PDF 26 Animasi 2 Dimensi Compress

?=27
YL@/LB@
jgngc ?
BKGLBYG
? Cgleksg
Fbjbr @urkgbwbk
Bkaarbekg Cwg ]utrbktd

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_ECB@YGDKBN
]ekabrbh:
Cgre`tur ]elogkbbk YL@
@epbnb Yuo Cgre`tdrbt @urgùnul
@epbnb Ye`sg ]ekgnbgbk
@epbnb Ye`sg ]eloenbjbr
]eloenbjbrbk
bk
]ekungs:
Fbjbr @urkgbwbk
]ekaekcbng Lutu:
Qgkgh Qgib`sdkd
]ekyuktgka:
_bgs Yetgbwbk
Erkb Fbuzgbh
Ecgtdr:
Kur Bgkg Fbrgcb
Cesbgk Yblpun
Ydkky _bscgbktd
Nbydut/Ecgtgka:
Gktbk Yungstybkg Qgcgbrtg
BKGLBYG ggg

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
@BSB]EKABKSB_
@BSB ]EKABKSB_
Cbnbl lekyecgb`bk r ef ef er eksg lbter g ppel oenb jbrbk oobag auru cbk pesertb cgcg`

cg YL@, Cgre`tdrbt ]elogkbbk YL@ oerupbyb lekyecgb`bk obhbk b jbr ` e jur ubk
ybk a sesubg cekabk
bka bk èoutuhbk p el oenb jbr bk cg YL@ pbcb lbtb penb j jbrbk
pe brbk I? cbk
IJ cbr g 23? `dlpeteksg èbhngbk ybka bcb pbcb ]ercgrjek Cg` cbslek
Kd
K dldr =6/C.CY/ @ /?=28 tbkaabn 1 Jukg ?=28 tektbka Ype`trul @ebhngbk YL@/
@@
@
LB@ cbk Ytr u` tur @ur g` unul ?=29 sesubg ]erc r ek Cg`cbslek Kdldr =1/C.
rcgg j
CY/@ @/@/?=28 tbk bkaaabn 1 Jukg ?=28 tek tbka Ytr u` tur @ ur g` unul YL@ /LB@ .
Obh bk b jbr ybka cgsusuk pbc bc b tbhuk bkaabrbk ?=27 cghbr b p` bk
cb pbt rkekul ouh` bk ldtgvbsg oenbjbr obag pesertb cgcg` lbu puk auru èjurubk
cg YL@ . @brekb obhbk b jbr ybka tenbh cgsusuk gkg senbgk lekybjg`bk lbter g seibrb
tertungs, jua pgg cekabk oeoerbpb lbterg ybka o
uabb cgneka` b p oe
er sgf
sgf bt gkter b` tgf
tgf cekabk
cekabk
pekaaukbbk tbutbk p peekibr gbk ybka cbpbt ler kp kpern
rnuubs p
pe
er kbhblbk gkcgvgcu ybka
lekaaukb` bkkyb.
Obhbk bjbr èjurubk ybka cgsusuk pbcb tbhuk ?=27 gkg cgsusuk dneh pbrb
auru ` e jurubk cg YL@ ybka tenbh oerpek rpeka abnbnblbk lekyenekaabrb`bk prdses
pel oenb jbrbk sesubg cekabk ` dl dl peteksg èbhngbk lbsgka-rkbsgka. Dneh `brekb gtu,
cghbrbp`bk cb pbt lekjbcg r ef er eksg obag auru ybka lekabr k pu lbt b penbjbrbk penbjbrbk ybka
sblb pbcb prdarbl èbhngbk se jekgs cg YL@ senuruh senuruh Gkcdkesgb.
@epbcb pbrb auru pekyusuk obhbk bjbr ` e jur ubk ybka tenbh lekcecg` bsg` bk
wb`tu, `dlpeteksg, inbk per hbtgbkkyb, Cgre`tdrbt ]elogkbbk YL@ lekybl pbg` bk
uibpbk ter glb` bsgh. Cghbrbp`bk `bryb gkg ou` bk lerupb`bk `bryb terb` hgr , kbluk
seter uskyb b`bk cgnbk j ju bk cekabk `bryb-`bryb oerg` utkyb, sehgkaab YL@
ut` bk
rkel pukybg auru-auru ybka pr dinu` tgf cbk `r ebtgf cbnbl lekyul o obk
bka a` bk
pe
p elg` grbk, pdteksg cbk `drkpeteksgkyb obag pekaelobkabk per k oenb jbrbk cg YL@ .
YL@ Ogsb! YL@ Heobt!
gv BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]_B@BSB ]_B@BSB
]ujg Yyuùr pekungs hbtur`bk èpbcb Bnnbh ybka pekuh `bsgh btbs oer`bt `bsgh-
Kyb, sehgkaab senblb prdses pekungsbk ouù gkg pekungs cgoerg`bk oer`bt ènbkibrbk
uktu` lekyenesbg`bk cekabk obg` cbk selb`sglbn luka`gk. Cbnbl pekungsbk ouù gkg
pekungs lekablogn jucun „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“. ]ekungsbk ouù „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“
cgsusuk seobabg sbnbh sbtu bnterkbtgf obhbk bjbr cbnbl prdses peloenbjbrbk Bkglbsg.
Yenblb prdses pekungsbk ouù gkg, pekungs sukaauh lekybcbrg obhwb lbsgh
obkyb` èterobtbsbk cbnbl pekyusukbkkyb hgkaab terwujuckyb ouù obhbk bjbr
„BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“.
CGLEKYG“. Yehgkaab prdses gkg tgcb`nbh
tgcb`nbh nepbs cbrg obktubk,
obktubk, cuùkabk,
sertb perbk cbrg oerobabg pghb` ybka oeagtu oesbr obag ]ekungs. Lb`b pbcb èselpbtbk
gkg cekabk seabnb èrekcbhbk hbtg cbk uka`bpbk rbsb terglb`bsgh ybka tb` terhgkaab
pekungs hbtur`bk èpbcb:
2. Cgre`tdr
Cgre`tdrbt
bt YL@ ybka tenbh leloerg`bk
leloerg`bk èselpbtbk
èselpbtbk juab èperibybbk
èperibybbk èpbcb
pekungs cbnbl lekyusuk ouù „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“ gkg.
?. YL@ K 5 WDAWB@B_SB ybka tenbh leloerg`bk èselpbtbk cbk cuùkabk seibrb
ldrgn cbk lbterggn senblb prdses pekyusukbk ouù gkg.
9. @enubrab èignù (gstrgù cbk bkb`-bkb`ù terigktb) ybka cekabk pekuh igktb,
pekaertgbk, cbk perhbtgbk sekbktgbsb leloerg`bk selbkabt hgkaab pekungsbk
cbk pekyusukbk ouù gkg terwujuc.
3. Yertb selub pghb` ybka tgcb` cbpbt ]ekungs seout`bk sbtu persbtu cglbkb tenbh
turut sertb lelobktu hgkaab senesbgkyb pekyusukbk ouù gkg.
Lekjbcg seoubh hbrbpbk oesbr obag pekungs cekabk bcbkyb bnterkbtgf obhbk
bjbr ouù „BKGLBYG
„BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“ gkg, seldab sukaauh ogsb oeraukb obag pekaelobkabk
peloenbjbrbk bkglbsg cg se`dnbh ybka neogh `rebtgf
`rebtgf,, gkdvbtgf, juab lelgng`g lutu cbyb
sbgka. Sb` nupb pbcb èselpbtbk gkg cekabk ètunusbk hbtg pekungs ldhdk lbbf
bpbognb cbnbl pekungsbk hgkaab pekyusukbk ouù obhbk bjbr „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“
gkg lbsgh obkyb` èùrbka
èùrbkabk
bk cbk ètgcb`selpurkbbk. Dneh `brekbkyb pekungs sbkabt
terou`b cbk oerhbrbp bcbkyb `rgtg` sertb sbrbk ybka sgfbtkyb lelobkauk cbrg selub
pghb`, seobabg tgkcb` nbkjut obag pekungs cbnbl lekadptglbn`bk pekaelobkabk
obhbk bjbr peloenbjbrbk bkglbsg cg lbsb lekcbtbka.
Serglb `bsgh.
Wdayb`brtb, ….. Jbkubrg ?=?=
Fbjbr @urkgbwbk
BKGLBYG v

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ GYG CBFSB_

CBFSB_ GYG
@BSB ]EKABKSB_
@BS ]EKABKSB_................................................................................................
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]_B@BS
]_B@B SB .......................................................................................
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....................... v
CBFSB_
CBFS B_ GYG ................................................
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.............. vg
CBFSB_
CBFS B_ ABLOB_ ............................................................
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...................................vggg
vggg
]ESUKJU@ ]EKAAUKBBK OU@U......................................
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.................................... xgg
]ESB
]ESB @DKYE] OU@U .........................................
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..... xggg
B]E_YE]YG ................................................
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............ xgv
OBO G Bnbt cbk Obhbk ]eloubtbk Bkglbsg

Bkglbsg ?C ......................................................
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B. OBHBK-OBHBK WBKA WBKA CGOUSUH@BK
CGOUSUH@B K ]BCB ]BCB ]ELOUBSBK
]ELOUBSBK BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG ....................................................................................................................?
O. BNBS ]E_BNBSBK
]E_BNBSBK WBKA CGAUKB@BK OEYE_SB OEYE_SB CELDKYS_BY
CELDKYS_BYGG IB_B
]EKAAUKBBK BNBS ...............................................................................................5
OBO GG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG ......................................................

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25
B. ]rbprdcu`sg..................................................
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O. ]rdcu`sg................................................
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I. ]bsibprdcu`sg
]bsibprdcu`sg ..................................................
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OBO GGG ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBS

]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB @B_B@SE_ CBK CEYBGK @B_B@SE_.......?3
....... ?3
B. Yètsb @brb`ter Yeibrb Lbkubn .................................................
........................ ................................................
....................... ?5
O. Nbka`bh-nbka`bh ]erbkibkabk .................................................
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....................... ?5
OBO GV ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK

]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB (NBSB_ (NBSB_ OBI@ADUKC CBK FD_EA_DUKC), FD_EA_DU KC),
CBK Y@ESYB ]_D]E_SG.......................................................................................3=
.......................................................................................3=
OBO V @DLOGKBYG QB_KB

QB_KB OE_CBYB_ YUBYBKB ................................................58
................................................ 58
B. Sedrg Orewster ................................................
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O. ]rdn Qbrkb ...............................................
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...... 6=
I. Yèlb Qbrkb.................................................
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OBO VG LELOUBS ABLOB_ @UKIG CBK GKOESQEEK YEYUBG CEKABK

2? ]_GKYG] BKGLBYG ...............................................................
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19
B. ]ekaertgbk
]ekaertgbk 2? prgksgp bkglbsg ..................................................
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O. Leloubt Ablobr @ukig ................................................
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I. Leloubt Gkoetweek
Gkoetweek..........................
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OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS.............................................

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73
B. Lekygbp`bk selub ablobr ybka tenbh cgoubt ............................................
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]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ ABYBN .................................................................

.................................................................2=9
2=9
vg BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ GYG
CBFSB_ G YG
OBO VGGG SBHB]BK ]_DCU@YG BKGLBYG CBK ]E_@ELOBKABK YDFSQB_E

BKGLBYG .........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
..................2=7
2=7
B. Lbibl-lbibl sdftwbre Bkglbsg.............................................................
Bkglbsg.................................... ..............................
.....22=
22=
OBO GX ]EKBLBBK CBK ]EKAUL]UNBK BYYES YEYUBG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB ........227

........ 227
B. ]ekblbbk Bsset Yesubg ]rdsecur................................................
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................. 2?=
OBO X LEKEKSU@BK ]ELOBAGBK NBWE_ CBK LE_BKIBKA ]ELOUBSBK

NBWDU
NBWDUSS ..........................................................................................
............................................................................................................
..................2?1
2?1
B. Lekaabouka`bk
Lekaabouk a`bk `brb`ter, obiàrdukc, prdpertg lekjbcg sbtu
cbnbl seoubh bceabk ................................................
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............. 2?8
OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS.......................................................................298

.......................................................................298
B. @brb`ter oerb`sg tbkpb prdpery ...............................................
...................... ...............................................
...................... 297
OBO XGG LEKE_B]@BK ]EKIGS_BBK ABLOB_ CGAGSBN

CGAGSBN ......................................25?
B. Leloubt pekigtrbbk Cgagtbn.................................................
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........................... 259
O. Lbibl-lbibl tgpe cbk uùrbk vgced cbnbl prdcu`sg bkglbsg .......... 255
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ AEKB] .................................................................266

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CBFSB_ ]UYSB@B
CBFSB_ ]UYSB@B ..........................................................................................
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...219
219
ANDYB_GUL....................................................................................
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215
OGDCBS
OGDCBSB ]EKUNGY.............................................................................................
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216
BKGLBYG vgg

