CBLBKB@

BYTEL YMYABK HUFBQB FBKBC LEVB@BGBG TBGNBG

Fibjulbg Ugtul Cecegu`i Vunbs Cbtb Lukib` Letb`bgbg

Tbgnbg Fmseg Tegnbcpu ? Asti Guzukuk Btib`, Ki., CB., El

Fisusug Mke` ?

C. Brib Gur`useig C (5556204425)

Xestibgb (5556204421)

Bgfigi Cbukigb (5556204499)

OUXUYBG ELMMGMCA YQBXAB@

JBLUKVBY ELMGMCA FBG HAYGAY

UGAZEXYAVBY YUKVBG BNEGN

VAXVBQBYB

8482
 LBVB TEGNBGVBX

Tuji syulur lbci pbgjbtlbg le`bfirbt Bkkb` Y^V lbregb fegnbg Xb`cbt,
Lbrugib sertb Vbujil fbg @ifbyb`-Gyb lbci fbpbt cegyekesbilbg cblbkb` igi
fegnbg hbil ceslipug hbgybl lelurbgnbg fifbkbcgyb.

Lbci sbgnbt her`brbp cblbkb` igi fbpbt hernugb fbkbc rbgnlb cegbchb`
wbwbsbg sertb pegnetb`ubg litb cegnegbi letb`bgbg pbgnbg. Lbci
junb cegybfbri sepegu`gyb hb`wb fifbkbc cblbkb` igi terfbpbt lelurbgnbg fbg
jbu` fbri lbtb secpurgb. Mke` sehbh itu, lbci her`brbp bfbgyb lritil, sbrbg fbg
usukbg feci perhbilbg cblbkb` ybgn tekb` lbci hubt ficbsb ybgn
blbg fbtbgn, cegnignbt tifbl bfb sesubtu ybgn secpurgb tbgpb sbrbg ybgn
cechbgnug.

Yecmnb cblbkb` sefer`bgb igi fbpbt fipb`bci hbni sibpbpug

ybgn cechbibgyb. Yelirbgyb cblbkb` ybgn tekb` fisusug igi fbpbt hernugb hbni
lbci
prihbfi cbupug mrbgn ybgn cechbibgyb. Yehekucgyb lbci cm`mg cbbj bpbhikb
terfbpbt lesbkb`bg lbtb ybgn lurbgn herlegbg fbg lbci cm`mg lritil fbg sbrbg
ybgn cechbgnug feci perhbilbg ficbsb fepbg.

Yerbgn, 21 Mltmher 8482

Tegyusug
i
 FBJVBX AYA

LBVB TEGNBGVBX.................................................................................................i

FBJVBX AYA........................................................................................................................ ii

HBH A TEGFB@UKUBG................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Kbtbr Hekblbgn ................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Xucusbg Cbsbkb` ..............................................................................................2

2.8 Vujubg Tegukisbg................................................................................................ 8

HBH AA TECHB@BYBG....................................................................................................9

8.2 Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb Fbkbc Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg .......................................9

8.8 Jbltmr Tegfulugn Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg Fbkbc Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb .....0

8.9 Jbltmr Tegn`bchbt Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg Fbkbc Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb ...0

8.6 Tmtegsi Ymsibk Hufbyb (Ymsibk fbg Luiturbk Lbpitbk) Kmlbk ....................1

HBH AAA TEGUVUT........................................................................................................28

9.2 Yicpukbg ........................................................................................................... 28

FBJVXB TUYVBLB.........................................................................................29

ii
iii
 HBH A
TEGFB@UKUBG

2.2 Kbtbr Hekblbgn

Techbgnugbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg fi Agfmgesib cerupblbg kbgnlb` ugtul

cegyekesbilbg cbsbkb` pbgnbg. Letb`bgbg pbgnbg cerupblbg lmgfisi

letersefibbg pbgnbg ybgn iulup hbni setibp mrbgn pbfb setibp sbbt fbg setibp

igfivifu cecikili blses ugtul cecpermke`gyb hbil seibrb jisil cbupug

elmgmci.

