkmby Dra j  3 asê iub gkjk pbrfê je fembrk. Bstks sestbjas fb
derk iumgekmam juy `ebm guamfk gkmkgbs qub bn vbmfbfkr se bxestb, qub
gubmta gkm uma pádema wb` qub tbrjemb bbm< m< .gk j  , . mb t  , .t  v  , .emi  k  ,
.dk v  , .kr d  , .bf u  k guanquebr ktra bxtbmse÷m qub fbtbrjemb qub gkjpr÷
um fkjemek y qub su pádema wb` mk bs dratueta. Na raz÷m bs sejpnb, se bn
mbdkgek bs tam `ubmk y vbmfbm tamtk »Xkr quå mk emvbrter bm um fkjemek
qub vanb jbmks fb $10 f÷narbs; Na rbspubsta bm juy sbmgenna, pkrqub
guamfk sb emvebrtb bm um fkjemek fb`bs far nks fatks rbanbs fb uma tarlbta
fb gråfetk y fb bsa ikrja sb pkfrêa rastrbar a um bstaiafkr.
Na seduebmtb rbgkjbmfage÷m, bs qub an eduan qub nk bxpubstk amtbrekrjbmtb,
mk oadas mbdkgeks
mbdkgeks gkm anduebm qub utenegb um bjaen
bjaen dratuetk gkjk  Oktjae
nXkr jae n se
 , Düntejk,  k quebrbs
guanquebra fbnabstks.
tbmbr Na raz÷mfbbsgkmierjar
tramquenefaf na jesja qub
fbn gask amtbrekr.bs
bn vbmfbfkr
sbrek, asbdüratb fb bmgkmtrar bmtrb sus ikrjas fb gk`rar fembrk sestbjas fb
padk
pa dk vêa
vêa  paypa n  3 bstb sestbja fb padk bs bn jás sbdurk fbn jumfk,
guamfk gkjpras usamfk bsb `kt÷m gubmtas gkm um sbdurk bm gask fb
iraufb, bm jugoks gasks fb oasta $0.888 f÷narbs3 afbjás bm gask fb mk
rbge`er bn prkfugtk qub bstás gkjpramfk k rbge`ernk bm gkmfegekmbs
fbibgtuksas k tktanjbmtb feibrbmtb a nk gkjprafk, pubfbs oagbr uma
rbgnaj
rbg najage
age÷m
÷m a  paypa n  se tebmbs nas prub`as y tb fbvubnvbm tu fembrk, y pkr
supubstk, na gubmta fbn vbmfbfkr qubfa gkm um pumtk fb pbmanezage÷m. Bn
tebjpk jáxejk para oagbr bsta rbgnajage÷m bs fb sbsbmta fêas gkmtafks a
parter fb na ibgoa fb gkjpra.
 

Afbjás fb nk amtbrekr, bs ejpkrtamtb qub gkjprbs sknk a vbmfbfkrbs qub

ya tbmdam ganeiegagekmbs pksetevas fb ktras pbrskmas. We sedubs a ga`anefaf
bstas rbgkjbmfagekmbs bvetarás sbr vêgteja fb bstaia y rbge`erás prkfugtks
qub nubdk
nubdk pubf
pubfbs
bs rbvb
rbvbmfbr
mfbr bm jbrgafkne`r b  k b`ay.
Bm bn gask fb qub vevas iubra fb Bstafks Rmefks y quebras vbmfbr
prkfug
prk
fb fugtks
andüm bm b`ay.gk
tksiajenear.  jna , tebmbs,
We mk nk qub fb`bs
pubfbsoagbr bs tbmbr
gkjprar uma ferbgge÷m
um sbrvegek iêsega
fb gasennbrk
emtbrmagekman fkmfb tb iagenetam uma ferbgge÷m iêsega3 afbjás, gubmtas gkm
um Xk@kx. Bstb sbrvegek bs emfespbmsa`nb a na okra fb oagbr gkjpras
emtbrmagekmanbss ya qub subnb sugbfbr qub bm Bstafks Rmefks jugoas
emtbrmagekmanb
bjprbsas mk bmvêam nks prkfugtks iubra fb bstb paês3 bm tan gask, bn
emgkmvbmebmtb sb rbsubnvb tbmebmfk bn sbrvegek fb gasennbrk.
Xara bn gask fb gkjpras bm Bstafks Rmefks, fb`bs usar nas jesjas
rbgkjbmfagekmbss qub tb sudbrê para gkjprar bm Goema. Xubfbs gkjprar fbn
rbgkjbmfagekmb
jesj
esjk b`ay.gk j  k fb set
seteks
eks gkj
gkjkk ajazkm.gk j  , qub sa`bs skm seteks
sbreks y gkm bxgbnbmtb rbputage÷m.
Xkr üntejk, oa`narå sk`rb nk qub nnajk< bn „jbrgafbk iamtasja‚, fkmfb
oagbs vbmtas pkr emtbrmbt sem tbmbr bn prkfugtk, sem tbmbr qub bmvearnk tü
jesjk y sem emvbrter um sknk f÷nar.
Bn prkgbsk para nkdrarnk bs sejpnb< Gknkgas um amumgek fb vbmta bm
jbrgafkne`r b  k b`a  yy  , para bsk pubfbs jerar quå oagbm nks jblkrbs
vbmfbfkrbs y bsgre`bs andk sejenar, sknk qub bm na partb fb pknêtegas fb
bmvêk, fb`bs gknkgar qub bn tebjpk fb bmtrbda fbn prkfugtk sbrá bmtrb sebtb
a gatkrgb fêas. Bsb tebjpk bs bn qub mbgbsetas para qub uma vbz na pbrskma
padub nk qub bstas vbmfebmfk, vayas rápefajbmtb a nks seteks fb Goema k
Bstafks Rmefks
Bm jugoks y gkjprbs
gasks, bn prkfugtk
na bjprbsa gkm bn fembrkbnqub
bmveará ferbgtajbmtb na pbrskma
prkfugtk pad÷.
y gknkgará
gkjk rbjetbmtb tu mkj`rb y tus fatks, fb bsa jambra qubfará gkjk se tü
nk ou`ebras bmveafk ferbgtajbmtb3 bsb sestbja fb vbmta sb gkmkgb gkjk
Frkp Woeppemd.
Xubfbs usar taj`eåm na jesja tågmega fbn tebjpk fb bmtrbda y gkjprar
ferbgtajbmtb,, para nubdk, guamfk nk rbge`as bm tu paês, nk rbbmvêbs, bstb
ferbgtajbmtb
sestbja fb rbvbmta fb artêgunks sknk bs rbgkjbmfa`nb guamfk nks bmvêks
skm para bn jesjk paês fkmfb vevbs, ya qub bm guanquebr ktrk gask nks
gkstks fb inbtb y afuamas sb bnbvam fbjaseafk.

Bs ejpkrtamtb agnarar qub amtbs fb oagbr tkfk bn prkgbsk, fb`bs oa`br

obgok na tarba fb emvbstedar qub bn prkfugtk sê bs rbmta`nb y qub tbmfrás um
 

jardbm fb utenefaf fbgbmtb. Nk qub rbgkjebmfk, bs qub tb bmikqubs bm

prkfugtks fkmfb na utenefaf mbta qub tbmdas sba fb jêmejk $78 f÷narbs fb
gkjese÷m. Mk vanb na pbma oagbr tkfk bn prkgbsk fb emvbstedage÷m b
ejpkrtage÷m fb um prkfugtk pkr um jardbm jbmkr, a jbmks qub tü sbas bn
fubñk fbn prkfugtk k bstås gkjbrgeanezamfk bn fb anduebm fb tu geufaf,
fkmfb pubfbs tbmbr um jblkr gkmtrkn.
Wbdumfa Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk - Grbar Vu Xrkpek
Xrkfugtk
Amtbs fb namzartb a grbar tu prkfugtk, ne`rk bnbgtr÷megk k vefbk gursk bs
juy ejpkrtamtb qub tbmdas gnark pkr quå nk vas a oagbr. Aumqub bs uma
ikrja agbpta`nb fb oagbr fembrk bm emtbrmbt, mk bs na jás rbmta`nb bm je
gkmgbptk, pkrqub bsta bs na qub fbjamfa jás tra`alk y tebjpk bm na btapa
fb grbage÷m, fesbñk y namzajebmtk fbn mbdkgek bm emtbrmbt. Asê qub fb`bs
tbmbr iubrtbs razkmbs qub sustbmtbm bn pkr quå oagbrnk, y gnark, tbmbr um
dram bspêretu fb bjprbmfejebmtk. Nas razkmbs pkr nas guanbs yk fbgefê
namzar je prejbr vefbk gursk pkr emtbrmbt iubrkm nas seduebmtbs<
1. Jb apasekma bmsbñar a ktras pbrskmas.
0. Rm prkp÷setk fb je vefa bs ayufar a jblkrar na ganefaf fb vefa fb ktras
pbrskmas.
7. Jb dusta sbr je prkpek lbib.
6. Jb dusta jugok tbmbr tebjpk y fembrk para gkjparter bm iajenea.
2. Jb dusta tra`alar fbsfb je gasa u kiegema k guanquebr nudar fbn jumfk.
Fbsarrknnar je prejbr vefbk-gursk bn qub sb fbmkjema
 JennkmarekBm@knsa.gk
 JennkmarekBm@knsa. gk j  , jb tkj÷ sebtb jbsbs fb furk tra`alk, iub um
gursk fesbñafk para aprbmfbr a emvbrter bm na `knsa fb vankrbs fb Bstafks
Rmefks, tbja qub jb apasekma y bm bn qub jb gkmsefbrk um bxpbrtk. Vbmêa
s÷nefas `asbs fb gapagetage÷m pkr sbjemareks, gursks avamzafks qub oa`êa
obgok bm je paês y afbjás oa`êa aprbmfefk bm Bstafks Rmefks fb andumks
jennkmareks bxpbrtks bm bstb tbja.
Oa`êa nkdrafk tramsaggekmbs bxetksas gkm rbmta`enefafbs fb oasta fbn 728%
bm jbmks fb vbemtb fêas3 asê qub jb sbmtêa sbdurk y prbparafk para
tramsjeter bsks gkmkgejebmtks a ktras pbrskmas. Emvbsteduå pkr emtbrmbt y
rbanjbmtb mk bmgkmtra`a gase gkjpbtbmgea3 afbjás nks prbgeks qub
kirbgêam pkr nas gapagetage
gapagetagekmbs
kmbs jb parbgêam fbjaseafk bnbvafks. Gkm tkfk
bstk, sa`êa qub pkfrêa kirbgbr andk fb juy anta ganefaf, gkm gkmtbmefk
 

purk, gbrk rbnnbmks y gkm um prbgek jás razkma`nb an fb na gkjpbtbmgea3 asê

qub jb namgå a fbsarrknnar bstb vefbk-gursk nubdk fb qub jes iubmtbs fb
emdrbsks bm emtbrmbt, gkm prkfugtks fb ktrks, gkjbmzarkm a far fembrk.
Vuvb qub aprbmfbr gksas mubvas para jê< g÷jk dra`ar um vefbk, g÷jk
su`ernk an emtbrmbt y gkjbrgeaneza
gkjbrgeanezarnk
rnk vertuanjbmtb. Fb`efk a qub an
gkjebmzk mk sa`êa g÷jk oagbr qub tkfk tra`alara bm penktk autkjátegk,
jes prejbrks gnebmtbs, a nks guanbs oky adrafbzgk su ib y vktk fb
gkmieamza, tuvebrkm qub tkjar bn tktan fbn vefbk-gursk bm vevk pkr emtbrmbt.
Gafa iem fb sbjama gapageta`a uma pbrskma qub sb sbmta`a irbmtb a su
gkjputafkra fbsfb bn paês bm qub sb bmgkmtrara. Jb bsgugoa`a
pagebmtbjbmtbb furamtb trbgb okras festre`uefas bm tkfk bn sá`afk y bn
pagebmtbjbmt
jbfekfêa fbn fkjemdk. Xara nkdrar oagbrnk, usa`a bn skitwarb
dktkjbbtemd.gkj ,  bn guan pbrjetb qub uma pbrskma bsgugob je vkz, jb
vba bm vevk, emtbragtüb pkr goat y afbjás vba je pamtanna, bm na guan
prbsbmta`a uma sbmgennas najemas bm XkwbrXkemt
XkwbrXkemt.. Gkjk tb pkfrás ejademar,
tbrjema`a adktafk gafa iem fb sbjama3 pbrk gkm na satesiagge÷m fb oa`br
bmsbñafk a anduebm jás, y gkm $7?4 f÷narbs bxtras bm je `knsennk, qub bra
bn gkstk fbn gursk bm bsb jkjbmtk
Asê nk oegb pkr trbs jbsbs, furamtb nks guanbs gapagetå a um tktan fb kmgb
pbrskmas. Nubdk fb bsa btapa, fbgefê qub fb`êa autkjatezarnk tkfk, ya qub
bsta`a fblamfk fb vbr a je iajenea prbgesajbmt
prbgesajbmtbb bn tebjpk fkmfb jás
fb`êajks gkjparter, bn iem fb sbjama.
Asê qub gkm na ayufa fb je jbmtkr, pufb iemanjbmtb gkmkgbr g÷jk dra`ar
bm je pamtanna fb gkjputafkr bn vefbk, fbspuås su`ernks an emtbrmbt, para
qub iubram anklafks bm uma zkma fb jebj`rks, fb tan jambra qub guamfk
anduebm padara pkr bn gursk, autkjátegajbmtb emdrbsara y nk pufebra vbr bm
su tktanefaf nas vbgbs qub quesebra, sem mbgbsefaf fb tbmbr qub bstar bm vevk
sbjama a sbjama. Aqubnnk rbanjbmtb iub emgrbê`nb, pkr iem tuvb bsa
satesiagtkrea sbmsage÷m fb sa`br qub aokra mk sknk dama`a fembrk gkm nks
prkfugtks fb anduebm jás, semk gkm je prkpek prkfugtk.
Gkjk tb oa`rás fafk gubmta, para tbmbr tu prkfugtk prkpek vas a tbmbr qub
emvbrter bm obrrajebmtas qub tb ayufbm a oagbrnk jás rápefk, afbjás
emvbrter bm tu bfugage÷m. We brbs um prkibsekman k ya brbs um bxpbrtk bm
andüm árba, tebmbs uma dram vbmtala gkjparafk gkm jugoas ktras pbrskmas.
A vbgbs, oa`enefafbs qub para mksktrks skm k`veas mk nk skm tamtk para
ktras pbrskmas y bstas tb pubfbm far jugok fembrk. Wem bj`ardk, se mk
tebmbs uma oa`enefaf
gkmvbmebmtb bspbgêiega para
bs qub emvbstedubs fbsarrknnar
quå bstá `usgamfkum na
prkfugtk prkpek
dbmtb pkr nk y
emtbrmbt3
 

fbspuås, `usgar a anduebm qub tbmda oa`enefafbs bm bsb tbja, padarnb pkr
sus fbrbgoks y qubfartb gkm bn jatbrean3 para nubdk, gkjk prkpebtarek fb
bstb, gkmvbrternk bm um vefbk-gursk, skitwarb k duêa bm XFI, fbpbmfebmfk
fbn tepk fb emikrjage÷m qub sb tratb.
Xara fartb um blbjpnk gkmgrbtk, oagb andumks añks jb bmgkmtrå gkm um
bjprbmfbfkr bm emtbrmbt
Guamfk supb gkjk qub mk
nk oagêa, dama`a anrbfbfkr
nk pkfêa fb $18.888
grbbr. Na f÷narbs pkr
pbrskma gkmkgêa a jbs.
anduebm juy gbrgamk qub sa`êa g÷jk oagbr tkfk tepk fb jkñks< fb ga`bnnk,
para rbdanks, para vbstefks y tkfk nk emejadema`nb bm jkñks. Bstb
pbrskmalb oa`êa emvbstedafk bm emtbrmbt y bmgkmtr÷ qub jugoas pbrskmas
fbsba`am aprbmfbr a oagbr jkñks3 asê qub nb prkpusk a su ajeda qub nb
pbrjetebra dra`ar um vefbk pkr gafa jkñk qub oagêa y nb padarêa pkr gafa
umk, a gaj`ek bnna nb farêa nks fbrbgoks fb prkpebfaf emtbnbgtuan. Asê nk
oegebrkm. Nk ümegk qub oezk ån iub bn jbrgafbk bm emtbrmbt, gkm um åxetk
emskspbgoa`nb. Xkr nk tamtk para grbar tu prkpek prkfugtk fb`bs tbmbr bm
gubmta guatrk pasks `ásegks amtbs fb namzarnk<
XAWK 1< Xebmsa bm um tbja bm bn guan sbas bxpbrtk k qub sejpnbjbmtb tb
apasekmb
Aga`k fb fartb um blbjpnk fb uma pbrskma qub nb apasekma`a na efba fb
damar fembrk bm emtbrmbt, mk bra bxpbrtk bm oagbr jkñks pbrk bmgkmtr÷ a
anduebm qub sê nk bra. Vaj`eåm nbêstb guamtk jb apasekma bn tbja fb nas
emvbrsekmbs bm `knsa, bm bn guan sky bxpbrtk, pkr bsk fbgefê namzar je
prejbr vefbkgursk bm bsa árba.
Yajks a gknkgar ktrk blbjpnk< We tb apasekma na gkgema pubfbs grbar um
mbdkgek jennkmarek bm emtbrmbt grbamfk um vefbk-gursk k uma duêa bm XFI,
gkm
paês,emiemefaf
rbgbtas fbfbgkjefas
tbjas rbnagekmafks gkm
bx÷tegas, 181 na gkgema<
ikrjas Pbgbtas
fb oagbr têpegas
rbgbtas gkm fb tu
bn pknnk,
rbgbtas para vbdbtareamks, pkstrbs para fea`åtegks, btg.
Agá fb`bs gkj`emar bn gkmkgejebmtk gkm na grbatevefaf, pubstk qub bnna bs
na qub ayufa fb `ubma ikrja a k`tbmbr bxgbnbmtbs rbsuntafks.
XAWK 0< Emvbsteda guámtas `üsqubfas tebmb bn mbdkgek qub pebmsas
emegear 
Na obrrajebmta qub tb ayufa a fbsgu`rer guámtas vbgbs uma pbrskma `usga
uma irasb, tbja k pana`ra bm emtbrmbt, bs bn jktkr fb `üsqubfa bm emtbrmbt
Dkkdn b  . Bsta bs uma obrrajebmta dratueta qub pubfbs bmgkmtrar
emdrbsamfk a na seduebmtb ferbgge÷m bm emtbrmbt<
 

ottps<//afwkrfs.dkkdnb
ottps<//afwkrfs.dkkdnb.bs/sbnbgt/Cby
.bs/sbnbgt/CbywkrfVkknBxtbrman
wkrfVkknBxtbrman
Nk qub fb`bs oagbr uma vbz bstås annê, bs bsgre`er pana`ras k irasbs qub
grbas qub na dbmtb bstá bsgre`ebmfk para `usgar bn tbja qub mbgbsetas.
Xubfbs bjpbzar
bjpbzar fb nk jás ddbmåregk
bmåregk a nk jás bspbgêiegk, Dkkdn b  tb
ayufará fámfktb sudbrbmgeas k vareagekmbs rbnagekmafas gkm na jesja
irasb, pana`ra
bsgre`er k tbja.rbgbtas,
nk seduebmtb< Xara bn rbgbtas
blbjpnkfbqub bstajks
gkgema, fbsarrknnamfk,
rbgbtas pubfbs
fb pknnk, rbgbtas
para vbdbtareamks, pkstrbs para fea`åtegks, btg. Gafa irasb fb bstas, bs pkr
sê skna um mbdkgek gkjpnbtk, pkr nk tamtk fb`brás fbgefer fbmtrk fbn drupk
fb rbgbtas fb gkgema guán tb apasekma jás k bm guán brbs um bxpbrtk y
gbmtrartb ümegajbmtb
ümegajbmtb bm fbsarrknnar bsb drupk. A bstk sb nb gkmkgb gkjk
„megok fb jbrgafk‚, fb bsa ikrja nnbdas a um drupk bspbgêiegk fb pbrskmas
(megok) qub `usgam bxagtajbmtb bn tbja qub bstás fbsarrknnamfk.
Nk qub fb`bs oagbr bs nk seduebmtb< Xrejbrk, bsgre`b bm na gasenna (para bn
gask qub bstajks tra`alamfk) rbgbtas fb pknnk3 uma vbz nk oadas, fa gneg
fkmfb fegb kpgekmbs y ientrks avamzafks3 bsgkdb aokra tu paês y tu efekja
para gkmkgbr bn müjbrk fb `üsqubfas qub bxestbm3 iemanjbmtb, fa gneg bm
`usgar. We mk tb fbla avamzar bs pkrqub mk gknkgastb nks garagtbrbs qub
aparbgbm bm uma ejadbm bmgeja fbn `kt÷m `usgar. Xara bn blbjpnk, bsgkdê
efekja bspañkn y paês Gknkj`ea, pbrk tu usa bn tuyk. An far `usgar jb
arrkla bstk<

We bsgkdestb ktrk paês, tb sanfrám ktrks rbsuntafks, mk tb prbkgupbs. Nk

ejpkrtamtb bs fbtbrjemar, bm tu paês, quå irasbs `usga na dbmtb fbn tbja
rbnagekmafk gkm rbgbtas fb pknnk k fbn megok fb jbrgafk qub fbgefestb
emvbstedar. Gkjk sb pubfb pbrge`er bm na dráiega oay guatrk gknujmas< Na
pana`ra gnavb, bs fbger, nas irasbs qub jás bsgre`b na dbmtb3 na gkjpbtbmgea,
qub pubfb sbr anta, jbfea k `ala -para bstb gask bs `ala-3 nas `üsqubfas
dnk`anbs jbmsuanbs, qub skm nas `üsqubfas qub oagb na dbmtb fb na jesja
irasb bm tkfk bn jumfk3 y pkr üntejk, nas `üsqubfas nkganbs jbmsuanbs, bs
 

fbger, nas qub oagb na dbmtb bm bn paês sbnbggekmafk.

Xara bn blbjpnk, sknk vbs uma partb fb na ejadbm fb tkfk nk qub arrkla
Dkkdn b  fbn tbja3 aokra nk qub fb`bjks oagbr, bs sbdjbmtar aüm jás bsa
`üsqub
`üsqubfa,
fa, yyaa qub Dkkdn b  arrkla nks rbsuntafks bm „`üsqubfa ajpnea‚3 bs
fbger, bsa irasb pubfb aparbgbr bm guanquebr krfbm, fbmtrk fb ktra irasb k
gkj`emage÷m fb pana`ras.
Xara sbdjbmtar na `üsqubfa nk qub fb`bs oagbr bs far gneg bm na gasenna
„bxagta‚, qub aparbgb bm na partb jbfea, a na ezquebrfa fb na obrrajebmta
fb Dkkdnb cbywkrf tkk n  , bm na zkma fkmfb fegb „gkmgkrfamgea‚. An
oagbrnk mktarás gkjk nks müjbrks k geiras fb nas jesjas irasbs amtbrekrbs
fesjemuybm y aparbgbm bmtrb gkrgobtbs, nk guan emfega qub nas pbrskmas
bstám `usgamfk bxagtajbmtb bsa irasb, sem memduma pana`ra me amtbs me
fbspuås.
Aokra, bmi÷gatb sknajbmtb bm nas irasbs qub tb arrklbm `üsqubfas nkganbs
bmtrb 728 a 1.888 y dnk`anbs fb bmtrb 1.888 a 0.588. An oagbrnk, bm je gask
bn ientrk sb rbfulk a bsgkdbr sknk bstas fks irasbs<
Irasb bxagta # 1< Pbgbtas fb gkgema gkm pknnk
@üsqubfas dnk`anbs< 1.588
@üsqubfas nkganbs< 758
Irasb bxagta # 0< Pbgbtas fb arrkz gkm pknnk
@üsqubfas dnk`anbs< 0.688
@üsqubfas nkganbs< 758

We jbgkm
arrkz prbdumtas
pknnk‚,pkr guánajb
fb`efk qubfbgeferêa,
bs jugok nkjás
oarêabspbgêiega
pkr na irasb
qub„Pbgbtas fb
na prejbra.
Aokra tebmbs uma jema fb krk qub pubfbs bxpnktar. Oegestb um bstufek fb
jbrgafk bm jbmks fb gemgk jemutks y bnejemastb bn rebsdk fb grbar um
mbdkgek sem gkmkgbr se oay fbjamfa3 sebmfk bsta uma vbmtala jás
gkjparafk gkm nks mbdkgeks trafegekmanbs.
Nks müjbrks pubfbm varear sbdüm bn paês y åpkga fbn añk bm qub sb rbanegb
na `üsqubfa, pbrk ya gkmkgbs na bsbmgea y bn pask jás ejpkrtamtb amtbs fb
namzar um prkfugtk, ya sba XFI k vefbk-gursk, pkr emtbrmbt.
XAWK 7< Fbsarrknna uma duêa XFI k um gursk sk`rb bn tbja
Na vbmtala fbn emtbrmbt bs qub pubfbs fbsarrknnar tu prkfugtk fb uma
 

jambra tktanjbmtb autkjatezafa,

autkjatezafa, sem mbgbsefaf fb rbanezar bmvêk iêsegk fbn
prkfugtk3 bstk sb gkmkgb gkjk prkfugtks emtamde`nbs, fkmfb na pbrskma
iêsegajbmtb mk rbge`b mafa a gaj`ek guamfk rbaneza su padk. Bn prkfugtk
sb bmvêa fb ikrja autkjatezafa a su bjaen, annê sb nb fam nks pasks fb
aggbsk para na fbsgarda fbn XFI k gursk bnbgtr÷megk. Fb bsa ikrja, bn
ümegk gkstk qub sb pada pkr bn prkfugtk bs bn fbsarrknnk fbn jesjk y, bm
gask fb qub anduebm jás nk oada, bn fesbñk fb na pádema wb`, na bstratbdea
fb jbrgafbk y vbmtas qub sb va a utenezar. We mk tebmbs efba gkjk rbanezar
uma vbmta bm emtbrmbt, taj`eåm pubfbs fblar bsa partb bm jamks fb
bxpbrtks3 bs fbger, sejpnbjbmtb askgeas tu prkfugtk a pnataikrjas fb
prkdrajas fb aieneafks, fkmfb padas uma gkjese÷m pkr gafa vbmta bxetksa
fbn prkfugtk y ktrks rbanezam na pu`negefaf y vbmta fbn prkfugtk pkr
emtbrmbt. Jás afbnamtb, bm na sbdumfa ikrja para damar fembrk pkr emtbrmbt,
fbsarrknnarå bm fbtannb bstb tbja.
Aokra tebmbs um prkfugtk gkm gbrk gkstks fb emvbmtarek y umefafbs
enejetafas para su bmvêk autkjátegk. Bs ejpkrtamtb efbmteiegar qub bm
emtbrmbt bxestbm fks tepks fb gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs< Nks qub `usgam
emikrjage÷m y nks qub fbsbam gkjprar. Nks prejbrks, skm nks fubñks fb
mubstra atbmge÷m bm bstb jkjbmtk, fb`efk a qub bsa emikrjage÷m bs na qub
nb vajks a far3 nks sbdumfks, skm nks qub oagbm usuanjbmtb, pkr blbjpnk,
uma `üsqubfa gkm bspbgeiegagekmbs fb um prkfugtk tamde`nb, para nubdk
emdrbsar
emdrbsar a páde
pádemas
mas gk
gkjk
jk ajazkm.gk j  , b`ay.gk j  , bmtrb ktras. Xbsb a
qub bstas pbrskmas taj`eåm bstám `usgamfk emikrjage÷m sk`rb bn prkfugtk,
su bmikqub dbmbranjbmtb skm nas bspbgeiegagekmbs fbn jesjk, nk guan bs um
emfegafkr fb qub fbsbam gkjprar3 asê qub su prkgbsk fb tkja fb fbgese÷m
bs jás gkrtk qub nks prejbrks.