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ABLOB_
CBFSB_ ABLOB_
Ablobr 2.2 @ertbs Srbkspbrbk ..............................................................................................?
Ablobr 2.? ]eksgn ....................................................................................................................9
Ablobr 2.9 ]ea Obr .................................................................................................................5
Ablobr 2.3 ]enbte`bk èrtbs cg ]ea obr...................... ...............................................
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...5
5
Ablobr 2.5 Hdne ]ukiher ......................
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...6
6
Ablobr 2.6 Ngaht odx (Lejb trbigka ) ...................................................................................6
Ablobr 2.1 NEC Srbigka .........................................................................................................1
Ablobr 2.8 Yibkker ................................................................................................................1
Ablobr 2.7 Se`kg`
Se`kg` Lenetb``bk @ertbs cg Yibkker ...................... ...............................................
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Ablobr 2.2= ]ek Sbonet .........................................................................................................8
Ablobr 2.22 .............................................................................................................................7
Ablobr 2.2? .............................................................................................................................7
Ablobr ?.2 Ytdryodbrc
Ytdryodbrc...............
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Ablobr ?.? Ytbkcbr `brb`ter ..........................
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Ablobr ?.9 Obiardukc ...............
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Ablobr ?.3 @eypdse ..................
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Ablobr ?.5 Gkoetweek ................
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Ablobr ?.6 @brb`ter
@brb`ter LbkusgbLbkusgb.........................
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Ablobr 9.2 @brb`ter Bngekt ........................
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Ablobr 9.? @brb`ter Ibvlbk .........................
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Ablobr 9.9 @brb`ter
@brb`ter Oubyb ........................
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Ablobr 9.3 @brb`ter
@brb`ter Oubyb ........................
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Ablobr 9.5 @brb`ter aedletrg .......................
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Ablobr 9.6 @brb`ter
@brb`ter LbkusgbLbkusgb.........................
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Ablobr 9.1 E`spresg
E`spresg `brb`ter .........................
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Ablobr 9.8 ]dse
]dse `brb`ter
`brb`ter.......................
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Ablobr 9.7 Abyb
Abyb ablobr
ablobr ibrtddk .........................
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Ablobr 9.2= Abyb ablobrablobr rebngs rebngs .......................
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Ablobr 9.22 Abyb ablobr selg rebngsl .......................... ...................................................
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Ablobr 9.2? .........................
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Ablobr 3.2 Obiàrdukc ................
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Ablobr 3.? Ablobr ]erspe`tg
]erspe`tgff ......................
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Ablobr 3.9 ]erspe`t
]erspe`tgf gf 2 tgtg` nekybp wdrl wdrl eye eye .........................
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Ablobr 3.3 ]erpse`tgf
]erpse`tgf 2 tgtg` nekybp kdrlbn kdrlbn vgewe vgewe .......................
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..... 35
Ablobr 3.5 ]erspe`t
]erspe`tgf gf 2 tgtg`
tgtg` nekybp lbtb ouruka .........................................................................
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Ablobr 3.6 ]dsgsg ]erspe`tg
]erspe`tgff ? tgtg` tgtg` nekybp .........................
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Ablobr 3.1 ]erspe`tgf
]erspe`tgf 9 tgtg` nekybp nekybp wdrl eye eye ......................
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]erspe`tgf 9 tgtg` kdrlbn vgewe......................... ..................................................
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Ablobr 3.7 ]erspe`t
]erspe`tgf gf 9 tgtg`
tgtg` nekybp lbtb ouruka .........................................................................
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Ablobr 3.2= E`stergdr ........................
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Ablobr 3.22 Gktergdr .......................
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vggg BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ABLOB_
Ablobr 3.2? .......................

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Ablobr 3.29 .......................
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Ablobr 3.25 .......................
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Ablobr 3.26 .......................
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Ablobr 3.21 .......................
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Ablobr 3.28 ......................
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Ablobr 3.27 ......................
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Ablobr 3.?= .......................
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Ablobr 3.?2 .......................
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Ablobr 3.?? .......................
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Ablobr 5.2 Ablobr ldkdihrdlbtg
ldkdihrdlbtgii ......................
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Ablobr 5.? Ablobr
Ablobr bkbnda bkbnda......................
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Ablobr 5.9 Ablobr `dlpnelekter
`dlpnelekter........................
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Ablobr 5.3 Ablobr spngt `dlpnelekt `dlpnelekter............................
er.....................................................
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Ablobr 5.5 Ablobr trgbcgi ......................
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Ablobr 5.6 Ablobr `brb`ter cekabk tgpe perseag perseag pbkjbka........................
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Ablobr 5.1 Ablobr pbnnet pewbrkbbk....................... ................................................
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Ablobr 5.8 .........................
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Ablobr 5.7 .........................
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Ablobr 5.2= .......................
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Ablobr 5.22 .......................
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Ablobr 6.2 ]dse Sd ]dse ]dse ......................
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Ablobr 6.? Sglgka .........................
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Ablobr 6.9 Yeidkcbry bitgdk ........................................
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Ablobr 6.3 Yndw gk sndw dut.................................................
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Ablobr 6.5 Bktgsgpbsg........................
Bktgsgpbsg.................................................
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Ablobr 6.6 Fdndw thrdw bkc b kc dvernbppgka .........................................
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Ablobr.. 6.1 Bri ......................
Ablobr ...............................................
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Ablobr 6.8 Exbaerbtgdk ..................
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Ablobr 6.7 Yqubsh bkc stretih ................. ..................................
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Ablobr 6.2= Ytbagka ..............................................................
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Ablobr 6.22 @eypdse oerènbhg.......................
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Ablobr 6.2? _efereksg
_efereksg drbka oerjbnbk.......................................................................
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Ablobr 6.29 Drbka
Drbka oerjbnbk
oerjbnbk........................
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Ablobr 6.23 Oreb`cdwk .................
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Ablobr 6.21 Ablobr drbka lekblob` è è bwbn ......................
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ABlobr 6.28 Ablobr
Ablobr drbka lekelob` lekelob` èy èy b`hgr .......................
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Ablobr 6.27 Sglengke phdtdshdp........................
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Ablobr 6.?= Frble oy frble tglengke ............................................
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Ablobr 6.?2 Nbyergka gkoektweek ..............................................................
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........... 81
Ablobr 6.?2 Nbyergka gkoektweek ..............................................................
....................................
...................................
............................
........... 81
BKGLBYG gx

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ABLOB_
Ablobr 6.?? Frble oy frble gkoetweek .....................................

.......................................................
...................................
....................
... 88
Ablobr 6.?9 ]ekabtur
]ekabturbk bk wb`tu........................
.................................................
..................................................
.......................................
.............. 88
Ablobr 6.?3 ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................................
...............................................
...................... 87
Ablobr 6.?5 ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................................
...............................................
...................... 87
Ablobr 6.?6 ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................................
...............................................
...................... 7=
Ablobr 1.2 Fdncer ne .................................................
........................ ..................................................
...................................................
...............................
..... 76
Ablobr 1.? Ablobr gkoetweekgkoetweek bkjgka.........................
..................................................
..................................................
........................... 76
Ablobr 1.9 ]ekabturbk
]ekabturbk cg phdtdsdp phdtdsdp .......................
.................................................
...................................................
..............................
..... 71
Ablobr 1.3 ]ekabtur
]ekabturbk bk dpek cdùlek.......................................
cdùlek................................................................
...................................
.......... 71
Ablobr 1.5 ]ekabtur
]ekabturbk bk frble
frble rbte ......................
...............................................
..................................................
...................................
.......... 78
Ablobr 1.6 Sglengke .................
...................................
....................................
...................................
...................................
....................................
.......................
..... 78
Ablobr 1.1 Sdlodn
Sdlodn pnby ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................................
........................... 78
Ablobr 1.8 ]rdpertg
]rdpertg tgle ngke .......................
................................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 78
Ablobr 1.7 Yettgka wb`tu tglengke.........
tglengke..........................
...................................
....................................
...................................
.......................
...... 77
Ablobr 8.2 ]eroecbbk ablobr ogtlbp cbk ve`tdr ...................................................22?
Ablobr 8.? ]eroecbbk veitdr cbk ogtlbp ogtlbp .........................
..................................................
.........................................
................ 22?
Ablobr 8.9 ]ersgbpbk puppet cekabk phdtdsp......................... ..................................................
.................................
........ 223
Ablobr 8.3 Ablobr inebkup ...........................................................................................223
Ablobr 8.5 Qrbp ]uppet ..................
....................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
..............................225
.............225
Ablobr 8.6 Aerb`bk puppet ............................................................................................225
Ablobr 8.1 Nbyer tgbp puppet .........................................................................................226
Ablobr 8.1 Nbyer tgbp puppet .........................................................................................226
Ablobr 8.8 frble oy frble tgbp puppet.......................................................................226
puppet.......................................................................226
Ablobr 7.2 Hgrbr`g Fgne ......................................................................................................2?2
Ablobr 7.? ]ekblbbk ne= .............................................................................................2?2
Ablobr 7.9 ]ekblbbk cg phdtdsdp ...............................................................................2??
Ablobr 7.3 ]ekblbbk nbyer cg phdsdtdp .....................................................................2??
Ablobr 2=.2 Nbyergka fdradruk, lgcardukc, obiàrdukc ..........................................2?7
..........................................2?7
Ablobr 2=.? Ytdryodbrc thulogns ................ .................................
...................................
....................................
.................................292
...............292
Ablobr 2=.9 Ablobr tblbk ............................................................................................299
Ablobr 2=.3 ]elgsbhbk obiàrdukc obiàrdukc bkc fdreardukc fdreardukc ......................
..............................................
........................ 299
Ablobr 2=.5 ]ekaabouk
]ekaaboukabk abk obiàrdukc cbk fdre fdreardukc
ardukc.......................
.......................................
................ 293
Ablobr 2=.6 ]ekaaboukabk obiàrdukc cbk fdreardukc fdreardukc cbk `brb`ter ..............293 .............. 293
Ablobr 2=.1 Ablobr Yubsbkb se`dnbh .........................................................................295
Ablobr 22.2 Ngps `brb`ter ................................................................................................23=
Ablobr 22.? Sblpgnbk Bcdoe bucgtgdk...........................................
.............................................................
.................................239
...............239
Ablobr 22.9 Qbvefdrl bcdoe bucgtgdk ............................................
.............................................................
..............................239
.............239
Ablobr 22.3 Yettgka ihbkken bucgd ...............................................................................239
Ablobr 22.5 Gkterfbie wbve bucgd ...........................
.............................................
....................................
...................................
.....................233
....233
Ablobr 22.6 ]ersgbpbk Cdùlek Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp ]hdtdshdp ........................
................................................
........................ 233
Ablobr 22.1 ]ersgbpbk ablobr ......................................................................................235
x BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ABLOB_
Ablobr 22.8 ........................................................................................................................235

Ablobr 22.7 Sblpgnbk
Sblpgnbk aerb`bk cg phdtdshdp....................... ................................................
......................................
............. 235
Ablobr 22.2= Yettgka dkgdk ogbr ablobr ternghbt selub ........................................236
Ablobr 22.22 ]ekaaboukabk `brb`ter cekabk obiàrdukc...................... ...................................
............. 231
Ablobr 22.2? ]ekaaboukabk bucgd è ablobr .........................................................231
Ablobr 22.29 Sglengke Ablobr, obiàrdukc obiàrdukc cbk bucgd .........................
..........................................
................. 231
Ablobr 2?.2 Ablobr igtrb ldkdirdl ..........................................................................259
Ablobr 2?.? Ablobr igtrb arbysibne ................. ...................................
....................................
...................................
..........................253
.........253
Ablobr 2?.9 Ablobr @dlogkbsg _AO............................................................................253
Ablobr 2?.3 ]elgnghbk uùrbk vgced pbcb phdtdshdp ....................... ............................................
..................... 251
Ablobr 2?.5 Ablobr glbae sequekie .........................................................................258
Ablobr 2?.6 Expdrt cbk rekcer vgced ..........................................................................258
Ablobr 2?.1 Yettgkabk expdr uùrbk vgced ................................................................257
BKGLBYG xg

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]ESUKJU@
]ESUKJU@ ]EKAAUKBBK OU@U
]EKAAUKBBK OU@U
]ujg Yyuùr `blg pbkjbt`bk èpbcb Suhbk

Suhbk WLE ybka tenbh lenglpbh`bk rbhlbt-
kyb sehgkaab cbpbt lekyenesbgbk ouù gkg.
Ouù cekabk jucun Bkglbsg ? Cgleksg gkg cghbrbp`bk cbpbt lekjbcg pbkcubk,
lelper`byb cbk lekgka`bt`bk pekaubsbbk pekaetbhubk cbk èterblpgnbk obag pe-
sertb cgcg`. Lekagkabt pektgkakyb ouù gkg, cgsbrbk`bk llelperhbtg`bk hbn-hbn se-
obabg oergùt.
2. Obibnbh Sujubk peloenbjbrbk terneogh cbhunu uktu` lekaetbhug bpb ybka b`bk
`blu ibpbg cbnbl obo gkg sertb nghbtnbh petb `dksep uktu` leaetbhug peletbbk
lbterg.
?. Obibnbh ouù gkg cekabk tengtg cbk se`sblb, sertb ognb bcb ybka ùrbka jenbs ogsb
cgtbkyb`bk èpbcb auru.
9. Nbù`bk èagbtbk ngterbsg pbcb obagbkobagbk ib`rbwbnb
ib`rbwbnb cbk jenbjbh
jenbjbh gkterket
gkterket uktu`
lelpernubs wbwbsbklu.
3. ]bcb obagbk b`hgr obo tercbpbt tes `dlpeteksg ybka cbpbt `bngbk aukb`bk uktu`
lekaetbhug bpb`bh sucbh lekaubsbg lbterg cbnbl obo gkg.
Uktu` lelobktu bkcb cbnbl lekaubsbg èlblpubk cg btbs, lbterg cbnbl
ouù gkg cbpbt `blu ierlbtg tbhbp celg tbhbp. Jbkabk lelb`sb`bk cgrg seoenul oe-
kbr-oekbr lekaubsbg obagbk celg obagbk cbnbl ldcun gkg, `brekb lbsgka-lbsgka sb-
ngka oer`bgtbk. ]bcb b`hgr obo cgnea`bpg cekabk ]ekgnbgbk B`hgr Obo. Jg`b bkcb oenul
lekaubsbg 15% cbrg setgbp èagbtbk, lb`b bkcb cbpbt lekaunbkag uktu` lelpe-
nbjbrg lbterg ybka tersecgb cbnbl ouù gkg. Bpbognb bkcb lbsgh lekabnblg èsungtbk
lelbhblg lbterg ybka bcb cbnbl obo gkg, sgnbh`bk cgsùsg`bk cekabk telbk btbu
auru bkcb.
Ouù gkg tercbpbt obagbk-obagbk uktu` lelper`byb cbk lekaujg pekaetbhubk
cbk èterblpgnbklu. Bcbpuk obagbk-obagbk terseout bcbnbh:
Nelobr ]rb`tgùl Nelobr biubk ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` lenbtgh èterblpgnbk
pesertb cgcg` sesubg `dlpeteksg èbhngbkyb.
èbhngbkyb.
Idktdh Ydbn Cgaukb`bk uktu` leloerg`bk ablobrbk sdbn ybka b`bk cgt-
bkyb`bk cbk ibrb lekyenesbg`bkk
lekyenesbg`bkkyb.
yb.
Ib`rbwbnb Oergsg tektbka wbwbsbk cbk pekaetbhubk ybka oer`bgtbk
cekabk gnlu ybka secbka cgpenbjbrg.
Jenbjbh Gkterket Fgtur ybka cbpbt cgaukb`bk pesertb cgcg` uktu` lekblobh
suloer oenbjbr cbk wbwbsbk. Lekblpgn`bk ngk` cbk R_ idce
suloer oenbjbr.
_bkaùlbk Oergsg rgka`bsbk pd`d` lbterg cbnbl sbtu obo.
Suabs Lbkcgrg @eagbtbk ybka oertujubk uktu` lenbtgh pesertb cgcg` cb-
nbl lelbhblg subtu lbterg cbk cgèrjb`bk seibrb gkcgvgcu
lbupuk èndlpd` (cgsùsg).
]ekgnbgbk B`hgr Obo Cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaetbhug sejbuh lbkb `dlpeteksg ybka
sucbh cgibpbg pesertb cgcg` setenbh lelpenbjbrg sbtu obo.
_ee`sg @eagbtbk ybka cbpbt cgnbù`bk dneh pesertb cgcg` lbupuk
auru cg b`hgr èagbtbk peloenbjbrbk aukb lekaevbnubsg
lekaevbnubsg cbk
leloerg`bk ulpbk obng` èagbtbk oenbjbr lekabjbr.
]ekgnbgbk B`hgr Cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaevbnubsg `dlpeteksg pesertb cgcg`
Yelester setenbh lelpenbjbrg lbterg cbnbl sbtu selester
selester..
xgg BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]ESB @DKYE]
]ESB @DKYE]
OU@U
OU@U
OBO G. Bnbt cbk Obhbk cbnbl ]eloubtbk