Agfmgesib herlmcitceg ugtul cewujuflbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg

cekbkui Ugfbgn-ugfbgn Gmcmr > Vb`ug 211:, usb`b ugtul cewujuflbg

letb`bgbg

pbgnbg cerupblbg tbgnnugn jbwbh pecerigtb` fbg cbsybrblbt. @bk tersehut

fiwujuflbg cekbkui pegnbturbg, pechigbbg, pegnegfbkibg fbg

pegnbwbsbg ter`bfbp letersefibbg pbgnbg ybgn iulup hbil juckb` btbu

cutugyb, bcbg,

hernizi, herbnbc, cerbtb fbg terjbgnlbu mke` fbyb heki cbsybrblbt.

2.2 Xucusbg Cbsbkb`

2. Hbnbicbg bspel smsibk fbg hufbyb fbkbc letb`bgbg pbgnbg=

8. Bpb sbjb jbltmr pegfulugn letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbkbc bspel smsibk

hufbyb=

9. Bpb sbjb jbltmr pegn`bchbt letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbkbc bspel smsibk

hufbyb=

2
2.8 Vujubg Tegukisbg

2. Ugtul cegnetb`ui hbnbicbgb bspel smsibk fbg hufbyb

fbkbc letb`bgbg pbgnbg

8. Ugtul cegnetb`ui jbltmr pegfulugn letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbkbc

bspel smsibk hufbyb

9. Ugtul cegnetb`ui jbltmr pegn`bchbt letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbkbc

bspel smsibk hufbyb

8
 HBH AA
TECHB@BYBG

8.2 Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb Fbkbc Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg

2. Jbltmr-jbltmr smsibk Xucb` Vbgnnb
Lehutu`bg cblbg hulbgkb` sbtu-sbtugyb fmrmgnbg
ugtul cegnbtbsi rbsb kbpbr, fi sbcpign itu bfb lehutu`bg jisimkmnis,
seperti
pecegu`bg nizi ilut cecpegnbru`i. Yetibp strbtb btbu lekmcpml
smsibk cbsybrblbt cecpugybi pmkb tersegfiri fbkbc cecpermke`,
cegnnugblbg, fbg cegikbi cblbgbg ybgn cerupblbg iiri fbri strbtb btbu
lekmcpml smsibk cbsign-cbsign (Yu`brfjm, 2101). @bk igi sesubi @uluc
Hegget fegnbg bfbgyb pechbnibg strbtb fbkbc cbsybrblbt herfbsbrlbg
elmgmci, ybitu

secblig tignni pegfbpbtbg cegyehbhlbg secblig herbnbc lmgsucsi jegis

cblbgbg pmlml (@brfigsyb` fbg Yu`brfjm, 210>). Kignlugnbg
smsibk
cecherilbg nbchbrbg jekbs tegtbgn perhefbbg pmkb cblbg.
Yetibp cbsybrblbt btbu sulu cecpugybi lehibsbbg cblbg
herhefb sesubi lehibsbbg ybgn fibgut. Cbsybrblbt cegnlmgsucsi
hb`bg cblbgbg tertegtu ybgn cecpugybi gikbi smsibk sesubi fegnbg
tignlbt stbtus smsibk ybgn terfbpbt pbfb cbsybrblbt tersehut. (Yu`brfjm,
2101).
- Vignlbt Tegfifilbg Xucb` tbgnnb
Ymelircbg (8444) cegneculblbg hb`wb pbfb hbnbg pegyehbh

lelurbgnbg nizi mke` Ugiiej 2110 teribgtuc hb`wb cesli seibrb tifbl
kbgnsugn gbcug tignlbt pegfifilbg cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu
jbltmr
pegyehbh terjbfigyb lelurbgnbg nizi. Fbri sufut smsibk
elmgmci, tignlbt pegfifilbg ihu rucb` tbgnnb cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu
bspel ybgn fbpbt finugblbg ugtul cegnulur tignlbt lesejb`terbbg
subtu rucb` tbgnnb.
Vignlbt pegfifilbg jmrcbk semrbgn ihu serignlbki her`uhugnbg
9
pmsitij fegnbg pegignlbtbg pmkb lmgsucsi cblbgbg rucb` tbgnnb. @bk
igi tercbsul upbyb cegibpbi stbtus nizi ybgn hbil pbfb bgbl-bgblgyb

(Lmhkigsly, et.bk, 211>). Vignlbt pegfifilbg ybgn kehi` tignni blbg

1
 cecufb`lbg sesemrbgn ugtul cegyerbp igjmrcbsi
fbg cegnicpkecegtbsilbg fbkbc perikblu fbg nbyb `ifup
se`bri-`bri, l`ususgyb fbkbc `bk lese`btbg fbg nizi (Btcbritb, 8446).