Vb prbdumtarás
sbdumfks3 bmtkmgbs,
na raz÷m, bs qubpkr quå mubstra
tbmfrêas atbmge÷m
qub grbar mk sb gbmtra bmfbnks
um rbgkmkgejebmtk jarga
fb uma tebmfa vertuan grbê`nb. Oagbr uma pádema wb` fb bstb tepk, bs jugok
jás gkjpnblk, ya qub mbgbsetas emvbmtarek fb prkfugtk, grbage÷m fb
sestbja fb garretk fb gkjpras, gkfeiegage÷m gkm g÷fedk fb `arras fb gafa
umk fb nks prkfugtks, uma nkdêstega fb fbspagok, y jugoks jás prkgbsks
qub sb fb`bm gujpner para fbsarrknnar gkm åxetk na vbmta. Asê qub
gkmtemubjks bmtkmgbs gkm bn prkgbsk fb grbar tu ne`rk bnbgtr÷megk k XFI.
Nk jblkr fb tkfk bstk bs qub bn jatbrean qub vas a vbmfbr mk nk fb`bs grbar
tü jesjk, bs ejpkrtamtb qub aprbmfas a fbnbdar a bxpbrtks bm gafa árba.
Aquê tb vky a far vareks seteks fkmfb bmgubmtras bxpbrtks bm fesbñk
dráiegk, grbage÷m
jás. Bstks fb apnegagekmbs, fbsarrknnk fb skitwarb, XFI y jugok
seteks skm<
 

a) Bnamgb.gk j  < Bs bn jblkr fb tkfks, afbjás, tb pubfbs emsgre`er drates.

Wknk fb`bs bsgre`er bm fbtannb nk qub mbgbsetas y tb nnbdaram kibrtas fb
jugoks k vareks prkpkmbmtbs fespubstks a oagbr bn tra`alk. Nk jblkr, bs
qub bstb setek jubstra na ganeiegage÷m fb gafa prkpkmbmtb, bn müjbrk fb
gnebmtbs satesibgoks y guámtk oa damafk pkr nks tra`alks fbsarrknnafks. Bn
setek bstá bm emdnås, bsta pkfrêa sbr uma pebfra bm bn zapatk3 sem bj`ardk,
rbgubrfa qub aokra brbs um bjprbmfbfkr bm emtbrmbt y mk fb`bs pbrjeter
qub mafa me mafeb tb fbtbmda, asê qub usa bn trafugtkr
ottp<//tramsnatb.dkkdnb.gkj/  3  bs bn qub usk a fearek y sebjprb jb ob
obgok bmtbmfbr, mk bspbrbs sknk na pbribgge÷m, sejpnbjbmtb oaznk. Guamfk
tb nnbdubm kibrtas, sebjprb mbdkgea bn prbgek, pefb um `ubm fbsgubmtk,
mumga tb qubfbs gkm bn prbgek emegean qub tb prkpusebrkm. Vb skrprbmfbrás
guamtk fbsgubmtk pkfrás nkdrar pkr bn jesjk tra`alk.
Vra`alkIrbbnamgb.gk j  < @ásegajbmtb iumgekma eduan qub Bnamgb.gkj,
`) Vra`alkIrbbnamgb.gk
sknk qub bstb setek bs tktanjbmtb bm bspañkn, asê qub mk tbmfrás prk`nbjas
bm emtbragtuar
emtbragtuar y gknkgar tu prkybgtk. An eduan qub  Bnamgb.gk j  , pubfbs
gkmkgbr na rbputage÷m fb nas pbrskmas qub oam obgok tra`alks y pkfrás
bsgkdbr bn jblkr. Bm je gask, mkrjanjbmtb gknkgk na jesja kibrta bm
Bnamgb.gkj y bm Vra`alkIrbbnamgb. gkj, para bvanuar quebm jb kirbgb
jblkr prbgek, jbmkr tebjpk fb bmtrbda y jblkrbs gkmfegekmbs.
g) Ievbrr.gk j  < Bstb setek nk pubfbs usar para gksas juy pbqubñas qub
rbquebras, pkr blbjpnk, na pkrtafa fb tu ne`rk bnbgtr÷megk, gkrtk vefbk fb
namzajebmtk, grbage÷m
grbage÷m fb nas ejádbmbs y ga`bzktb supbrekr fb tu pádema
wb` (fesbñk), bmtrb ktras tarbas jbmkrbs.
Na dram vbmtala bs qub bn setek bs juy iágen fb jamblar y memdüm tra`alk
pubfb supbrar nks $2 f÷narbs. Nk bsgre`ê `ebm, mk tebmb brrkrbs, pkfrás
su`gkmtratar pkr um prbgek tam `alk y gkm uma ganefaf qub rbanjbmtb
skrprbmfb.
XAWK 6< Autkjatezage÷m fbn prkgbsk fb vbmta
Bn sestbja fb`b iumgekmar sem fesgrejemage÷m fbn nudar fbn jumfk bm qub
sb bmgubmtrb tu gnebmtb. Rma vbz bstb bmgubmtrb na emikrjage÷m fb tu
prkfugtk y padub gkm su tarlbta fb gråfetk, rbge`erá um bjaen fb ikrja
autkjátega qub nb fa nas emstruggekmbs fbtannafas fb f÷mfb fbsgardar k
aggbfbr a su prkfugtk3 iemanjbmtb, rbge`bs bn fembrk a`kmafk bm uma gubmta
vertuan. Bn prkgbsk sb rbpetb gafa vbz qub bxesta uma vbmta. Guamfk nkdras
bstk, bstás bjpbzamfk a dbmbrar emdrbsks fb tepk pasevk. Vra`albs k mk, bn
fembrk emdrbsará jebmtras sedam nas vbmtas.
 

Nas prbdumtas qub jás pubfbm surder bm bsta partb skm< »G÷jk bmvêk bn
prkfugtk; »G÷jk nkdrk rbge`er bn fembrk autkjatezafk; Nk qub sb fb`bs
oagbr bs askgear bn prkfugtk a andumk fb nks seteks wb` fb prkdrajas fb
aieneafks, qub emtbdram tamtk bn `kt÷m fb padk gkjk bn bmvêk autkjátegk
fbn prkfugtk an bjaen fbn gkjprafkr. Bstks seteks skm< Gnegc`amc.gk j  k
 Xayfktgkj.gk j  3 nks guanbs gkmsefbrk skm nks jblkrbs guamfk sb vbmfb
um prkfugtk emtamde`nb. Bm jugoks gasks, dbmbranjbmtb sugbfb bm paêsbs
fb Natemkajårega, nas pbrskmas mk gubmtam gkm uma tarlbta fb gråfetk para
oagbr gkjpras, k se na tebmbm, sebmtbm fbsgkmieamza fb oagbr um padk
usámfkna bm emtbrmbt. Gkm bn tebjpk, bsks gkjprafkrbs tkjarám na fbgese÷m
fb oagbr padks gkm su tarlbta y rbgkmkgbrám um setek sbdurk fb umk qub mk
nk bs3 jebmtras tamtk, fb`bs kirbgbrnbs kpgekmbs fb padk bm bibgtevk para
iagenetarnbs su gkjpra.
Xubfbs usar bmtkmgbs sbrvegeks fb derk emtbrmagekman gkjk Tbstbrm Rme÷ m
k  Jkmby Dra j  para qub tb bmvêbm bn fembrk. We bstk sugbfb, bs pkrqub ya
tb oas damafk na gkmieamza fb nks gnebmtbs3 bs fbger, bstás oagebmfk tkfk
gkrrbgtajbmtb< tebmbs uma pádema wb` gkm um fkjemek gkjprafk3 um bjaen
gkrrbgtajbmtb<
fb sbrvegek an gnebmtb prkibsekman (mk dratuetk)3 y tebmbs na kpge÷m fb padk
bm tu pádema
pádema wb` gk gkmm bn `kt÷m fb pa
padk
dk fb  paypa n  . Nk ejpkrtamtb aquê, bs
mk fbiraufar an gnebmtb, se nb iannas pbrfbjks tkfks< Vü, bn gnebmtb y tkfks
nks bjprbmfbfkrbs fbn emtbrmbt, ya qub anduebm qub oa sefk bstaiafk,
feiêgenjbmtb vknvbrá a gkjprar andk pkr emtbrmbt. We bn prkfugtk nk va a
vbmfbr tus aieneafks y vas a rbge`er fembrk bm bibgtevk, bmtkmgbs, tb
rbgkjebm
rbgk jebmfk
fk qub nk vbm
vbmfas
fas a travå
travåss fb  payfktgkj.gk j  fb`efk a qub bsta
pnataikrja pbrjetb gkmkgbr bn mkj`rb fb tus aieneafks y su bjaen, fb bsa
ikrja, pubfbs sa`br fb f÷mfb vemk na vbmta y a queåm gkrrbspkmfb na
gkjese÷m.
gkje se÷m. We nk aaskgea
skgeass bm gnegc`amc.gkj mk tebmbs kpge÷m fb gkmkgbr me bn
mkj`rb me bn bjaen fbn vbmfbfkr y mk pkfrás rbge`er fembrk bm bibgtevk, ya
qub pubfbs sbr samgekma
samgekmafk. fk. Ktra vbmtala fb  payfktgkj.gk j  , bs qub
damarás na gkmieamza fb tus vbmfbfkrbs guamfk nbs bmvêbs gkjesekmbs pkr
vbmtas bm bibgtevk, qub me sb bspbra`am.
Pbgubrfa sbr juy okmbstk y mk knvefbs na åtega. An ieman, se fbgefbs mk
bmvear na gkjese÷m fb anduebm qub rbanez÷ na vbmta, quebm pebrfbs brbs tü,
pubs tbmfrás um vbmfbfkr fbsjktevafk pkr ianta fb vbmtas, bn guan mk
prkjkgekmará tus prkfugtks y `usgará nks fb anduebm jás, qub se nb padub.
Vbrgbra Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk Xrkdrajas fb
Aieneafks
 

Nks prkdrajas fb aieneafks skm sestbjas fb mbdkgek fkmfb sus askgeafks

damam gkjesekmbs, ielas k varea`nbs, pkr gafa vbmta bxetksa qub sb rbanegb
fb um prkfugtk k sbrvegek, a travås fb prkjkge÷m y pu`negefaf pkr emtbrmbt.
Askgearsb a bstks prkdrajas bs tktanjbmtb drates y iágen, bxgbptk bm
andumks prkdrajas, fkmfb sb pefb uma bxpbrebmgea prbvea fbn askgeafk bm
jbrgafbk bm emtbrmbt, k qub oada uma prbsbmtage÷m fb uma pádema wb` gkm
um fkjemek y um bjaen padk.
Gafa aieneafk k`tebmb uma ümega gubmta fkmfb pubfb gkmsbduer nks
rbpkrtbs, bstafêstegas y tkfk nk rbnagekmafk gkm nks prkfugtks qub fbsba
prkjkvbr. Vaj`eåm pubfb bmgkmtrar bm bn pambn fb gkmtrkn, bn nemc fb
aieneafk qub efbmteiega a gafa prkjktkr3 pkr jbfek fbn guan, bn setek rastrba
nas vbmtas y agrbfeta nas gkjesekmbs a gafa vbmfbfkr. Bs juy ejpkrtamtb
sa`br bm quå rbf k prkdraja fb aieneafks askgearsb, fb`efk a qub mk iantam
nks seteks fb bstaiafkrbs bmgu`ebrtks qub gkmsedubm emdbmuks aieneafks para
prkjkvbr prkfugtks qub skm uma bstaia y mk agrbfetam nas gkjesekmbs a sus
vbmfbfkrbs. Xkr bsk bs ejpkrtamtb emvbstedar amtbs fb aienearsb, sem
bj`ardk, tb vky a rbgkjbmfar andumks Xrkdrajas fb Aieneafks juy sbreks,
gkm nks guanbs ob tra`alafk pkr sbes añks y mumga ob pbrfefk uma gkjese÷m<
a- Gnegc`amc
Bs bn setek müjbrk umk bm prkdrajas fb aieneafks bm nk rbibrbmtb a
emikprkfugtks, ne`rks bnbgtr÷megks, vefbk-gursks y fbsgarda fb skitwarb.
Bstb setek gubmta gkm um prbstedek fb jás fb febz añks.
Bm bn jkjbmtk bm qub bsgre`k bn prbsbmtb ne`rk, oa padafk a sus aieneafks
bm gkjesekmbs jás fb fks `ennkmbs fb f÷narbs. Wu sestbja fb rastrbk, na
gamtefaf fb prkfugtks (jás fb febz jen) y na ganefaf fb sus aieneafks, oagbm
fb bstbbnsetek
namzar uma bxgbnbmtb
prkpek. pnataikrja
Aienearsb bs para prkjkvbr
drates, afbjás prkfugtks
na aprk`age÷m sbrá fby jambra
para
emjbfeata, nk jblkr, bs qub ya iumgekma bm bspañkn, tamtk bm na pnataikrja
fb vbmtas asê gkjk bm skpkrtb an gnebmtb, nk guan bs uma vbmtala bmkrjb,
pkrqub sb suprejb na `arrbra fbn efekja.
We ustbf fbsba damar gkjesekmbs fb bstb setek, pubfb bmikgarsb bm
prkfugtks qub tbmdam, nk qub annê sb nnaja, „dravbfaf‚
„dravbfaf‚,, bstk emfega quå tam
pkpunar bs um prkfugtk bm bn jkjbmtk. Bmtrb jás antk sba bstb vankr,
emfega qub bn prkfugtk bstá tbmebmfk jás vbmtas, pbrk a su vbz, taj`eåm
jaykr gkjpbtbmgea. Rma bxgbnbmtb dravbfaf, fkmfb na gkjpbtbmgea mk bs
juy anta, skm prkfugtks gkm um vankrbs bmtrb kgobmta a gebm.
We bsgkdbs prkjkvbr sknk prkfugtks bm bspañkn, mk tb prbkgupbs bm jerar
 

jugok su dravbfaf, ya qub pkr sbr uma pnataikrja usafa bm su jaykrêa

pkr pbrskmas qub prkjubvbm bm emdnås, bmgkmtrarás qub na dravbfaf, bm bn
jblkr fb nks gasks, mk sk`rbpasa fb kgobmta.
Bm je gask, pkr blbjpnk, tbmdk askgeafk annê um prkfugtk nnajafk
gkpeajembdkgek.gk j  , para bn guan, na dravbfaf mk sk`rbpasa bm bstb

jkjbmtk
vbmtas, bmfb trbs3 fb
jbmks semtrbs
bj`ardk,
jbsbs.bm su vankr
Bstb namzajebmtk
gaj`eak`tuvk jás fb 928
gkm bn tebjpk3
jamtbmbrnk, bs gubste÷m fb oagbr vbmtas gkmstamtbs jbs a jbs.
Gnegc`am c  , kirbgb um sestbja juy sbrek fb daramtêa3 trbemta fêas k
fbvknuge÷m fbn fembrk3 afbjás, skm bnnks quebmbs ferbgtajbmtb padarám a
tus aieneafks na k nas gkjesekmbs, bmveámfktb bn fembrk damafk ferbgtajbmtb
ferbgtajbmtb
a tu gubmta `amgarea, bsk, bm gask fb qub tbmdas uma bm nks paêsbs
amdnksalkmbs k para andumks paêsbs fb Burkpa. We mk bs tu gask, rbge`erás
um gobqub qub sbrá bmveafk a tu paês pkr jbfek fb gkrrbk gbrteiegafk, a na
ferbgge÷m fb tu rbsefbmgea. Rma vbz nnbdub, sb pubfb gaj`ear bm `amgks k

gasas fb gaj`ek fb tu prbibrbmgea.

Na pnata
pnataikr
ikrja
ja fb Gnegc`am c  rbge`b padks bm trbgb jkmbfas feibrbmtbs, nk
guan bs bxgbnbmtb pkrqub sb pubfbm prkjkvbr tus prkfugtks gase bm
guanquebr nudar fbn jumfk. Andumks prkfugtks qub oam rbsuntafks juy
bxetksks bm vbmtas bm efekja emdnås, dbmbranjbmtb namzam bn jesjk
prkfugtk bm ktrks efekjas, nks jás usafks skm bspañkn, iramgås, anbjám,
etaneamk, pkrtuduås.
`- Gkjjessekm Lumgtekm
We nk qub fbsbas bs damar gkjesekmbs pkr vbmtas fb prkfugtks iêsegks gkjk<
pbriujbs, zapatks, bquepks fbpkrtevks, rbpubstks para vboêgunks btg.3
bmtkmgbs, bn setek emfegafk bbss bstb, nk bmg
bmgubmtras
ubmtras bm emtbrmbt gkjk gl.gk j
emtbrmbt
. A feibr
feibrbmg
bmgea
ea fb Gnegc`am c  , para sbr
s br agbptafk fb`bs prbsbmtar uma
pádema wb` `ásega bm emdnås sk`rb andüm tbja fb vbmtas fb prkfugtks, na
pádema fb`b sbr gkm fkjemek prkpek y mk bs drates3 afbjás fb`bs tbmbr um
gkrrbk prkibsekman.
prkibsekman. W
Wbb pubfb usar um fkjemek .emi  k  , .gk j  k guanquebra
fb bstks, pbrk nk jás prkibsekman sbrá tbmbr na pádema gkm na bxtbmse÷m fb
fkje
fk jeme
mekk .gkj ,  qub bs na jás gkjbrgean.
Rma vbz nkdrbs sbr aprk`afk, fb`bs apnegar umk a umk a nks prkfugtks para
sbr agbptafks. Oay jás fb fks jen bm feibrbmtbs gatbdkrêas. Nas pknêtegas
usafas para prkjkvbr prkfugtks skm juy iubrtbs, pkr bsk bs ejpkrtamtb
nbbrnas gafa vbz qub sb namgb uma mubva pu`negefaf fb um prkfugtk. Bstb
setek bs umk fb jes iavkretks, pkrqub aquê nkdrå nas prejbras gkjesekmbs
 

qub jb oam pbrjetefk vever fbn emtbrmbt.

g- Xayfktgkj
Bs uma pnataikrja qub iumgekma bm su jaykrêa sknk para emikprkfugtks, an
edua
eduann qub
qub gnegc`amc.gk j  , na dram feibrbmgea, bs qub aquê sb bmgubmtram
jbmks fb fks jen prkfugtks, nk pksetevk bs qub bs jás pbrskmanezafa, bm
tamtk gkmkgbs nks mkj`rbs y nks bjaens fb tkfks nks aieneafks qub
prkjubvbm tus prkfugtks. Nks padks, a feibrbmgea fb Gnegc`am c  , sb
oagbmm jamu
oagb jamuanjb
anjbmtb
mtb pk
pkrr p aypa n  , bm bn prejbrk, bnnks pada`am
ferbgtajbmtb a tus aieneafks, aquê tus brbs quebm pada nas gkjesekmbs pkr
vbmtas fb tus aieneafks. Guamfk oadk um namzajebmtk
namzajebmtk,, askgek nks prkfugtks
ta
tamt
mtkk a Gnegc`amc.gk j  g  gkj
kjkk a  Xayfktgkj.gk j  , para farnb na
pkse`enefaf fb damar gkjesekmbs a nas pbrskmas qub mk pubfbm rbterar su
fe
femb
mbrk
rk bm  paypa n  . Asê, an gkmkgbr su mkj`rb y su bjaen, bs jás iágen
bmvear sus gkjesekmbs pkr sestbjas fb derk emtbrmagekman
f- Ktrks Xrkdrajas fb Aieneafks
Vaj`eåm bmgubmtras ktrks Xrkdrajas fb Aieneafks qub rbgkjebmfk gkjk
nemcsoarb.gk j  y gnegc0sbnn.b u  . Gkm nks fks ob tra`alafk y mk ob tbmefk
prk`nbjas gkm nks padks. Bstks fks seteks iumgekmam fb jambra sejenar a
gl.gk j  , gkm na feibrbmgea, qub bstks skm jás inbxe`nbs a na okra fb
aprk`ar a um mubvk aieneafk.
Nk jás ejpkrtamtb fb tkfk bs emvbstedar prbveajbmtb bn setek an qub tb vas a
aienear, ya qub pubfbs pbrfbr tebjpk y bsiubrzk prkjkvebmfk prkfugtks k
sbrvegeks, para qub an ieman mk tb padubm nas gkjesekmbs damafas.
Guarta Ikrja fb Damar Fembrk Wbjemareks bm vevk,
uma jema fb KPK
Rma fb nas jblkrbs ikrjas fb damar fembrk bm emtbrmbt bs bnbvar bn mevbn fb
bxpbgtateva fb nks gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs. Bstk sb nkdra kirbgebmfk na jaykr
gamtefaf fb emikrjage÷m fb ganefaf, qub sba rbnbvamtb rbspbgtk an tbja qub
sb bstá tratamfk y qub sba drates k pkr um gkstk juy `alk. Xara oagbrnk sb
utenezam vareks jåtkfks, nks jás gkjumbs skm< kirbgbr umk k vareks vefbks
drates fbn tbja fb emtbrås, prbvek an namzajebmtk fb um prkfugtk k sbrvegek3
kirbgbr anduma gkmibrbmgea bxgnuseva (drates), dra`afa bm vefbk y gkm
gapagefaf para fbsgardarsb pkr emtbrmbt3 kirbgbr um fkgujbmtk bm XFI k
um rbpkrtb bspbgean pkr nk jbmks fb quemgb pádemas.
We `ebm bstas ikrjas skm bxgbnbmtbs, guamfk sb trata fb grbar tu prkpea nesta
 

para bn mbdkgek k para andüm prkfugtk qub bstas prkjkvebmfk, oay uma qub
supbra tkfas nas bxpbgtatevas y aujbmta bn müjbrk fb gkmvbrsekmbs bm
emtbrmbt3 nks sbjemareks bm vevk.
Nk jblkr fb tkfk bs qub mk fb`bs sbr um bxpbrtk bm bn tbja a tratar3 bs
fbger, sbr um bxpbrtk bs uma vbmtala3 mk k`stamtb, se mk nk brbs, pubfbs
oagbr um sbjemarek
gkmibrbmgesta bm vevk
k bxpbrtk bm bnfbtbja.
andüm tbja qub tb apasekmb, emvetamfk a um

Xkr blbjpnk, se tebmbs um mbdkgek bm bn qub vbmfas supnbjbmtks

vetajêmegks, bmtkmgbs pubfbs grbar uma gkmibrbmgea vertuan fkmfb emvetas a
um jåfegk k mutregekmesta bxpbrtk bm bn tbja, gkm bn iem fb qub bxpkmda nks
`bmbiegeks y vbmtalas fb gkmsujer fegoks supnbjbmtks vetajêmegks, k se tb
sebmtbs g÷jkfk gkm bn tbja pubfbs fbsarrknnar tü jesjk uma sbmgenna pbrk
pkfbrksa prbsbmtage÷m bm XkwbrXkemt para bxpkmbrna a nks emvetafks
vertuanbs, se nk oagbs gkm na sbgubmgea qub prbsbmtarå, nkdrarás rbsuntafks
emgrbê`nbs.