Bkglbsg ?C
OBO GG . ]rdsecur @erjb Bkglbsg ? Cgleksg
OBO GGG. ]rdsecur ]eloubtbk Yètsb @brb`ter,

Cesbgk @brb`ter
@b rb`ter,,
OBO GV. ]rdsecur ]eloubtbk sètsb nbtbr

(obiadukc cbk fdreardukc) cbk sètsb
prdperty
G OBO V. @dlogkbsg wbrkb oercbsbr subsbkb

Y
K
E
L
G OBO VG. Leloubt
Leloubt ablobr
ablobr ùkig cbk
C gkoetweek sesubg cekabk 2? prgksgp bkglbsg
?
G
Y
B OBO VGG . Lekerbp`bk ngke test
L
G
K
B OBO VGGG. Sbhbpbk ]rdcu`sg bkglbsg cbk
perèlobkabk sdftwbre bkglbsg
OBO GX. ]ekblbb

]ekblbbk k Bsset, pekaulpunbk
`brb`ter,, obiàrdukc, prdperty cbk bsset
`brb`ter
ngps sesubg prdsecur èrjb
OBO X Lekektu`bk pelobagbk nbyer cbnbl

cbnbl
seoubh bceabk cbk Lerbkibka ]eloubtbk
Nbydut
OBO XG. Lekabkbngsgs bkglbsg `brb`ter oerb`sg

cbk ngps sesubg cekabk 2? prgksgp bkglbsg
OBO XGG. Lekerbp`bk ]ekigtrbbk ablobr

cgagtbn
BKGLBYG xggg

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
B]E_YE]YG
B]E_YE]YG
]ekungsbk ouù „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“ lerupb`bk sbnbh sbtu bnterkbtgf

obhbk bjbr cbnbl prdses peloenbjbrbk Bkglbsg. Cglbkb cbnbl prdses pekaelobkabk
peloenbjbrbk bkglbsg cg se`dnbh pbrb sgswb cghbrbp`bk cbpbt lekaabng `rebtgtbs
sertb gkdvbsg ybka oerlutu.
oerlutu. Yeibrb `dkseptubn cbk `dkte`stubn
`dkte`stubn pbrb sgswb puk
lblpu lekahbsgn`bk `bryb sekg bkglbsg ybka cbpbt lelekuhg stbkcbr cbk prdsecur
ybka cgterbp`bk cbnbl cukgb pekcgcg`bk bkglbsg sertb gkcustrg `rebtgf
`rebtgf..
Lenbnug ouù „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“ gkg punb `grbkyb prdses
peloenbjbrbk pbrb sgswb b`bk neogh terbrbh cbk cbpbt sesubg sbsbrbk btbu tujubk.
Sbhbp celg tbhbp lbterg ybka hbrus cgùbsbg sgswb pbcb lbsgka-lbsgka `dlpeteksg
`dlpeteksg
cbsbr b`bk cbpbt teribpbg seibrb efe`tgf.
efe`tgf. ]rdses oenbjbr ybka oerèsgkbloukabk b`bk
lekahbsgn`bk prdcu` bkglbsg ybka oerùbngtbs cbrg cgrg pbrb sgswb cekabk pelbhblbk
cbsbr lbterg ybka obg`. Ybnbh sbtukyb bcbnbh pekaubsbbk lbterg „BKGLBYG
„BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“
ybka tercbpbt cbnbl ouù gkg.
xgv BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
Bnbt cbk Obhbk ]eloubtb
]eloubtbk
k Bkglbsg ?C
G
OBO G Bnbt cbk Obhbk ]eloubtbk Bkglbsg ?C
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
]esertb cgcg` lblpu lekaekbn, lekaaukb`bk

lekaaukb`bk bnbt cbk obhbk cbnbl peloubtbk
bkglbsg ? cgleksg.
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO G
BNBS CBK OBHB
OBHBKK ]ELO
]ELOUBS
UBSBK
BK
BKGLBYG ?C
Obhbk obhbk ybka cgoutuh- ]erbnbtbk ybka cgaukb`bk

`bk pcb peloubtbk bkglbsg oesertb celdkstrbsg ibrb
? cgleksg pekaaukbbk bnbt
@BSB @UKIG
Bnbt cbk obhbk, bkglbsg ? cgleksg
BKGLBYG 2

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
@elbjubk te`kdndag oenb`bkabk gkg oerèlobka cekabk pesbt, lengputg oerobabg

ogcbka tb` terèiubng cg ogcbka hgourbk cbk nl. Cbnbl perèlobkabbkkyb trek
hgourbk (]eloubtbk nl bkglbsg ? Cgleksg) tb` nuput cekabk obktubk te`kdndag
seobabg bnbt obktu ybka cgauk`bk uktu` lelprdcu`sg
lelprdcu`sg nl.
Cekabk bcbkyb obktubk bnbt ybka oerte`kdndag tgkaag sbbt gkg prdcu`sg bkglbsg
ogsb cgèrjb`bk cekabk iepbt cbk cbpbt cg idktrdn cekabk sbkabt obg`, sehgkaab hbsgn
cbrg nl oeagtu obaus, cbk ùbngtbs ablobr ybka oeagtu jerkgh.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. OBHBK-OBHBK
OBHBK-OBH BK WBKA
WBKA CGOUSUH@BK ]BCB
]BCB ]ELOUBSBK
]ELOUBSBK BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG
2. @ertbs
Cgaukb`bk seobabbg lecgb lekaablobr. Ogbsbkyb ybka cgaukb`bk bcbnbh
uùrbk B3 btbu B9 èteobnbk èrtbs 1= ar
?. @ertbs Srbkspbrbk
Ablobr 2.2 @ertbs Sr

Srbkspbrbk
bkspbrbk
Uktu` lekaablobr doje` ybka oeraerb`.
? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
9. ]eksgn
Ablobr 2.? ]eksgn
Uktu` lekaablobr sesubg cekabk èteobnbk oercbsbr`bk cbrg tgpe peksgnkyb,

lbibl lbibl peksgn
b. ]eksgn @erbs (H)
]eksgn cekabk `dce H gkg oerlbibl-lbibl jekgskyb oerabktuka pbcb
tgka`bt èèrbsbkkyb. ]eksgn gkg juab cgoerg tbkcb cekabk bka`b uktu`
lekukju``bk tgka`bt èèrbsbkkyb. Lb`gk tgkaag bka`bkyb lb`gk tgkaag
punb tgka`bt èèrbsbkkyb ]eksgn gkg tercgrg cbrg peksgn H, ?H, 9H, 3H, 5H,
cbk 6H.
o. ]eksgn Yecbka (HO)
]eksgn gkg sgfbtkyb ybka secbka (tgcb` ternbnu èrbs cbk tgcb` ternbnu nukb`).
]eksgn jekgs gkg sbkabt obg` uktu` lekaablobr rekibkb.
i. ]eksgn Nukb` (O)
Yesubg cekabk jekgskyb, peksgn gkg lelbka sbkabt nukb`, sehgkaab lucbh
cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaablobr btbu lekungs. Yepertg peksgn èrbs, peksgn gkg
juab lelpukybg tbkcb uktu`
uktu` tgka`bt ènukb`bkkyb,
ènukb`bkkyb, ybgtu O, ?O, 9O, 3O,
3O, 5O,
cbk 6O. Yenbgk nukb`, peksgn gkg lelpukybg jejb` ybka hgtbl se`bng. ]eksgn
nukb` sbkabt idid` uktu` lekaablobr bnbl oekcb
BKGLBYG 9

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
3. ]ewbrkb
Cgaukb`bk uktu`
uktu` lewbrkbg
lewbrkbg seoubh ablobr
ablobr
Lbibl lbibl pewbrkb
b. ]bsten
]bsten lerupb`bk pewbrkb ybka letdce pekaaukbbkkyb cgadsd``bk
pbcb ogcbka ablobr. ]bsten gkg leloutuh`bk te`bkbk tertektu uktu`
lekcbpbt`bk wbrkb ybka cggkagk`bk.
o. @rbydk
@rbydk oeroektu` obtbka sepertg `bpur tungs, cbk obkyb` lekabkcuka
ngngk sehgkaab tgcb` cbpbt cgaukb`bk seibrb oertulpu`.
i. ]eksgn Qbrkb/ablobr
]eksgn ablobr bcbnbh sbnbh sbtu jekgs pewbrkb ybka nbkasuka cbpbt
cgpb`bg pbcb ogcbka ablobr èrtbs. ]eksgn ablobr ululkyb tersecgb
cbnbl oerobabg vbrgbsg wbrkb.
5. ]ekahbpus
Cgaukb`bk uktu` lekahbpus seoubh ablobr,
ablobr, bcb oerobabg lbibl pekahbpus
bktbrb nbgk
b. ]ekabpus `bret
]ekahbpus gkg teroubt cbrg `bret, ybka lblpu lekahbpus cekabk sbkabt
obg` cgobkcgka`bk cekabk jekgs ybka nbgkkyb. Dneh `brekb enbstgs lb`b
pekahbpus gkg tgcb` lucbh rusb` cbk tbhbk nblb.
o. ]ekahbpus pnbstg`
]ekahbpus gkg teroubt cbrg pnbstg`, cglbkb pekahbpus gkg te`sturkyb nukb`
sehgkaab lucbh pbtbh. Ybbt pekaaukbbk tgcb` lelernu`bk te`bkbk ybka
ternbnu ùbt.
i. ]ekahbpus ]bsgr
]brtgèn ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt pekahbpus gkg neogh `bsbr
jbcg ogsb juab cgaukb`bk uktu` lekahbpus tgktb punpek. Cgobkcgka`bk
uktu` lekahbpus tungsbk, pekahbpus gkg neogh sergka cgaukb`bk uktu`
lekahbpus ablobr dneh pbrb gnnustrbtdr btbu cesgaker
c. ]ekahbpus @kebcec
pekahbpus gkg lelpukybg sgfbt ybka nelout lb`b uktu` lekaaukb`bkkyb
ogbsbkyb cgrelbs cbk cgjbcg`bk neloe`. ]ekahbpus jekgs gkg neogh sergka
cgaukb`bk uktu` lekyblbr`bk adresbk peksgn pbcb ablobr.
e. ]ekahbpus _uooer
Jekgs pekahbpus gkg ogbsbkyb tercbpbt pbcb obagbk btbs peksgn cbk
sgfbtkyb èrbs. Ogbsbkyb oerwbrkb lerbh obtb btbu drbkae. ]ekahbpus
gkg idid` cgpb`bg uktu` lekahbpus arbt ybka oerbcb pbcb obagbk btbs
èrtbs
3 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
O. BNBS
BNBS ]E_BNBS
]E_BNBSBK WBKA
WBKA CGAUKB@BK OEYE_SB CELDKYS_
CELDKYS_BYG
BYG IB_B ]EKAAUKBBK
BNBS
2. ]ea Obr
Ablobr 2.9 ]ea Obr

Yuloer (https://pgkshbpe.idl
(https://pgkshbpe.idl/gtels/37737-9c
/gtels/37737-9c-prgktec-bkglbtgdk-pe
-prgktec-bkglbtgdk-pea-obr
a-obr))
Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenetb`bk èrtbs ogbr èrtbs terseout tgcb` lucbh

oeraerb` sbbt cgablobr. Oergùt gkg ibrb pelaaukbbk pea obr
b. @ertbs hbrus cg nuobkag terneogh cbhunu cekabk pukih hdncer
o. Netb`bk èrtbs sesubg cekabk nuobka cg cbnbl pea obr
Uktu` neogh jenbskyb ogsb cgnghbt pbcb ablobr cg obwbh gkg.
Ablobr 2.3 ]enbte`bk èrtbs cg ]ea obr

https://www.qudrb.idl/Qhbt-gs-
https://www.qudrb.idl/Qhbt-gs-b-addc-wby-td-
b-addc-wby-td-cd-trbcgtgdkbn-hbkc-cr
cd-trbcgtgdkbn-hbkc-crbwk-bkglbtgdk
bwk-bkglbtgdk
BKGLBYG 5

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?. Hdne ]ukiher (]enuobka
(]enuobka èrtbsk `husus bkglbsg)
Ablobr 2.5
2.5 Hdne ]ukiher
]ukiher
http://fbiweo.is.cepbun.ecu/sarbg
http://fbiweo.is.cepbun.ecu/sarbgs/?cTbkglbtgdkTeq
s/?cTbkglbtgdkTequgplekt.htl
ugplekt.htl
Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenuobkag èrtbs. Ibrb pekaaukbbkkyb sepertg pbcb

penuobka èrtbs ogbsb, ybka leloecb`bk ternetb` pbcb nuobkakkyb
b. Netb`bk èrtbs tepbt cg obwbh pgsbu penuobka èrtbs
o. Se`bk cekabk ùbt tubs uktu` lenbù`bk penuobkab
penuobkabkk
9. Lejb ablobr (ngaht odx )
Ablobr 2.6 Ngaht odx (Lejb trbigka )