- Ytbtus Telerjbbg Mrbgn Vub

Terlbwigbg fbg rucb` tbgnnb ybgn terhegtul fiiiptblbg
mke` jugnsi fbripbfb perlbwigbg itu herupb fulugnbg elmgmcis fbg
ilbtbg lbsi` sbybgn. Lmgseluegsigyb bfbkb` hbpbl fifufullbg pbfb
pmsisi fbg perbgbg igstrucegtbk fbkbc brti lenibtbg prmfultij
cbgbneribk fbg
puhkil, sefbgnlbg ihu fifufullbg pbfb pmsisi cegnekmkb
fbg cegnurus pelerjbbg rucb` tbgnnb. @bk tersehut herbrti hb`wb
terfbpbt
pechbnibg lerjb bgtbrb hbpbl fbg ihu fbkbc rucb` tbgnnb
fbg cbsybrblbt hb`wb lehibsbbg hbpbl cegibri gbjlb` fi kubr
rucb`

ugtul cecegu`i lehutu`bg `ifup rucb` tbgnnb (Agfrbwbsi`, 211>).

Lesejb`terbbg rucb` tbgnnb tifbl sekbku hernbgtugn
pbfb
pegn`bsikbg ybgn fipermke`, tetbpi junb fitegtulbg mke` sibpb ybgn
cegibri gbjlb` fbg cegnmgtrmk pegnekubrbg rucb` tbgnnb.
Ahu fihbgfignlbg hbpbl tergybtb iegferugn cegnbkmlbsilbg ubgn
ugtul
hekbgjb cblbgbg rucb` tbgnnbgyb. Cegignlbtgyb pegn`bsikbg rucb`
tbgnnb ybgn herbsbk fbri ihu helerjb blbg cecperhbili
lmgsucsi cblbgbg sekuru` bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb (L`mcsbg, 8446)
- Vignlbt Tegfbpbtbg Xucb` Vbgnnb

Tegfbpbtbg rucb` tbgnnb bfbkb` juckb` pegfbpbtbg

ybgn fipermke` fbri pegfbpbtbg secub bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb fbri
herhbnbi
lenibtbg elmgmci se`bri-`bri cisbkgyb upb` fbg nbji, `bsik prmfulsi
pertbgibg filurbgni hibyb prmfulsi, pegfbpbtbg fbri usb`b
rucb` tbgnnb hulbg pertbgibg fbg pegfbpbtbg fbri lelbybbbg
seperti sewb rucb`, sewb bkbt, hugnb, sbgtugbg bsurbgsi, fbg kbig-kbig.

6
Tbfb rucb` tbgnnb fegnbg pegfbpbtbg regfb`, :4-04 % fbri
pegfbpbtbggyb fihekbgjblbg ugtul cblbgbg. Ekbstisitbs pegfbpbtbg
ugtul cblbgbg ybgn finbchbrlbg fbri persegtbse peruhb`bg
lehutu`bg blbg cblbgbg

6
 ugtul tibp 2 % peruhb`bg pegfbpbtbg, kehi` hesbr pbfb rucb` tbgnnb
ybgn cislig fihbgfignlbg pbfb rucb` tbgnnb lbyb.
Bfb hbtbsbg pegn`bsikbg teregfb` ybgn figybtblbg mke` Ybjmnym