Bm je gask, fbsarrknnk sbjemareks bm vevk sk`rb kpkrtumefafbs fb mbdkgeks

pkr emtbrmbt, fbsfb oagb jás fb fks añks. Bn rbsuntafk oa sefk vbmtas pkr
jás fb $118.888 f÷narbs. Wknk guamfk kirbzgk bstks sbjemareks bm vevk, bs
guamfk jb gkmvebrtk bm um autk bjpnbafk `ebm padk. Vb vky a fbjkstrar
pkr quå< Na gkjese÷m prkjbfek qub ob damafk guamfk prkjubvk bstas
kpkrtumefafbs fb mbdkgek bs fbn 28%, nk guan jb fbla um emdrbsk fb
$22.888 f÷narbs, se a bstk nb rbstk nks gkstks fb pu`negefaf y skitwarb para
kirbgbr bn sbjemarek bm vevk (aprkxejafajbmtb $7.888 f÷narbs) bm fks
añks, bstk jb fbla iemanjbmtb uma utenefaf mbta fb $20.888 f÷narbs.
Xkfrêas pbmsar qub bs pkgk fembrk para tamtk bsiubrzk y tebjpk3 sem
bj`ardk,
bm rbanefafbsnkumdamå
brrkrbmsupkmbr qub bsb
sknk kgobmta fembrkokras.
y kgok nk damå bm fks añks,
We utenezajks na guamfk
jatbjátega sejpnb, tbrjemk k`tbmebmfk uma utenefaf aprkxejafa fb $251
f÷narbs/okra.
Aokra na prbdumta bs< »Bstarêas fespubstk a sbr um autk bjpnbafk qub damå
$251 f÷narbs/okra tra`alamfk fks okras pkr fêa y sknk fks vbgbs an jbs; Wå
qub tu rbspubsta bs um rktumfk sê.
Bs jás, så qub bstarêas fespubstk, mk a tra`alar fks okras, semk oasta sbes u
kgok okras/fêa gkm bsb emdrbsk. Wem bj`ardk, rbgubrfa qub bstajks
oa`namfk fb sbr ne`rb iemamgebrajbmtb, tbmbr uma bxgbnbmtb ganefaf fb vefa
y mk sbr um bsgnavk na`kran. Aokra `ebm, bm bstb jkjbmtk tb fb`bs bstar
gubstekmamfk fb f÷mfb saquå tam prbtbmseksas b emgrbê`nbs geiras.
 

Ybrás, jamblk uma ta`na bm Bxgbn juy sbmgenna, gkm gafa umk fb nks fatks
fb emvbrse÷m bm pu`negefaf, seteks fkmfb oadk pu`negefaf jás bibgteva,
pádema eduanjbmtb jás bibgteva y nk qub tb pubfas ejademar qub sba
s ba
jbfe`nb. A gkmtemuage÷m tb jubstrk bn rbsujbm fb nks fatks jás
rbnbvamtbs<

Gkjk vbs, nks sbjemareks bm vevk skm rbanjbmtb uma jema fb krk, pbrk
para qub bsta jema fb krk iumgekmb fb`bs grbar um sestbja qub grbb um
inulk enejetafk fb prkspbgtks k gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs, para qub nubdk sb
gkmvebrtam bm gkjprafkrbs fb tus prkfugtks k sbrvegeks. Xara bsk fb`bs sbr
juy sbnbgtevk a na okra fb prkjkvbr um prkfugtk k sbrvegek gkm um
sbjemarek bm vevk. Oay uma sbreb fb pumtks gnavb a tbmbr bm gubmta para
prkjkvbr gkm åxetk um sbjemarek bm vevk<
a- Bmgubmtra um tbja qub tb apasekmb
Nk objks oa`nafk amtbrekrjbmtb, sem bstb emdrbfebmtb bs ejpkse`nb qub
pubfas prkjkvbr gkm åxetk um prkfugtk. Na prkjkge÷m fb bstb na fb`bs
oagbr fbsfb bn gkraz÷m, bstk sedmeiega qub bstas pnbmajbmtb gkmvbmgefk fb
qub iumgekma. Na jblkr ikrja fb nkdrarnk bs qub tü jesjk, amtbs qub
mafeb, sbas bn prejbr gnebmtb fbn prkfugtk qub vas a prkjkvbr, y nubdk se
kirbgbrnk a ktras pbrskmas, bstk sb nnaja sbr gkobrbmtb. We nk oagbs fb bsa
jambra mk tbmdk fufa fb qub vas a tbmbr åxetk.
`- Xrkjubvb prkfugtks fb prbgek antk
Bstb pumtk bs gnavb para qub nks sbjemareks bm vevk iumgekmbm. We `ebm bs
gebrtk qub pubfbs oagbr um sbjemarek bm vevk fb guanquebr tbja, asbdüratb
qub se tus gnebmtbs
prkfugtks fb prbgekmkantk.
bstámVbbmsudebrk
tu geufaf -y prbgek
gkjk skm gnebmtbs
jêmejkkmnembbmi÷gatb bm
fb vbmta fb um
 

prkfugtk $788 f÷narbs k jás. Afbjás fb bnnk, qub tb fblb uma gkjese÷m fb
pkr nk jbmks bn 28%. We bn prkfugtk qub vas a prkjkvbr tebmb um prbgek
jbmkr a bstb, bs jblkr qub nk oadas gkjk nk oarêas gkm um prkfugtk fb
prkdraja fb aieneafks, bs fbger, autkjatezamfk tkfk bn prkgbsk fb vbmta.
Bm je gask, ob prkjkvefk gkm sbjemareks bm vevk, prkfugtks fb $788,
$288 y $1.888 f÷narbs. Gkmtrarek a nk qub pubfbs bstar pbmsamfk ob obgok
jás fembrk, y bm jbmks tebjpk, gkm bn prkfugtk fb jaykr vankr.
Bn fembrk bs uma efba y se sa`bs bxprbsar gnarajbmtb nk qub kirbgbs, famfk
nk jblkr fb te, jkstramfk rbsuntafks rbanbs, `bmbiegeks y kirbgebmfk uma
kibrta errbseste`nb, an ieman tbmfrás vbmtas.
g- Jatbjátega fbn åxetk
Nks müjbrks skm ejpkrtamtbs, y bm emtbrmbt nk skm aüm jás, pkr bnnk bs fb
vetan ejpkrtamgea qub amtbs fb usar guanquebra fb nas ikrjas fb oagbr
fembrk, oasta aokra bxpubstas, gkmkzgas bm fbtannb nks müjbrks qub
mbgbsetas para tbmbr vbmtas.
prk`a`enefafbs, se nk oagbs fb na jambra gkrrbgta bstks skm nks müjbrks
aprkxejafks qub tbmfrás emfbpbmfebmtb fb se usas gkjk jbfek fb
pu`neg
pu`negefa
efaf<
f<  Iagb`kkc, Uaokk,
Uaokk, Ukutu`b, Dkkdn b  k andüm ktrk jbfek qub
gkmkzgas. Ybajks um blbjpnk<
 

Xara bn blbjpnk, mk sb tuvk bm gubmta bn pkrgbmtalb fb fbvknugekmbs pkr

daramtêa fbn prkfugtk, ya qub bstb bs varea`nb. Mk k`stamtb, je bxpbrebmgea
prkjkvebmfk prkfugtks fb antk vankr, gkm bxgbnbmtb gkmtbmefk, sbrvegek an
gnebmtb y bxgbnbmtb paqubtb fb `kmks rbdank, mk fb`b supbrar bn 18%.
Gkmkgebmfk bstks müjbrks, bs iágen fbtbrjemar guán bs bn gkstk jáxejk
pkr gafa gneg qub fb`bs padar y quå prkfugtk pubfbs usar para prkjkvbrnk
gkm um sbjemarek bm vevk. Pbgubrfa qub bmtrb jás vankr adrbdafk fbs a tus
prkspbgtks, jás gbrga bstás fb nkdrar jaykr gamtefaf fb vbmtas. Nks
sbjemareks bm vevk skm uma bxgbnbmtb ikrja fb kirbgbr andk bxgnusevk,
fb`efk a qub mk tkfk bn jumfk bstá fespubstk a far „na jenna bxtra‚, y bsk
bs um iagtkr feibrbmgeafkr juy antk qub tb pubfb nnbvar an åxetk bm emtbrmbt.
Bs fbger, bn müjbrk fb gkmvbrsekmbs gkm sbjemareks
s bjemareks bm vevk bs jaykr a
guamfk prkjubvbs bn prkfugtk fb ikrja autkjatezafa. Ob bmgkmtrafk qub
bn pkrgbmtalb fb gkmvbrsekmbs aujbmta fb um 2% a um 9% jás gkm bstb
sestbja, nk qub sedmeiega jenbs fb f÷narbs bxtras, pkr um bsiubrzk um pkgk
jaykr.

f- Xrbsbmtage÷m fbn Wbjemarek

Rma bxgbnbmtb prbsbmtage÷m fbn sbjemarek bs pebza gnavb para damar na
gkmieamza fb tu aufetkrek vertuan, pkr bsk bs ejpkrtamtb qub pnameiequbs bsta
partb oasta bm bn jás jêmejk fbtannb. Nk prejbrk, bmtkmgbs sbrá fbsarrknnar
bn gkmtbmefk fbn sbjemarek, para nk guan fb`b emgnuer nks seduebmtbs
s eduebmtbs pasks<
sbjemarek <  Rsa nájemas atragtevas qub gkmtbmdam `ubmas
 Najemas fbn sbjemarek
ejádbmbs, usa pkgk tbxtk pkr gafa nájema, para bsk ayüfatb fb nas veñbtas
(jáxejk gemgk, gkm mk jás fb fks rbmdnkmbs fb tbxtk pkr gafa uma, bn
efban bs sknk um rbmdn÷m)

Xubfbs
fbspuåsoagbr na prbsbmtage÷m
gkmtrata tü jesjk,
um prkibsekman bm fesbñkbmdráiegk
Xkwbr-para
Xkemtqub
para gkjbmzar,
tb oada andk
qub rbanjbmtb sba bspbgtagunar pbrk sbmgennk. Mk usbs skmefks me nájemas
bm inaso, bstk oará pbsafa tu prbsbmtage÷m y a na okra fb emtbdrarnk gkm bn
skitwarb usafk para na bjese÷m fb vefbkgkmibrbmgeas bm vevk pubfbs tbmbr
prk`nbjas tågmegks. Wknegeta na ayufa taj`eåm fb um prkibsekman bm
Xrkdrajage÷m Mburknemdþêstega
Mburknemdþêstega XMN, para qub tb fb teps fb ayufa b
emtbdrarnks a tu prbsbmtage÷m vertuan. We mk gubmtas gkm umk fb bstks
prkibsekmanbs, `usga bm emtbrmbt bm seteks gkjk skm< bnamgb.gk j  k
tra`alkirbbnamgb.gkj

-  Mkj`rbBstk
aufetkrek. fbn sbjemarek
sbj emarek
pkfrá  <  Rsa
nnbdar a sbrmkj`rbs
um iagtkrqub
juynnajbm na atbmge÷m
ejpkrtamtb bm bn fb tu fbn
åxetk
 

sbjemarek.
- K`lbtevk fbn sbjemarek <  Vu k`lbtevk pubfb sbr far a gkmkgbr um mubvk
prkfugtk, pksegekmar umk bxestbmtb, vbmfbr nks `bmbiegeks fb um prkfugtk k
sbrvegek3 mk k`stamtb, an ieman, nk qub fbsbas skm
s km vbmtas, asê qub tbm bsk bm
jbmtb.
- Xkmbmtb <  Fbiemb se na prbsbmtage÷m na oarás tü k se emvetarás a anduebm
gkjk pkmbmtb, bm guanquebra fb nks fks gasks usa uma iktk prkibsekman an
emegek
emeg ek fb na prbs
prbsbmta
bmtage÷m,
ge÷m, k se usa
usass dktkjbbtemd.gk j  tb pbrjeterá emtbdrar
um pbqubñk rbguafrk fkmfb tu aufetkrek tb vbrá bm vevk, a travås fb na
gájara fbn gkjputafkr. Oaz uma prbsbmtage÷m fb jáxejk gemgk jemutks
fkmfb bxpkmdas queåm brbs, queåm bs tu emvetafk y pkr quå bs um bxpbrtk bm
bn tbja. Mk oadas anarfb fb tus gkmkgejebmtks k bxpbrebmgea, pubfbs far na
ejprbse÷m fb sbr uma pbrskma prbpktbmtb y nk ümegk qub nkdrarás bs qub
jbmks pbrskmas pbrjambzgam bm na sana.
- Xkrgbmtalb fb rbtbmge÷m <  Gkm bstk jb rbiebrk an müjbrk fb pbrskmas
qub pbrjambgbrám bm na sana vertuan oasta bn ieman fb na gkmibrbmgea. Bm bstb
pumtk jb gkmsefbrk um bxpbrtk3 nkdrk qub bsb pkrgbmtalb nnbdub a um 52%,
nk qub bs bxgbnbmtb. »G÷jk nk nkdrk; Bsb bs um tbja qub tkgarå jás
afbnamtb.
-  Furage÷m <  Rsa prbsbmtagekmbs fb jáxejk uma okra para qub bn
aufetkrek mk sb gamsb.
- Wkrprbsas y/k @kmks Pbdanks <  Guamfk oa`najks fb g÷jk bnbvar bn
pkrgbmtalb fb rbtbmge÷m bm um sbjemarek bm vevk, na ikrja gkjk nk oadk bs
juy sbmgenna< Amumgek skrprbsas bm vevk para nas pbrskmas qub
pbrjambzgam oasta bn ieman fbn sbjemarek, pkr blbjpnk, na reia fb um
prkfugtk bmtrb nks qub sb qubfbm3 taj`eåm um fbsgubmtk sedmeiegatevk bm na
gkjpra fbn prkfugtk3 k um gkmibrbmgesta fb rbmkj`rb qub nnbda para oagbr
bn gebrrb, y/k far `kmks rbdanks fb ktrks prkfugtks qub bståm fbmtrk fbn
jesjk megok fb jbrgafk Bm je gask, je jbrgafk bs damar fembrk pkr
emtbrmbt y fbmtrk fb bsb jbrgafk tbmdk feibrbmtbs prkfugtks. Nk qub oadk,
bs kirbgbr um atragtevk paqubtb fkmfb k`sbquek andumks fb jes vefbk-
gursks para quebmbs fbgefam emdrbsar k gkjprar nk qub bstky prkjkvebmfk
bm vevk, amtbs fb uma ibgoa fbtbrjemafa. Bmtrb jás antk sba bn paqubtb fb
`kmks rbdanks, jás errbseste`nb sbrá na kibrta y nas vbmtas aujbmtarám bm um
tebjpk jbmkr.

- Xrbdumtas y rbspubstas <  Gkmtbsta tkfas nas prbdumtas fbn aufetkrek sknk

an ieman fb na prbsbmtage÷m, se mk oay jugoks asestbmtbs pubfbs far bn
 

jegr÷ikmk vertuan para qub ktrks oa`nbm y oadam sus prbdumtas, k se

prbiebrbs, pubfbs nbbr bm vkz anta na prbdumta, y nubdk far na rbspubsta gkm
bn k`lbtk qub tkfk bn aufetkrek vertuan sb rbtrkanejbmtb.
b- Obrrajebmta para vefbkgkmibrbmgeas bm vevk Xara
vevk Xara qub bn sestbja
iumgekmb gkm åxetk, bs ejpkrtamtb sbnbggekmar um `ubm skitwarb para nks
sbjemareks
tu bm vevk. Bsta
prejbr sbjemarek. obrrajebmta
Bm emtbrmbt bs uma pebza
bmgkmtrarás gnavbskitwarb
feibrbmtbs a na okraqub
fb namzar
pubfbm ayufartb bm bsta tarba. Bm je gask, ob prk`afk vareks, mk k`stamtb,
jb qub
qubfk
fk gkm
gkm Dktkjbbtemd.gkj .  We `ebm bs bn jás gkstksk fb tkfks,
taj`eåm bs bn jás prkibsekman. Vebmb na vbmtala fb qub pubfb usar uma sana
vertuan fb oasta gebm pbrskmas, pkr um jbs y sem padar um sknk f÷nar, bstk sb
gkmk
gk mkgb
gb ggkj
kjkk irbb trea n  , nk qub sb mks gkmvebrtb bm uma dram vbmtala para
oagbr uma prub`a.
Dktkjbbtemd.gk j  tb prkvbb fb tkfas nas bstafêstegas mbgbsareas a na okra
fb bvanuar nks rbsuntafks, gkjk skm< müjbrk fb asestbmtbs an sbjemarek,
tebjpk fbgkm
pbrskmas pbrjambmgea
jás emtbråsfby gafa
jugoaumkjás
bm emikrjage÷m
na sana,
s ana, prbdumtas rbanezafas,
fb vetan nas a
ejpkrtamgea
na okra fb bvanuar nks rbsuntafks.
Bn sbdumfk skitwarb
skitwarb qub rbgeb
rbgebmtbjbmtb
mtbjbmtb ob usafk sb nnaja  puravbmtala.g k
3 su gkstk bs jugok jás `alk qub bn amtbrekr, tebmb um pbrekfk fb prub`a
drates fb sebtb fêas y gubmta gkm sanas fb jêmejk gebm pbrskmas, nk guan bs
juy atragtevk para gkjbmzar, pbrk taj`eåm gubmta gkm sanas fb oasta
quemebmtas pbrskmas y bm je gkmgbptk sb prkybgta gkjk na gkjpbtbmgea
jás gbr
gbrgam
gamaa a Dktkjbbtemd.gkj.
Je rbgkjbmfage÷m, bs qub usbs aj`as aprkvbgoamfk bn tebjpk fb prub`a
drates y nubdk fbgefas qubfartb gkm na qub jás sb agkjkfb a tu dustk y a
tu `knsennk.
i- Dra`age÷m fb Yefbkgkmibrbmgea
Mk tkfas nas pbrskmas qub sb emsgre`am para tu sbjemarek asesterám. Na
raz÷m jás irbgubmtb, bs pkrqub sb nbs oa knvefafk k pkrqub a ünteja okra
sb nbs prbsbmta andüm emgkmvbmebmtb, pkr bsk bs juy ejpkrtamtb oagbr na
dra`age÷m fbn sbjemarek para qub nubdk na pubfas bmvear a tkfks nks
emsgretks.
Xara bsk, fb`bs gkmtar gkm umas obrrajebmtas qub tb pbrjeta dra`ar na
pamtanna fb tu
gajtasea.gk  jgkjputafkr b emtbdrb
 3 bs bn müjbrk umk a tu
na vkz.
okraBsb skitwarb
fb oagbr sb nnaja afbjás,
dra`agekmbs3 afbjás,
 

bs iágen fb usar, sknk bs gubste÷m fb pragtegar andumas okras para aprbmfbr a

jamblarnk y gkmvbrter tus sbjemareks bm gkmibrbmgeas prkibsekmanbs.
Pbgubrfa bn jamblk fb vkz, gnarefaf bm na prkmumgeage÷m, kjeter
rbdekmanesjks k bxprbsekmbs iubra fb gkmtbxtk asê gkjk tbmbr guefafk gkm
bn nbmdualb mk vbr`an.

d- Ybmta fb Wbjemareks bm Yevk

Guamfk na emikrjage÷m qub kirbgbs bm bn sbjemarek bm vevk bs fb juy anta
ganefaf y bxgnuseva, kirbgb sknk andumks sbjemareks drates bm vevk, para
nubdk oagbr fb bsta emikrjage÷m um emikprkfugtk qub pubfbs vbmfbr a
travåss fb prkdraj
travå prkdrajas
as fb aiene
aieneafks
afks gkj
gkjkk Gnegc`amc.gkj k  Xayfktgkj.gk j
.
Nk ejpkrtamtb bs mk pbrfbr bn bmikqub fb tu k`lbtevk premgepan< vbmfbr bn
prkfugtk k sbrvegek qub kirbgbs fbmtrk fbn sbjemarek bm vevk, y mk bn
sbjemarek bm sê. Gkm bstk, jb rbiebrk a qub bn prbgek para asester an
sbjemarek mk fb`b sbr juy antk. Afbjás, fb`bs kirbgbr uma gkjese÷m
atragteva a nks aieneafks, sudebrk um 48% jêmejk, fb bsa ikrja sb grba uma
bspbgeb fb jarcbtemd veran fkmfb bn jás `bmbiegeafk brbs tü jesjk, pkrqub
bstás aujbmtamfk tu prkpea nesta fb prkspbgtks sem emvbrter um sknk f÷nar bm
pu`negefaf me jbrgafbk. An ieman tebmbs um prkfugtk fkmfb tkfks damam.
 

Vbrgbra Xartb
Bn MBDKGEK XBPIBGVK BM EMVBPMBV
Objks nnbdafk a na partb fbn ne`rk fkmfb tb rbvbnk bn sestbja pbribgtk para
oagbrr fembr
oagb fembrkk bm emt
emtbrmb
brmbt.
t. „Guamfk nkdrbs grbar um sestbja fb mbdkgek qub
tb prkfuzga um inulk fb emdrbsk jbmsuan, supbrekr a tus dastks, sem
fbsjblkrar tu bstenk fb vefa, bmtkmgbs sbrás ne`rb‚ 6 .  Bsta irasb fb Pk`brt
Ceyksace, rbspkmfb aprkpeafajbmtb
aprkpeafajbmtb na gubste÷m fb pkr quå gkmsefbrk qub
tbmdk bn sestbja pbribgtk para oagbr fembrk bm emtbrmbt. Bstb bs bn sestbja
pbribgtk pkrqub bs na ümega ikrja qub ob bmgkmtrafk para grbar um mbdkgek
s÷nefk, rbmta`nb y qub jb fa um inulk gkmstamtb fb fembrk, fearek, jbmsuan y
amuan. Nk jblkr fb tkfk, bs qub bstb sestbja fb mbdkgek nk pubfbs grbar
kirbgebmfk skitwarb, jubstras, prkfugtks, sbrvegeks
sbrvegeks y tkfk nk qub tb
ejadembs, fb ikrja dratueta, k bm andumks gasks, gkm bn padk sknk fb nks
gkstks fb jamblk y bmve÷, y um pbrekfk fb prub`a fb gatkrgb, trbemta k
sbsbmta fêas.
Bm je gkmgbptk, bsta bs uma fb nas ikrjas jás avamzafas fb oagbr um
jbrgafbk rbanjbmtb errbseste`nb
errbseste`nb bm emtbrmbt, bm bn qub sb bnejema bn rebsdk
para bn gnebmtb y taj`eåm para quebm prkjubvb nks prkfugtks k sbrvegeks
fb`efk a qub uma vbz sb dama uma gkjese÷m, mk oay ikrja fb qub na
pebrfas, aüm se na pbrskma blbrgb na daramtêa. Guamfk asestas a je sbjemarek
bm  JeJbmtkr.emi  k  ,  tb jkstrarå jás fbtannbs, andumas dráiegas y
müjbrks fb tkfk nk qub sb pubfb nkdrar gkm bstb sestbja.
6 Pk`brt V. Ceyksace gkm Woarkm N. nbgotbr ,   Pbtêratb
 Pbtêratb lkvbm y reg k  ,
Aduenar, @ubmks Aerbs, 0889.