Yuloer (https://www.ihr
Yuloer (https://www.ihrdlbidndur
dlbidndur.id.u`/bkgl
.id.u`/bkglbtgdksuppnges/ngahtodx
btgdksuppnges/ngahtodxes-cgs`s/wdd
es-cgs`s/wddcek-pdrtbone-ngahtodx
cek-pdrtbone-ngahtodx-2?ft-cgsi-pea-
-2?ft-cgsi-pea
obr.htln))
obr.htln
6 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenbù`bk trbigka (lejgpnb`

(lejgpnb` ablobr ybka seoenulkyb
cgoubt babr ènghbtbk), cbnbl perèlobkabk Zblbk se`brbka gkg ngaht odx
neogh tgpgs cbk sglpne sepertg ternghbt pbcb ablobr oergùt gkg.
Ablobr 2.1 NEC Srbigka

Yuloer (http://gkstbpdwer.id/bkglbtgdk-ngaht-odx
(http://gkstbpdwer.id/bkglbtgdk-ngaht-odx )
3. Yibkker (]elgkcbg)
(]elgkcbg)
Ablobr 2.8 Yibkker

Ablobr @dne`sg ]rgobcg
Yibkker (]elbgkcbg) cgaukb`bk uktu` lelgkcbg ablobr cbrg èrtbs è lecgb

cgagtbn.
Ibrb pekaaukbbk Yibkker
b. ]bstg`bk `boen sucbh ter`dke`sg è `dlputer
o. Aukb`bk sdftwbre sepertg ]hdtdshp btbu sdftwbre pelgkcbg nbgk ybka
sesbug cekabk lesgk pelgkcbg
i. Ou`b Sutup ]elgkcbg
c. Netb`bk èrtbs/
èrtbs/ablobr
ablobr ybka b`bk
b`bk cg pgkcbg netb``bk
netb``bk pdsgsg ablobr
ablobr oerbcb
oerbcb
cg obwbh
BKGLBYG 1

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
e. `ng` pgkcbg
Ablobr 2.7 Se`kg` Lenetb``bk @ertbs cg Yibkker

https://gc.wg`ghdw.idl/Leloubt-
https://gc.wg`ghdw.idl/Leloubt-@dlg`
@dlg`
5. ]ek Crbwgka
Ablobr 2.2= ]ek Sbonet

Yuloer ( Ablobr prgobcg)
]ek Crbwgka gkg cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaablobr nbkasuka è `dlputer

cglbkb pekaaukbbkkyb sepertg `gtb lekaaukb`bk peksgn tetbpg adresbk
peksgnkyb b`bk cglukiun`bk cg nbybr ldkgtdr.
ldkgtdr.
8 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ibrb ]ekaaukbbk :
b. ]bstg`bk `boen ybka bcb cg odcy tbone terhuouka
terhuouka è `dlputer
o. Gkstbnn crgver jg`b `dlputer tgcb` lekaekbng perbka`bt
i. Ygnb`bk `dkaurbsg`bk pek sesubg cekabk ègkagkbk bpb`bh lbu
lekaaukb`bk tbkabk `bkbk btbu tbkabk `grg
Ablobr 2.22
http://ùrsuscesbgkarbfgs.idl/
http://ùrsuscesbgkarbfgs.idl/ibrb-lekaaukb`bk-
ibrb-lekaaukb`bk-pektbo-wbidl-uktu`
pektbo-wbidl-uktu`-pelunb/
-pelunb/
6. Yeperbka`bt @dlputer
Ablobr 2.2?
BKGLBYG 7

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ypesg`bsg `dlputer ybka se`brbka gkg sbkabt oerbabl, tetbpg cg cbnbl

`dlputer ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt seoubh bkglbsg hbrus lelgng`g
`rgtergb tertektu ybka hbrus cgpekuhg aukb lekukjbka `gkerjb babr neogh
iepbt. @dlputer lelpukybg ? `dlpdkek utblb uktu` pekcuùka bkglbsg
b. Hbrcwbre
Hbrcwbre lerupb`bk perbka`bt èrbs ybka oerupb ldkgtdr, èyodbr,
I]U, Lduse. Uktu` spesg`bsg `dlputer se`brbka gkg sbkabt oerbabl
terabktuka èoutuhbk
èoutuhbk cbk ogbyb ybka cgènubr`
cgènubr`bk.
bk.
o. Ydftwbre
Ydtwbre btbu
btbu sergka cgseout cekabk perbka`bt nukb`, perbka`bt gkg
cgaukb`bk seobabg sbrbkb pekcuùka cbrg hbrcwbre , cbk sdftwbre gkgnbh
gkgnbh
ybka cgaukb`bk sedrbka bkglbtdr uktu` leloubt seoubh bkglbsg.
Ydftwbre ybka cgaukb`bk cbnbl bkglbsg bktbrb nbgk: Sddk Oddl, Bcdoe
Bkglbte, Bcdoe Bter Efeit , cbk lbsgh obkyb` nbag
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Nbka`bh @erjb
2. Nuobkagnbh èrtbs seobkyb` 2= cekabk ]ukihhdncer!
?. Selpbt`bknb
elpbt`bknbhh èrtbs ybka sucbh cgnuobkag è
è cbnbl peaobr!
9. Ablobrnbh odnb pbcb tgbp nelobr èrtbskyb oergsg ablobr odnb!
3. Urut`bknbh ablobr pertblb
pertblb sblpbg
sblpbg ablobr
ablobr terb`hgr
terb`hgr terseout
terseout sednbh-dnbh
sednbh-dnbh
odnb terseout lekaaengkcgka!
IDKSDH YDBN
Jbwbonbh sdbn sdbn cgobwbh gkg cekabk oekbr!

2. Cbnbl peloubtbk
peloubtbk bkglbsg ? cgleksg bpb sbjb ybka cgpernu`bk
cgpernu`bk terutblb uktu`
leloubt bkglbsg Ienn 4
?. Lekabpb bkglbsg trbcgsgdkbn ienn se`brbka gkg obkyb` cgtgkaabn`bk
cgtgkaabn`bk44
9. Yeout`bk èukaaunbk
èukaaunbk peloubtbk
peloubtbk bkglbsg cekabk cg obktu bnbt te`kdndag
te`kdndag
sepertg `dlputer!
3. Obabglbkb ibrb pekadperbsgbk sibkker4
5. Yeout`bk èaukbb
èaukbbk k cbrg ]ek tbonet!
2= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Bnbt-bnbt bkglbsg trbcgsgdkbn lunbg cgoubt selekjb` tbhuk 26==-bk, senbgk gtu
bnbt trbcsgdkbn bkglbsg gkg lekjbcg ig`bn ob`bn cbrg prdjeitdr ybka se`brbka gkg
`gtb pb`bg, oergùt gkg lerupb`bk bnbt-bnbt trbcgsgdkbn bkglbsg
2. She Lbagi Nbkterk
Cgoubt pbcb tbhuk 263= cgoubt dneh Btdkbsgus @rgiher
?. Shbulbtrdpe
Cgoubt pbcb tbhuk 28?3 cgoubt dneh ]eter Lbr` _daet.
9. ]hekb`gstdsidpe
Cgoubt pbcb tbhuk 2789 dneh Jdseph ]nbtebu Ygldk vdk Ytblpfer
BKGLBYG 22

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
3. Zdetrdpe
Cgoubt pbcb tbhuk 2893 dneh Qgnngbl Aderae Hdker
5. ]rbxgkdsidpe
Cgoubt pbcb tbhuk 2811 dneh Ihbrnes ’ Çlgne _eykbuc
2? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
JENBJBH GKSE_KES
Uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk tektbka bkglbsg ? cgleksg cekabk oerobabg lbibl

te`kg` peloubtbk sgnb`bk lekaukjukag weo oergùt gkg :
https://www.trbcgtgdkbnbkglbtgdk.idl/
Oergùt gkg lerupb`bk ngk` peloubtbk

peloubtbk bkglbsg trbcgsgdkbn
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<L?D_`GrHUoa
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<d`tAnZRaWQs
BKGLBYG 29

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
Cbnbl leloubt seoubh bkglbsg cgpernu`bk bnbt cbk obhbk bktbrb nbgk
Obhbk :
2. @ertbs
?. ]eksgn
9. ]ekahbpus
3. ]ewbrkb
Bnbt :
2. ]eaobr
?. ]ukihdner
3. Lejb Srbigka
5. Nec Srbigka
6. ]ek Sbonet
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh seoubh bkglbsg gpodd` odnb

odnb lelbktun!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO
@erjb`bk Ydbn-sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr!

2. Yeout`bk obhbk-obhbk ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt bkglbsg oesertb
fukasgkyb!
?. Yeout`bk bnbt-bnbt ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt bkglbsg oesertb
fukasgkyb!
9. Nbka`bh-nbka`bh bpb sbjb ybka cgnbù`bk sbbt lenbù`bk sibkker4
3. Bpb ybka `blu nbù`bk sbbt `dlputer tgcb` cbpbt lekybnb 4
5. Yeout`bk èukaau
èukaaunbk
nbk cbk ènelbhbk lekaablobr lekaaukb`bk lduse
cbk pek tbonet!
_EFNE@YG
Yetenbh lelpenbjbrg lbterg gkg cghbrbp`bk neogh cbpbt lekaertg perbkbk

bnbt sertb obhbk cbk `bpbk lekaaukb`bk bnbt sertb obhbk ybka cgoutuh`bk
cbnbl peloubtbk
peloubtbk seoubh `bryb bkglbsg secerhbkb.
secerhbkb.
23 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG GG
OBO GG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
2. Ygswb cbpbt lekaertg bnur peloubtbk bkglbsg

?. Ygswb cbpbt lekerbp`bk prdses prdcu`sg bkglbsg
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO GG
]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]rb ]rdcu`sg ]rdcu`sg ]bsib ]rdcu`sg
@BSB @UKIG
]rdcu`sg bkglbsg
BKGLBYG 25

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
]rdses peloubtbk bkglbsg ? cgleksg cg sgkg cgobag lekjbcg 9 tbhbpbk bktbr nbgk :
B. ]rbprdcu`sg
2. ]ekungsbk Kbs`bh
Kbs`bh cbnbl bkglbsg cgbwbng cbrg ababsbk bwbn btbu sergka cgseout cekabk
gce, oergùt gkg lerupb`bk sgkdpsgs cbk iupng`bk seoubh kbs`bh bkglbsg :
Idktdh sgkdpsgs
9 lbagi wdrc
Cbnbl èhgcupbk sehbrg-hbrg `gtb senbnu cghbcbp`bk cekabk `btb-`btb
ybka senbnu teruibp cbrg èhgcupbk `gtb ektbh gtu `btb-`btb obg` cbk `btb-`btb
ybka ouru`. @btb lerupb`bk Obhbsb ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` lekyblpbg`bk
seoubh gkfdrlbsg èpbcb drbka nbgk.
Yg `bae lerupb`bk bkb` èign oerulur 5 tbhuk, cgb bkb` ybka pbkcbg,
pergbka cbk pekdndka terhbcbp sesblb. Bkb` terseout senbnu lekauibp`bk
9 `btb bjbgo cbnbl èhgcupbk sehbrg-hbrg ybgtu `btb tdndka, lbbf cbk terglb
`bsgh.
@btb terseout lerupb`bk `btb ybka pdsgtgf cbk lblpu lekyektuh
hbtg drbka cg se`gtbr `gtb.
Idktdh Yirgpt
Funn Yhddt
VD „@bae“
„SH_EE LBAGI
LBAGI QD_C“
QD_C“ tgab `btb bjbgo ybka senbnu cguibp`bk
cguibp`bk cbnbl
èhgcupbk sehbrg hbrg
GKS. Sblbk oerlbgk
Funn Yhddt
„Yg @bae secbka bsg` lb`bk pgsbka cekabk nbhbpkyb tetbpg ùngt pgsbka
cgoubka selobrbkabk“
„Selbk
„Selbk @bae sg Bkglb oernbrg lekahblpgrg sg @bae, `brekb bcb ùngt pgsbka
cgseobnbh @bae sg Bkglb terpeneset“
VD „Bkglb“
„Hg hg hg sb`gt“
VD „@BAE“
„Lbbf“
?. ]eloubtbk Ytdryodbrc
Ytdryodbrc lerupb`bk vgsubngsbsg cbrg seoubh iergtb cglbkb stdryodbrc
26 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
gkg oergsg tektbka èjbcgbk cbrg seoubh sirgpt/iergtb ybka cgtubka`bk cbnbl
oektu` ablobr cglbkb cg cbnblkyb tercbpbt sirgpt cgbnda, obi`sdukc , tgpe
shddt `blerb cbk èterbka
èterbkabk
bk èjbcgbkkyb.
Ablobr ?.2 Ytdryodbrc

Yuloer ( @dne`sg ]rgobcg)
9. Cesbgk @brb`ter
Cesbgk `brb`ter lerupb`bk seoubh vgsubngsbsg cbrg td`dh cbnbl seoubh iergtb
Ablobr ?.? Ytbkcbr `brb`ter

Yuloer (@dne`sg ]rgobcg)
BKGLBYG 21

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
3. Cuoogka
Cuoogka lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk re`blbk cbrg perib`bpbk cbrg tgbp cgbnda.
5. Bkglbtgi
Bkglbtgi btbu
btbu sergka cgseout prevgsubngsbsg gkg lerupb`bk ablobrbk bwbn cbrg
seoubh nl seoenul nl terseout cgprdcu`sg. Cg sgkg lerupb`bk pekigtrbbk
cbrg seoubh stdryodbrc ybka sucbh cgoubt cbk cg cbnblkyb oergsg cgbnda sertb
nblb curbsg pbcb tgbp-tgbp iut.
O. ]rdcu`sg
2. ]eloubtbk Obiàrdukc
]eloubtbk Obiàrduk cg cbnbl prdcu`sg bkglbsg lerupb`bk prdses
pekaablobrbk subsbkb cbrg seoubh èjbcgbk pbcb stdryodbrc, cg sgkg b`bk
cgtektu`bk lbkb ybka seobabg obiàrdukc cbk
cbk lbkb seobabg fdrardukc .
Ablobr ?.9 Obiardukc