(21>>) tegtbgn pitb lecisligbg ybgn figybtblbg fbkbc setbrb herbs<

herhugyi hb`wb cblbgbg btbu hb`bg cblbgbg ybgn fbpbt fiheki ugtul
rucb` tbgnnb tifbl cegiulupi ugtul ceceki`brb lese`btbg sekuru`
rucb` tbgnnb (Yu`brfjm, 2101). Hbtbsbggyb ybitu ?
b. Tbkign cislig ? pegnekubrbg ybgn fiulur fegnbg eluivbkeg
herbs cegibpbi 8>4 ln fi perlmtbbg fbg 204 ln fi pefesbbg.
h. Cislig selbki ? 9:4 ln herbs fi perlmtbbg fbg 864 ln herbs fi
pefesbbg.
i. Cislig ? hikb cegibpbi eluivbkeg 604 ln fi perlmtbbg fbg 984 fi

fberb` pefesbbg.
- Ouckb` Bgnnmtb Xucb` tbgnnb
Bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb bfbkb` secub mrbgn ybgn hibsbgyb
hertecpbt tignnbk fi subtu rucb` tbgnnb, hbil herbfb fi rucb`
pbfb sbbt pegibib`bg cbupug secegtbrb tifbl bfb. Bgnnmtb rucb`
tbgnnb ybgn tekb` hepernibg : hukbg btbu kehi`, fbg bgnnmtb rucb`
tbgnnb ybgn hepernibg lurbgn fbri : hukbg tetbpi hertujubg pigfb`
btbu blbg cegignnbklbg rucb` : hukbg btbu kehi`, tifbl fibgnnbp
bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb. Mrbgn ybgn tekb` tignnbk fi subtu rucb`
tbgnnb : hukbg btbu

kehi`, btbu ybgn tekb` tignnbk fi subtu rucb` tbgnnb lurbgn fbri :
hukbg tetbpi hergibt cegetbp fi rucb` tbgnnb tersehut, fibgnnbp
sehbnbi bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb.
Tecbgtbubg lmgsucsi nizi tignlbt rucb` tbgnnb tb`ug 2115-2110
junb cegybtblbg hb`wb juckb` bgnnmtb rucb` tbgnnb ybgn secblig
hbgybl, blbg secblig cegnbkbci leiegferugnbg turuggyb rbtb-rbtb
bsupbg egerni fbg prmteig per lbpitb per `bri ybgn fitugjullbg fegnbg
prevbkegsi tertignni pbfb rucb` tbgnnb ybgn herbgnnmtblbg fibtbs
egbc mrbgn.

8. Jbltmr-Jbltmr Hufbyb Xucb` Vbgnnb

5
 Hufbyb tekb` cegjbfi lmgsep pegtign fbkbc cecb`bci cbsybrblbt
fbg lekmcpml cbgusib ugtul wbltu ybgn kbcb. Hufbyb fbpbt fibrtilbg
sehbnbi nbhugnbg lmcpkels bsucsi tignlb` kblu, ieritb, citms, cetbjmrb

fbg herhbnbi ife kbig ybgn cegjbfi sbtu ugtul cegegtulbg bpb
brti cegjbfi bgnnmtb cbsybrblbt tertegtu. Tegnertibg kbig hufbyb
bfbkb`
sehbnbi subtu pmkb secub susugbg hbil cbteribk cbupug perikblu ybgn
sufb` fibfpmsi cbsybrblbt sehbnbi subtu ibrb trbfisimgbk
fbkbc ceceib`lbg cbsbkb`-cbsbkb` pbrb bgnnmtbgyb. Fbkbc
hufbyb junb tercbsul secub ibrb ybgn tekb` termrnbgisbsi, leperibybbg,
gmrcb, gikbi- gikbi hufbyb icpkisit sertb precis-precis ybgn cegfbsbr fbg
cegnbgfugn subtu perigtb`.
- Leperibybbg cbsybrblbt

Tbfb cbsybrblbt tertegtu terfbpbt subtu pecem brtigyb

cblig tignni tignlbt lepri`btigbg sesemrbgn cblig hb`bnib fbg
cblig tignni
tbrbj smsibk ybgn fbpbt fiibpbigyb. Lepri`btigbg igi fbpbt fiibpbi
fegnbg ‛tirblbt– ybitu subtu leperibybbg cekblulbg lenibtbg jisil fbg
cegnurbgni tifur, cblbg fbg ciguc btbu herpbgtbgn
cekblulbg sesubtu. Upbibrb bnbcb btbu sekbcbtbg cerupblbg hbnibg
fbri hegtul-
hegtul lehufbybbg fi fberb` pefesbbg, fbg cbkb`bg junb fi lmtb-lmtb.
Cisbkgyb pbfb percukbbg cegfirilbg subtu hbgnugbg hbru btbupug
sehub` rucb` hbru, sekbku firbyblbg sehbnbi upbibrb peketblbg hbtu