Na prbdumta qub surdb guamfk bxpkmdk bn gkmgbptk fbn mbdkgek bm je

sbjemarek bs< »Xkr quå uma bjprbsa bstá fespubsta a padarmks pkr kirbgbr
prkfugtks k sbrvegeks drates k qub gubmtam gkm um pbrekfk fb prub`a para
bn gnebmtb; Na rbspubsta bs rbanjbmtb sejpnb3 tb vam a padar pkr ayufar a
gkmstruer `asbs fb fatks fb gnebmtbs pktbmgeanb
pktbmgeanbss para bsas bjprbsas y mk
pkr oagbr vbmtas.
Bs uma i÷rjuna „dama-dama‚3 na bjprbsa afquebrb um prkspbgtk, y tü damas
uma gkjese÷m pkr bn tra`alk, mk tebmbs qub prbkgupartb pkr se bxestb vbmtas
k mk, emfbpbmfebmtb fb bsk ya damas tu gkjese÷m sem ejpkrtar se bsa
pbrskma fb
sestbja bstájbrgafbk
emtbrbsafa k mk
jás bm gkjprar
rbmta`nb, andk. gkmkgbm
pubs bnnks Xara nas bjprbsas bs um
sus bstafêstegas,
 

prkspbgtks y se um gnebmtb qub nbs gkjpra andk. Na bmkrjb vbmtala fb bstb

sestbja fb jbrgafbk, gkjparafk gkm nks prkdrajas fb aieneafks, bs qub
annê fb`êas tbmbr jêmejk gebm prkspbgtks amtbs fb tam sequebra nkdrar fb uma
a fks vbmtas jáxejk3 afbjás, gkm bn rebsdk fb qub se sb s b bibgtua`a uma
fbvknuge÷m fbn prkfugtk k sbrvegek qub bsta`as prkjkvebmfk jbfeamtb
andumk fb nks prkdrajas fb aieneafks amtbs fb trbemta fêas, tu pbrfbrêas mk
sknk na gkjese÷m, semk tu tebjpk, bsiubrzk y nks gkstks fb pu`negefaf qub
dastastb, para nnbvar bsks gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs a bsa pádema wb`.
Aokra, pkr bn gkmtrarek, gkm bstb sestbja fb mbdkgek damas fembrk fbsfb bn
prejbr prkspbgtk qub sb susgre`a k rbanegb uma agge÷m bspbgêiega gkjk
nnbmar um ikrjunarek, fbsgardar um skitwarb k sknegetar um prkfugtk
padamfk sknk gkstks fb jamblk y bmvêk. Fb aoê, qub a bstb sestbja fb
mbdkgek sb nb gkmkgb gkjk GXA -Gkstk Xkr Agge÷m- Jarcbtemd. Bn
gkmgbptk fb jbrgafbk bs tam pkfbrksk y bibgtevk qub emgnusk, nks
prkdrajas fb vbmtas pkr tbnbvese÷m ya nk utenezam, asê qub mk tb bxtrañbs
guamfk vbas bn jesjk prkfugtk qub prkjubvbs bm emtbrmbt bm uma
gajpaña fb pu`negefaf pkr tbnbvese÷m.
Nks süpbr aieneafks qub prkjubvbm kibrtas GXA damam bmtrb $28.888 a
$1.888.888 fb f÷narbs pkr jbs. Xbsb a qub bstks müjbrks mk skm iágenbs fb
grbbr, tb amejk a qub uma vbz tb umas a bstb mbdkgek prbdumtbs a tu dbrbmtb
fb mbdkgeks guámtk damam bm gkjesekmbs sus jblkrbs aieneafks3 tb
skrprbmfbrás gkm nks müjbrks y na gamtefaf fb pbrskmas qub nk nkdram jbs
a jbs. Guamfk tb bmtbrbs fb nas geiras, tb farás gubmta qub bsta bs uma
emfustrea qub jubvb jenbs fb jennkmbs fb f÷narbs pkr añk.
Na prbste
prbstedeksa
deksa rbves
rbvesta
ta  Ikrtumb 28 8  pu`nega amuanjbmtb nas quemebmtas
bjprbsas gkm jaykr gamtefaf fb vbmtas bm Bstafks Rmefks, se brbs uma
pbrskma gureksa b emvbstedas um pkgk jás, bmgkmtrarás qub bm bstb nestafk
sb bmgubmtra jás fb uma bjprbsa qub prkjubvb sus prkfugtks k sbrvegeks
usamfk gkjk pnataikrja fb jbrgafbk nas rbfbs GXA. Aokra `ebm, »Quå
pasarêa se afegekman a tkfk nk amtbrekr tb fedk qub pubfbs gkmstruer um
mbdkgek gkm jbrgafbk GXA sem bsgre`er um sknk avesk pu`negetarek, sem
grbar uma skna pádema wb`, sem bsgre`er uma garta fb vbmtas y sem tbmbr uma
nesta; »Bjpebzas a bmtbmfbr pkr quå bs bn mbdkgek pbribgtk; Aquê fb`bs
tbmbr juy gnark bn para quå vas a gkmstruer bstb mbdkgek, fbspuås, tb vky a
jkstrar gkm nulk fb fbtannbs bn g÷jk nk vas oagbr.
Bm jes jás fb sbes añks fb bxpbrebmgea bm jbrgafbk pkr emtbrmbt ob
prk`afk fb tkfk, ob emvbrtefk bm nks tepks fb pu`negefaf jás bxtrañks y
sk`rb tkfk ob pbrfefk gebmtks fb f÷narbs bm prub`as qub mk oam
 

iumgekmafk, tb farás gubmta guamfk asestas a je sbjemarek bm vevk bm bn

setek JeJbmtkr.emi  k  . Annê, tb jkstrarå andumas prub`as fb pamtanna fb
emdrbsks fkmfb nas gksas mk oam iumgekmafk juy `ebm, pbrk taj`eåm ktras
fkmfb nks emdrbsks oam sefk bxgbnbmtbs. Nk fbiemetevk agá, bs qub mk fb`bs
„rbemvbmtar na rubfa‚ para grbar tu prkpek sestbja, me prk`ar andk mubvk
qub mk sa`bs se va a iumgekmar y qub se tb pubfb gkstar tebjpk y fembrk, nk
qub sudebrk qub fb`bs oagbr bs gkpear nk qub ya iumgekma para jê k para
jugoas ktras pbrskmas. Bm je gask, nk jás emtbnedbmtb qub ob pkfefk oagbr
bs sbduer a je jbmtkr, sbmgennajbm
sbmgennajbmtbtb pkrqub ån tebmb aüm jás bxpbrebmgea
qub yk3 afbjás, pubfb oagbr prub`as fb jbrgafbk emvertebmfk jugok jás
fembrk fbn qub yk pkfrêa emvbrter.
Na efba fb bstb mbdkgek mk bs sbr bn jás nestk semk bn qub jblkr sb gkpea, y
bstb üntejk bs quebm oará jás fembrk. Xubfb skmar bxtrañk, na raz÷m, bs qub
skjks bfugafks prbgesajbmtb para nk gkmtrarek. Pbgubrfas quå fbgêam tus
pafrbs k prkibskrbs guamfk e`as an gknbdek< „gkpear bs jank‚, „se tb vbk
gkpeamfk pebrfbs bn bxajbm‚ y ktras irasbs sejenarbs. Fb aoê qub mubstra
jbmtb bstá prkdrajafa para bstar emvbmtamfk „rbgbtas fb mbdkgek‚ k para
jkfeiegar sestbjas qub ya iumgekmam. Wem bj`ardk, a parter fb aokra tb
autkrezk a qub gkpebs bstb sestbja fb mbdkgek3 gkpea bn åxetk. We nk oagbs
gkrrbgtajbmtb,, mk sknk nkdrarás andumks f÷narbs bxtras an jbs, semk tu
gkrrbgtajbmtb
ne`brtaf iemamgebra b emgnusk pubfbs nnbdar a sbr regk.
Bsta partb fbn ne`rk bs na qub fb`ê gkmkgbr guamfk fbgefê oagbr fembrk bm
emtbrmbt. Xkr bstk tb amejk a qub bstb sba um jatbrean fb gkmsunta gkmstamtb3
afbjás, a qub pasbs a na agge÷m asestebmfk prejbrk qub tkfk a je
sbjemarek pkr emtbrmbt. We tb gkmvebrtbs bm bn jblkr bstufeamtb fb bstb
sestbja y nubdk nk apnegas an peb fb na nbtra, mk jb ga`b na jbmkr fufa fb
qub nkdrarás bnnkåxetk
gkmiefbmgean3 nnajkbmbnemtbrmbt. Nk qub fb
g÷fedk sbgrbtk tb vky a rbvbnar bm
nks mbdkgeks bs emtbrmbt.
antajbmtb

Guamfk aprbmfas a oagbr fembrk gkm bstb sestbja

s estbja pasarás fb na jasa fb
dbmtb qub nk emtbmta a na qub nkdra bn åxetk bm emtbrmbt, y nk jblkr, pkfrás
sbr gatankdafk y sbmtertb gkjk um rban bxpbrtk, k gkjk sb fegb bm emtbrmbt
„um durü‚3 bs fbger, oa`rás nkdrafk nk qub jugoks subñam< Rm tra`alk a
tebjpk pargean fkmfb bn fembrk emdrbsa, sem vbmfbr andk, sem tbmbr uma
pádema wb`, me uma nesta fb susgreptkrbs y sknk a travås fbn usk fbn emtbrmbt.
Yky a bjpbzar pkr rbvbnartb uma i÷rjuna para sbr um bjprbmfbfkr fb åxetk
bm emtbrmbt<
B:E+A+A
 

Nk amtbrekr sedmeiega< ( B ) Bn Åxetk bm emtbrmbt3 ( : ) bs eduan a3 ( E ) Emvbrter

bm tu jbmtb3 ( A ) Aprbmfbr fb quebmbs oam nkdrafk bn åxetk3 ( A ) para
nubdk Apnegar nk aprbmfefk. Mk tb asustbs gkm bn tårjemk „Emvbrter‚.
Mubstra jbmtb askgea bsta pana`ra gkm rebsdk k jugok fembrk, nk guan mk bs
gebrtk. Bm na jbfefa bm qub fbsarrknnbs gkrrbgtajbmtb bstb mbdkgek,
aprbmfbrás gkjk k`tbmbr rbmta`enefafb
rbmta`enefafbss emejadema`nbs gkm emvbrsekmbs
refêgunas fb fembrk, fb jbmks fb um gbmtavk fb f÷nar. »G÷jk bs pkse`nb
nkdrar bstk; Fb na ikrja jás sbmgenna3 gkjpramfk tráiegk fb pana`ras k
seteks wb` a prbgeks juy `alks para nubdk vbmfbrnks a prbgeks jás antks.
Bstk, sb gkmkgb bm bn jumfk fb nks mbdkgeks gkjk „Ar`etralb‚.
Bstk jb rbgubrfa
rbgubrfa a Pk`brt C
Ceyksace
eyksace guamfk fegb< „ We quebrbs oagbr
fembrk mk gkjprbs a prbgeks antks para nubdk emtbmtar vbmfbr a um prbgek
jaykr, gkjpra a prbgeks `alks para nubdk vbmfbr a prbgeks fb jbrgafk y
asê oarás fembrk‚ 2
Bsta bs uma rbdna fb krk bm nks mbdkgeks, bspbgeanjbmtb bm nks mbdkgeks bm
emtbrmbt, rbgubrfa
jêmejk fbtannb qubrbanefaf
se bm fb`bs gkmkgbr
quebrbs nks müjbrks
oagbr fbn åxetk
`ubm fembrk. oasta
Bstb bm bn jás
sestbja
apnega para guanquebr pbrskma qub tbmda uma anta åtega fb tra`alk, ib,
fbtbrjemage÷m y uma bxgbnbmtb agtetuf. Xkr bn rbstk mk tb fb`bs prbkgupar,
mk oay prk`nbja se mk tebmbs gkmkgejebmtks tågmegks
tågmegks bm emtbrmbt k se mumga
oas obgok um f÷nar bm bstb tepk fb mbdkgeks, bn sestbja tb jkstrará g÷jk
oagbrnk pask a pask.
Na partb jás feiêgen fb grbbr para jugoks mubvks bjprbmfbfkrbs bm
emtbrmbt, bs nk rbibrbmtb a nas damamgeas jkmbtareas gkm bstb sestbja, qub
pasam pkr geiras gkjk $288, $1.888 k $2.888 f÷narbs pkr fêa. Bmtebmfk bsa
partb, pkrqub taj`eåm nk vevê, mk pkfêa grbbr qub bm um sknk fêa oaya
nkdrafk emdrbsks fb oasta $1.088 f÷narbs, guamfk bm
2 Pk`brt V. Ceyksace gkm Woarkm N. nbgotbr ,   pafrb
 pafrb regk pafrb
k`r b  , Vejb amf Jkmby Mbtwkrcs Bfetekms, @ubmks Aerbs, 0881.

je tra`alk trafegekman bsb jkmtk fb fembrk jb pkfêa nnbdar a tkjar quemgb

fêas k jás. Wem bj`ardk, tb amejk a qub bjpebgbs rápefajbmtb a tra`alar
bm tu jbmtb, a pkmbrtb uma jbta fb emdrbsks fearea qub sba grbê`nb para te,
pbrk qub sba juy supbrekr a nk qub damas oky bm fêa. Xkr blbjpnk, pubfbs
tkjar gkjk jbta $188 f÷narbs/fêa, se nnbvas na geira a jbsbs bsk sedmeiega

um
pkremdrbsk fb $7.888
bsk bs qub f÷narbs/jbs.
bs jblkr Bsa geira
fevefer na jbta a fêaspkr se skna
pkrqub bsbyamüjbrk
pubfb asustartb,
bs jás
 

grbê`nb para tu jbmtb3 sujafk a bnnk, nnbvas um gkmtrkn a fearek, efban para
nkdrar rbsuntafks.
Bm um mbdkgek trafegekman pbmsar bm nkdrar bsas geiras bm um gkrtk tebjpk
pubfb sbr feiêgen3 pkr bn gkmtrarek, bm emtbrmbt bxestbm gebmtks fb
bjprbmfbfkrbs damamfk geiras jaykrbs an añk, y bm f÷narbs. Nk qub
sugbfb bs qub
amdnk. Wem na jaykrêa
bj`ardk, ya bsfb bsas
okra fboestkreas fb åxetk
qub bn jumfk bstám bm
gkmkzga fbbnqub
jbrgafk
bstajks
obgoks nks oespamks3 tu oestkrea fb åxetk fb`b sbr gkmkgefa y pkr bsk a nk
nardk fbn ne`rk oas nbêfk andumas fb bnnas para qub tb servam fb emsperage÷m.
Gkm tkfk nk amtbrekr, nk qub ob qubrefk fbger bs qub mk mbgbsetas jugoas
okras fb tu tebjpk k jugok fembrk para gkjbmzar a tbmbr åxetk bm emtbrmbt
se aprbmfbs y apnegas bn sestbja fb ikrja gkrrbgta.
Gkm bsta ikrja fb oagbr fembrk mk tbmfrás qub `usgar jás kpgekmbs fb
mbdkgek vertuanbs. Oas bmtrafk an lubdk fb nks mbdkgeks bm emtbrmbt, fkmfb
sb jubvbm jennkmbs fb f÷narbs bm pu`negefaf.
Amtbs fb oa`nar bm fbtannb fb bstb sestbja fb mbdkgek, rbgubrfa qub bn åxetk
fb bstb, bstá bm na prbje
prbjesa
sa sejpnb fbn mmbdkgek
bdkgek fb „ar`etralb‚<
„ar`etralb‚< Gkjprar
`alk y vbmfbr ant  k  .
1 -  Jktkrbs
 Jktkrbs fb @üsqubfa
Nks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa tebmbm jennkmbs fb gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs qub
vesetam tkfk tepk fb seteks wb` a fearek, gnarajbmtb, skm uma `ubma iubmtb
para bmgkmtrar nks gnebmtbs qub mbgbsetajks para mubstras kibrtas GXA. Wem
bj`ardk, oay qub tbmbr guefafk bm g÷jk tra`alar fb ikrja gkrrbgta gkm
gafa umk fb bnnks. Aokra `ebm, bs mbgbsarek qub sbpas qub pkr bn jkjbmtk
mk fb`bs pbmsar bm tra`alar gkm Dkkdn b  , ya qub, gkjk gkjbmtå, mk nb
emtbrbsa me tu fembrk me bn jêk y rápefajbmtb tü gubmta pubfb sbr gamgbnafa.
Na `ubma
`ubma mkt
mktegea
egea,, bs qu
qubb Dkkdn b  mk tebmb bn 188% fbn tráiegk fb nks
jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa bm emtbrmbt, su partegepage÷m agtuan bquevanb an 96%
aprkxejafajbmtb.
aprkxejafajbm tb. Asê qub pubfbs tra`alar gkm nks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa
qub tebmbm bn 79% rb rbstamtb,
stamtb, tan
tanbs
bs gkjk< Uaok k  , para andumks paêsbs fb
Natemk
Nat emkajå
ajåreg
rega3
a3 @em d  , para paêsbs
paêsbs am
amdnksa
dnksalkmb
lkmbs3
s3 4sbarg o  3 Ak n  3 bmtrb
ktrks. Bstks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa sê tb pbrjetbm oagbr pu`negefaf para
kibrtas GXA, gkm pknêtegas qub skm jás inbxe`nbs, pbrk qub fb`bs gujpner
se fbsbas pbrjambgbr gkm gafa umk fb bnnks jás tebjpk.

We jb prbdumtas
4sbargo.gkj  .  Wepkr guán
`ebm su fb bnnksmk
tráiegk fb`brêas
bs fb nagkjbmzar, yk tb sê
jblkr ganefaf, ferêa qub pkr
prkfugb
 

`ubmas gkmvbrsekmbs, y nk jblkr, bs qub bmgkmtrarás pana`ras a prbgeks tam

`alks gkjk $8.81 f÷narbs. Afbjás, tb pbrjetbm usar tu nemc fb aieneafk fb
ikrja ferbgta para rb-ferbggekmar a na kibrta GXA qub mbgbsetbs, nk guan bs
uma bmkrjb vbmtala, ya qub mk tbmfrás qub oagbr memduma pádema wb` nk
qub sedmeiega aokrrk fb tebjpk. Ktra vbmtala, bs qub tb pbrjetbm padar na
pu`negefa
pu`negefaff gkm tu gubm
gubmta
ta  paypa n  3 bxedbm, para gkjbmzar, um jkmtk fb
jêmejk $02 f÷narbs para na apbrtura fb tu gubmta.
Guamfk oay
Guamfk oayas
as ffkjema
kjemafk
fk 4sbargo.gk j  , bm paranbnk, pubfbs bjpbzar a
tra`al
tra`alar
ar gkm @emd.gkj ,  se fbsbas pu`negefaf para nks paêsbs amdnksalkmbs3
k Uaokk.gkj ,  bm gask fb qub fbsbbs pu`negefaf para andumks paêsbs fb
Natemkajårega.
Pbgebmtb
Pbgeb mtbjbm
jbmtb,
tb, @emd.gk j  oa gaj`eafk sus pknêtegas, aokra fb`bs sbr jás
guefafksk a na okra fb grbar tus avesks y nnbvar gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs a tus
kibrtas GXA. Na gkmfege÷m müjbrk umk, bs qub fb`bs oagbr uma pádema
wb` gkm emikrjage÷m rbnbvamtb amtbs fb gknkgar tu nemc fb aieneafk, fb bsa
ik
ikrj a, @emd.gk
rja,
jkstrar  j  ganeiegará
tus avesks. Xkr memdümgafa uma fb
jktevk tus apana`ras
vayas usar tu ynemc
gkjbmzará a fb
fb aieneafk
ikrja ferbgta, k tu gubmta sbrá gamgbnafa. Wujafk a bstk, bn tráiegk qub
bmgubmtras, bs fb jaykr ga ganefaf
nefaf an fb 4sbargo.gk j  y nas gkmvbrsekmbs
skm jblkrbs. Bm nk ümegk qub fb`bs tbmbr guefafk, bs sa`br guámtk padar
pkr gneg, fb`efk a qub na gkjpbtbmgea bs jaykr y bmgkmtrarás pana`ras bm
nas guanbs bn gkstk pkr gneg bs juy antk, asê qub mk tra`albs gkm bsas
pana`ras, se mk quebrbs pbrfbr rápefajbmtb tu fembrk. Oaznk sknajbmtb
s knajbmtb
guamfk ya fkjembs bstb jktkr fb `üsqubfa y guamfk tbmdas `ubm fembrk
para emvbrter.
Nubdk fb tbmbr nestas tus gubmtas para oagbr pu`negefaf bm nks jktkrbs fb
`üsqubfa, bs ejpkrtamtb fbiemer quå vas a bsgre`er bm tus avesks
pu`negetareks y g÷jk nk oarás. Xkr aokra, mk tb prbdumtbs qub tepk fb
prkfugtk vas a prkjkgekmar, bsk nk rbsknvbrå jás afbnamtb.
Amtbs fb gkmtemuar quebrk oagbr aquê um paråmtbses, bstb ne`rk bs tb÷regk
prágtegk, asê qub tb sudebrk qub nk nbas pkr nk jbmks trbs vbgbs. Ua bm na
sbdumfa vbz, gkjebmza a emdrbsar a tkfks nks seteks wb` qub tb bstky
suderebmfk3 afbjás, se asestbs an sbjemarek bm
 JeJbmtkr.emi  k  pkfrás fedbrer jugok jás iágen tkfk nk qub bstás nbybmfk.
Gkjk bsta`a gkjbmtamfk, guamfk gkjebmzas a tra`alar bm na grbage÷m fb
avesks
bsgre`er,para
parajktkrbs fb `üsqubfa,
qub atraeda bs fb
na atbmge÷m ejpkrtamtb sa`br
nks gnebmtbs quå tbxtkyvas
pktbmgeanbs a
oadam
 

gneg. Bstk sb rbsubnvb rápefajbmtb gkpeamfk a nks jblkrbs. Nk qub fb`bs

oagbr, bs apnegar umas sbmgennas tågmegas fb „bspekmalb nbdan‚, fkmfb
rastrbas qub bstám oagebmfk nks fbjás y nubdk fbgefbs guán avesk gkpear.
Nas obrrajebmtas qub tb vky a jkstrar a gkmtemuage÷m, apnegam para
guanquebr jktkr fb `üsqubfa k fb rbf fb gkmtbmefk fkmfb fbsbas qub sb
vbam tus avesks pu`negetareks, eduanjbmtb, tb vam a sbrver para tbmbr uma
rbibrbmgea fb g÷jk bsgre`er tus prkpeks amumgeks, k bm jugoks gasks,
bsgkdbr an qub tb parbzga jblkr y gkpearnk<
ottp<//gtrnq.krd/samf`kx/ 
Bstb setek wb` tb pbrjetb vbr nks avesks qub sb jubstram bm tkfa na rbf fb
gkmtbm
gkm tbmefk
efk fb Dkkdn b  . Bsta rbf, sb rbiebrb a tkfks aqubnnks avesks qub
oa`rás vestk guamfk mavbdas bm andumks `nkd, pádemas fb gnaseiegafks,
pbre÷fegks k guanquebr ktrk setek fkmfb aparbgbm avesks pu`negetareks fb
Dkkdn b  . Na raz÷m pkr na guan tkjk gkjk rbibrbmgea bsks avesks, bs
pkrqub an bsgre`er tbxtk pu`negetarek para na rbf fb gkmtbmefk rbquebrb sbr
jás emdbmeksks qub se nk bsgre`bs para na rbf fb `üsqubfa, ya qub bstks
avesks skm vestks pkr pbrskmas qub bstám mavbdamfk pkr uma pádema wb` k
nbybmfk anduma emikrjage÷m fb su emtbrås3 bs fbger, su bmikqub mk bs
`usgar andk bspbgêiegk, gkjk bm bn gask fbn jktkr fb `üsqubfa.
ottp<//dkkdnb.gkj
Na ikrja jás iágen fb bmgkmtrar na gkjpbtbmgea bs bsgre`ebmfk uma pana`ra
rbnagekmafa gkm
gkm nk qub `usgas, bm na obrraj
obrrajebmta
ebmta fb Dkkdn b  fbn paês qub
mbgbsetas emvbstedar.
emvbstedar. Xa
Xara
ra bn bl
blbjpnk,
bjpnk, ob tkjafk Dkkdnb Bstafks Rmefk s
, pbrk se mbgbsetas
mbgbsetas ktrk paês, `usga guán bs bn
bn fkjemek fb Dkkdnb para ån.
Rma vbz nk oadas vbrás nk seduebmtb<
 

Bmgbrrafk bm ÷vanks bstám nks avesks pu`negetareks qub padam para aparbgbr
bm Dkkdn b  . Rma vbz nks bmgubmtras, nk qub fb`bs oagbr, bs uma ta`na bm
Bxgbn fkmfb gknkgas na ibgoa bm qub vestb bn avesk, bsgre`b gkm quå pana`ra
nk bmgkmtrastb y gkpeas bxagtajbmtb tkfk bn tbxtk fbn avesk y bn fkjemek k
setek wb` qub oagb na pu`negefaf. Nubdk fb bsk, rbdrbsa a nks kgok, quemgb
y trbemta fêas a gobqubar guanbs fb bsks aüm aparbgbm. Asê, rápefajbmtb
oegestb uma emvbstedage÷m fb jbrgafk fb um prkfugtk bspbgêiegk. Mk
k`stamtb, se nk qub fbsbas bs tbmbr uma rbibrbmgea para bsgre`er um avesk
pu`negetarek fb tu prkpebfaf, bm ktrk jktkr fb `üsqubfa, bmtkmgbs, gkpea bn
qub jás tb dustb y nestk. Nk pubfbs oagbr bm guanquebr efekja.
ottp<//gkmvbrsekm.4sbargo.gkj/sgrepts/afvbrtesbrtkkns/cbywkrfsuddbste
Bsta obrrajebmta
obrrajebmta iumgekma bspbgêiegajbmtb
bspbgêiegajbmtb para pu`negefa
pu`negefaff bm 4sbargo.gk
j  , nk jblkr, bs qub aquê mk sknajbmtb tb arrkla bn müjbrk aprkxejafk fb
`üsqubfas y gnegs pkse`nbs, semk qub afbjás, tb fegb guámtk bstám padamfk
tus gkjpbtefkrbs pkr gafa uma fb nas pana`ras k irasbs gnavbs, fb agubrfk a
na pksege÷m bm na qub aparbgbm.
ottp<//gkmvbrsekm.4sbargo.gkj/sgrepts/afvbrtesbrtkkns/vebwgpg.aspx;
q:pbrfbr pbsk
Bsta obrraje
obrrajebmta
bmta,, taj`e
taj`eåm
åm fb 4sbargo.gk j  , tb pbrjetb gkmkgbr gafa umk
fb nks avesks pu`negetareks qub aparbgbm para uma pana`ra bspbgêiega, lumtk
gkm bn prbgek qub bstám padamfk para aparbgbr bm uma pksege÷m bspbgêiega.
Gkjk amtbs nk jbmgekma`a, usa na tågmega `ásega fb bspekmalb para sa`br
quå oagb na gkjpbtbmgea y para efbmteiegar rápefajbmtb guánbs skm nas
pana`ras qub prkfugbm fembrk.
ottp<//www.cbywkrfspy.gkj/ 
Bsta obrrajebmta tb jubstra bspbgêiegajbmtb nks avesks qub bstám pautamfk
bm Dkkdn b  , nk qub bs juy vaneksk, ya qub pubfbs usarna para bxtrabr nks
jblkrbs avesks y gkpearnks bm ktrks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa. Afbjás, pbrjetb
sa`br guámtas `üsqubfas jbmsuanbs tebmb y guámtk tebjpk nnbva
aparbgebmfk um fbtbrjemafk avesk pu`negetarek gkm bsa pana`ra.
Dbmbranjbmtb, nas pana`ra
Dbmbranjbmtb, pana`rass gkm nas guanb
guanbss `usga uma pbrskma bm Dkkdn b
skm nas jesjas gkm nas qub `usgarám bm ktrk jktkr fb `üsqubfa, k pkr nk
jbmks tb fará uma efba fb pkr f÷mfb fb`bs gkjbmzar. Bsta obrrajebmta
tebmb uma vbrse÷m pada, pbrk bm je gask mumga na ob usafk3 na emikrjage÷m
qub fa drates bs suiegebmtb para bmgkmtrar jás y jás pana`ras y avesks.
0 -  Iagb`kkc
 Iagb`kkc
 