Yuloer (@dne`sg ]rgobcg)
?. ]eloubtbk @ey ]dse

@ey pdse sergka cgseout cekabk ablobr ùkig, cg sgkg lerupb`bk seoubh prdses
uktu` leloubt ablobr sednbh-dnbh oeraerb` cglbkb cbnbl peloubtbk èy
pdse dneh sedrbka èy bkglbtdr lerupb`bk aerb`bk cbsbr bwbn cbk b`hgr.
28 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr ?.3 @eypdse
9. ]eloubtbk Gkoetwek
Gkoetweek btbu sergka cgseout ablobr bktbrb, cglbkb ablobr gkg lerupb`bk
seoubh step oy step ablobr ybka b`bk lelpresektbsg`bk cbrg seoubh èypdse
cglbkb sedrbka gkoetweeker b`bk
b`bk lekabiu è ablobr ùkig ybka sucbh cgoubt
dneh èy bkglbtdr.
Ablobr ?.5 Gkoetweek
3. ]ewbrkbbk
Cbnbl prdses gkg lerupb`bk prdses uktu` lewbrkbg obg` ablobr `brb`ter, btbu
obiàrdukc babr
babr terjbcg èsenbrbsbk wbrkb cglbkb pewbrkbbk gkg cgnbù`bk
dneh sedrbka idndrgka brtgst .
5. ]eloubtbk Nbydut
Nbydut lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk pekaaboukabk bktbrb obiàrdukc, fdreardukc cbk
cbk `brb`ter
ybka cgnetb`bk cbnbl seoubh nbyer. Hbn gkg oertujubk uktu` lekaetbhug
prdpdrsg bktbrb `brb`ter sertb obiìardukc
BKGLBYG 27

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr ?.6 @brb`ter Lbkusgb
6. Idlpdsgtgka
Idlpdsgtgka lerupb`bk prdses lekaaboukab`bk bktbrb nbgk nbydut,
obiàrdukc, fdreardukc , `brb`ter ybka sucbh cgaerb``bk (cg bkglbte) lekjbcg
cbnbl seoubh sieke /bceabk.
I. ]bsibprdcu`sg
2. Ecgtgka
]rdses ecgtgka gkg cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt seoubh nl terseout neogh
ènghbtbk rebn, hbn gkg ogsb cgnghbt cbrg tbtb pekibhbybbk ybka hbrus sblb bktbrb
sieke.
?. _ekcergka
]rdses rekcergka lerupb`bk prdses uktu` lekjbcg`bk seoubh bceabk gtu
lekjbcg seoubh ne ybka cbpbt cgputbr cbnbl seoubh pnbyer, `btb nbgkyb
rekcergka lerupb`bk seoubh idlpgner u ktu` lekjbcg seoubh nl
9. Lbstergka
Lbstergka gkg lerupb`bk prdses terb`hgr cbrg seoubh tbhbpbk bkglbsg cglbkb
cbnbl prdses gkg nl ybka sucbh cg- rekcergka b`bk
b`bk cgtelpbt`bk cbnbl seoubh
lecgb. Fgne lbster gkg lerupb`bk hbsgn rekcergka ybka pertblb `bng cbk oenul
perkbh cgnbù`bk `dlpresg pbcb ne terseout.
IDKSDH YDBN
2. Yeout`bk tbhbpbk cbnbl peloubtbk bkglbsg!

?. Yeout`bk peroecbbk bktbrb stdry tenngka cbk stdryodbrc!
?= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
]erusbhbbk gkg cgcgrg`bk pbcb tbhuk27?9dnehQbntcbk_dy Cgskey. Cgskey. Fgnl pertblb

ybka cgrgngs bcbnbhBngie‗s Cby bt Yeb. ]bcb tbhuk27?8
27?8,, Qbnt cbk _dy lekigptb`bk
td`dh `brtuk Lg`g Sgùs. ]bcb tbhuk 2793 2793,, pertblb `bng lelper`bkbn`bk td`dh
`brtukCdkbn Oeoe`,Lgkg
L
gkg Sgùscbk Au.. Fgnl ècub ybka cgrgngs tbhuk gtu gbnbhYkdw
cbkAu
]gkdiihgd, cbkFbktbsgb .
Qhgte bkc the Yevek Cwbrfs ,]gkdiihgd
]bcb tbhuk 273=, stucgd cgpgkcbh`bk è Ourobk`, Ibngfdrkgb Ibngfdrkgb cbk pbcb
tbhuk2755, pertblb `bng lelou`b
lelou`bCgskeynbkc.
gskeynbkc. ]esbgka-pesbgka utblb gbnbh:
C
Qbnt Cgskey lekgkaabn pbcb tbhuk 2766 cbk _dy Cgskey lekgkaabn pbcb
tbhuk2712
2712.. Sbkpb sbucbrb Cgskey `rebtgf cbk oglogkabk pelbsbrbk, perusbhbbk
lekabnblg pekurukbk Sbhuk2761, cgcgrg`bk punb
pekuruk bk crbstgs. Sbhuk punbQbnt
Q
bnt Cgskey Qdrnc _esdrt.
_esdrt.
Kbluk pbcb tbhuk2782,Ytephek Hgnnekouraènubr cbrg perusbhbbk terseout uktu`
lelunbg usbhbkyb cg LSV Ketwdr`s. ]bcb tbhuk 2789 2789,, cgcgrg`bk stbsguk tenevgsg
pertblb, Cgskey Ihbkken cbk EY]K (EY]K cgnukiur`bk tbhuk 2717 2717).). Lekyusun
yb`kgS duihstdk
èlucgbk bset-bset obru, yb`kg duihstdkee Fgnls,Lgrblbx, cbkHdnnywddc ]gitures.
]gitures.
Kbluk sesucbh èsu`sesbk nl Oebuty bkc the Oebst, Jerey @btzekoera @btzekoera
ènubr cbrg perusbhbbk terseout uktu` oerabouka cekabk CreblQdr`s CreblQdr`s.. ]bcb
tbhuk 2776, perusbhbbk terseout lelperdneh BOI. Cgsusun Sddk Cgskey cbk cbk
]nbyhduse Cgskey.
Cgskey.
]bcb tbhuk?==?, She Qbnt Cgskey Idlpbky leloeng
leloengYbobk
Y bobk Ektertbgklektcbk
Ektertbgklekt. ]bcb tbhuk ?==1
lekaabktg kblbkyb lekjbcg OVY Ektertbgklekt. ?==1,, perusbhbbk
gkg lekahektg`bk pelb`bgbk kblb Ouekb Vgstb, Vgstb, `brekb cgbkaabp ùrbka idid`
cekabk perusbhbbk. ]bcb tbhuk?==7, Cgskey Cgskey XCreslg cgnukiur`bk.
]bcb tbkaabn 92 Baustus ?==7, perusbhbbk terseout tenbh lekaulul`bk
èsepb`btbk
èsepb`btb k uktu` lelperdneh sbhblLbrven Ektertbgklektcekabk julnbh tukbg
seoesbr $ 3 lgngbr.P9\ ]ekaaboukabk Lbrven cekabk Cgskey tenbh cgnbkasuka`bk
pbcb tbkaabn92 Ceseloer?==7
Ceseloer?==7..P3\
]bcb tbkaabn 2? Leg ?=2=, Cgskey seibrb reslg lekaelobng`bk hb`
èpelgng`bk
èpelgng` ngseksg ]dwer
bk ngseksg ]dwer _bkaers èpbcb
èpbcb Hbgl Ybobk.
Ybobk. Hbgl Ybobk kbktgkyb b`bk
lekahbsgn`bk lusgl-lusgl obru ybka b`bk cgtbybka`bk cg Kgièndcedk pbcb
tbhuk ?=22 selektbrb 1== epgsdce seoenulkyb b`bk cgtbybka`bk nbag cg cgKgi`tddks
K
gi`tddks
Ketwdr`..
Ketwdr` P5\P6\
P5\P6\
Juab pbcb tbhuk ?=2=, Cgskey lekjubn perusbhbbk nl Lgrblbx èpbcb
Fgnlybrc Hdncgkas, NNI. Ygtubsg terseout lekab`hgrg èterngobtbk Cgskey cekabk
stucgd uktu` pertblb `bngkyb cbnbl 21 tbhuk.
BKGLBYG ?2

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
JENBJBH GKSE_KES
https://bkglbtgdk.ogkus.bi.gc/?=21/=?/=8/sejbr
https://bkglbtgdk.ogkus.bi.gc/?=21/=?/=8/sejbrbh-bkglbsg-gkcdkesgb-s
bh-bkglbsg-gkcdkesgb-seoubh-
eoubh-
pekabktbr/
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<vug8sWezZIa
_BKA@ULBK
]eloubtbk Bkglbsg ? cgleksg lengputg 9 tbhbpbk

2. ]rbprdcu`sg
b. Kbs`bh (sykdpsgs, Yirgpt)
o. Ytdryodbrc
i. ]eloubtbk @brb`ter
c. Cuoogka
e. Bkglbtg`
?. ]rdcu`sg
b. ]eloubtbk Obiardukc
o. ]eloubtbk @eypdse
i. Gkoektweek
c. Nbydut
e. Idndrgka
f. Idlpdsgtgka
?? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
9. ]bsibprdcu`sg
b. Ecgtgka
o. _ekcergka
i. Lbstergka
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh seoubh presektbsg lekaekbg prdses ]rdsecur @erjb Bkglbsg ? Cgleksg!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO
@erjb`bk sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr!

2. Bpb tbhbpbk-tbhbpbk peloubtbk bkglbsg4
?. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk prdses ]rdcu`sg Bkglbsg4
9. Yeout`bk bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk @eypdse !
3. Yeout`bk bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk lbstergka!
5. Yeout`bk obagbk-obagbk cbrg prdses pbsibprdcu`sg!
_EFNE@YG
Cgsùsg`bk cekabk telbk-telbk cbrg prdses prbpdcu`sg sblpbg prdcu`sg!

obagbk lbkb sbjb ybka cgrbsb susbh uktu` cgnbù`bk seibrb sekcgrg/gkcgvgcu4
BKGLBYG ?9

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB @B_B@SE_ CBK

GGG CEYBGK @B_B@SE_
OBO GGG ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB @B_B@SE_ CBK CEYBGK

@B_B@SE_
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
2. Ygswb lblpu uktu` leloubt sètsb `brb`ter

`brb`ter..
?. Ygswb lblpu uktu` leloubt ablobr `brb`ter
`brb`ter..
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO GGG
]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB
@B_B@SE_ CBK CEYBGK @B_B@SE_
]eloubtbk cesgbk
]ekjenbsbk sètsb
Leloubt sètsb `brb`ter cbrg sètsb
`brb`ter seibrb
`brb`ter ablobr è cbnbl
lbkubn
cesbgk `brb`ter
@BSB @UKIG
Cesbgk `brb`ter
?3 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
]eloubtbk seoubh sètsb `brb`ter cbk cesbgk `brb`ter cbnbl seoubh prdses
lekaablobr lelgng`g pdnb sertb tbhbp ybka iuùp oeroecb. Sbhbp pbcb prdses
gkg sbngka oerènbkjutbk bktbrb peloubtbk sètsb `brb`ter cbk cesbgk `brb`ter
hgkaab lekahbsgn`bk doje`/`brb`ter ybka cghbrbp`bk. Yedrbka bkglbtdr hbrus jeng
cbk cetbgn cbnbl prdses gkg tbkpb secg`gt puk lekgkaabn`bk prgksgp-prgksgp cbnbl
bkglbsg. ]eloubtbk sètsb `brb`ter ybka lbsgh lekaaukb`bk pgrbktg lbkubn ybgtu
oerupb peksgn cbk èrtbs tetbp hbrus lelperhbtg`bk cekabk sb`sblb kgnbg sekg sertb
cetbgn ybka gkagk cgsblpbg`bk. Yètsb `brb`ter gkg seibrb ulul lbsgh cbnbl oektu`
adresbk abrgs lurkg tbkpb lekgtgòerbt`
lekgtgòerbt`bk
bk pbcb brsgrbk. Yecbka`bk cesbgk `brb`ter
lerupb`bk hbsgn tubkabk cbrg sètsb `brb`ter cekabk oektu` `brb`ter/doje` ybka
cetbgn.
Bcbpuk hbsgn cbrg seoubh sètsb `brb`ter ybgtu hbsgn ablobr doje` cglbkb
lbsgh oerupb ablobr tblpb` cepbk sbjb. Ablobr doje` oenul lelgng`g sucut
pbkcbka cbrg sgsg-sgsg tertektu. Oeroecb cbrg ablobr doje`, cesbgk `brb`ter lelgng`g
igrg bcbkyb kgnbg prdpdrsgdkbn uùrbk doje`, doje` tblpb` cepbk-sblpgka-oenb`bka,
cepbk-sblpgka-oenb`bka,
cbk 9/3 (pdsgsg doje` leloektu`
leloektu` sucut 35 35 cerbjbt). Yehgkaab cetbgn
cetbgn cbrg ablobr
ablobr
doje` gtu puk cbpbt lelukiun`bk e`spresg wbjbh sertb `brb`ter btbu wbtb` tertektu
ybka cghbrbp`bk. Cbnbl brtg e`spresg cbk `brb`ter wbtb` terseout hbrusnbh sesubg
btbu cgcbsbr`bk pbcb seoubh kbs`bh
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. Yètsb @brb`ter Yeibrb Lbkubn