pertbcb ybgn fiiluti fegnbg sekbcbtbg. Upbibrb sekbcbtbg kbiggyb

fikblulbg pbfb wbltu pecbsbgnbg lbsbu ybgn pertbcb fbg
pbfb
wbltu hbgnugbg sekesbi.
Tbfb wbltu upbibrb-upbibrb igi ternbgtugn fbri lecbcpubg tubg
rucb`, cblb fipmtmgn lbchign, sbpi btbu lerhbu fbg lepbkbgyb
filuhurlbg pbfb tecpbt ybgn l`usus sehbnbi lmrhbg
ugtul cegyegbgnlbg rm`-rm` cegurut leperibybbg herfibc fi
fberb` tersehut

:
- Bfbt Astibfbt

:
 Vifbl herhefb fegnbg leperibybbg cbsybrblbt, hibsbgyb pbfb
heherbpb genbrb ybgn cbsi` cegnefepbglbg gikbi bfbt istibfb, blbg
cecpegnbru`i pmkb pbgnbg ybgn cerelb kblulbg. Ounb fbkbc

cegjbfilbg biubg fbkbc cegnefepbglbg renukbsi cegnegbi letb`bgbg

pbgnbg. Cisbkgyb seperti Agfmgesib ybgn seibrb turug-tecurug
sufb` terhibsb cblbg gbsi, hb`lbg sbcpbi bfb istikb` lbkbu tifbl
cblbg gbsi sekbcb `ifupgyb cblb ib tifbl blbg herucur pbgjbgn,
lebfbbg bfb istibfbt igikb` ybgn lecufibg fijbfilbg kbgfbsbg
mke` cbsybrblbt ugtul bl`irgyb cegjbfilbg herbs btbu gbsi sehbnbi
hb`bg pmlml fbg tifbl hmke` fi`ikbgnlbg.
- Jugnsi Ymsibk Cblbgbg
Hbgybl sichmk rekini btbu cbnis ybgn filbitlbg pbfb cblbgbg.

Fbkbc bnbc Askbc, lbchign serign filbitlbg fegnbg upbibrb-upbibrb

pegtign fbkbc le`ifupbg, seperti pbfb upbibrb sekbcbtbg hbyi hbru
kb`ir, btbu pbfb l`itbgbg.
Cblbgbg cerupblbg cefib pegtign fbkbc upbyb
cbgusib
her`uhugnbg sbtu sbcb kbig. Fi fbkbc rucb` tbgnnb le`bgnbtbg
`uhugnbg bgtbr bgnnmtbgyb terjbfi pbfb wbltu cblbg
hersbcb. Henitupug fi bgtbrb rucb` tbgnnb hesbr fiupbyblbg
pertecubg seibrb
herlbkb fegnbg cblbg ugtul ceceki`brb fbg cecpererbt `uhugnbg
sikbturb`ci. Bgtbr tetbgnnb, serign fikblulbg tulbr cegulbr cblbgbg.

- Trejeregsi Cblbgbg
Cbgusib cblbg ugtul legilcbtbg. Lesulbbg blbg cblbgbg
herhefb fbri sbtu hbgnsb le hbgnsb kbig, fbg fbri fberb`/sulu le
fberb` /sulu kbig. Fi Agfmgesib, lesulbbg cblbgbg bgtbr fberb`/sulu
junb hbgybl herhefb. Cblbgbg fi Yucbtrb, l`ususgyb fi Yucbtrb
Hbrbt kehi` pefbs fbripbfb cblbgbg fi Obwb, l`ususgyb Obwb Vegnb`
ybgn sulb cblbgbg cbgis.
Yeibrb ucuc cblbgbg ybgn fisulbi bfbkb` cblbgbg
ybgn cecegu`i sekerb btbu iitbrbsb/igferbwi, ybitu fbkbc `bk rupb,
wbrgb,
>
hbu, rbsb, su`u fbg telstur. Bfb tinb jbltmr utbcb ybgn cecpegnbru`i

>
 lmgsucsi cblbgbg, ybitu ? lbrblteristil igfivifu,
lbrblteristil cblbgbg, fbg lbrblteristil kignlugnbg. Yubtu cmfek
btbu lerbgnlbg
pecilirbg fiperkulbg ugtul cegekbb` lmgsucsi cblbgbg lbitbggyb

fegnbg herhbnbi lbrblteristil tersehut, sertb `uhugnbg

bgtbr lbrblteristil itu segfiri.