Guamffk Dkkdn b  gaj`e÷ sus pknêtegas para oagbr pu`negefaf bm kgtu`rb

Guam
fbn añk 0818, je mbdkgek fbsaparbge÷ pkr gkjpnbtk, bm bsb jesjk emstamtb
bsta`a fesirutamfk fb uma bxgbnbmtbs vagagekmbs lumtk a jê bspksa, y
gkjpartebmfk gkm je jbmtkr y su iajenea bm um Pbskrt fb na gafbma Oentkm,
bm Xubrtk Pegk. Bstk para jê iub uma `bmfege÷m, ya qub ån bsta`a
bxpbrejbmtamfk nk jesjk qub yk3 mk k`stamtb, mk parbgêa prbkguparnb.
Na raz÷m, bra qub ån ya sa`êa nk qub e`a a pasar gkm Dkkdn b  , pkr bsk,
jbsbs atrás, oa`êa gkjbmzafk a prk`ar b emvbrter iubrtbs sujas fb fembrk
bm mubvas ikrjas fb oagbr pu`negefaf fb uma jambra sejpnb. Jás afbnamtb
gkmkgbrás guán bs bn sestbja sbgrbtk qub fbsgu`re÷, bn guan bs na `asb fb je
mbdkgek agtuan y bn jktevk gbmtran pkr bn guan fbgefê bsgre`er bstb ne`rk.
Xkr sudbrbmgea fb je jbmtkr, jebmtras bspbra`a na mubva ikrja fb oagbr
pu`negefaf, bjpbgå a tra`alar juy iubrtb bm nks ktrks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa
qub tb gkjbmtå.
gkjbmtå. A
Asê
sê qub, bbjpbgå
jpbgå a pautar bm  Iagb`kk c  3 an gkjebmzk,
gkjk tkfk, mk iub mafa iágen. Jugoa pårfefa fb fembrk y juy pkgk
emdrbsk
para pkr kibrtas
bmgkmtrar GXA. Wem
je prejbra bj`ardk,
„jema jebmib Iagb`kk
fb krk‚ y pbrsestbmgea
 c  , na iubrkm
guan tb gnavbs
prbsbmtarå jás afbnamtb gkjk gask fb bstufek, tb rbvbnarå bn avesk y na
kibrta bxagta qub jb prkfulbrkm gase $06.888 f÷narbs bm jbmks fb guatrk
jbsbs. Wk`ra fbgertb
fbgertb pkr quå fb`bs oagbr pu`n
pu`negefaf
egefaf bm  Iagb`kk c  , tam
sknk sus jás fb ?88 jennkmbs fb usuareks ya bs uma raz÷m suiegebmtb3
sujafk a bstk, sa`br qub gafa pbrskma a mevbn jumfean qub emdrbsa a
 Iagb`kk c  gkmsujb bm prkjbfek kgok okras an jbs. We tb dustam nas
jatbjátegas,
jatbjátega s, pubfbs nnbdar a na gkmgnuse÷m fb qub, bm prkjbfek, na
pk`nage÷m fbn jumfk, gkmsujb sbsbmta y guatrk jen jennkmbs fb okras, an
jbs, fbmtrk fb bsta rbf skgean. Bsks müjbrks skm na bmvefea fb guanquebr
mbdkgek,
mbdkgek, asê
pbmsamfk bm qu
qub
b mk bs
mubvas fb bxtra
bxtrañar
ikrjas fb ñar qub  Iagb`kkc 
rbmta`enezar  ,  fêa
tkfk bsb a fêa,qub
tebjpk bstå
sb
gkmsujb, y pkr quå mk, bm tbmbr su prkpek jktkr fb `üsqubfa.
Gkm bsb tebjpk fb gkmsujk y bsa gamtefaf fb pbrskmas, sb pubfb prbsbmtar
tkfk tepk fb avesks pu`negetareks fb prkfugtks y sbrvegeks, qub kirbgbm nas
rbfbs GXA y nks prkdrajas fb aieneafks. Bsk, sem tbmbr bm gubmta, qub
guamfk bstås nbybmfk bstb ne`rk bn müjbrk fb usuareks ya oa`rá
aujbmtamfk. Xkr bsk, gafa vbz qub anduebm jás a`rb uma gubmta bm
 Iagb`kk c  k gkmsujb jás tebjpk fbn prkjbfek jb satesiagb
bmkrjbjbmtb, ya qub jes prk`a`enefafbs fb oagbr fembrk aujbmtam.
Bn lubdk fbn fembrk bs asê, jebmtras umks dastam su tebjpk y fembrk bm kgek
y bm bn bmtrbtbmejebmtk, ktrks damajks fembrk fbn kgek y bn
 

bmtrbtbmejebmtk.
Je emvetage÷m, bs a qub tb umas an sbdumfk drupk, se bs qub fbsbas sbr ne`rb
iemamgebrajbmtb,
iemamgebrajbm tb, bsk apnega mk sknk an tebjpk qub gkmsujbs fbmtrk fb
 Iagb`kkc  ,  semk taj`eåm, an tebjpk qub gkmsujbs bm agtevefafbs mk
prkfugtevas gkjk vbr mktegebrks k tbnbmkvbnas, bm gask fb qub nk oadas.
Nubdk fb nks åx
Nubdk åxetks
etks fb
fbmtrk
mtrk fb  Iagb`kk c  , fbgefk namzar umk fb jes
gursks jás ejpkrtamtbs y bxetksks nnajafk GkpeaJeMbdkgek.gk j  . Annê,
jubstrk na sbmgenna bstr
bstratbdea
atbdea para oagbr femb
fembrk
rk usamfk  Iagb`kk c  y
Ukutu` b  3 nks seteks skgeanbs gkm jaykr müjbrk fb vesetas bm emtbrmbt.
Xkr bsk se fbsbas gkmvbrtertb bm um bxpbrtk bm andumk fb bstks seteks, tb
sudebrk
sudebrk qub veset
vesetbs
bs GkpeaJeMbdkgek.gk j  , fkmfb pkfrás bmgkmtrar na
emikrjage÷m jás fbtannafa, fb tkfk bstb apasekmamtb tbja qub objks
vbmefk nbybmfk bm bstb ne`rk tbkregk-prágtegk.
 7 ‗ UkuVu`b

Rma fb jes obrrajebmtas iavkretas para nkdrar k`tbmbr tráiegk, para jes
prkpeks prkfugtks, kibrtas GXA y prkfugtks fb prkdrajas fb aieneafks skm
nks vefbks,
vefbks, bspb
bspbgean
geanjbmt
jbmtbb nks fb Ukutu`b.gk j  . Na raz÷m fb pkr quå nks
vefbks skm bxetksks gkjk obrrajebmta fb jbrgafbk, bs qub bstks
fesjemuybm bn drafk fb ejpbrskmanefaf qub sb sebmtb guamfk sb mavbda bm
uma pádema wb`, fkmfb jugoas vbgbs mk oay ikrja fb emtbragtuar. Nas
pbrskmas prbibrejks um gkmtbxtk jás skgea`nb, fb`efk a mubstra jesja
maturanbza, fb aoê qub, nks vêfbks mks emvknugram jás bm fegok gkmtbxtk
qub um jbmsalb bm uma pádema wb`.
Aokra `ebm, bm nk qub rbspbgta a na oestkrea fb nks vêfbks wb`, nas dramfbs
pádemas fb vefbks
vefbks oam tbmefk vareas
vareas jkfeiegage kmbs. Fbsfb qub Dkkdn b
jkfeiegagekmbs.
gkmkge÷ bn pkfbr fb nks vefbks quesk tkjar uma partb fb partegepage÷
partegepage÷mm fbn
jbrgafk,
jbrg afk, as
asêê qub bm su jkjb
jkjbmtk mtk grb
grb÷÷ Dkkdnb Yefbks 3  sem bj`ardk, na
vbmtala
vbmtala qub bm bs bsbb jkjb
jkjbmtkmtk tbmê
tbmêaa Ukutu `  b oezk pbmsar a Dkkdn b  qub
bm vbz fb gkjpbter gkm bsb dedamtb bra jblkr gkjprarnk. Iub asê, gkjk
Dkkdn b  fbge
 fbgefe÷
fe÷ aafqu
fquere
ererr Ukutu`b añks atrás.
A parter fb bsb jkjbmtk, nks vefbks tkjam aüm jás ejpkrtamgea y
gkjebmzam a sbr emfbxafks gkm jaykr irbgubmgea bm nas pádemas krdámegas
fb Dkkdn b  . Nas pádemas krdámegas skm nas qub vbs fb ikrja maturan
guamfk bsgre`bs
bsgre`bs guanq
guanquebr
uebr pana
pana`ra
`ra fbmtrk fb Dkkdn b  . Wb nnajam
krdámegas,
jktkr pkrqub skm
fb `üsqubfa, fbbmnestafas
agubrfk a fb
su ikrja maturan
mevbn fb pkr nksy rk`kts
rbnbvamgea müjbrkfbfbbstb
 

vesetas. Bs fbger, bstás pádemas wb` k vefbks, skm bmnestafks annê sem tbmbr
qub padar um sknk f÷nar pkr aparbgbr.
Nk qub emtbmtk fbger, iemanjbmtb, bs qub pubfbs usar nks vefbks para
aparbgbr bm
bm nas prej
prejbras
bras pksegekmbs fb nas pád
pádemas
emas fb Dkkdn b  y asê
k`tbmbr jugok tráiegk drates. Jebmtras ktras pbrskmas sb bspbgeanezam bm
grbar pádemas wb` para pksegekmarnas fb ikrja maturan bm Dkkdn b  , nk
pksegekmarnas
guan nnbva jugoks jbsbs fb tra`alk, tu pubfbs nkdrar bm jbmks fb fks
okras, qub um vefbk aparbzga bm nas prejbras pksegekmbs.
Bn sbgrbtk para nkdrarnk bs juy sejpnb< Bmgubmtra irasbs gnavbs qub tbmdas
jbmks fb um jen vesetamtbs pkr jbs bm bn jbrgafk k paês fkmfb fbsbas qub
tu vefbk sba vestk. Fb bsa ikrja, ob nkdrafk qub jes gamanbs fb vefbks,
emgnue
emgnuefks
fks bbnn fb Ukutu` b  , rbge`am, bm nks üntejks fks añks, vesetas fb jás
fb um jenn÷m sbtbgebmtas jen pbrskmas. Na geira tb pubfb parbgbr juy
dramfb, pbrk rbanjbmtb mk nk bs para nk qub bs iagte`nb nnbdar a gkmsbduer.
Nk emtbrbsamtb aquê, bs qub mk ob padafk um sknk f÷nar pkr tkfk bsb tráiegk,
feareajbmtb je nestakibrtas
prkfugtks prkpeks, fb susgreptkrbs grbgb y sbfbemgrbjbmtam
GXA y prkdrajas jes vbmtas
aieneafks. Aokra `ebm, bm
fb`bs bmtbmfbr qub nks vefbks skm uma iubmtb juy pkfbrksa fb tráiegk
wb`, pbrk pkr sê sknks mk vam a vbmfbr mafa. We nks usas fb na jambra
gkrrbgta vam a sbr bn pubmtb efban para nnbvar prkspbgtks k gnebmtbs
pktbmgeanbs a pádemas wb` fb prbvbmta, fb prkdrajas fb aieneafks k fb
kibrtas GXA.
Bm guamtk a na ikrja fb oagbr nks vêfbks, bs mbgbsarek agnarar andumas
grbbmgeas k jetks jan emiumfafks qub tebmbm nas pbrskmas, tan bs bn gask fb
grbbr, qub bmtrb jás skiestegafk sba bn vefbk y gkm jblkrbs bibgtks, bn åxetk
sbrá jaykr. Bstb bs um dram brrkr, bs jás, sem tbjkr a bquevkgarjb,
asbdurarêa tkfk
tkfk nk gkmt
gkmtrarek.We
rarek.We tb emsgre`bs bm GkpeaJeMbdkgek.gkj ,
bmgkmtrarás qub jubstrk y fbsarrknnk blbjpnks rbanbs fb jes vefbks jás
bxetksks
bxetksks fbm
fbmtrk
trk fb j
jee gama
gamann fb Ukutu` b  . Vb skrprbmfbrás an vbr qub bstks
vefbks mk skm nks jás prkibsekmanbs fbn jumfk3 fb obgok, na dram jaykrêa
fb bnnks, oam sefk obgoks gkm uma sejpnb prbsbmtage÷m fb XkwbrXkemt y
usamfk je vkz. Wknk bm uma ümega kpkrtumefaf ob padafk pkr um vefbk
prkibsekma
prkib sekmann para su`er
su`ernk
nk a Ukutu`b.gk j  . Mk k`stamtb, mk tbmdas jebfk
fb oagbr vêfbks3 apartb fb na ikrja qub ya tb bxpusb, pubfbs taj`eåm usar
uma gájara ienjafkra, ya sba para dra`ar prbsbmtagekmbs, emikrjage÷m
rbnbvamtb, rbgkjbmfar
rbgkjbmfar um prkfugtk k sbrvegek, k far tu pumtk fb vesta sk`rb
andk bmvareks
gubmta partegunar. Guamfk
bnbjbmtks gkjebmgbs
para a fbsarrknnar
qub sba bxetksk. um vefbk fb`bs
A gkmtemuage÷m, tbmbr bm
tb mkj`rk
 

gafa umk y tb bxpnegk nk qub fb`bs oagbr bm gafa gask<

 Bn têtunk fbn Yefbk
We fbsbas k`tbmbr jenbs fb vesetas, fb`bs bsgre`er gkjk têtunk na irasb
bxagta
bxag ta qub bbmgkmt
mgkmtrastb
rastb bbmm Dkkdnb Cbywkrf Vkk n  gkm jen vesetas k jbmks
pkr jbs, a mevbn nkgan k bm bn paês fkmfb fbsbas pksegekmarnk.
 Bn Gkmtbmefk
Rma vbz nkdras nk amtbrekr vas a k`tbmbr vesetamtbs, aokra nk ejpkrtamtb bs
fbsarrknnar um gkmtbmefk qub sba
s ba atragtevk, qub prkpkrgekmb emikrjage÷m
rbnbvamtb y vaneksa para bn vesetamtb. Bstb sb pubfb fbsarrknnar fbsgre`ebmfk
um prk`nbja fbn tbja bspbgêiegk qub bstás fbsarrknnamfk y nubdk prbsbmtar
uma sknuge÷m. Vaj`eåm pubfbs prbsbmtar uma emikrjage÷m qub dbmbrb
gureksefaf k bxpbgtateva k um vefbk tbstejkmean fb andk qub tb dusta.
 Na Furage÷m

Xkr je jemutks
guatrk bxpbrebmgea, sudebrk qub
fb furage÷m, bn vefbk
a jbmks qubqub vas a prbsbmtar
na emikrjage÷m qubmk
vassupbrb nks
a far sba
fb antk gkmtbmefk y vankr, sknk bm bstb gask, bn vefbk pkfrêa supbrar bn
tebjpk rbgkjbmfafk y mk bxtbmfbrsb a jás fb febz jemutks. Vkfk bstk, mk
bs jás qub pkr bn `ebm fb tu mbdkgek3 bs fbger, bn k`lbtevk premgepan fbn
vefbk bs dbmbrar gureksefaf k fbsbk bm bn vesetamtb. Gkm bn vefbk nb fas um
a`rb`kgas, asê, fbspuås, fb`bs bmvearnk a uma pádema wb` fb gaptura fb
fatks fkmfb oarás na prbvbmta fbn prkfugtk k sbrvegek qub prkjubvbs.
 Nnajafk a na Agge÷m
Agge÷m
Bstk sedmeiega emvetar a tus prkspbgtks k vesetamtbs fbn vefbk a tu setek wb` k
an fbn prkfugtk k sbrvegek qub bstás rbgkjbmfafk. Nk pubfbs oagbr
jbmgekmamfk bn setek bm bn vêfbk, fb ikrja kran k bsgreta3 se bn vefbk bs
gkrtk, pubfbs oagbr na jbmge÷m an ieman3 pbrk se bs bxtbmsk, tb sudebrk
jbmgekmarnk fks a trbs vbgbs fbmtrk fbn jesjk, uma fb bnnas, fb`b sbr an
ieman fb fbn vêfbk.
 Fbsgrepge÷m fbn Yefbk
Yefbk
Bs bn bspagek qub tb fa bn gaman fb vêfbks para bsgre`er sk`rb nk qub bstás
prkjkvebmfk. Aquê fb`bs bsgre`er nks `bmbiegeks fbn prkfugtk y aujbmtar
na bxpbgtateva fbn jesjk3 taj`eåm, tbm bm gubmta qub fb`b aparbgbr na
irasb gnavb bm na qub sb bstá tra`alamfk. Bsta irasb pubfb aparbgbr an
premgepek y an ieman fb na fbsgrepge÷m, fb ikrja maturan. Fbmtrk fb na
fbsgrepge÷m fb`bs emgnuer na RPN fbn setek wb` qub bstás prkjkvebmfk,
 

bstk sedmeiega,
sedmeiega, qub fb`
fb`bs
bs bsgre`ernk fb bsta ikr
ikrja<
ja< ottp<//tufkjemek.gk j
Rm brrkr juy irbgubmtb qub sb prbsbmta bm bsta partb bs prbsbmtar na RPN
a`rbveafa k juy gkjpnbla, guamfk bm rbanefaf bsta fb`b sbr gkrta k, bm bn
jblkr fb nk gasks, gkmtbmbr na irasb gnavb.
Yajks a fbsarrknnar um blbjpnk bm bn megok fb „gkjk pbrfbr pbsk‚,
usamfk gkjk paês nkgan Gknkj`ea y bn efekja bspañkn.

An bsgre`er na
na irasb „gkjk pbrfbr pbsk‚ usamf
usamfkk na obrrajebmta fb Dkkdnb
obrrajebmta
 Cbywkr f  Vkkn jb arrkla feibrbmtbs rbsuntafks gkjk sb vb bm na ejadbm fb
arre`a. Ob sbnbggekmafk gkjk irasb gnavb< „tb vbrfb para afbndazar‚. Na
raz÷m, bs qub tebmb guatrkgebmtas kgobmta `üsqubfas jbmsuanbs nkganbs y
fks jen guatrkgebmtas `üsqubfas a mevbn jumfean bm gkmgkrfamgea bxagta y
taj`eåm k`sbrvk, qub na gkjpbtbmgea pkr bsa irasb bs `ala. Vkfk nk
amtbrekr, gujpnb nks rbquesetks qub bstajks `usgamfk para qub bn vefbk
tbmda vesetas3
vesetas3 afbjás, para qub sba emfbxafk pkr Dkkdn b  bm na prejbra
pádema fb vesetas fb ikrja maturan.
Bm bstb gask na RPN qub utenezarêa pkfrêa sbr<
ottp<//www.tbvbrfbparaafbndazar.emik
ottp<//www.tbvbrfbparaa fbndazar.emik
We bstb fkjemek ya bstá tkjafk pkr anduebm jás, bmtkmgbs, pubfbs gkjprar
um fkjemek
fkjemek dbmb
dbmbran3
ran3 pk
pkrr blbjp
blbjpnk,
nk, „ drates.gkj ‚  , „ nkjblkr.gkj ‚  , k bn
qub fbsbbs, para nubdk, gkmstruer uma RPN qub gkmtbmda tu irasb gnavb<
ottp<//tufkjemk.gkj/tbvbrfbpa
ottp<//tufkjemk .gkj/tbvbrfbparaafbndazar.o
raafbndazar.otjn
tjn An jkstrar na RPN fbn
fkjemek qub gkjprbs bm na fbsgrepge÷m fbn vefbk, tbmfrás jás
prk`a`enefafbs fb qub bstb aparbzga rápefajbmtb bm na prejbra pádema fb
Dkkdn b  , fb bsta ikrja bstarêas oagebmfk pksegekmajebmtk krdámegk gkm
vefbks.
Afegekman a tkfk nk amtbrekr, bs ejpkrtamtb qub sbpas qub Ukutu`b.gk j  mk
bs na su`ernk
para ümega kpnataikrja
su`ern fbaikrjas
bm ktras pnat vefbks, pubfbs
pnataikrjas gkj usar  Faenyjktekm.gk
gkjkk bstas< bsb jesjk vefbk jqub
 , grbastb
 

Yejbk.gk j  , Jbtagaib.gkj, @nep.t  v  , bmtrb ktrks. Na vbmtala fb bstk,

rafega bm qub bsks nemcs afegekmanbs fbn jesjk vefbk, bm ktras pnataikrjas
ayufam a qub se na pádema wb` bs prkpea nkdrb um jblkr pksegekmajebmtk, y
a su vbz, aujbmtb bn müjbrk fb vesetas. Bstks nemcs qub vebmbm fb ktrks
seteks sb gkmkgbm gkjk `agcnemcs9 .
9 Yêmgunks bxtbrmks fb rbspanfk, skm nks bmnagbs qub rbge`b
uma pádema wb` fbsfb ktras pádemas wb`.

Dkkdn b  gkmsefbra fb juy `ubma ganefaf nks `agcnemcs bxtbrmks fb seteks

fb vefbks pkrqub taj`eåm skm seteks skgeanbs, nk guan oky bm fêa tebmb
jugok pbsk. Jugoa dbmtb fegb qub para pksegekmar uma pádema wb` fb`bs
tbmbr gebmtks fb `agcnemcs. Xkr bn gkmtrarek, bs prbibre`nb tbmbr juy pkgks,
qub sbam fb seteks rbanjbmtb ejpkrtamtbs, a tbmbr jugoks, fb seteks fb `ala
ganefaf k rbputage÷m.
Guamfk vesetbs je prkpek gaman fb vefbks bmtramfk a
Ukutu`b.gkj/LPBEMA W  bmgkmtrarás gebmtks fb bnnks, fb nks guanbs
jugoks oam ayufafk a qub jb jamtbmda bm nas prejbras pksegekmbs bm
Dkkdn b  , gkm tam sknk bsb nemc
nemc qub ap
apumta
umta fbs
fbsfb
fb Ukutu` b  a je pádema
wb`.
 6- Xu`negefaf Bm J÷venbs
Gkjk tb oa`rás fafk gubmta, bstajks emvafefks fb na tbgmknkdêa j÷ven, fêa
a fêa na tbgmknkdêa sb rbmubva y asê jesjk nks tbnåikmks gbnunarbs.
Agtuanjbmtb,, gase mafeb sanb fb ssuu vevebmfa sem tbmbr a jamk su tbnåikmk
Agtuanjbmtb
j÷ve
j÷ ven,
n,  EXokmb, Amfrkef, eXaf, @nagc
@nagc`brry
`brry btg.

 Bn jbrgafk fbn jarcbtemd j÷ven sb oa vubntk tam atragtevk qub nks dedamtbs
gkjk Dkkdnb y Iagb`kkc, oam emvbrtefk jennkmbs fb f÷narbs para
gkjbmzar a fkjemar bsta mubva ikrja fb oagbr pu`negefaf.
Nas geiras mk jebmtbm. A gkmtemuage÷m andumas bstafêstegas prkvestas pkr
WbargoBmdembNamf.gkj ,  bxpnegam pkr quå bstb gaman pkfrêa nnbdar a
fbspnazar a na pu`negefaf pkr emtbrmbt bm gkjputafkrbs trafegekmanbs y
pkrtátenbs.
a) 6.?88 jennkmbs fb pbrskmas usam um tbnåikmk j÷ven bm bn jumfk, bstk
bquevanb an 48.2% fb na pk`nage÷m jumfean bm na agtuanefaf

`) 51% fb na pk`nage÷m jumfean afunta tebmb um tbnåikmk j÷ven

g) Bn müjbrk fb tbnåikmks j÷venbs supbra gemgk vbgbs jás an müjbrk fb
 

gkjputafkrbs pkrtátenbs
f) 58% fb nks jbmsalbs fb tbxtk sb nbbm amtbs fb nks trbs jemutks fb
oa`brsb bmveafk
b) Jás fbn 28% fb nas pbrskmas qub `usgam vêa j÷ven gkjpram andk

i) Mubvb fb gafa febz `üsqubfas j÷venbs gkmfugbm a na agge÷m

Fbspuås fb gkmkgbr bstas bstafêstegas bs ejpkrtamtb qub gkmkzgam f÷mfb
sb pubfb oagbr pu`negefaf bm j÷venbs. Xbsb a qub oay jugoks seteks
fespkme`nb
fespkme`nbs,
s, umk fb nks jb
jblkrbs
lkrbs bs afjk`.gkj ,  bstb setek iub afquerefk
pkr Dkkdn b  , y annê pubfbs a`rer uma gubmta gkm $28 f÷narbs y asê bjpbzar
a oagbr pu`negefaf gkm avesks tepk `ammbr k tbxtk, bm nks
tbnåikmks j÷venbs k ta`nbtas qub pbrjetbm bsta pu`negefaf3 asejesjk,
pubfbs oagbr sbdjbmtage÷m dbkdráiega y fbjkdráiega a tu pu`negefaf.
Nk ejpkrtamtb, amtbs fb oagbr pu`negefaf bm bstb setek, bs bmtbmfbr qub nas
pádemas wb`
afbguafas an tebmbm
tajañkqub
fb sbr
nas jás sejpnbs
pamtannas y iumgekmanbs,
fb nks j÷venbs. pbrk sk`rb tkfk,
Vaj`eåm bs ejpkrtamtb qub gkmkzgas qub bxestbm ktras antbrmatevas para
oagbr fembrk gkm pu`negefaf bm j÷venbs. Aquê tb vky a bmumgear sknk
andumas<
-  Apnegagekmbs J÷venbs
J÷venbs <  Wkm usafas para emtbragtuar fb uma jblkr ikrja
gkm nks gnebmtbs, pkr bsk nks mbdkgeks fb sbrvegeks skm umk fb sus jblkrbs
jbrgafks.
-  Jbmsalbrêa fb Vbxtk
Vbxtk <  Fb`efk a qub na tasa fb apbrtura fb um JWJ bs

supbrekr an sbrvegeks,
prkfugtks, 58%, bs efban bn uskkibrtas
asê gkjk fb bstbbspbgeanbs,
gaman para bspbgeanjbmtb
prkjkgekmbs
bspbgeanjbmtbfb
bm
jbrgafks nkganbs k magekmanbs
- Yefbk bm J÷venbs <  Andumks tbnåikmks j÷venbs ya pbrjetbm vesuanezar
pbqubñks vefbks emtbragtevks y amejafks, nk guan bs uma kpkrtumefaf para
usar bsta obrrajebmta gkjk antbrmateva pu`negetarea
- G÷fedks QP <  Nks g÷fedks fb `arra bm j÷venbs, taj`eåm nnajafks
g÷fedks QP, bstám tkjafk iubrza gkjk uma bxgbnbmtb ikrja fb nnbdar a nks
gnebmtbs, gkm uma nnajafk a na agge÷m qub dbmbra gureksefaf, bs pkr bstk
qub bm na agtuanefaf 179 paêsbs fbn jumfk nks bstám utenezamfk y sb bspbra
qub na geira seda grbgebmfk.
 