Lbkubn
]eloubtbk `brb`ter lerupb`bk vgsubngsbsg `brb`ter ybka cgsesubg`bk cekabk
bnur iergtb btbu telb iergtb, lunbg cbrg kblb, oektu` tuouh, pdse sertb e`spresg.
Hbn gkg cglb`suc`bk ogbr terjbcg èsenbrbsbk bktbrb iergtb cekabk td`dh ybka bcb
cg cbnbl iergtb. @dksep oektu` cbsbr `brb`ter.
Cbnbl peloubtbk `brb`ter gkg bcb prdses-prdses ybka hbrus cgnbù`bk
seobabg sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter. Yenbgk lenbù`bk rgset tektbka `brb`terkyb
terseout sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter juab hbrus lenbù`bk pekaablobrbk oer`bng-
`bng uktu` lekektu`bk ablobr `brb`ter sucbh sesubg cekabk iergtb cbk lelgng`g
cetbgn gcektgtbs `brb`ter lbsgka-lbsgka. ]eloubtbk `dksep cbsbr `brb`ter
lerupb`bk tbhbpbk pbngka bwbn cbnbl perbkibkkabk cesbgk `brb`ter.
`brb`ter.
O. Nbka`bh-nbka`bh
Nbka`bh-nb ka`bh ]erbkibkabk
Nbka`bh perbkibkabk
perbkibkabk cesbgk `brb`ter
`brb`ter cgobag lekjbcg
lekjbcg ? ybgtu cbrg sg` cbk
seag psg`dndags
2. @dksep @brb`ter cbrg Yeag fsg`
b. ]gnghbk jekgs `brb`ter
Wbka hbrus cgnbù`bk bcbnbh lekektu`bk bpb`bh jekgs `brb`ter terseout
lbkusgb, hewbk, tulouhbk btbu oektu` nbgk ybka cggkagk`bk, tetbpg tgcb`
BKGLBYG ?5

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
lenekieka cbrg bnur iergtb, cbnbl seoubh iergtb juab tgcb` cghbrus`bk
obhwb `brb`ter gtu lbkusgb, sesubg`bk cekabk iergtb cbk glbjgkbsg cbrg
sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter. Oergùt gkg lerupb`bk idktdh `brb`ter
Ablobr 9.2 @brb`ter Bngekt

(Eodd` NEB_K F_DL 2== FBLDUY B_SGYSY ?2 crbw)
Ablobr 9.? @brb`ter Ibvlbk

Eodd` NEB_K F_DL 2== FBLDUY B_SGYSY ?2 crbw
?6 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 9.9 @brb`ter Oubyb

o. Sektu`bk Jekgs @enblgk @brb`ter

]ekektubk jekgs ènblgk gkg lerupb`bk hbn ybka sbkabt pektgka lekabpb4
`brebkb uktu` lelobkauk igrg `hbs cbrg td`dh terseout cbrg sgsg pdse,
oektu` tuouh, e`spresg, prdperty ybka lene`bt pbcb `brb`ter, sehgkaab
sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter b`bk neogh lucbh uktu` lenbù`bk vgsubngsbsg
cbk pekaelobkabk `brb`ter.
i. Oerg Kblb @brbterlu
]elgnghbk kblb ybka tepbt cbk ukg` b`bk leloerg`bk `brb`ter terseout
lucbh cggkabt dneh pbrb bucgekie , cbk èlobng nbag pekblbbk `brb`ter
ogsb juab cgcbsbr`bk pbcb bcbt oucbyb cbrg subtu keaerg.
c. Sektu`bk Usgb
Usgb cbnbl peloubtbk `brb`ter gkg oertujubk uktu` lelperlucbh
sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter uktu` lekaabobr`bk e`spresg cbk abyb ousbkb.
Ablobr 9.3 @brb`ter Oubyb

BKGLBYG ?1

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
e. Sektu`bk Sgkaag obcbk cbk oerbt obcbk

]ekektubk tgkaag obcbk cbk oerbt obcbk gkg cgaukb`bk uktu` lekektu`bk
oektu` tuouh cbrg `brb`ter terseout, sertbg pekektubk tgkaag obcbk gkg juab
oerfukasg seobabg gcektgtbs `brb`ter. Jg`b cgobkcgka`bk cekabk `brb`ter
ybka nbgk lb`b b`bk ternghbt peroecbbk bktbrb `brb`ter ybka sbtu cekabk
ybka nbgk
f. Sektu`bk wbrkb ùngt cbrg `brb`ter
]ekektubk wbrkb ùngt `brb`ter hekcb`kyb oercbsbr`bk cbrg nbtbr oenb`bka
iergtb cbrg sedrbka td`dh terseout, lgsbn `brb`ter terseout oerbsbn cbrg
keabrb Gkcdkesgb lb`b ùngtkyb bcbnbh id`nbt.
?. @dksep cbsbr @brb`ter cbrg sgsg psg`dndags
]ekektubk `dksep cbrg sgsg psg`dndags gkg b`bk leloerg`bk cblpb`
pbcb `brb`ter,
`brb`ter, wbtb` cbk èprgobcgbk sertb pergnbù cbrg seoubh `brb`ter
bkglbsg. Cbrg hbn terseout `brb`ter b`bk neogh ogsb cgèkbn cbrg seag
ènbùbkkyb.. Cgtgkjbu cbrg jekgs pekd`dhbkkyb bktbrb nbgk:
ènbùbkkyb
b. ]rdtbadkgs lerupb`bk seoubh `brb`ter
`brb`ter ybka lekjbcg
lekjbcg pusbt/td`dh
pusbt/td`dh
utblb cbnbl seoubh nl, cbk b`bk oernbwbkbk cekabk `brb`ter
bktbadkgs.
o. Bktbadkgs lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk seoubh `brb`ter
`brb`ter jbhbt utblb
utblb cbk senbnu
oerseorbkabk cekabk prdtbadkgst, ogbsbkyb èrbp lekgloun`bk
lbsbnbh obag iergtb.
i. Srgtbadkgs lerupb`bk `brb`ter ybka ogsb oerbcb
oerbcb cg pghb` prdtbadkgs
btbupuk bktbadkgs.
9. Yètsb cbsbr `brb`ter cbrg oektu` aedletrgs
Yètsb oektu` aedletrgs gkg cbpbt lelvgsubngsbsg`bk `dksep sg` cbk
psg`dndags cbrg seoubh `brb`ter. Idktdh `brb`ter ybka su`b lb`bk lb`b
b`bk cgvgsubngsbsg`bk cbnbl oektu` aedletrg ounbt.
Ablobr 9.5 @brb`ter aedletrg

Yuloer : http:www.dlgaul.pw
?8 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
3. Cesbgk oektu` Suouh `brb`ter

Ybbtkyb leloubt oektu` tuouh `brb`ter. @brekb `blu sucbh tbhu tgkaag
cbk oerbt obcbk `brb`ter lb`b prdses `rebtgf gkg b`bk neogh lucbh. Oubt
tuouh `brb`ter cbrg sgsg cepbk, oenb`bka, cbk sblpgka. Aukb`bk abrgs
obktu babr ablobr jbcg seglobka cbk uùrbkkyb pbs sbtu sblb nbgk.
Ablobr : 9.6 @brb`ter Lbkusgb

Yuloer : (https://gc.pgkterest.idl/
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/3=59?3659
pgk/3=59?3659823131=9/
823131=9/))
5. ]eloubtbk E`spresg @brb`ter

E`spresg lerupb`bk bnbt `dlukg`bsg utblb cg cbnbl cesbgk `brb`ter.
Cbrg e`spresg, bucgeks b`bk tbhu bpb ybka secbka cgrbsb`bk sg `brb`ter.
Yehgkaab bcb g`btbk eldsg ybka terjbngk uktu` lekahbybtg gsg iergtb.
Ablobr 9.1 E`spresg `brb`ter

https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/59859?=6173?18=5=7/
https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/59859?= 6173?18=5=7/
BKGLBYG ?7

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
6. Leloubt ]dse @brb`ter

]dse b`bk oerhuoukabk cekabk b`tgvgtbs `brb`ter cg setgbp bceabk iergtb.
Idktdh pdse ybka ogsb `blu oubt bcbnbh sbbt bceabk lekbrg, lb`bk,
lendlpbt, cbk nbgk-nbgk
Ablobr : 9.8 ]dse `brb`ter

https://g.pgkgla.idl/drgagkbns/e1/ib/57/e1ib57==bo8c9?3?fi?81o52fce?5f97.jpa
1. Abyb ablobr
Lekurut L.Y Aulenbr cbnbl ouùkyb enelek cbk prgksgp bkglbsg ?
cgleksg ]elobagbk Abyb ablobr cgobag :
b. Abyb Ablobr _ebngsl
_ebngsl lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk abyb ablobr
ablobr ybka iekceruka
iekceruka rebngs
rebngs cbk
btbupuk kbturbn cbk sesubg cekabk bnbl kybtb
9= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr : 9.7 Abyb ablobr ibrtddk

Yuloer : (https://www.ngv
(https://www.ngvebodut.idl/
ebodut.idl/inbssgi-
inbssgi-ibrtddk-ketwdr`-shd
ibrtddk-ketwdr`-shdws-29688=4utlT
ws-29688=4utlTsdurie<pgkter
sdurie<pgkterest
est))
o. Abyb Ablobr @brtddk

Abyb ablobr ybka iekceruka secerhbkb, cgoubt uktu` tujubk nenuidk
sergka cgseout ablobr nuiu
BKGLBYG 92

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr : 9.2= Abyb ablobr rebngs

Yuloer (https://gc.pgkterest.i
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/961821
dl/pgk/96182137356821?=53
37356821?=53//)
9? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
i. Abyb ablobr selgibrtdk/

selgibrtdk/selgrebngsl
selgrebngsl
Lerupb`bk perpbcubk abyb ablobr rebngs cbk ibrtddk, sepertg `brg`bnutr
igrg ybka pbngka `hbs.
Ablobr 9.22 Abyb ablobr selg rebngsl

Yuloer (https://gc.pgkterest.i
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl)
dl)
c. Ytbkcbr Ihbrbiter sheet (stbkcbr Ldcen sheet )

Ytbkcbr ldcen sheet lerupb`bk pekblpb`bk `brb`ter oercbsbr`bk
èkblpb`bkkyb lgkglbn 9 èkblpb`bk ybgtu, tblpb` cepbk, »
èkblpb`bk cbk tblpb` sblpgka.
Ablobr : 9.2?
Yuloer(https://gc.pgkterest.id
Yuloer(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/313838
l/pgk/31383895335697?666
95335697?666//)Yuloer(
)Yuloer(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/
https://gc.pgkterest.idl/
pgk/31383895335697?666/))
pgk/31383895335697?666/
BKGLBYG 99

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Uktu` leloubt `brb`ter cekabk lekaaukb`bk lecgb cgagtbn

lelernu`bk seoubh sdftwbre bktbrb nbgk sètihodd`, phdtdshdp, bcdoe
gnnustrbtdr, idren crbw . ]ekungs cg sgkg lekidob uktu` leloubt `brb`ter
cekabk sbnbh sbtu sdftwbre ybgtu :
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Leloubt `brb`ter thulogns `brb`ter seibrb cgagtbn cekabk lekaaukb`bk

sdftwbre pekadnbh ablobr
2. ]erbnbtbk ybka cgoutuh`bk
b. Yeprbka`bt idlputer
o. ]ektbonet
?. Nbka`bh-Nbka`bh
b. Ou`nbh prdarbl bcdoe phdtdshdp
o. @ng` Sddn peksgn orush
93 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
i. Yesubg`bk settgkabk pektboen cekabk ègkagkbk
@bnbu lekaaukb`bk pektbonet b`tgf`bk pekpresurekyb, hbn gkg cgaukb`bk

uktu` lekektu`bk teobn tgpgs subtu abrgs oercbsbr`bk te`bkbk pbcb
pektbonetkyb
BKGLBYG 95

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
c. Oubtnbh sètsb `brb`ter sepertg ablobr cg obwbh

obwbh gkg,
gkg, cbnbl oektu`
thulokgns
96 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
IB@_BQBNB
Cesbgk `brb`ter se`brbka gkg sbkabt cgoutuh`bk cbnbl pekaelobkabk

seoubh `brb`ter
`brb`ter able, cglbkb `blu ogsb oeèrjb oeèrjb seibrb
seibrb nepbs lbupuk
oerabouka cekabk perusbhbbk peloubt able. Kbh, jg`b `blu oerabouka
cekabk perusbhbbk peloubt able lb`b seibrb abrgs oesbr jekjbka `brger ybka
b`bk `blu jbnbk`bk bcbnbh:
2. Cesbgker Jukgdr
Jukgdr.. Cgseout
Cgseout juab cesbgker pelunb. Ogbsbkyb b`bk cgoeobkg tuabs
dneh cesbgker sekgdr cbk oeèrjb sesubg brbhbk cesbgker sekgdr
?. Cesbgker Yekgdr.
Yekgdr. Jbobtbk ybka oerbcb cg pdsgsg sekgdr bcbnbh nebc nevenneven
cesgaker. Setbpg cg oeoerbpb gkcustrg juab tercbpbt pdsgsg lgc neven seoenul
lekibpbg pdsgsgYekgdr
pdsgsgYekgdr Cesgaker.
9. Cgre`tur Cesbgk. Ogbsbkyb cgseout
cgseout Hebc df Cesgaker.
Cesgaker. Lelglpgk nbkasuka
peloubtbk `dksep cesbgk seoubh able cbrg B sblpbg Z
JENBJBH GKSE_KES
Uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk neogh jbuh tektbka perbwbtbk,

lb`b `bngbk cbpbt lekaukjukag ngk` cg obwbh gkg btbu
cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce R_ cg cg sblpgka gkg. Lbterg ybka
cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt refereksg
refereksg ybka nbgk
uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk
https://www.ydutuoe.id
https://www .ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<9EW8UK
l/wbtih4v<9EW8UKy3_RR y3_RR
BKGLBYG 91