8.8 Jbltmr Tegfulugn Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg Fbkbc Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb

Tmtegsi smsibk hufbyb btbu smsibk fbg lukturbk lbpitbk ybgn tekb`
fiurbilbg fi btbs cerupblbg jbltmr-jbltmr ybgn fbpbt cegfulugn letb`bgbg
pbgnbg. Yekbig itu, bfb heherbpb iiri smsibk hufbyb hbgnsb litb ybgn junb fbpbt cegfulugn
Hbsis ugit smsibk secbibc igi hercbibc-cbibc, bfb ybgn herhbsis lesulubg, cbrnb, bnbcb, terit
pbgnbg. Mke` sehbh itu, ugit smsibk seperti igi tekb` fbg blbg fbpbt

cecbiglbg perbgbg ybgn sbgnbt pegtign fbkbc cegiiptblbg letb`bgbg

pbgnbg, hbil fi tignlbt rucb`tbgnnb cbupug lmcugitbs ybgn kehi` kubs.
8.9 Jbltmr Tegn`bchbt Letb`bgbg Tbgnbg Fbkbc Bspel Ymsibk Hufbyb
Jbltmr pertbcb pegn`bchbt letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbkbc bspel smiibk
hufbyb bfbkb` lmgsucsi, ficbgb hbni lehbgyblbg mrbgn Agfmgesib
lbrhm`ifrbt utbcb fbkbc cblbgbg se`bri-`bri ibkb` gbsi, hb`lbg
bfb
prihb`bsb ‛hekuc cblbg, lbkbu hekuc cblbg gbsi–. Yekbig fbri `bk itu,
fiteculbg junb hb`wb fi GVV ybgn gmtbhegeg lbrhm`ifrbt utbcbgyb itu
jbnugn, gbsi cegjbfi sehub` hbrbgn ybgn gikbi btbu prestisegyb kehi` tignni

0
fbri pbfb jbnugn. Ye`ignnb mrbgn GVV jilb cegyunu`lbg sunu`bg lepbfb

0
tbcu fbri kubr GVV cerelb blbg cegyunu`lbg gbsi sehbnbi lbrhm`ifrbt
utbcb fbg jbnugn sehbnbi kbul, lbregb tblut figikbi regfb` mke`
tbcu. Lmgtrulsi smiibk ybgn cegecpbtlbg herbs kehi` tignni
negnsigyb btbu

prestisegyb seperti igi turut cegfmrmgn prmses ‛herbsisbsi–

fbg leternbgtugnbg pbfb herbs ybgn sbgnbt tignni, ybgn pbfb
nikirgyb
cekecb`lbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg.

Lefub fbri seni prmfulsi, sbkb` sbtu bgibcbg ybgn bcbt hesbr fbg
serius ter`bfbp letb`bgbg pbgnbg, l`ususgyb herbs bfbkb` lmgversi kb`bg
pertbgibg suhur, l`ususgyb fi Obwb ybgn terus herkbgnsugn. Lmgversi kb`bg
pertbgibg igi sesugnnu`gyb `bgybkb` hbnibg perculbbg fbri jegmcegb
smiibk hufbyb ybgn lmcpkels ybgn herbfb fi hekblbgngyb. Fisbgb
bfb cbsbkb` lepegtignbg (igterest) fbri herhbnbi lekmcpml sertb
lmgtestbsi lelubsbbg bgtbrb lekbs lbpitbkis hesbr, pegnubsb, fbg lehijblbg
pecerigtb`,
hbil fisbfbri btbupug tifbl.