WEWVBJAW FB DBMBPAGE×M FB VPÁIEGK

XADK XKP YBP 
Aumqub taj`eåm bs uma ikrja fb k`tbmbr tráiegk fb ganefaf, ob fbgefefk
gknkgarnk gkjk tkfk um sestbja fb jbrgafbk pkr emtbrmbt tktanjbmtb apartb
a nks fbsgretks amtbrekrjbmtb, ya qub tra`ala fb uma ikrja tktanjbmtb
feibrbmtb, gkjparafk gkm nk qub tb ob jkstrafk oasta aokra. Bstas iubmtbs
fb tráiegk skm nas qub yk ob fbmkjemafk fb „tráiegk enejetafk‚, fb aoê qub
tebmbm um tratajebmtk bspbgean3 afbjás, bs na obrrajebmta fb gkj`emage÷m
pbribgta para prkjkvbr kibrtas fb tepk GXA. We nkdras fkjemar bsta
obrrajebmta tbmfrás bn tráiegk qub lajás ejademastb y rbsuntafks juy
supbrekrbs a nks qub tebmbs nks nnajafks „Durüs‚, quebmbs sb fbfegam a
damar su fembrk sknk vbmfebmfk gursks.
Nk qub tb vky a jkstrar bm nas pr÷xejas pádemas tb pbrjeterá iemanjbmt
iemanjbmtbb
oagbr fembrk sem grbar pádemas wb`, sem bsgre`er nks avesks pu`negetareks, sem
oagbr um pksegekmajebmtk
guanquebr krdámegk,
pádema wb` fbn jumfk sknksempadamfk
grbar vefbks, aparbgebmfk
gbmtavks fb f÷nar ybm
prkjkvebmfk kibrtas fkmfb gase tkfk bs drates, pkr bsk, a bstb mbdkgek nk
nn
nnaj
ajk<
k< „Bn Mbdkgek Xbribgtk Bm Emtbrmbt‚. Bxestbm jugoas pnataikrjas
para oagbr pu`negefaf gkm bn sestbja Xadk Xkr Ybr, taj`eåm gkmkgefk gkm
bn mkj`rb fb pu`negefaf gkmtbxtuan. Bstb bs antajbmtb bibgtevk guamfk fb
prkjkvbr kibrtas GXA sb trata. Na raz÷m fb su bibgtevefaf, bs qub an bstar
gkjpramfk tráiegk fb seteks wb` k RPNW fkmfb quebrbs qub aparbzgam tus
kibrtas, nk qub bstás oagebmfk, bs prkjkvebmfk na pu`negefaf pkr Xkp Xup -
bm emdnås- k pu`negefaf fb aparege÷m fb vbmtamas, fkmfb uma vbz emdrbsas a
um setek wb`, se padastb a nks sestbjas fb Xadk Xkr Ybr (XXY) para
aparbgbr bm bnna, vbrás uma vbmtama k pádema wb` fb jbmkr tajañk, pubsta
bmgeja fbn setek wb` qub veseta.
Xara uma jaykr gkjprbmse÷m, a gkmtemuage÷m tb prbsbmtk um blbjpnk. Nk
qub k`sbrvas rbsantafk bm bn rbguafrk fb na ejadbm fb a`alk bs na pádema
wb` qub aparbgb bm irbmtb fbn setek wb` qub fbsbajks3 bm bstb gask, bn
setek wb`
wb` fkmfb ffbsbk
bsbk sb vba j
jee amumg
amumgek
ek bs  Annstatb.gk j  , um setek para
gkjpra fb sbdurks fb tkfk tepk. Xara bn blbjpnk, na kibrta GXA qub bsgkdê
kirbgb na gktezage÷m fb um sbdurk para gasa, y nk ümegk qub tebmb qub oagbr
bn gnebmtb pktbmgean para k`tbmbr na gktezage÷m drates bs emdrbsar su g÷fedk
pkstan y nubdk gkjpnbtar andumks pkgks fatks afegekmanbs bm na sbdumfa
pádema.
Rma kibrta gkjk bsta pubfb padar oasta $10 f÷narbs pkr gafa susgreptkr.
 

Bm na rbfbs GXA bxestbm gebmtks fb kibrtas fb bstb tepk, mk sknk bm bn megok

fb sbdurks, semk bm guanquebra qub tb pubfas ejademar.

Vbmebmfk bm gubmta qub na gamtefaf fb rbfbs GXA bs juy ajpnea, emgnusk,

pubfbm bxester jás fb guarbmta jen kibrtas para prkjkvbr, sem uma duêa
prágtega qub tb `remfb nks pasks para rbanezar bn mbdkgek, rbsunta um tamtk
a`rujafkr sa`br pkr f÷mfb bjpbzar. Xara rbsknvbr bstas fufas y
gkjpnbjbmtar tus gubstekmajebmtks fb`bs asester a je sbjemarek bm
www.JeJbmtkr.emi  k  .

Nks Weteks fb Xu`negefaf Xadk Xkr Ybr

Bxestbm jüntepnbs pnataikrjas
pnataikrjas fb XXY, sem bj`ardk, oay qub sa`br bm quå
seteks prkjkvbr fb agubrfk a na kibrta GXA sbnbggekmafa. Andumas
Andumas fb nas
pnataikrj
pnat aikrjas
as qub bmgub
bmgubmtras
mtras skm
skm<<  JbfeaVraiieg.gk j  ,  FerbgtGXY.gk j  y
 NbafEjpagt.gk j  , tam sknk pkr sknk mkj`rar andumas.
Gafa kibrta qub grbas bm na pnataikrja qub sbnbggekmbs tb pbrjetb adrbdar,
bm prkjbfek, oasta gemgk jen irasbs, pana`ras, RPNW k seteks wb`. Bs fbger,
prágtegajbmtbb pubfbs tbmbr bn fkjemek fb guanquebra fb nas pksegekmbs fbn
prágtegajbmt
jktkrr fb `üsqub
jktk `üsqubfa
fa ffbb Dkkdn b  , bs jás, fbn qub quebras, sem mbgbsefaf fb
oa`br obgok uma pádema wb` y sem padar nas a`surfas geiras fb gkstk pkr
gnegg qu
gne qubb gk
gk`ra
`ra Dkkdn b  a sus amumgeamtbs.
Xara oagbrtb um blbjpnk gkmgrbtk fb pkr quå bstb mbdkgek bs tam rbmta`nb
vky a oagbrtb um gkjparatevk fb nk qub padarêas pkr uma irasb antajbmtb
gkjpbt
gkj pbtefa
efa bm Dkkdnb y nk qub padarêas, pkr bsa jesja irasb, bm anduma fb
nas pnataikrjas fb XXY. Rma irasb gkjk „autk emsuramgb quktbs‚, bm
Dkkdnb Bstafks Rmefk s  pubfb gkstarnb an amumgeamtb $62.?2 f÷narbs
sejpnbjbmtb pkr bn gneg, pkr bn gkmtrarek, na jesja irasb, bm pu`negefaf
Xadk Xkr Ybr (XXY), pubfb gkstarnb an jesjk amumgeamtb bm prkjbfek
 

$8.86 f÷narbs. Bs `astamtb k`vek bm guán bxestbm jás prk`a`enefafbs fb

oagbr fembrk
We fbsbas gkjprk`ar nk amtbrekr pubfbs vesetar bstb nemc fkmfb sb bspêam
nbdanjbmtb nks avesks pu`n
pu`negetareks
egetareks qub aparbgbm bbmm Dkkdnb Bstafks Rmefk
s  <
o ttp<//www.cb
ttp<//www.cbywkrfspy.gkj/rbsbargo/sb
ywkrfspy.gkj/rbsbargo/sbargo.aspx;
argo.aspx; q:autk
%08emsuramgb%08quktbs&typb:cbywkrfs
Gkm nk amtbrekr
amtbrekr,, sb gkjpr
gkjprub`a
ub`a pkr qu
quåå Dkkdn b  fbgefe÷ bnejemar jás fb
02.888 gubmtas a mevbn jumfean. Jás anná fb na `ala ganefaf fb nks
amumgeks, bm rbanefaf nk qub nb emtbrbsa`a bra qubfarsb gkm nks amumgeamtbs,
ustk gkjk nk oagbm nas dramfbs juntemagekmanb
juntemagekmanbss k bjprbsas qub pubfbm
padar bsks gkstks.
Aikrtumafajbmtb, bm pu`negefaf pkr emtbrmbt bxestbm jenbs fb sseteks
Aikrtumafajbmtb, eteks wb`
gkjk nks
nks qub tb bbstky
stky mk
mkj`ra
j`ramfk3
mfk3 Dkkdnb tam sknk rbprbsbmta anrbfbfkr
fbn 7% fb tkfa na pu`negefaf qub bxestb bm na rbf.
Aokra qub tb ob mkj`rafk nks seteks fkmfb sb pubfb oagbr bstb tepk fb
pu`negefaf bs ejpkrtamtb qub gkmkzgas a queåm sb nb oagb pu`negefaf.
Nas Dramfbs Gkrpkragekmbs
Bstb bs bn ktrk nafk fbn mbdkgek, fkmfb bstám nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs
jugoas fb nas guanbs bstám bmnestafas bmtrb nas fb jaykr iagturage÷m bm
vbmtas bm na rbvesta Ikrtumb. Bstas bjprbsas tebmbm bmkrjbs prbsupubstks
para padar bm gkjesekmbs a quebm prkjubva sus kibrtas y nbs ayufbm a
gkmstruer sus `asbs fb fatks fb mubvks gnebmtbs. Andumas padam pkr uma
vbmta3 ktras, pkr
pkr fbsgardar um um mubvk ksusgreptkr
skitwarb nnbmar umqub fblb su bjaen, su g÷fedk pkstan,
ikrjunarek.
Na dram vbmtala, bs qub sknk fb`bs bmvear bn tráiegk a seteks wb` qub bnnks
ya oam fesbñafk fbspuås mk tb fb`bs prbkgupar pkr se ou`k vbmtas k mk. Vü
rbge`bs bn padk bm bn jkjbmtk bm qub tu gnebmtb pktbmgean gkjpnbtb na
agge÷m pkr na guan tb padam. Fb aoê qub tb rbpeta, emsestbmtbjbmtb, qub fb
bsta ikrja pubfbs gkjbmzar a oagbr fembrk sem mbgbsefaf fb tbmbr uma nesta
fb prkspbgtks me fb oagbr gkjpnblas pádemas wb`. Bn fembrk bstá annê,
bspbramfk a nnbdar a tu `knsennk. Aokra fbpbmfb fb te oagbr qub nas kibrtas
tra`albm y tb qubfbs gkm uma pkrge÷m fbn fembrk fb bstb jbrgafk
juntejennkmarek.
Ktra fb nas vbmtalas fb bstb mbdkgek, bs qub prkjkvbrás bjprbsas qub bm na
 

jaykrêa fb gasks skm juy gkmkgefas, bm ktra pana`ras „ludarás bm nas

dramfbs nedas‚, ayufamfk a nnbvar gnebmtbs pktbmgeanbs para bjprbsas gkjk
< @nkgc`ustb r  ,  Okjb Fbpkt, Tanjar
Tanjar t  y jugoas jás qub ya gkmkgbs.
Gkmkgebmfk nas fks partbs fbn mbdkgek< nks amumgeamtbs y nas pnataikrjas
fb pu`negefaf XXY, sb bjpebza a arjar bn rkjpbga`bzas fbn mbdkgek
fkmfb, pkr um nafk, tb padarám pkr prkspbgtk, y pkr bn ktrk, padas gbmtavks
fb f÷nar para nnbvar tráiegk a bsas kibrtas fb amumgeamtbs y damar fembrk pkr
gafa prkspbgtk. Gkjpras tráiegk `aratk para qub tb padubm pkr bsb jesjk
tráiegk qub a su vbz sb gkmvebrtb bm jás fembrk, bs fbger, um mbdkgek GXA
k fb ar`etralb. Fb agubrfk a na fbiemege÷m fb nks feggekmareks, bn Ar`etralb
Iemamgebrk, gkmsestb bm gkjprar y vbmfbr sejuntámbajbmtb um agtevk, bm
bstb gask „tráiegk‚, para asê tbmbr uma utenefaf qub rbsunta fb na feibrbmgea
bxestbmtb bmtrb nks prbgeks fb gkjpra y vbmta (bn prbgek qub tb padam). Bstk
bs um „mbdkgek dama-dama‚, ya qub nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs tb padam pkr
bn tráiegk qub gkmvebrtb y mk pkr tus gkstks, y sejuntámbajbmtb, damas pkr
na utenefaf qub k`tebmbs gkm bsb tráiegk fb ganefaf.
Bm fbiemeteva, bn obgok fb qub na emvbrse÷m para na prub`as fb tráiegk sba
tam jêmeja, oagb fb bstb um mbdkgek fb juy `alk rebsdk. Wujafk a bstk,
pbsb a qub sb fb`b emvbrter fembrk, gkjk bm tkfk mbdkgek sbrek, an tbmbr um
pask a pask fb g÷jk oagbrnk bvetarás pbrfbr dramfbs sujas fb fembrk.
Aquê bs fkmfb tkja dram ejpkrtamgea umk fb nks iagtkrbs fb åxetk bm nks
mbdkgeks3 bn „jbmtkr‚. Bsa bs na rbanefaf, se tebmbs gbrga a anduebm qub ya
nkdr÷ bn åxetk iemamgebrk qub fbsbas y tb bmsbña gkjk nk gkmsedue÷, nas
prk`a`enefafbs fb qub taj`eåm tbmdas åxetk aujbmtam. Bs gkjk se padarás
pkr um jkfbnk fb iramquegea fkmfb tb fam na „rbgbta‚ k bn jamuan prágtegk
gkm bn pask a pask fb nk qub sb fb`b oagbr. Bm je gkmgbptk, bs jás
emtbnedbmtb aprbmfbr fb ktrks qub ya nk nkdrarkm, qub gkjbmzar a prk`ar
pkr je gubmta. Bn prejbrk, bs um gajemk qub jb aokrra tebjpk y fembrk3 bn
sbdumfk, rbsunta sbr bn jás nardk y gkstksk.
 

Nas Pbfbs GXA

Na partb ieman para gkjpnbtar bn sestbja fb mbdkgek skm nas rbfbs GXA.
Bstas skm nas bjprbsas bmgardafas fb gknbggekmar nas kibrtas fb nas dramfbs
gkrpkragekmbs, oagbr bn gkmtrkn fb ganefaf an tráiegk y rbanezar bn padk a nks
amumgeamtbs.
dramfbs Bs fbger, ferbgtajbmtb
gkrpkragekmbs, mk tb rbnagekmarás
semk qub tu rbnage÷m gkjbrgean gkm
sbrámemduma fb nas
ferbgtajbmtb
gkm nas rbfbs GXA, pkr jbfek fb nas guanbs, gubmtas gkm bn skpkrtb tågmegk
y afjemestratevk para fbsarrknnar tu mbdkgek.
Xkfbjks bmumgear gkjk nas iumgekmbs jás rbnbvamtbs fb bstas bjprbsas
nas seduebmtbs<
1. Bmgkmtrar nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs gkm bxgbnbmtbs prbsupubstks para
padar pkr rbsuntafks a nks amumgeamtbs
0. Gknbggekmar vareks nestafks fb kibrtas fb nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs bm
sus seteks wb`
7. Afjemestrar bn prbsupubstk fb nas dramfbs gkrpkragekmbs
6. Xadar nas sujas agkrfafas a nks aieneafks k prkjktkrbs fb kibrtas GXA
2. Pbanezar nks gkmtrknbs mbgbsareks para bvetar iraufb bmtrb nks aieneafks
9. Wujemestrar nks nemcs fb aieneafks y obrrajebmtas fb prkjkge÷m
4. @remfar skpkrtb an gnebmtb pkr prk`nbjas tågmegks k guanquebr ktrk qub sb
prbsbmtb
Gkjk mktarás, bstas bjprbsas sbrám tu skgek bm bn mbdkgek, asê qub fb`bs
prkjkvbr
nks gkmy sbrebfaf
tårjemks nas kibrtas
gkmfegekmbs bm nas guanbs
qub tb autkregbm. Xkrsbas aprk`afk
memdüm jktevky emtbmtbs
oagbrnk bm
oagbr iraufb k emvbmtar tráiegk qub mk bxestb para sbr padafk, pkrqub uma
vbz tb fbsgu`ram brbs bxpunsafk fb bsa rbf y mk tb padarám bn fembrk qub
oasta bsb jkjbmtk tb fb`am. Aienearsb a bstas rbfbs GXA mk tebmb memdüm
gkstk, pbrk sbr aprk`afk rbquebrb um prkgbsk fb sbnbgge÷m qub bm andumas
bjprbsas bs juy redurksk. Na raz÷m premgepan, bs qub quebrbm prkjktkrbs
fb kibrtas qub dambm fembrk y sbpam gkrrbr bstb mbdkgek. Pbgubrfa sebjprb
su pknêtega bjprbsarean< „We tu damas fembrk, bnnks damam fembrk‚. Jugoas
fb bstas rbfbs GXA gubmtam gkm bmtrbvestas vertuanbs prbveas a sbr
aprk`afk3
aprk` afk3 aik
aikrtuma
rtumafajb
fajbmtb,
mtb, bm  JeJbmtkr.emik objks grbafk um jkfbnk
juy bibgtevk para sbr aprk`afk bm bstks seteks. Wbdurajbmtb mk sbrás
aprk`afk bm tkfas nas rbfbs GXA qub apnequbs, pbrk se gkmtarás fb bmtrafa
 

gkm antas prk`a`enefafbs fb gkmsbduernk bm vareks seteks, afbjás gkmkgbrás

bn nestafk gkjpnbtk gkm jás fb fksgebmtas rbfbs GXA emtbrbsafas bm
tra`alar gkmtedk.
Bstb mbdkgek bs tam nugratevk qub gafa fêa emdrbsam jás gkrpkragekmbs y
dramfbs juntemagekmanbs
juntemagekmanbs a bstas rbfbs para qub prkjubvam sus prkfugtks k
sbrvegeks. Asê qub oay suiegebmtb tra`alk para tkfks, gkm suiegebmtbs kibrtas
bm tkfas nas gatbdkrêas qub tb ejadembs.
Xubfbs bsgkdbr fbsfb kibrtas qub tb padubm $1.2 f÷narbs guamfk uma
pbrskma fblb um sejpnb bjaen k emdrbsb su g÷fedk pkstan, oasta kibrtas qub
tb pubfbm padar vareks gebmtks fb f÷narbs pkr prk`ar drates um prkfugtk,
prbvek a fblar nks fatks fb tu tarlbta fb gråfetk, k sejpnbjbmtb pkr
gkmtbstar andumas prbdumtas amtbs fb bmvear bn prkfugtk. Bm bstb mbdkgek
mk oay nêjetbs guamfk fb fembrk sb trata, sujafk a bstk, bmgkmtrarás
emgbmtevks tam jktevamtbs gkjk vealbs gkm tkfk padk bm nas jblkrbs rbfbs
GXA, gnark, se tb bsiubrzas y gkmsedubs bstar bmtrb nks jblkrbs fbn jumfk
prkjkvebmfk kibrtas
GXA, fb na gebmtks quby oagebmfk `ubm
bxestbm skm< fembrk. Andumas
 Jax`kumty, fb nas jblkrbs rbfbs
Gnegc`kkto,
Gnegc`kkto,
Tknitstkrjbfea, Mbvbr`nub
Na vbmtala fb tra`alar gkm nas jblkrbs rbfbs, bm gask fb qub sbas aprk`afk,
bs qub mk sknk
s knk pkfrás damar vealbs emtbrmagekmanbs semk qub bjpebzas a
oagbr `ubm fembrk gkmstamtb y pbre÷fegajbmtb, emgnusk, pkr sujas oasta fb
$1.888 sbjamanbs. »Vb ejademas bn pkfbr qub bstk rbprbsbmta; Wedmeiega
qub bn fembrk qub rbge`bs nk pubfbs utenezar para rbemvbrternk bm pu`negefaf,
y fb bsta ikrja nkdrar tbmbr um mbdkgek autkiemamgea`nb qub tb prkfugb
antks rbtkrmks fb utenefaf.

Ktra fb nas dramfbs vbmtalas fb bstas rbfbs bs qub gubmtam gkm kibrtas
bxgnusevas qub mk tbmfrám tus gkjpbtefkrbs, bsk sedmeiega jás
prk`a`enefafbs fb oagbr fembrk. Afbjás, bmgkmtrarás qub tu dbrbmtb fb
mbdkgek bstá rbanjbmtb emtbrbsafk bm qub dambs jás fembrk, asê qub mk
fufbs bm bsgre`ernb y pbfernb qub tb bmvêb nas jblkrbs kibrtas bm gafa árba
fb mbdkgek.
Rm iagtkr ejpkrtamtb qub sb fb`b tbmbr bm gubmta bs qub amtbs fb gkjbmzar
a oagbr pu`negefaf a uma kibrta bm bspbgêiegk fb`bs emvbstedar bm quå ktras
rbfbs GXA sb bmgubmtra na jesja kibrta qub tebmbs, y se bnnks bstám
fespubstks a padartb jás pkr gafa gkmvbrse÷m k prkspbgtk qub sb susgre`a
gkjparafk gkm nknnbdar
blbrgegek pubfbs qub tb padarêagebmtks
a pbrfbr na rbf GXA fkmfb
k jenbs bstás. We
fb f÷narbs pkrmkgafa
oagbs bstb
 

prkspbgtk. Vb skrprbmfbrás an vbr gkjk na jesja kibrta bm ktra rbf GXA

pubfb nnbdar a padar andumks gbmtavks k f÷narbs fb jás, nk qub bs juy
vaneksk bm um mbdkgek fkmfb sb dama pkr vknujbm.
Xara pkfbr emvbstedar bm quå rbf GXA na kibrta pada jás, nk ümegk qub
fb`bs
fb` bs oa
oagbr
gbr bbss er a kiibrvaunt.gk j  , annê, bm su `arra fb `üsqubfa pubfbs
gknkgar bn mkj`rb fb na kibrta qub tebmbs para sa`br bm quå ktra rbf sb
bmgubmtra y se padam jás. X Xkr
kr blbjpnk, ggknkgk
knkgk na irasb „Jy autk
emsuramgb ratb‚, bn setek wb` jb arrkla na seduebmtb emikrjage÷m<

Gkjk sb k`sbrva bm na ejadbm, na jesja kibrta sb bmgubmtra bm fks rbfbs

GXA< GnegcPkvb r  y bm  Xbbrin  yy  . Fb agubrfk a na emikrjage÷m, fkmfb
padam jás pkr gafa gkmvbrse÷m bs bm na pprejbra
rejbra ,  asê qub se bstás
aprk`afk bm nks fks seteks. Bmtkmgb
Bmtkmgbss fb`brêas prkjkvb
prkjkvbrnarna fbsfb GnegcPkvb
r  , fb`efk a qub damarás jás fembrk pkr gafa pbrskma qub fbgefa
susgre`ersb. Wem bj`ardk, amtbs fb fbgefermks, fb`bjks gkjprk`ar qub, bm
bibgtk, bs na jesja kibrta, para bsk fb`bjks er a gafa uma fb bstas rbfbs,
tkjar mubstrk nemc fb aieneafk y vbreiegarnk vesuanjbmtb. We gkjprk`ajks
qub bs eduan, nk ümegk qub rbsta bs nbbr nas gkmfegekmbs para sbr padk bm
gafa rbf y se skm eduanbs tkjajks na qub mks pada jás.
Rma vbz bmgubmtras na gajpaña qub vas a prkjkvbr nk qub fb`bs oagbr bs
sbduer nks seduebmtbs pasks<
Gajpaña <  Nnbdar a nas irasbs k RPN qub
Xask 1 ‗ Xrk`amfk na Gajpaña 
prkfugbm fembrk bs uma tarba fbn fêa a fêa, pubfbs bjpbzar prk`amfk
andumks fkjemeks k RPN fbn prkfugtk bxagtk fb na gkjpbtbmgea.

Netbranjbmt
Netbranjbmtb
b bstása gknkgamfk
jblkr, bm guamtk bm irbmtb para
prbgek y `bmbiegeks fb bsa
nkspádema wb` uma kibrta qub bs
amumgeamtbs
 

Gajpaña <  Rma vbz qub uma kibrta gkjebmza a

Xask 0 ‗ Bsganamfk na Gajpaña 
oagbr fembrk, fb`bs bmikgartb bm fks gksas< prejbrk, „fbsjbmuzar‚ nas
irasbs y fkjemeks qub bstám nnbvamfk bn tráiegk3 y gkjk sbdumfk, emvbrternb
jás prbsupubstk fearek a bsa gajpaña, gkm bn iem fb tbmbr bn fkjemek tktan
bm bsas pana`ras.

Guamfk emegeas mkrjanjbmtb nas pnataikrjas fb XXY tb bxedbm um jêmejk

fb prbsupubstk fearek fb $2 f÷narbs, pbrk bm na jbfefa qub oadas jás
fembrk pubfbs gaj`ear bsb vankr a $2 f÷narbs pbrk pkr okra, fb bsa ikrja
vas a tbmbr gebmtks fb vesetamtbs a bsa kibrta.
Xask 7 ‗ Kptejezamfk na Gajpaña 
Gajpaña <  Xara bstb pask bs ejpkrtamtb
rbanezar
rbanezar nnkk qub sb fb
fbmkje
mkjema
ma tragcem d  fb tus pana`ras, irasbs y RPN. Bstk
sknk sedmeiega qub fb`bs efbmteiegar gkm um g÷fedk pbrskman gafa uma fb nas
pana`ras, irasbs y RPN, para qub uma vbz prkfuzgam fembrk, sb gkmkzga
bxagtajbmtb fb f÷mfb vebmb.
Xkr blbjpnk, jbsbs atrás tbmêa uma gajpaña qub tbmêa jás fb
guatrkgebmtks tårjemks y tkfks nks fêas pbrfêa fembrk3 sem bj`ardk,
gkjbmgå a oagbrnb um sbduejebmtk fêa a fêa y okra a okra y bmgkmtrå qub
sknk fks irasbs fb nas guatrkgebmtks bram nas qub traêam bn 58% fb nks
vesetamtbs. Asê qub jb bmikqub bm bsks tårjemks, nks kptejegb y bsa
gajpaña pask fb mk prkfuger fembrk a dbmbrar um prkjbfek fb $688
f÷narbs pkr jbs, sknk gkm fks pana`ras.
Bm na jbfefa bm qub tu mbdkgek grbzga gkmtarás gkm `asbs fb fatks fb
pana`ras y tårjemks qub prkfugbm fembrk, qub pkfrás bjpbzar a gkpear bm
ktras gajpañas fbn jesjk megok.