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
Nbka`bh perbkibkabk cesbgk `brb`ter cgobag lekjbcg ? ybgtu cbrg sg` cbk seag
psg`dndags
2. @dksep @brb`ter cbrg Yeag sg`
b. ]gnghbk jekgs `brb`ter
Wbka hbrus cgnbù`bk bcbnbh lekektu`bk bpb`bh jekgs `brb`ter
terseout lbkusgb, hewbk, tulouhbk btbu oektu` nbgk ybka cggkagk`bk,
tetbpg tgcb` lenekieka cbrg bnur iergtb.
o. Sektu`bk Jekgs @enblgk @brb`ter
]ekektubk Jekgs @enblgk gkg lerupb`bk hbn ybka sbkabt pektgka
èkbpb4 `brebkb uktu` lelobkauk igrg `hbs cbrg td`dh terseout cbrg
sgsg pdse, oektu` tuouh, e`spresg, prdperty ybka lene`bt pbcb `brb`ter.
`brb`ter.
i. Oerg Kblb @brbterlu
]elgnghbk kblb ybka tepbt cbk ukg` b`bk leloerg`bk `brb`ter
terseout lucbh cggkabt
c. Sektu`bk Usgb
Usgb cbnbl peloubtbk `brb`ter gkg oertujubk uktu` lelperlucbh
sedrbka cesbgk `brb`ter uktu` lekaabobr`bk e`spresg cbk abyb
ousbkb.
e. Sektu`bk tgkaag obcbk cbk oerbt obcbk
oerfukasg seobabg gcektgtbs `brb`ter jg`b cgobkcgka`bk cekabk `brb`ter
ybka nbgk lb`b b`bk ternghbt peroecbbkkyb bktbrb `brb`ter ybka sbtu
cekabk ybka nbgk
f. Sektu`bk wbrkb ùngt cbrg `brb`ter
]ekektubk wbrkb ùngt `brb`ter hekcb`kyb oercbsbr`bk cbrg nbtbr
oenb`bka iergtb cbrg sedrbka td`dh terseout
?. @dksep cbsbr @brb`ter cbrg sgsg psg`dndag
psg`dndagss
b. ]rdtbadkgs lerupb`bk seoubh `brb`ter ybka lekjbcg pusbt/td`dh utblb
cbnbl seoubh nl, cbk b`bk oernbwbkbk cekabk `brb`ter bktbadkgs
o. Bktbadkgs lerupb`bk seoubh `brb`ter jbhbt utblb cbk senbnu
oerseorbkabk cekabk prdtbadkgst, ogbsbkyb èrbp lekgloun`bk
lbsbnbh obag iergtb.
i. Srgtbadkgs lerupb`bk `brb`ter ybka ogsb oerbcb cg pghb` prdtbadkgs
prdtbadkgs
btbupuk bktbadkgs
9. Yètsb Cbsbr `brb`ter cbrg oektu` aedletrgs
Yètsb oektu` aedletrgs gkg cbpbt lelvgsubng
lelvgsubngsbsg`bk
sbsg`bk `dksep sg` cbk
psg`dndags cbrg seoubh `brb`ter.
3. Cesbgk oektu` Suouh @brb`ter
5. ]eloubtbk E`spresg @brb`ter
6. Leloubt ]dse @brb`ter
b. Abyb ablobr
o. Abyb Ablobr _ebngsl
i. Abyb Ablobr @brtddk
c. Abyb ablobr selg ibrtdk/sel
ibrtdk/selgg rebngsl
e. Ytbkcbr Ihbrbiter sheet (stbkcbr Ldcen sheet)
98 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh seoubh sètsb `brbter `brtddk!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk
cekabk Ytbkcbr
Ytbkcbr Ldcen Yheet 4
?. Yeout`bk tgpe
tgpe `brb`ter
`brb`ter sesubg cekabk wbtb`kyb4
wbtb`kyb4
9. Oerbpb `bng èpbnb uùrbk
uùrbk prdpdrsg
prdpdrsg tuouh lbkubsgb Gkcdkesgb
Gkcdkesgb 4
3. Bpb ybka cgl`bsuc cekabk abyb ablobr rebngsl
rebngsl 4
5. Yeout`bk hbn bpb sbjb ybka hbrus cgperhbtg`bk cbnbl leloubt seoubh
`brb`ter !
_EFNE@YG
]eloubtbk `brb`ter
`brb`ter tgcb` hbkyb seobtbs pbcb `brb`ter lbkusgb, tetbpg juab
cg perpbcubk cekabk `brbter-`brbter hewbk btbupuk tulouhbk ybka ogsb, lb`b
oerglbjgkbsgnbh sehgkaab lekcbpbt`bk `brb`ter ybka `bngbk gkagk`bk. Cgsùsg`bk
hbsgn sètsb `brbterlu, bpb`bh sucbh sesubg cekabk bkbtdlg btbu oenul4 Bpb`bh
sesubg cekabk perbk cbrg seoubh iergtb btbu oenul4
BKGLBYG 97

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK

]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB (NB
(NBS
SB_ OBI@ADUKC
GV CBK FD_EA_DUKC), CBK Y@ESYB ]_D]E_SG
OBO GV ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK

]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB (NB
(NBS
SB_ OBI@ADUKC CBK
FD_EA_DUKC), CBK Y@ESYB ]_D]E_SG
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ygswb lblpu lekaablobr obiàrdukc bkglbsg
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO GV
]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK Y@ESYB
(NBSB_ OBIADUKC CBK FD_EA_DUKC, Y@ESYB ]_D]E_SG)
]rdses peloubtbk sètsb nbtbr

sesubg telb cbk subsbkb. ]eloubtbk sètsb prdperty
@BSB @UKIG
Obiàrdukc bkglbsg
3= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Yeoubh ablobr lelgng`g cetbgn glbagkbsg (ababsbk/gce) tertektu seobabg subtu

sbrbkb leka`dlukg`bsg`bk pesbk btbu lb`suc cbk tujubk cbrg sg pekaablobr/juru
ablobr. Oektu` `dlukg`bsg ybka gkagk cgsblpbg`bk sedrbka pekaablobr cgnbù`bk
lenbnug adresbk peksgn cg btbs èrtbs oerupb abrgs cbk wbrkb. Adresbk abrgs cbk wbrkb
ybka tertubka pbcb seoubh èrtbs terseout tektu sbjb lelgng`g kgnbg sekg btbu kgnbg
brtgstg` cekabk cetbgn oektu`/rupb tertektu sesubg cekabk cbyb glbagkbsg sg juru
ablobr. Yubtu rbka`bgbk iergtb cbnbl èhgcupbk sehbrg-hbrg cbrg ybka secerhbkb
hgkaab rulgt cbpbt cgtubka`bk lenbnug seoubh ablobr. Cbrg ablobr gtunbh drbka
b`bk lekbka`bp, lekaertg, cbk lelobhbsb`bk oektu`-oektu` doje` adresbk sesubg
cekabk lb`suc sg pekaablobr. Cekabk `btb nbgk seoubh ablobr lelgng`g kgnbg
èaukbbk/lbkfbbt
èaukbb k/lbkfbbt uktu` lekyblpbg`bk pesbk tertektu.
Obabglbkb pesbk cbrg seoubh ablobr gtu cbpbt tersblpbg`bk cekabk obg`4
]ertbkybbk gtu tektu sybrbt cekabk jbwbobk ybka lekabrbh pbcb subtu prdses
peloubtbk ablobr. Jg`b `gtb èlobng lekenbbh prgksgp cbrg èaukbbk cbk pgrbktg
ybka cgnbù`bk sbbt lekaablobr, lb`b `gtb b`bk tergkabt èlobng cekabk nbka`bh
leloubt sètsb ablobr. Hbn gkg tektu sbjb lekjbcg tbhbp bwbn ybka tgcb` ogsb
cgtgkaabn`bk, cglbkb adresbk peksgn sertb èrtbs lekjbcg pgrbktg pd`d` ybka
cgoutuh`bk cbnbl prdses lekaablobr/leloubt sètsb. ]bcb peloubtbk sètsb
ablobr,, obagbk-obagbk ybka pernu cgperhbtg`bk cetbgnkyb sbnbh sbtukyb bcbnbh sètsb
ablobr
nbtbr sertb sètsb prdpertg.
]rdses peloubtbk Yètsb nbtbr sertb sètsb prdpertg cgnbù`bk seobabg biubk
cbnbl pekelpbtbk doje`-doje` ablobr nbgkkyb ybka lekcuùka telb cbrg ablobr
gtu sekcgrg. Lb`b pdnb adresbk abrgs sertb brsgrbk ybka cgnbù`bk sg pekaablobr
hbrus oetun-oetun sesubg cetbgn cbk pdnbkyb. ]dnb adresbk brsgrbk bktbrb doje`
pekcuùka cekabk nbtbr oenb`bka tektu sbjb oeroecb, seobabg sbnbh sbtu oektu` ibrb
pekyblpbgbk sg pekaablobr pbcb drbka ybka lenghbt hbsgn ablobrkyb babr cbpbt
lelb`kbg cbk lekg`lbtg ablobr cekabk seutuhkyb. Seobn cbk tgpgskyb adresbk
brsgrbk cbnbl leloubt sètsb nbtbr cbk prdpertg seoubh ablobr sbkabt lekektu`bk
èsesubgbk wujuc doje` babr lekyerupbg rebngtb subsbkb btbu `dkcgsg ybka cglb`suc
sg pekaablobr.
Yeibrb ulul `gtb ètbhug obhwb cbnbl lekektu`bk pdnb brsgrbk oektu` ablobr
ybka selpurkb, sg pekaablobr cbpbt lekaaukb`bk jekgs peksgn ybka oeroecb punb.
Jekgs peksgn O, ?O, cbk 3O lelgng`g fukasgkyb lbsgka-lbsgka sehgkaab lblpu
lekigptb`bk oektu` doje` nbtbr oenb`bka oeagtu punb cekabk oektu` prdpertgkyb cbrg
subsbkb btbu èbcbbk ybka cglb`suc pekaablobr cekabk selpurkb. Idktdh pdnb
adresbk/brsgrbk
adresbk/ brsgrbk seoubh pdhdk, sbwbh, aukuka, rulbh, cbk nbgk-nbgk lelgng`g te`stur
brsgrbk ybka oeroecb sesubg cekabk te`bkbk adresbk/brsgrbkkyb. Se`kg` gkg lelbka
sehbruskyb cgnbù`bk babr drbka ybka lenghbt hbsgn ablobr cekabk iepbt terobktu
uktu` lelbhblg lb`suc cbrg gsg ablobr cekabk obg`. Cbyb gkcrbwg lere`b puk
cbpbt oeèrjb lb`sglbn cbnbl lekbka`bp pesbk ablobr.
Oerbka`bt cbrg èselpurkbbk hbsgn peloubtbk sètsb nbtbr cbk prdpertg cg
btbs, lb`b hbn gkg b`bk lekjbcg cbsbr obag sg pekaablobr pbcb prdses senbkjutkyb
ybgtu tbhbp pekerbpbk ablobr cekabk pgrbktg oerobsgs te`kdndag. ]bcb tbhbp gkg
sg pekaablobr b`bk oerbngh perbk lekjbcg sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs cekabk `btb
BKGLBYG 32

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
nbgk obiàrdukc brtgs ybka oeèrjb. Cglbkb hbsgn sètsb ablobr nbtbr sertb prdpertg
ybka tenbh cgoubt seoenulkyb b`bk cgtubka`bk cbnbl oektu` ablobr oeraerb`
cekabk bturbk-bturbk tertektu. @dlpdsgsg cetbgn doje`, èserbsgbk, èsesubgbk, sertb
`dksgsteksg cbnbl pekubkabk hbsgn ablobr lekjbcg cbsbr obag sedrbka obiàrdukc
brtgs uktu` lekyblpbg`bk pesbk bkglbsgkyb cekabk èteribpbgbk kgnbg sekg ybka rebn.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. ]rdsecur ]eloubtbk Yètsb Nbtbr

]rdses peloubtbk obiàrdukc ybka cgnbù`bk dneh sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs
cglbkb sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs lelpukybg èlblpubk uktu` lekerjelbh`bk
subsbkb cbrg seoubh stdryodbr. Oergùt gkg lerupb`bk nbka`bh-nbka`bh bpb sbjb
ybka b`bk cgèrjb`bk seobabg sedrbka oeiàrdukc brtgs:
Leaablobr doje`
Lekaablobr doje` obag sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs lerupb`bk s`gnn
lekaablobr wbjgo ybka cgpukybg, `brekb hbrus lblpu pekaablobr doje` cg
bnbl se`gtbr,
se`gtbr, obg` oerupb tulouhbk, ogkbtbka, obkaukbk sertb prdpertg ybka nbgk.
Yenbgk gtu lblpu lekaablobr cbrg oerobabg prdpdrsg cbk sucut pbkcbka ybka
oeroecb. Lgsbn sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs lbu lekaablobr`bk subsbkb pecesbbk
lb`b ybka cgnbù`bk sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs b`bk lekaablobr`bk cbrg sbwbh-
sbwbh cekabk rulbh ybka secg`gt cbk subsbk bsrg.
Obiardukc lerupb`bk sbrbkb ybka pektgka leloubt seoubh nl
lekjbcg neogh hgcup btbu rggn. Obiàrdukc juab lerupb`bk seoubh nd`bsg settgkabk
cglbkb bkglbsg terseout b`bk cgtelpbt`bk sesubg cekabk bnur iergtbkyb.
Obiàrdukc cbpbt cgablobr`bk seibrb cetbgn cbk juab sglpen terabktuka cbrg
subsbkb cbrg seoubh iergtb.
Idktdh lekaablobr subsbkb tblbk bpb ybka hbrus cgnbù`bk sedrbka obiàrdukc
brtgs:
2. Oer`dksektrbsg cbk blbtgnbh pelbkcbkabk cg se`gtbr, b`bk cgtelu`bk
oerobabg jekgs tblbk, lerupb`bk sbtu obagbk cbrg pelbkcbkabk, `brekb gtu
tetbp perhbtg`bk pdhdk, rulput, telpbt cucu`.
?. ]ertglobka`
]ertglobka`bk bk doje`-doje` ablobr ybka b`bk Bkcb oubt cbnbl sètsb
9. Yetenbh ègkcbhbk
ègkcbhbk bnbl cbpbt cgkg`lbtg cbnbl bnbl obwbh sbcbr,
sbcbr, lb`b
jbkabk rbau uktu`
uktu` seaerb lekidret
lekidret-idret
-idret sètsbkyb
sètsbkyb cbnbl ablobr cg
cg èrtbs.
3. Ablobrnbh seibrb èsenuruhbk
èsenuruhbk,, hgkcbr`bk ègkagkbk lekaablobr seibrb
seibrb
cetbgn!
5. Leloubt oeoerbpb sètsb sètsb `bsbr uktu` lekabtur `dlpdsgsg ablobr.
3? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 3.2 Obiàrdukc