Tecerigtb` gbcpblgyb hekuc ‛`bhis-`bhisbg– cegfulugn

fbg cecperlubt seltmr pertbgibg fi Agfmgesib, hb`lbg
iegferugn cegnbhbilbggyb. Yelbkipug Tecerigtb` Agfmgesib fi hbwb`
Tresifeg Yusikm Hbchbgn Quf`mymgm tekb` cerbgibgn prmnrbc
‛revitbkisbsi pertbgibg–
pbfb tb`ug 8445 (lrsicurt`i 844:), tbpi rebkisbsi mke` prmnrbc itu
sbgnbt cigic, se`ignnb kehi` herupb retmrilb hekblb. ‛Tegnbhbibg–
seltmr

pertbgibg mke` pecerigtb` cerupblbg jbltmr ybgn sbgnbt cecperkecb`

letb`bgbg pbgnbg gbsimgbk. Yekbgjutgyb, fihekblbgn lepegtignbg
igterest
heherbpb lekmcpml igi, bfb junb `bk ybgn sbgnbt cecpegnbru`i fbkbc
letb`bgbg pbgnbg fbri bspel smiibk hufbyb, ybitu
pbrbfincbcbsybrblbt cegnegbig pelerjbbg sehbnbi petbgi ybgn
fibgnnbp regfb` ybgn ifegtii fegnbg leterhekblbgnbg fbg lecisligbg

1
8.6 Tmtegsi Ymsibk Hufbyb (Ymsibk fbg Luiturbk Lbpitbk) Kmlbk
Yeperti litb letb`ui hersbcb fbri seni lmgsucsi, fiversijilbsi
pbgnbg cerupblbg subtu `bk ybgn pegtign ugtul cegiiptblbg letb`bgbg

pbgnbg. Fbkbc lmgtels igi litb herugtugn lbregb lmcugitbs fbg sulu fi

1
herhbnbi fberb` fi Agfmgesib cecikili btbu pbkign tifbl pergb` cecikili
jegis cblbgbg pmlml ybgn hervbribsi, hulbg herbs sbjb. Yehbnbi imgtm`, litb
secub sufb` cegnetb`ui hb`wb sbnu cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu cblbgbg pmlml

hbni mrbgn-mrbgn Bchmg. Yecegtbrb itu, hbni mrbgn-mrbgn GVV (Gusb

Vegnnbrb Vicur), jbnugn cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu cblbgbg pmlml
ybgn
pegtign, sefbgnlbg signlmgn cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu cblbgbg pmlml
hbni mrbgn Obwb fbg uchi- uchibg cerupblbg sbkb` sbtu cblbgbg pmlml
hbni sehbnibg mrbgn fi Tbpub.

Yeibrb ucuc, cbsybrblbt fi perfesbbg Agfmgesib cecpugybi pmkb

lmgsucsi ybgn iulup herbnbc. Lerbnbcbg igi hulbg `bgyb cegybgnlut
cblbgbg pmlml, tetbpi junb "cblbgbg pegfbcpign" cbupug
"cblbgbg tbchb`bg". Fegnbg lbtb kbig, fiversijilbsi pbgnbg
justru sufb` fikblsbgblbg mke` herhbnbi sulu fbg lmcugitbs kmlbk fi
pegjuru generi igi.

Tmkb lmgsucsi kmlbk secbibc igi perku fifulugn

hb`lbg "firepkilbsi" fi tignlbt gbsimgbk ugtul cecperlmlm` letb`bgbg
pbgnbg fi generi igi. Ybybgngyb, pbfb cbsb-cbsb ybgn kbku pmtegsi
hufbyb kmlbk secbibc itu serignlbki fi`bgiurlbg cekbkui lehijblbg
tertegtu, seperti "herbsisbsi", cisbkgyb. Yecegtbrb itu, pbfb cbsb
ligi hufbyb kmlbk secbibc itu junb cegnbkbci "necpurbg" ybgn
tbl lbkb` fb`sybtgyb cekbkui lmgstrulsi smsibk tegtbgn bpb ybgn fibgnnbp
sehbnbi cblbgbg ybgn

"hernegnsi" btbu "cmfec". Yehub` kbnu ybgn pergb` pmpuker,

ybgn cegnbsmsibsilbg "Bgbl Yignlmgn" sehbnbi bgbl ybgn serhb
igjerimr
fihbgfignlbg fegnbg "Bgbl Leju" ybgn cekbchbgnlbg superimritbs,
`bgybkb` cerupblbg sehub` imgtm` necpurbg ter`bfbp hufbyb kmlbk ybgn
herlbitbg fegnbg pbgnbg igi.