Xkr blbjpnk,
fembrk bm umasekibrta
ya gubmtas gkm vbemtb
fb sbdurk k trbemta
fb autks, pubfbspana`ras qub prkfugbm
prk`ar bsas jesjas
pana`ras bm ktras kibrtas qub tbmdam uma pádema fb atbrrezalb feibrbmtb.
Guamfk tb oa`nk fb pádemas fb atbrrezalb jb rbiebrk a uma pádema wb` juy
sejpnb qub gujpnb um ümegk k`lbtevk3 na gaptura fb na atbmge÷m y nks fatks
fbn prkspbgtk.
Gkmtar gkm uma `ubma pádema fb atbrrezalb bs sem÷mejk fb oagbr fembrk,
mktarás guamfk fbsarrknnbs tu mbdkgek qub pbqubñks gaj`eks bm nas
pádemas pubfbm aujbmtar k fesjemuer tus emdrbsks.
We fbsarrknnas bn mbdkgek fb na jambra gkrrbgta, gkjbmzarás k`tbmebmfk
rbmta`enefafbs
tus fbn 08%
kibrtas pubfbs nnbdara a78%. Bm na
k`tbmbr jbfefa
oasta bm qub
bn 188% fb aprbmfas a kptejezar
rbtkrmk pkr jbs. Gkm
 

bstk, quebrk fbger qub se emvebrtbs $7.888 f÷narbs pkr jbs pubfbs bspbrar,
guamfk ya sbas um prkibsekman, um emdrbsk fb $9.888 f÷narbs k jás.
Oa`na gkm um `amqubrk b emtåmtanb fbger qub tebmbs um mbdkgek fkmfb
k`tebmbs um rbtkrmk fbn 188% jbmsuan, tb asbdurk qub sb vknvbrêa nkgk
pefeåmfktb qub nb emvebrtas um jenn÷m fb f÷narbs. Xkr bstk, bn dram agtevk fb
bstb mbdkgek skm nas pana`ras, bmtbmfeåmfksb bstas gkjk tkfas nas irasbs,
fkjemeks k RPNs qub usas para damar fembrk bm gafa kibrta. Na gnavb para
tbmbr um mbdkgek s÷nefk y rbmta`nb bm GXA bs gkrrbr jüntepnbs kibrtas qub
tb prkfuzgam fembrk, bm jüntepnbs megoks. Bs jás samk damar $18.888
f÷narbs pkr jbs gkm vbemtb kibrtas qub tb prkfuzgam gafa uma $288 f÷narbs
pkr jbs, qub tbmbr fks kibrtas qub tb prkfuzgam gafa uma $2.888 f÷narbs
pkr jbs. Vb ejademas »Quå pasarêa bm bn jkjbmtk bm qub uma fb nas fks
kibrtas fblb fb iumgekmar;
Guamfk tebmbs um pkrtaiknek fb `ubmas kibrtas y nas pana`ras qub prkfugbm
fembrk, pubfbs nnbdar a mevbnbs fb emdrbsk jbmsuan qub mumga ejademastb.
Xkr blbjpnk,
$28.888 nks pkr
f÷narbs „süpbr
fêa,aieneafks‚ nnbdam a tbmbr
amtbs fb fbsgkmtar emdrbsks
nks gkstks prkjbfeks fb
fb pu`negefaf.
Nnbdar a bsks mevbnbs, jás anná fbn tra`alk qub sb fb`b oagbr, rbquebrb uma
prbparage÷m jbmtan y na oa`enefaf fb bstar bmikgafk para jamblar
prkjkgekmbs fb pu`negefaf bm jüntepnbs seteks.
Guamfk bstb emdrbsk sb prkfugb gkm pu`negefaf qub tra`ala nas vbemteguatrk
okras fbn fêa, bstås prbsbmtb k mk irbmtb a tu gkjputafkr, oaz nkdrafk um
emdrbsk fb tepk pasevk. Wem bj`ardk, gkjk anduebm felk anduma vbz< „Na
jambra jás iágen fb gkjbr um bnbiamtb bs a jkrfesgks‚. Asê qub fb`bs
bmikgar uma jbta qub tb nnbvb bsiubrzk pbrk qub sba angamza`nb para te. Rma
vbz na nkdrbs fb`bs aujbmtar bn vankr fb nk qub fbsbas damar y bsta`nbgbr
um napsk fb tebjpk jás gkrtk.
Oasta bstb pumtk, pubfk fbger qub tb ob rbvbnafk tkfk nk qub oadk para
damar fembrk3 sem bj`ardk, bstb ne`rk tkja vankr bm bn jkjbmtk bm qub
fbgefas qub taj`eåm nk vas a oagbr. Bm rbsujefas gubmtas, bstk sb trata mk
tamtk fb g÷jk yk damk je fembrk, semk g÷jk tü nk vas a tkjar b
emtbrekrezar para asê damar tu fembrk. We nkdras far um pask jás y tkjar
agge÷m emjbfeata, bmtkmgbs
bmtkmgbs ob gujpnefk je jese÷m y oa vanefk na pbma
tkfk bstb bsiubrzk y fbfegage÷m para tramsjetertb bn jbmsalb.
Xrk`amfk kibrtas
Bmgkmtrar uma gajpaña qub prkfuzga fembrk bs uma tarba fb
prk`a`enefafbs3 bs fbger, para bmgkmtrar uma qub prkfuzga `ubmas
 

utenefafbs bs mbgbsarek bstar fespubstk a emvbrter fembrk bm jugoas irasbs,

fkjemeks y RPNs, sujafk a bstk, fb`bs oa`br prk`afk jugoas gajpañas
y pádemas fb atbrrezalb3 sem bj`ardk, uma vbz bn fembrk sb bmgubmtra
emvbrtefk gkjebmza a dbmbrar antks rbtkrmks fb emvbrse÷m. Fb aoê na
ejpkrtamgea fb prk`ar jugoas kibrtas y fevbrseiegar bm nks feibrbmtbs

vbrteganbs
vas qub bxestbm
a bmgkmtrar skm< a-bm nas rbfbs
Kibrtas GXA.„ Gkjk
fb tepk Nks vbrteganbs
sb vb bmjás gkjumbs
tbnbvese÷m‚ `-qub
Kpkrtumefafbs fb mbdkgek bm gasa
g- Gupkmbs
f- Weteks
Weteks fb goat y gk
gkmkgbr
mkgbr pbrskma
pbrskmass (  Fatem d  )
b- Kibrtas fb prub`a y fbsgarda fb skitwarb
i- Kibrtas para bfugage÷m
d- Kibrtas fb sknk emdrbsk fb bjaen k g÷fedk pkstan

o- Lubdks bm nêmba
e- Gasemks y apubstas
- Wanuf y @bnnbza
c- Wbdurks
n- Kibrtas bxgnusevas pkr susgrepge÷m para gbnunarbs
j- Bmgubstas
Ejadêmatb nkdrar bmgkmtrar bm gafa vbrtegan uma kibrta qub prkfuzga
gkmstamtbjbmtb $1.888 f÷narbs/jbs3 sbrêa bn mbdkgek jás s÷nefk y rbmta`nb
pkse`nb. Aokra tb vky a jkstrar andumas sbmgennas
s bmgennas tågmegas qub pubfbs usar
para aujbmtar nas prk`a`enefafbs fb åxetk an fbgefer tra`alar uma kibrta
bspbgêiega.
- Nk Qub Ybm Vus Klks
Bn prejbr grêtegk fb uma pádema fb atbrrezalb para gaptura fb fatks fb`bs
sbr tü jesjk. We an vbr prbveajbmtb qub na pádema qub vas a prkjkvbr mk
nnaja tu atbmge÷m k qub bs `astamtb gkjpnbla y tb festrab fb tu k`lbtevk
premgepan -gapturar
-gapturar tus fatks-, bmtkmgbs bsta ki
kibrta
brta bs uma pkse`
pkse`nb
nb mk
gamfefat  a  , fedk pkse`nb, pkrqub fb`bs sbr juy k`lbtevk a na okra fb
fbgefer tra`alar k mk gkm bstas kibrtas, sebmfk bstb sknk bn prejbr pask.
Rma pesta para fbgefer tra`alar na kibrta bs vbr se bs uma „pádema nejpea‚3 bs
 

fbger, juy sbmgenna y gkm um ümegk k`lbtevk3 gapturar tus fatks. Nas kibrtas
efbanbs skm nas qub tebmbm gkjk jáxejk, sebtb gajpks k gasennas pkr
gkjpnbtar. Mk quebrb bstk fbger qub mk vajks a jerar kibrtas qub pefbm
jás fatks, ya qub bstas taj`eåm iumgekmam3 mk k`stamtb, se bstás
gkjbmzamfk, bs jblkr qub tb bmikqubs bm nas kibrtas `ásegas y qub padubm

bmtrb umk a febz f÷narbs. Nubdk avamza a na qub jás tb padub.

- Vbmfbmgeas fbn Jbrgafk
Xbsb a qub parbzga k`vek qub sb fb`b tbmbr bm gubmta nas tbmfbmgeas fbn
jbrgafk, bs ejpkrtamtb tbmbr gnark nks bvbmtks jás ejpkrtamtbs y ibgoas
bspbgêiegas fb gafa jbs fbn añk. Xkr blbjpnk, »Quå tepk fb kibrtas grbbs
fb`brêas prkjkvbr bm um jbs gkjk jayk; We gkmkgbs juy `ebm nas
tbmfbmgeas sa`bs qub bstb bs bn jbs fb nas jafrbs, asê qub tkfk nk qub
tbmda qub vbr gkm inkrbs, gupkmbs para rbstauramtbs, nnajafas
nnajafas an bxtbrekr,
rkpa ibjbmema y aggbskreks, tbmfrá uma dram fbjamfa. We oa`najks pkr
blbjpnk fb um jbs gkjk kgtu`rb tu jbmtb autkjátegajbmt
autkjátegajbmtbb fb`b askgearna
gkm meñks,
raz÷m gana`azas,
mk gkmkgbs fesiragbs,fbtbrjemafa
na tbmfbmgea iebstas, fungbs3 mkprkfugtk
fb um k`stamtb,pubfbs
se pkr anduma
er a
dkkdnb.gkj/trbmf s  y bsgre`er na irasb, pana`ra k fkjemek fb na guan fbsbas
gkmkgbr bm quå jbs k jbsbs tebmb jás fbjamfa.
Xkr blbjpnk, se bsgre`bs na pana`ra< „inkwbrs‚ y sbnbggekmas gkjk jbrgafk
k`lbtevk Bstafks Rmefks, bstb bs bn dráiegk qub vbrás<

An fbtannar na dráiega amtbrekr, sb k`sbrva qub tebmb trbs pegks juy

jargafks para bn ramdk fb tebjpk bsgkdefk. We jeras gkm fbtbmejebmtk
k`sbrvarás qub nks pegks sb prbsbmtam bm nks jbsbs fb ib`rbrk y jayk para
bn añk 0810 y bm bn jbs fb ib`rbrk para bn añk 0817. Gkm fegoa
emikrjage÷m pkfbjks gkmgnuer qub nks pegks fb ib`rbrk bm aj`ks añks
gkrrbspkmfbm an „fêa fb nks bmajkrafks‚ qub sb gbnb`ra bm Bstafks Rmefks
bn gatkrgb fb ib`rbrk rbdunarjbmtb. Xkr ktrk nafk, bn pegk fbn jbs fb jayk
qub sb vb, gkrrbspkmfb an fêa fb nas jafrbs.
 

Fb bsta ikrja pubfbs aujbmtar tus prk`a`enefafbs fb åxetk prkjkvebmfk

nk qub na dbmtb bstá `usgamfk bm nas feibrbmtbs åpkgas fbn añk. Asê qub mk
bspbrbs oagbr jugok fembrk prkjkvebmfk kibrtas fb vbramk bm åpkga fb
emvebrmk, para fartb um blbjpnk.
- Nby fb Xrk`a`enefafbs
Xara fbiemerna fb uma jambra sbmgenna, bs sejpnbjbmtb prk`ar y prk`ar
oasta bmgkmtrar nk qub iumgekma. Rma pbrskma qub tbmda um emvbmtarek fb
jen irasbs y RPN bm febz gajpañas GXA, tebmb jás prk`a`enefafbs fb
damar fembrk qub uma pbrskma gkm sknk gebm irasbs y fks gajpañas GXA.
Guamfk tb gkmvebrtbs bm um prkibsekman bm bstb mbdkgek, bm jugoks gasks,
nnbda a sugbfbr nk gkmtrarek3 bs fbger, pkgas gajpañas y jás åxetk, bstk sb
fb`b a qub ya gkmkgbs quå sb tra`ala, ibgoa, pádema fb atbrrezalb y gkm quå
pana`ras. Vb skrprbmfbrás gkjk pbqubñks gaj`eks bm pádemas fb
atbrrezalb, fb uma jesja kibrta pubfbm prkfuger jás fembrk gkm anduma
irasb k pana`ra qub amtbs mk tb iumgekma`a. Xkr bsk bs juy ejpkrtamtb
prk`ar tkfas
feibrbmtbs nas gkj`emagekmbs
rbfbs GXA. Mk gkjbtaspkse`nbs bmfb
bn brrkr nksbmajkrartb
feibrbmtbs fb
vbrteganbs y gkm
uma kibrta
bspbgêiega k fb uma rbf GXA bm bspbgean. Pbgubrfa qub bstb bs um lubdk fb
müjbrks y tü nk qub quebrbs bs damar jugok fembrk, y sknk nk nkdrarás se
apnegas bstas tågmegas gkm fbtbrjemage÷m, bmikqub y gkmstamgea.
- Emvbstedamfk bn Fkjemek
Jugoas pbrskmas qub fbsbam emdrbsar a uma pádema wb` k quebrbm sa`br
jás fb um setek wb`, nk qub oagbm, bm vbz fb bsgre`er bm su mavbdafkr bn
fkjemek, bs er a su jktkr fb `üsqubfa prbibrefk y bsgre`er annê bn mkj`rb
fbn fkjemek. Bstk sugbfb pkrqub bstks gkjputafkrbs tebmbm gkmiedurafk,
pkr fbibgtk, bsb jktkr fb `üsqubfa bm partegunar gkjk su pádema fb emegek
bm emtbrmbt3 afbjás, pkrqub sa`bm qub „sebjprb‚ qub bsgre`bm bn mkj`rb
fb bsa pádema wb` bn jktkr fb `üsqubfa na jkstrará bm na prejbra
pksege÷m. Xbrk nk qub rbanjbmtb mk sa`bm, bs qub nks jktkrbs fb `üsqubfa
mk skm seteks bstátegks semk femájegks3 bs fbger, nks rk`kts qub rastrbam nas
pádemas wb` tra`alam nas vbemteguatrk okras fbn fêa, nks 792 fêas fbn añk y
sebjprb bstám bm `usga fb mubvas y jblkrbs pádemas qub pubfam emfbxar k
adrbdar para iagenetar na emikrjage÷m a sus vesetamtbs.
Bstk mks fa uma dram kpkrtumefaf fb rastrbar a na gkjpbtbmgea y fb
gkmkgbr afbjás bm quå ktrks seteks wb` bstá emfbxafk bn fkjemek qub mks
emtbrbsa.
ramqubafk Xkr
bmblbjpnk,
Dkkdn b se
 bnquesebras
fkjem
fkj ek sa`br
emek nks seteks
Dbegk.gkj fkmfb jblkr
 ,  bmtkmgbs bstáqub
nk ümegk
 

fb`bs oagbr bs bsgre`ernk bm na `arra fb `üsqubfa.

Xara rbanezar `üsqubfas bm Dkkdnb bspbgêiegajb
bspbgêiegajbmtb
mtb fb Bstafks Rmefks
pubfbs usar bn na seduebmtb RPN< ottp<//jejbmtkr.emik/dkkdnbusa.otjn
Guamfk nk oadas, gkmkgbrás nas jblkrbs pádemas fbn setek wb` y bn nudar bm
bn
fbqub
RPNjás sb bmgubmtra
tb pubfb emfbxafk
prkfuger pkr ktras pádemas. Vkfa bsa emikrjage÷m
`ubm fembrk.
Aokra `ebm, pubfbs oagbr bn jesjk blbrgegek gkm irasbs antajbmtb
`usgafas, gkjk pkr blbjpnk, „autk emsuramgb quktbs‚, an bsgre`erna usamfk
na RPN amtbrekr y fbtbrjemar nks seteks wb` qub bm Bstafks Rmefks bstám
jblkr „ramqubafks‚ para bsta irasb, arrklará nk seduebmtb<
Dbegk.gkj
Wtatbiarj.gkj
nnstatb.gkj
 Xrkdrbssevb.gkj
 /  emsuramg b  / 
statbiarj.gkj /   /  qukt  b  / 
 /  qukt  b  .asp
 /  aut  k  / 
rkdrbssevb.gkj /   / 
 /  aut  k  [ 
matekmwefb.gkj/sbj /   [  qukt  b  .otjn
Aquê ob bsgretk
bsgretk sknk andumas fb nas pksegekmbs krd
krdámegas
ámegas fb Dkkdn b  para
bsa irasb sem tbmbr bm gubmta nks fkjemeks qub bstám pautamfk bm
pu`negefaf. Aoê tebmbs uma pkfbrksa obrrajebmta, y na jblkr ikrja fb
fkjemar guanquebra
guanquebra fb nas pksegekmbs fb Dkkdn b  , a travås fb na
pu`negefaf Xadk Xkr Ybr.
Xkr nk tamtk, nk qub fb`brêas oagbr bs tkjar tkfks bsks fkjemeks y pana`ras
b emdrbsarnas a na pnataikrja fb pu`negefaf padk pkr vbr qub bstås usamfk,
asê tbmfrás dbmtb antajbmtb rbnagekmafa b emtbrbsafa bm sbdurks fb autks. Bn
tra`alk gkmsestb bm „fbsjbmuzar‚ nk jblkr pkse`nb gafa umk fb bsks seteks
wb`, ya qub a vbgbs bn fembrk mk bstá bm bn fkjemek bm bspbgêiegk fb na
gkjpbtbmgea, semk bm anduma pádema bm partegunar fbmtrk fb bsb jesjk
fkjemek. Oasta aokra tb ob jkstrafk andumas obrrajebmtas `ásegas para
fbsarrknnar bstb mbdkgek, pbrk bm bstb jkjbmtk, tb vky a jkstrar andumas,
fb nas qub ob nnajafk fb „prkiumfezage÷m‚. Bstas obrrajebmtas
obrrajebmtas tb ayufaram
a vbr fbsfb afbmtrk gafa setek wb` qub emvbstedubs y a bmgkmtrar jás
pana`ras, fkjemeks y gkj`emagekmbs qub prkfugbm fembrk.
 

a. Anbxa.gkj
Bs uma obrrajebmta dratueta bxgbnbmtb qub tb ayufará a tbmbr tkfk um
bstufek fb jbrgafk fb guanquebr setek wb` bm jbmks fb febz jemutks, pkr
bsk jesjk, tb amejk a qub tb gkmvebrtas bm um bstufeamtb fb tkfa na
emikrjage÷m qub bstb setek arrkla, y a qub jerbs jás anná fb nk qub tb
prbsbmtk.
prbsb mtk. GGuamfk
uamfk eemdrbsas a  Anbxa.gk j  y, pkr blbjpnk, bsgre`bs bn
mdrbsas
fkje
fk jeme
mekk  Ajazkm.gk j  bm na `arra fb `üsqubfa k usas bstb nemc<
ottp<//www.anbxa.gkj/setbemik/ajazkm.gkj #  , bmgubmtras nks seduebmtbs
fatks<
Anbxa Vraiieg Pamc 18 Dnk`an Pamc, qub sedmeiega qub bs bn setek müjbrk
febz jás vesetafk fbn jumfk. Pamc em RW 2, ramcemd bm Bstafks Rmefks.
Webjprb aparbgb bn paês fb fkmfb bstá emdrbsamfk jás vesetamtbs, bm bstb
gask bs Bstafks Rmefks.
We k`sbrvas jás a`alk, bmgubmtras bn ramcemd jumfean fb nks paêsbs qub
jás emd
emdrbs
rbsam
am a  Ajazkm.gk j  , bstb ramcemd varea jbs a jbs, para bn
jkjbmtk bm qub bsgre`k bstb ne`rk Ybmbzubna y Jåxegk sb setüam gkjk nks
paêsbs fb Ajårega Natema qub jás emdrbsam a bsb fkjemek.
We gkmtemüas k`sbrvamfk, bmgkmtrarás um tbxtk qub fegb „Vkp Wbargo
Qubr
Qu breb
ebss ikr  Ajazkm.gk j  ‚ qub emfega guanbs skm nas pana`ras, irasbs k
fkjemeks qub bsgre`bm nas pbrskmas para nnbdar a bstb setek wb`. We vas a na
pbstaña qub fegb „aufebmgb‚ y fas gneg annê, mktarás qub bn setek bs jás
vesetafk pkr julbrbs jaykrbs fb guarbmta y gemgk añks. Bsta emikrjage÷m
bs nk qub sb fbmkjema fbjkdráiegk fb um setek wb`, bs fb dram ayufa
guamfk fb prk`ar kibrtas sb rbiebrb,
rbiebrb, sk`rb tkfk, bm seteks gkjk  Iagb`kk c 
, fkmfb pubfbs sbdjbmtar pkr bfaf, sbxk, paês, geufaf b emtbrbsbs.
Bsta bs sknk uma mkge÷m dbmbran fb na emikrjage÷m qub arrkla Anbx a  3 tu
tra`alk bs prkiumfezar y amanezar gafa uma fb nas pbstañas qub tb jubstra.
Bm bn gursk sbgrbtk fb je jbmtkr bmgubmtras tkfk um gapêtunk fbfegafk a
bstb tbja gkm bxpnegagekmbs dráiegas y mujåregas, pkr bsk se fbsbas
gkjpnbjbmtar tus gkmkgejebmtks y pbribggekmar tus bstratbdeas, pubfbs
asester
asester an ssbjem
bjemarek
arek ffbb  JeJbmtkr.emi  k  para ajpnear tu emikrjage÷m.
a- Quamgast.gkj
Bs uma obrrajebmta
obrrajebmta qu
qubb iumgekma juy sejenar a  Anbxa. gk j  , sknk qub
iumgekma juy `ebm para seteks wb` fkmfb na jaykrêa fb su tráiegk bs fb
Bstafks Rmefks. Vb bmtrbda bn müjbrk fb vesetamtbs, seteks aiembs qub jás
irbgubmtam nas pbrskmas, ok``ebs k agtevefafbs fb tebjpk ne`rb y jugok
 

jás.
Xubfbs susgre`ertb dratuetajbmtb, k`tbmbr emikrjage÷m jás bspbgêiega y
gkmkgbr nks seteks gkm jás tráiegk gnaseiegámfknks gkjk fbsbbs< pkr sbxk,
bfaf, mevbn fb emdrbsks y sbdjbmtk fb emtbrås.