Yehegbcyb pbfb tignlbt gbsimgbk, prmses fiversijilbsi pbgnbg junb

sufb` terjbfi. Lbkbgnbg lekbs cegegnb` le btbs fbg junb lbuc
cufb, l`ususgyb fi perlmtbbg, tifbl sepegu`gyb cegjbfilbg herbs
2
sehbnbi sbtu- sbtugyb hb`bg pbgnbg pmlml. Legtbgn, rmti fbg cblbgbg kbig
ybgn terhubt

fbri hb`bg hblu tepugn, cisbkgyb, sufb` cerupblbg hb`bg cblbgbg pmlml

2
ybgn iulup pmpuker ugtul lbkbgnbg igi. CiFmgbkf, Legtuily
Jrief I`iileg fbg Tizzb cecherilbg lmgtrihusi ybgn
singijilbg fbkbc cecprmcmsi fiversijilbsi pbgnbg fi lbkbgnbg lekbs
cegegnb` btbs sertb

lbuc cufb fi perlmtbbg igi. Vegtu prmses "CiFmgbkisbsi" igi {cecigjbc

istikb` Xitzer, 2119) sbgnbt fipegnbru`i mke` prmses-prmses smsimkmnis seperti
cbsbkb` stbtus fbg prestise smsibk, rbsimgbkisbsi, prbncbtisce, cmhikitbs
smsibk vertilbk fbg sehbnbigyb.

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 HBH AAA

TEGUVUT
9.2 Yicpukbg
Letb`bgbg pbgnbg sbgnbt pegtign, hbil fbri seni himkmnis cbupug
smsibk. Agfmgesib sehbnbi genbrb ybgn cecikili pmtegsi smsibk hufbyb kmlbk
ybgn cegfulugn letb`bgbg pbgnbg, hbil fbri seni vbribsi,
pegyefibbg, cbupug pegnekmkbbg hb`bg pbgnbg, sertb sistec pegnekmkbbg
sucher fbyb bkbc ugtul pbgnbg. Gbcug fisisi kbig cbsybrblbt igfmgesib
junb cecikili iiri-iiri smsibk hufbyb ybgn fbpbt cegn`bchbt
upbyb cegiiptblbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg ybgn lubt. Jbltmr smsibk hufbyb
ybgn cegfulugn fbg

cegn`bchbt igi perku fiper`btilbg fbkbc cekblulbg felmgstrulsi fbg

relmgstrulsi smsibk hbni upbyb cewujfulbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg ybgn
tbgnnu`. Mke` lbregb itu cblbkb` igi cegimhb cecherilbg lmgtrihusi fbri
bspel smsibk hufbyb fbkbc letb`bgbg pbgnbg fi Agfmgesib.

2
 FBJVXB TUYVBLB
Nugbfib , Jitrb` FLL. (8420) Bgbkisis Jbltmr-Jbltmr Velgmkmni fbg Ymsibk

Hufbyb ybgn Cegnbgibc Leherkbgjutbg Lecbgfiribg Tbgnbg Tmlml fi Trmvigsi

Obwb Hbrbt, Agfmgesib

Ligsegn, X. B. Bspel smsibk hufbyb fbkbc pegignlbtbg letb`bgbg pbgnbg.

Cbpbgfig, ^. Q. (844:). @uhugnbg Jbltmr-Jbltmr Ymsibk Hufbyb Fegnbg Lmgsucsi

Cblbgbg Tmlml Xucb` Vbgnnb Tbfb Cbsybrblbt Fi Leibcbtbg ^bcegb, Lbhupbteg
Obybwijbyb Vb`ug 8445 V`e Bssmiibtimg Mj Ymiim-Iukture Jbitmrs Bgf Ytbpke Jmmf

Imgsucptimg Bcmgn @muse`mkfs Mj ^bcegb Imccugity, Obybwijbyb Ag 8445 (Fmitmrbk

fissertbtimg, Trmnrbc Tbsibsbrjbgb Ugiversitbs Fipmgenmrm).