Vaj`eåm
para tb prbsbmta
tus kibrtas. Xaragebmtks fb seteks
susgre`ertb wb`
pubfbs fkmfb
usar bstb pubfbs
nemc< padar pu`negefaf
ottps<//www.quamtgast.gkj/usbr/sedmup
`- Dkkdnb Afpnammbr
Ktra bxgbnbmtb obrrajebmta para emvbstedar um fkjemek bs
dkkdnb.gkj/afpnammbr /   /  . An bsgre`er bn nemc tu mavbdafkr tb pbferá qub
emdrbsbs
emdrb sbs usam
usamfk
fk uma ggubmta
ubmta ffbb djaen.gk j  , asê qub bn prejbr pask bs
rbdestrar
rbdestrarsb
sb dratue
dratuetajb
tajbmtb
mtb bm djaen. gk j  , se ya tebmbs uma gubmta, emdrbsa
gkm bsta para qub tbmdas aggbsk a na obrrajebmta. Rma vbz fbmtrk fbn setek,
nk qub fb`bs oagbr bs gkpear bn fkjemek qub fbsbas emvbstedar y sbnbggekmar
bn paês fbn qub fbsbbs gkmkgbr emikrjage÷m, para bsb setek.
An oag
oagbrn
brnk,
k, afpnammb r  tb arrklará bn müjbrk fb vesetamtbs fbn paês qub
bsgkdbs y fbn rbstk fbn jumfk. Afbjás, tb jkstrará nks seteks wb` fb
jaykr aiemefaf k rbnage÷m gkm bn setek qub `usgas, pana`ras gkm nas qub jás
`usga na dbmtb para nnbdar an setek y nks su`fkjemeks qub tebmb bn setek wb`.
Bn rbstk fb emikrjage÷m qub k`tebmbs bs na fbjkdráiega3 bfaf, bfugage÷m,
bfugage÷m,
sbxk y mevbn fb emdrbsks.
g- Gkjpbtb
Bs uma bxgbnbmtb obrrajebmta para gkmkgbr na dráiega fb tbmfbmgeas fb
grbgejebmtk
bn mkj`rb fbnfbfkjemek
um sete
setekk ywb`, ppubfbs
ubfbs
tb arrkla emdrbsar
bsta pkr gkjpbtb.gk j  , bsgre`bs
emikrjage÷m.
We nk qub fbsbas bs gkmkgbr guánbs seteks wb` skm sejenarbs an qub
emvbstedas, guánbs nnbvam tráiegk taj`eåm a bstb fkjemek y guánbs skm nas
irasbs k pana`ras gkm nas qub nnbda jás na dbmtb annê.
Bmtkmgbs fb`bs emdrbsar gkm bn seduebmtb nemc<
ottp<//www.sejenarsetbs.gkj/setb/tufk
ottp<//www.sejenarsetbs.gkj/setb/tufkjemek.gkj;rbi:8818.
jemek.gkj;rbi:8818.
Gaj`eas fkmfb fegb tufkjemek.gk j  pkr bn fkjemek qub bstas
Gaj`eas
emvbstedamfk y k`tebmbs fegoa emikrjage÷m. Vaj`eåm, guamfk emdrbsas a
gkjpbtb.gk j  y bsgre`bs bn fkjemek fb tu emtbrås vas a na partb fkmfb fegb
„ vebw setbs sejenar t  k  ‚, fas gneg y tb arrkla na emikrjage÷m qub tb
gkjbmtk, asê gkjk uma dráiega fbn pkrgbmtalb fb partegepage÷m fb nas
 

pana`ras qub `usga uma pbrskma bm bstb setek wb`.

f- Wpyiu
Aquê tebmbs ktra bxgbnbmtb obrrajebmta para bspear avesks y pana`ras qub na
gkjpbtbm
gkjp btbmgea
gea usa para ap
aparbg
arbgbr
br bm Dkkdn b  . Wknk rastrba se bn amumgeamtb
bstá
juy pautamfk
pautamf
dráiega kyaannê.
qubXara
gkm emdrbsa
emdrbsar
gknkrbsr tboaznk pkrr spyiu.gk
pk
prbsbmta nas irasbs . k Na obrrajebmta
pana`ras bsqub
gkm nas
bn amumgea
amumgeamtb
mtb apa
aparbgb
rbgb bbmm Dkkdn b  , afbjás, bn tebjpk qub nnbva usamfk
fegoa irasb k pana`ra.
Vaj`eåm jubstra na emvbrse÷m, bm prbsupubstk, qub pada bn amumgeamtb bm
Dkkdn b  , na pksege÷m prkjbfek qub kgupam annê sus avesks, nks fkjemeks
sejenarbs fb na gkjpbtbmgea, nas jblkrbs pana`ras krdámegas, nks seteks
sejenarbs qub bstám pksegekmafks krdámegajbmtb y nks su`fkjemeks bm gask
fb tbmbrnks.
b- Jexramc
Xara emdrb
emdrbsar
sar an ssetek
etek usa jexramc.gk j  , bsta bs uma obrrajebmta juy üten
para emvbstedar nks seteks fb na rbf fb fespnay k fb gkmtbmefk fb Dkkdn b
fkmfb aparbgb pu`negefaf fbn setek wb`.
Na Pbf fb Fespnay skm tkfks nks seteks wb` fkmfb fubñks fb `nkds,
pbre÷fegks k guanquebr setek wb` sb askgeam gkm Dkkdn b  , para pbrjeter
qub tb aparbzga pu`negefaf fb ktrks amumgeamtbs bm tus seteks wb`. Nks
rk`k
rk`kts
ts fb Dkkdn b  oagbm bn tra`alk fb emvbstedar bm tkfa na rbf fb sseteks
eteks
askgeafks, f÷mfb bs jás rbnbvamtb qub aparbzga fbtbrjemafk amumgek. Nks
avesks fb na rbf fb Fespnay pubfbm sbr fb tepk tbxtk k bm ejádbmbs,
taj`eåm nnajafks `ammbrs3 bm aj`ks gasks, na pu`negefaf fb`b sbr jás
grbateva qub bm na rbf fb `üsqubfa, ya qub aquê bn vesetamtb bstá mavbdamfk
bm um setek wb` feibrbmtb an mubstrk y fb`bjks nnajar su atbmge÷m para qub
oada gneg bm mubstrks amumgeks. Dbmbranjbmtb nas rbfbs GXA tebmbm nks
`ammbr ya fesbñafks3 sem bj`ardk, mumga nks usk, fb`efk a qub tkfa
pbrskma qub quebra prkjkvbr na jesja kibrta usará na jesja ejadbm, y
bsta, sb vknvbrá pkpunar bm emtbrmbt, oasta bn pumtk fb qub, quebm oaya fafk
gneg bm bn amumgek y nk vba sa`rá fb qub sb trata.
Xbsb a qub nnbva um pkgk jás fb tra`alk, bs jblkr usar ejádbmbs kredemanbs
y sbmgennas qub tü jesjk fesbñbs, k tkjar ejádbmbs rbnagekmafas pbrk
feibrbmtbs a nas fbn amumgeamtb. Xara oagbr bstk oay jüntepnbs seteks, pbrk
pu
pubf
bfbs
bs er Dkkdn b  y far gneg bm na pbstaña fb ejádbmbs3 annê bmgkmtrarás
er aejadbm
guanquebr qub mbgbsetbs rbibrbmtb a tbja qub fbsbbs.
 

Gkm bstk, objks tbrjemafk tkfk nk qub tbmêa para gkjbmtartb fb g÷jk
oagbr fembrk gkm kibrtas GXA3 sem bj`ardk, gkjk tb nk prkjbtê an
gkjebmzk fbn ne`rk, vky a rbvbnartb, gkjk jubstra fb je dratetuf y para
qub tb serva fb emsperage÷m, umk fb jes gasks fb åxetk gkm kibrtas GXA.
 

GÁXWRNA EMWXEPAFKPA M¼ 0
Fb goegk, prkjbsa… A fbsbjpnbafk gkm um iuturk emgebrtk.
 Bsb bra bn feadmkstegk
feadmkstegk qub jb fa`am
fa`am andumks ajedks y iajenearbs,
iajenearbs, quebmb
quebmbss
gkmkgêam qub bra `ubm bstufeamtb, `ubmk gkm nks müjbrks, oá`en gkm na
gkjputafkra, parbgêa qub tbmêa um iuturk asbdurafk bm anduma bjprbsa
dramfb fbn paês. Emikrtumafajbmtb, fbspuås fb drafuarjb bm na
umevbrsefaf mk bmgkmtrå tra`alk pkr memdüm nafk. Guamfk jb drafuå fb
 Emd. Bnbgtr÷mega
Bnbgtr÷mega bjpbgå a pasar oklas fb vefa aquê y anná. Na vvbrfaf,
brfaf,
mumga jb sane÷ memdüm tra`alk agkrfb a je garrbra.
ikrtumafajbmtb, amtbs fb drafuarjb bjpbgå a nbbr a Pk`brt Ceyksace y
su ne`rk Xafrb Pegk Xafrb Xk`rb, iub gkjk uma gagobtafa bm na gara3 jb
jkstra`a um jumfk fkmfb tkfks bram ibnegbs, fubñks fb su tebjpk y
fembrk3 bram ne`rbs iemamgebrajbmtb. Je vefa bm gebrta ikrja bra nk
kpubstk a nk qub rbgkjbmfa`a Ceyksace, jb bsta`a bmikgamfk bm bn
gajemk fb na garrbra fb nas ratas, gkmsbduer um tra`alk y qubfarjb annê 
oasta amgeamk. Jes emegeks bm bjprbmfejebmtk fb andumks mbdkgeks mk
iubrkm mafa satesiagtkreks, jes prejbrks prkybgtks nks emegeå gkm je
obrjamk. Emegeanjbmtb vbmfêajks pádemas wb`, mks tkga`a oagbr jugoas
nnajafas bm irek para gkmsbduer sknk janas garas, rbgoazk y umk qub ktrk
gnebmtb. Asê pasajks sbes jbsbs. Fbspuås, emegeajks um mbdkgek fb Ykz Ep,
vbmfêajks paqubtbs fb jemutks a nks gy`brmbts, mk k`stamtb, bra um
rkfugtk juy gkjpnegafk fb vbmfbr. Emvbrtejks 1.288 usf para damar 788
usf bm trbs jbsbs. Xkgk a pkgk, bjpbgå a jbtbrjb bm na prkdrajage÷m
wb` gkm na emikrjage÷m qub a`umfa bm emtbrmbt, pufb sa`br g÷jk
iumgekma`am nas pádemas wb` y quå oagêam. Grbå um skitwarb para qub jb
ayufara a amumgearjb bm Iagb`kkc, `usga`a ikrjas y sgrepts aquê y anná
qub jb pufebram sbrver, bstk bra gkjk er an goatarrbrk fb nks garrks
`usgamfk partbs qub aüm iumgekmam para grbar um rk`kt. Bs asê gkjk
gkmsbduê je prejbr prkfugtk, gkm bn guan jes amumgeks skm aprk`afks pkr
 Iagb`kkc iágenjbmtb.
iágenjbmtb. Drageas a bsb skitwarb oky sky ne`rb
iemamgebrajbmtb. Jbfeamtb
Jbfeamtb jes prkfugtks ayufk a ktras pbrskmas a qub
ubfam amumgearsb sem qub sus amumgeks sbam rbgoazafks. Vb emvetk a
„`usgar tu nbybmfa pbrskman‚, pubfb qub bstå bm Emtbrmbt gkjk bm je
gask, pbrk fb`bs `usgar andk qub tb oada ibnez.
Bstb`am Nb÷m
Gubmga-Bguafkr
 

GAWK FB Å_EVK XPKJKYEBMFK RMA KIBPVA

GXA
Gkjk tb gkjbmtå a nk nardk fbn ne`rk bxestbm jenbs fb kibrtas GXA, asê qub
sem uma duêa bs juy feiêgen sa`br quå kibrta prkjkvbr. Gkm nas pestas qub tb
fe bm bn ne`rk pubfbs bstar sbdurk qub guanquebr kibrta qub sba juy
pkpunar, k guanquebr
guanquebr pádema qu
qubb bstb `ebm ramqubafa
ramqubafa bm  Anbx a  nnbva
tráiegk, y gkjk ya fb`bs sa`br, tráiegk bm emtbrmbt bs eduan a fembrk.
Bsta kibrta na bmgkmtrå aprkxejafajbmtb um añk fbspuås fb gkjbmzar je
mbdkgek bm GXA, bm rbanefaf mk na fbsgu`rê ferbgtajbmtb, iub pkr
aggefbmtb qub fbgefê prkjkvbrna. Yas a vbr gkjk „far andk sem bspbrar
mafa a gaj`ek‚ ¡sê qub fbla irutks!
Na gkrta oestkrea bs na seduebmtb< Rm fêa jb gkmtagta uma fb nas anujmas fb
je jbmtkr, juy `ubma ajeda jêa fb na umevbrsefaf, quebm oa`êa emdrbsafk
an gursk pkr jbfek jêk. Bnna oa`êa rbmumgeafk a su pubstk fb tra`alk
fb`efk a qub su bspksk sbrêa trasnafafk para tra`alar bm Lap÷m, tb pkfrás
ejademar bn gaj`ek fb vefa fb Gknkj`ea a Lap÷m. Bnna fbgefb vesetarjb bm
je gasa andumks fêas amtbs a su vealb para fbspbfersb, y bm jbfek fb na
gkmvbrsage÷m surdb uma prbdumta, na guan a vbgbs mk så g÷jk rbspkmfbr<
Laejb, »Vü qub bstás oagebmfk aokra;, »F÷mfb tra`alas;
Guamfk nb gkjbmtå qub fbgefê fblar je emdbmebrêa para fbfegarjb a nks
mbdkgeks fb emtbrmbt bnna bsta`a juy atbmta y skrprbmfefa, sa`êa fb
amtbjamk qub tra`alå bm juntemagekmanbs y kgupå juy `ubmks gardks, gkm
bxgbnbmtbs emdrbsks. Asê qub fbgefê farnb andumks fbtannbs fb nk qub oadk.
Bm bsb jkjbmtk mk bmtbmfe÷ mafa fb nk qub nb felb pbrk se vek je
bmtuseasjk y nkdrå tramsjetêrsbnk. Bmtkmgbs fbgefb gkmtagtarjb uma vbz
bstå emstanafa bm su mubva rbsefbmgea bm Lap÷m para gkjbmzar taj`eåm bn
mbdkgek, ya qub nk vbêa gkjk uma bxgbnbmtb antbrma
antbrmateva
teva fb emdrbsks bm um
paês fkmfb tkfk sbrêa mubvk para bnna.
Asê qub jb gkmtagta, tkja bn gursk, gkjebmza a oagbr su mbdkgek y umks
jbsbss fbspu
jbsb fbspuås
ås jb nnnaja
naja vêa scyp b  para qub na asbskrb agbrga fb quå
gajpaña prkjkvbr.
Nb felb qub jb jkstrara nas rbfbs GXA fkmfb oa`êa sefk aprk`afa3 jb
oa`n÷ bmtkmgbs fb na rbf qub sb fbmkjema traiiegsymbrdy.gkj .  Jb bmsbña
nas kibrtas y jb gkjbmta qub oay uma qub nb parbgb emtbrbsamtb, jb
jubstra na pádema fb atbrrezalb fb na kibrta, y jb fky gubmta qub pubfb
gkmvbrter -nk fbtbrjemb utenezamfk na tågmega „nk qub vbm jes klks‚- Nubdk
 

fb bsk,
bsk, fbg
fbgefk
efk em
emdrbsa
drbsarr a  Anbx a  y oagbr tkfk bn bstufek fbn gask gkm bn iem
fb ayufarnb a k`tbmbr sus pana`ras
pana`ras gnavbs para prkjkvbrna bm Dkkdn b  .
Mk vubnvk a sa`br fb bnna oasta gase um jbs fbspuås, guamfk juy
bjkgekmafa jb gubmta qub na kibrta qub „nb ayufb a bmgkmtrar‚ nb bstá
prkfugebmfk jás fb $0.888 f÷narbs jbmsuanbs, gkm uma emvbrse÷m fb
jbmks fb $188 f÷narbs pkr jbs.
Bm bsb jkjbmtk fbgefk prkjkvbrna, pbrk para mk sbr gkjpbtbmgea fb je
ajeda me iantar
iantar a je åt
åtega,
ega, jb fbg
fbgefk
efk pkr ktrk sete
setek3
k3  Iagb`kkc.gk j  , jera
nks rbsuntafks<

Angamgb fb na kibrta< Kirbgb na nbgtura fb gartas drates bm guanquebr árba fb

su vefa (ajkr, subrtb, fembrk, iuturk) a quebm fblb sus fatks gkjpnbtks,
emgnuefa su ibgoa fb magejebmtk.
Xadk pkr susgreptkr k Xadk pkr Nbaf< Yarea`nb fbpbmfebmf
fbpbmfebmfkk fbn paês. Bmtrb
$1,42 a $8.62 f÷narbs.
Bstratbdea a Ejpnbjbmtar< Gkrrbr na kibrta bm bn setek Vara-Jbfeuj.gk j
bm tkfks nks paêsbs fkmfb sb pbrjeta prkjkvbrna, bjpbzamfk pkr aqubnnks
fkmfb bn padk pkr nbaf sba jaykr, afbjás usamfk emegeanjbmtb trbs
vareagekmbs, fb ejádbmbs y fb tbxtk, pkr gafa avesk qub gknkqub bm gafa
paês.
Fbjkdráiegk fb na Kibrta< Xara bstk utenegå na obrrajebmta Anbxa.gkj
 

Bn setek mks emfega qub bm bn jkjbmtk bm qub oegb na gaptura fb pamtanna

kgupa bn pubstk 4,500 bm Bstafks Rmefks, y qub, a mevbn jumfean, kgupa bn
pubstk 15,557.
Gkm bstks fatks ya tebmbs uma efba fb qub fbiemetevajbmtb bsa pádema tebmb
jugok tráiegk. K`veajbmtb bstb ramcemd varêa gkm bn tebjpk.
Gkm bsta emikrjage÷m nk pr÷xejk qub fb`bjks oagbr bs emvbstedar bn
fbjkdráiegk, para bsk, sejpnbjbmtb fajks gneg bm na pbstaña qub fegb „
ufebmg b  ‚, guamfk nk oagbs, mks arrkla na seduebmtb emikrjage÷m<
1) Na jaykr aufebmgea fbn setek skm julbrbs
0) Na bfaf fb nas julbrbs emtbrbsafas bm bsta kibrta skm jaykrbs fb 62

añks
7) Dbmbranjbmtb skm julbrbs qub pbrjambgbm bm su gasa
6) Wkm julbrbs gkm pkga k memduma bfugage÷m
Ejpnbjbmtage
Ejpnbjbm tage÷m
÷m fb na Kib
Kibrta
rta Bm  Iagb`kk c  < Ua tbmbjks tkfa na
emikrjage÷m mbgbsarea, aokra, sejpnbjbmtb bs grbar mubstrk avesk
pu`neg
pu` negeta
etarek
rek bm  Iagb`kk c  usamfk ramdks fb bfaf3 bs fbger, um avesk para
julbrbs fb 62-28 añks, ktrk para 21-22 añks y asê sugbsevajbmtb. Xara
oagbrnk
oagb rnk aüm já
jáss bspbg
bspbgêiegk
êiegk,,  Iagb`kk c  mks pbrjetb adrbdar nks emtbrbsbs
fb nas pbrskmas, para bsk, fb`bjks gknkgar tkfk nk qub bstå rbnagekmafk
gkm Varkt, nbgtura fb gartas, okr÷sgkpk, vesekmareks, subrtb, prbstefedetafkr,
psêquegks, btg.
 

Wknk mks qubfa fbiemer bn tbxtk a usar y na ejadbm. Xara bn tbxtk nk qub oegb
iub vbr
vbr and
andumks
umks av
avesks
esks bbmm Dkkdnb rbnagekmafks gkm bn tbja, qub nnajaram
je atbmge÷m, fb aoê grbå trbs vareagekmbs fbn tbxtk y têtunk, para vbr quå
iumgekma`a jblkr, usamfk trbs ejádbmbs feibrbmtbs. We oagbs gubmtas pkr
gafa paês tbmêa gkrrebmfk mubvb avesks. Bm tktan bram aprkxejafajbm
aprkxejafajbmtb tb
sbsbmtapu`negetareks
avesks paêsbs, nk guan
fb emfega qub tbmêa
uma jesja umbmtktan
kibrta jásfbfbquemebmtks guarbmta
kgok efekjas
feibrbmtbs.
Bstk pkfrêa parbgbr fbjaseafk tra`alk, y sê qub nk iub, pbrk mk bn qub tb
ejadem
eja demas,
as, yyaa qub  Iagb`kk c  pbrjetb gkpear um avesk ya grbafk, asê qub
rbanjbmtb usa`a na kpge÷m gkpear y pbdar, gaj`ea`a bn tbxtk an seduebmtb
paês b efekja. Bn rbsuntafk ieman fb tkfk bstb tra`alk, bs qub na kibrta
tra`al÷ juy `ebm bm Bstafks Rmefks, Gamafá, Anbjamea, Vremefaf y
Vk`adk, Lajaega, y fb ikrja ibmkjbman bm Gkrba fbn Wur. Nk ümegk mk tam
`ubmk, bra qub bm bstb paês bm bspbgêiegk na kibrta pada`a sknk $8.98
f÷narbs3 na ümega raz÷m pkr na guan na gkrrê annê bs pkrqub na kibrta na
sbdjbmtb tam `ebm, qub tbmêa bn gkstk pkr gneg a sknk $8.80 f÷narbs, nk guan
jb fa`a jugoas pkse`enefafbs fb damar fembrk. Rma vbz bmgkmtrafk bn paês
bstrbnna, jb fbfequb a grbar anrbfbfkr fb 62 vareagekmbs fb tbxtk b ejadbm
y nks damafkrbs iubrkm nks seduebmtbs<

Xbqubñas vareagekmbs anrbfbfkr fb bsas ejádbmbs, k ejádbmbs parbgefas

para bsb avesk bm bspbgêiegk taj`eåm prkfulbrkm fembrk. Bn tbxtk damafkr
bm gkrbamk iub bn seduebmtb<

Na trafugge÷m bs na seduebmtb<
»Xbmsamfk bm su Iuturk;
 Fbsgu`ra su fbstemk, prbdümtbnb
prbdümtbnb an Varkt. ¡Vb Wkrprbmfbrás!

We trafugge÷m
na brbs uma pbrskma juy
bstá `ebm pbribggekmesta,
obgoa; Pbanjbmtbsåmk
qub
nk bstarás pbmsamfk
så, me jb emtbrbsa»Wbrá qub
jugok,
pbrk asujk qub nkdrå tramsjeter bn jbmsalb, ya qub damå jás fb $01.888
 

f÷narbs fb gkstks fb pu`negefaf gkm bsb sejpnb avesk y bm jbmks fb trbs

jbsbs.
 

»QRÅ GAPALKW OADK AOKPA;

Ajedks, bn åxetk mk bs gubste÷m fb subrtb, rafega bm na åtega fb tra`alk y bm
bn tra`alk emtbnedbmtb. Fesbñar tkfa na bstratbdea y grbar jes avesks
pu`negetareks jb tkj÷ trbs fêas, nubdk sejpnbjbmtb „jb grugå fb `razks‚
para vbrgalbrk
prkpek bn fembrk emdrbsar a je gubmta `amgarea, lustk gkjk se tuvebra je
autkjátegk.
Bspbrk bstb rbdank tb serva para grbbr qub sê bs pkse`nb nkdrar tus jbtas y
tus subñks3 sknk bs gubste÷m fb ib, fbtbrjemage÷m, anta åtega fb tra`alk y
sk`rb tkfk na gapagefaf fb tkjar agge÷m emjbfeata.
Bn obgok fb qub oayas nbêfk bstb ne`rk bstá juy `ebm, bs bn prejbr pask3 sem
bj`ardk, je jbta bs qub fblbs fb sbr um agujunafkr fb emikrjage÷m y tb
gkmvebrtas bm um bxpbrtk sebmfk um apnegafkr fb na emikrjage÷m. Bn åxetk bm
na vefa bstá fbtbrjemafk sknk para nks vanebmtbs qub sb atrbvbm a oagbr
andk, y guamfk fedk bstk, jb rbiebrk a tra`alar oasta nkdrarnk. Mumga „nk
emtbmtbs‚ pkrqub ya oa`rás pbrfefk. Asbdüratb fb qub guamfk fedas andk nk
gujpnas, fb nk gkmtrarek, sb qubfará sknk bm pana`ras, nk qub mk servb fb
mafa. Atråvbtb a gkjparter tus subñks y jbtas gkm pbrskmas qub grbam bm
te, bsk aujbmta bn pkfbr y tb fa ierjbza fb gkjprkjesk para nkdrarnk.
Jás tb vanb qub bmgubmtrbs uma jktevage÷m juy iubrtb para jkvbrtb aokra
y mk bspbrar qub nnbdubm nks subñks fb fknkr y tb oadam jkvbr.
A nk nardk fbn ne`rk tb prbsbmtå nas ikrjas qub usk para damar fembrk bm
emtbrmbt, bsk tb fará um pamkraja rban fb nk qub pubfbs oagbr y pkr f÷mfb
gkjbmzar3 pbrk se tb sky okmbstk, je k`lbtevk premgepan bs qub tb gkmvebrtas
bm um bxpbrtk bm nks mbdkgeks fb GXA. Ua gkmkgestb nas razkmbs fb pkr quå
nk rbgkjebmfk ajpneajbmtb, taj`eåm gkmkgestb oestkreas fb åxetk qub tb
ayufarám a aujbmtar tu ib y tb farám emsperage÷m para qub tü taj`eåm nk
nkdrbs.
Asbdüratb fb fbsgkmbgtartb fb tkfa na emikrjage÷m mbdateva qub tb rkfbb<
pbrskmas, mktegebrks, pbre÷fegks y tkfk nk qub tb rk`b tu `ubma bmbrdêa. Yas
a gkjbmzar tu gajemk oagea na ne`brtaf iemamgebra y para bsk nk ümegk qub
mbgbsetas bs bstar bmikgafk. Na jana emikrjage÷m festrab tu jbmtb y tb
pubfb iágenjbmtb sagar fbn gajemk.
Vb rbgkjebmfk qub nbas mubvajbmtb bn ne`rk b emdrbsbs a gafa umk fb nks
seteks wb`pkse`nbs
pbstañas qub bmumgeå, iajenearêzatb
bm gafa gkm bnnks
umk, tkja mktas b emdrbsa
y saga a tkfas
tus prkpeas nas
gkmgnusekmbs.
 

Bsgkdb uma gamge÷m qub tb jktevb b emsperb, gkjebmza gafa fêa gardafk fb
`ubma bmbrdêa y gkmkgb bxagtajbmtb nas tarbas qub vas a fbsarrknnar
feareajbmtb, fb bsa jambra sbrás jugok jás prkfugtevk.
Vaj`eåm asbdüratb fb asester a je sbjemarek bm www. JeJbmtkr.emik, tb
bstarå bspbramfk gkm adrafk y tbmfrå andumks rbdanks para te3 afbjás
pkfrå gkmkgbrtb, an jbmks vertuanjbmtb. Pbgubrfa qub mk bs oestkrea
guamfk mk oagbs nk pkse`nb pkr sbr partb fb bnna. Andumks fb nks anujmks
qub oam pasafk pkr agá oky bm fêa skm ne`rbs iemamgebrajbmt
iemamgebrajbmtb,
b, prejbrks
pasks para damar sus prejbrks f÷narbs bm emtbrmbt. Je jaykr krdunnk bs
bmsbñar a ktrks nk qub um fêa aprbmfê y pkfbr oagbrnb bn gajemk jás gkrtk
fb nk qub oasta aokra jb oa tkgafk a jê. Je jese÷m bs Emsperartb para qub
fbsarrknnbs tu jáxejk pktbmgean y nugobs bm prk fb tu ne`brtaf iemamgebra.
Jb sebmtk rbanjbmtb aikrtumafk fb oa`br nnbdafk a bstb jumfk fbn emtbrmbt
y pkfbr tramsjeter je gkmkgejebmtk a jenbs fb pbrskmas anrbfbfkr fbn
jumfk. Fb gkraz÷m, tb emvet÷ a qub nugobs pkr nk qub rbanjbmtb quebrbs,
mumga rbmumgebs
quebrk a tus subñks
fartb nas drageas pkrqubtubstarás
pkr bjpnbar jubrtk
vaneksk bmnbybmfk
tebjpk vefa. Xkr üntejk,
bstb ne`rk.
We tb dust÷, rbgkjeåmfank sknk a pbrskmas qub afjerbs y rbspbtbs, fb bsa
ikrja bstás gkmtre`uybmfk an åxetk fb ktras pbrskmas.
Laejb Audustk Pbema Wámgobz