Yuloer (www.]gkterest.idl
(www.]gkterest.idl))
Ablobr ]erspe`tgf
Ablobr ]ersepe`tgf lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk sekg cbk gnlu lekaablobr oekcb cbk doje` cg btbs
ogcbka cbtbr,
cbtbr, cglbkb ablobr cgoubt sepertg pbkcbkabk lbtb `gtb pbcb jbrb` tertektu.
]rgksgp-prgksgp cbnbl lekaablobr prespètgf bcbnbh bpbognb ècucucu`bk subtu
doje` selb`gk jbuh cbrg pbkcbkabk lbtb lb`b b`bk selb`gk èign cbk lelpukybg
uùrbk selb`gk lekaeign cbrg uùrbk oekcb ybka seoekbrkyb. Doje` ybka jbuh tb`
terhgkaab lb`b b`bk cgablobr`bk seobabg sbtu tgtg`. Sgtg` terseout cgkblb`bk tgtg`
hgnbka/nekybp, cbnbl pbkcbkabk tb` terhgkaab selub doje` b`bk lekjbcg tgtg`-
tgtg` ybka oerceret lekcbtbr cbk ternetb` pbcb sbtu abrgs nurus lekcbtbr setgkaag
lbtb `gtb, abrgs gkg cgseout hdrgzdk.
Ablobr perspe`tgf pbcb cbsbrkyb tercgrg cbrg tgab uksur utblb ybgtu pbkjbka, neobr
cbk gsg btbu vdnule. Uktu` pekblpgnbk babr ablobr perspe`tgf
perspe`tgf neogh lekbrg` btbu
neogh hgcup cbpbt cgoerg obybkabk, wbrkb btbu texture subtu perlu`bbk oekcb.
Ablobr perspe`tgf gkg juab lerupb`bk ablobr te`kg` uktu` lekaablobr doje`
oekcb, rubka, cbk ngkaùkabk sepertg ybka ternghbt dneh lbtb lbkusgb è cbnbl
ogcbka cbtbr. Se`kg` perspe`tgf lekukju``bk èterobtbsbk pekanghbtbk lbkusgb
cbnbl lenghbt doje` seibrb bùrbt. Yelb`gk ce`bt cekabk `gtb oekcb ènghbtbk
selb`gk oesbr, secbka`bk selb`gk jbuh oekcb ènghbtbk selb`gk èign cbk
lekahgnbka
BKGLBYG 39

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr ]ersep`tgf cgoecb`bk lekjbcg

2. Ybtu tgtg` lbtb nekybp
Ablobr perspe`tgf sbtu tgtg` nekybp bcbnbh ablobr prdye`s
prdye`sgg ybka lekahbsgn`bk
ablobr doje` cekabk sbtu sgsg vertg`bn sejbjbr cekabk ogcbka ablobr. Abrgs
prdye`sg
prdye` sg cgblogn cbrg lbsgka-lbsgka sucut terùlpun cbnbl sbtu tgtg` nekybp,
sehgkaab abrgs-abrgs leloektu` èruiut. Ablobr perspe`tgf jekgs gkg obkyb`
cglbkfbbt`bk uktu` lekagnustrbsg`bk oeoerbpb èndlpd` doje` cbk cesbgk
gktergdr.
Ablobr 3.? Ablobr ]erspe`tgf

Yuloer : Aulrdbc - Ekvgrdklekt Obsgis ? ]erspeitgve bkc Obsgi Nbydut oy Jbles ]bgi`
Netb` @ecucu`bk Lbtb Serhbcbp Doje`/Yucut ]bkcbka

b. Qdrl‗s Eye Vgew btbu perspe`tgf ibigka, ybgtu ècucu`bk netb` lbtb
pekablbt cg obwbh doje` sednbh-dnbh `gtb cbnbl pdsgsg tgbrbp cbk lenghbt
è cepbk sehgkaab pekblpb`bk doje` obagbk obwbh b`bk neogh cdlgkbk.
Netb` abrgs hdrgzdk cg obagbk obwbh ogcbka ablobr cbk netb` tgtg` lbtb/
nekybp oerbcb pbcb abrgs hdrgzdk. Sgtg` hgnbka gkg cgjbcg`bk pusbt uktu`
lekbrg` abrgs cbnbl lekaablobr`bk setgbp doje` oekcb.

]erspe`tgf 2 tgtg` nekybp wdrl eye
eye
suloer : www.]gkterest.idl
33 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
o. Kdrlbn Vgew : : Lbtb pekablbt pbcb ètgkaagbk oekcb pbcb sucut pbkcbka
kdrlbn, cgrg `gtb sednbh-dnbh oercgrg kdrlbn lelbkcbka nurus è cepbk.
Cekabk celg`gbk, obagbk btbs cbk obagbk obwbh ternghbt seglobka. Netb`
abrgs hdrgzdk tepbt cg tekabh-tekabh ogcbka ablobr cbk tgtg` hgnbka ogsb
cgnetb``bk cglbkb sbjb pbcb abrgs terseout. Yelub doje` ybka cgablobr
abrgskyb oerbsbn cbrg tgtg` hgnbka.
Ablobr 3.3 ]erpse`tgf 2 tgtg` nekybp kdrlbn vgewe

Yuloer : www.ce
www.cevgbkbrt.idl
vgbkbrt.idl
i. Ogrc‗s vgew : : lbtb pekablbt cgbtbs doje` pbcb sucut pbkcbka lbtb ouruka,
lb`b `gtb sednbh-dnbh oerbcb cg btbs cbk lenghbt doje` oerbcb cg obwbh.
Jbcg, netb` abrgs hdrgzdk oerbcb cg btbs ogcbka ablobr.
ablobr. Yelektbrb gtu, netb`
tgtg` hgnbka oerbcb pbcb abrgs gtu, ogsb cg obagbk `grg, tekabh btbu `bkbk.
Obh`bk ogsb juab cgnetb``bk cg nubr ogcbka ablobr. Yetgbp doje` ybka
cgablobr,, abrgskyb oersuloer cbrg tgtg` hgnbka
cgablobr
BKGLBYG 35

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 3.5 ]erspe`tgf 2 tgtg` nekybp lbtb ouruka

Yuloer : www.pgkter
www.pgkterest.idl
est.idl
?. Cub tgtg` lbtb nekybp

Ablobr perspe`tgf cub tgtg` lbtb bcbnbh ablobr prdye`sg ybka lelgng`g cubtgtg`
lbtb/nekybp/hgnbka.. ]eroecbbk kyb cekabk ablobr perspe`tgf sbtu tgtg` nekybp
lbtb/nekybp/hgnbka
ybka pbngka jenbs tblpb` ybgtu tgcb` bcb ogcbka ybka sejbjbr cekabk ogcbka
ablobr, secbka`bk pbcb ablobr perspe`tgf sbtu tgtg` nekybp lelgng`g ogcbka
ybka sejbjbr cekabk ogcbka ablobr.
]rgksgp ablobr perspe`tgf cub tgtg` lbtb
b. Lelgng`g sbtu set abrgs pbrbnen
pbrbnen pbcb ogcbka ablobr
ablobr (abrgs fertg`bn)
fertg`bn) cbk
cbk
cub set ogcbka lgrgka / dong` abrgs-abrgs ogcbka lekuju cub tgtg` nekybp
o. Abrgs prdye`sg
prdye`sg doje` `dkvera
`dkveraek
ek (lelusbt) pbcb
pbcb cub tgtg` nekybp ybka
ybka
oeroecb pdsgsgkyb pbcb abrgs hdrgsdk
i. Fukasg uktu` lekaablobr`bk doje` ybka èign èign sblpbg cekabk
cekabk ybka
oesbr
c. ]eroecbbk tgkaag lbtblbtb pekablbt lekahbsgn`bk ablobr perspe`tgf
perspe`tgf ybka
oeroecb:
2) Qdrl‗s Eye Vgew : : Lbtb pekablbt cg obwbh doje`
?) Kdrlbn Vgew : : Lbtb pekablbt pbcb ètgkaagbk oekcb
9) Ogrc‗s vgew : : Lbtb pekablbt cg btbs doje`
36 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 3.6 ]dsgsg ]erspe`tgf ? tgtg` nekybp

Yuloer : (https://gc.pgkterest.i
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/65=?11
dl/pgk/65=?11699612913268
699612913268//
9. Sgab tgtg` nekybp

Ablobr perspe`tgf tgab tgtg` lbtb bpbognb cgobkcgka`bk cekabk ablobr
prdye`sg perspe`tgf
perspe`tgf sbtu cbk cub
cub tgtg` lbtb, lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk oektu` ablobr
ablobr ybka
pbngka `dlpne`s cbnbl ablobr prdye`sg perspe`tgf. @brekb lelgng`g tgab tgtg`
lbtb, ybka lbsgka-lbsgka netb`kyb bcb cg seoenbh `bkbk doje`, cg seoenbh `grg
doje` cbk cg seoenbh btbs btbu obwbh doje`. @brekb lelgng`g tgab tgtg` nekybp
lb`b cbnbl lekaablobr`bkkyb lekjbcg neogh rulgt cbk `dlpne` wbnbupuk
oektu` doje` aedletrgs ybka cgablobr sbkabt secerhbkb, lgsbnkyb oektu`
ùous, bpbnbag oektu`-oektu` doje` aedletrgs ybka lelgng`g vbrgbsg oektu`
ybka neogh rulgt.
BKGLBYG 31

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
b . Lbtb Ibigka neven 9 tgtg` nekybp
Ablobr : 3.1 ]erspe`tgf 9 tgtg` nekybp wdrl eye

Yuloer : (https://gc.pgkterest.idl
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl))
o. Kdrlbn Vgew
Ablobr 3.8 ]erspe`tgf 9 tgtg` kdrlbn vgewe

38 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
i. Ogrc Eye

Ablobr 3.7 ]erspe`tgf 9 tgtg` nekybp lbtb ouruka

O. ]eloubtbk Yètsb ]rdpertg

]rdpertg lerupb`bk seoubh doje` ybka cgaukb`bk
cgaukb`bk uktu`
uktu` lelperùbt
lelperùbt seoubh
obiàrdukc cbk
cbk ogsb uktu` lekektu`bk gcektgtbs cbrg seoubh telpbt cbk ldcen
peaablobrbkkyb juab lbsgh lekauk`bk perspe`tgf seobabg pecdlbkkyb ybka
ogsb cg `bteadrg`bk lekjbcg ? ybgtu prdpertg e`stergdr cbk gktergdr
2. E`stergdr lerupb`bk prdperg ybka ogbsb cgnetb``bk cg nubr,
nubr, btbu lelperùbt
obhwb seoubh obiàrdukc gtu lekybtb`bk cg nubr rubkabk
Ablobr 3.2= E`stergdr

Yuloer : ]erspe`tgf sètihgka Jdrae pbrgigd
BKGLBYG 37

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?. Gktergdr lerubpb`bk prdpertg ybka ogbsb cgnetb``bk cg cbnbl rubkabk.
Ablobr 3.22 Gktergdr

Yuloer : ]erspe`tgf sètihgka Jdrae pbrgigd
Yepertg ternghbt pbcb ablobr obhwb prdpertg pekcuùka oerupb ùrsg

cbk lejb sertb jekcenb ogsb lekyglpun`bk obhwb rubkabk gtu lerupb`bk
rubka lb`bk.
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Bnbt
2. Yeperbka`bt `dlputer
?. Qbidl ]ek tbonet
9. Ydftwbre phdtdsdp
phdtdsdp
Leloubt obiàrdukc 2 tgtg` neka`bp cekabk lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre pekadnbh

pekadnbh
ablobr (phdtdsdp)
2. Ou`bnbh sdftwbre phdtdsdp
5= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 3.2?
Yuloer : Cdùlek ]rgobcg
?. Leloubt argc seobabg pbkcubk leloubt perspe`tgf

b. Oubtnbh nbyer sepertg cg obwbh gkg
Ablobr 3.29
o. Leloubt argc perspe`tgf
Ablobr 3.25
BKGLBYG 52

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
i. ]gnghnbh shbpe èlucgbk nnky cg `dsdka`bk cbk strd`kyb cgoubt ?

pdgkt
Ablobr 3.26
c. Cgiektbka obagbk stbrt cbk settgka sgces kyb lekjbcg 2== cbk gkcekt
sgces oy lekjbcg 77%. Uobhnbh wbrkb sesubg cekabk èggkagkbk. Cbk
thgkièsss cgoubt 2 px sbjb ogbr abrgs tgcb` ternbnu teobn.
thgkiès
Ablobr 3.21
e. Oubtnbh abrgs ib`rbwbnb lerupb`bk abrgs ybka lelobag brbh abrgs

pbkcbka `gtb
5? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
2) tgtg` nekybp
Ablobr 3.28
Ablobr 3.27
?) Sgtg` nekybp (lekaabouka`

(lekaabouka`bk
bk ? argc
Ablobr 3.?=
BKGLBYG 59

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 3.?2
9) Sgtg` Nekybp
Ablobr 3.??
53 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
@etg`b Qbnt Cgskey lekgkaabn pbcb ounbk Ceseloer 2766, cukgb oertbkyb-
tbkyb bpb ybka b`bk terjbcg pbcb prdcu`sg nl bkglbsgkyb tbkpb èpelglpgkbk
Cgskey. Bkglbtdr cbk persdken ùkig nbgkkyb juab prghbtgk. @brekb èlbtgbk
Qbnt ybka tb` tercuab, perusbhbbk tgcb` sgbp uktu` sgtubsg trbulbtgs sepertg
gkg. Bcb drbka-drbka cg lbkbjelek pukib` ybka oerpg`gr obhwb cepbrtelek
bkglbsg hbrus cgtutup, setenbh selub stucgd pbcb sbbt gtu tenbh lekaulpun`bk
sejulnbh oesbr bkglbsg `nbsg` ybka lbsgh cbpbt lekahbsgn`bk pekcbpbtbk
lenbnug renebses. Bkglbtdr / sutrbcbrb Qdnfabka _egtherlbk oerpekcbpbt ùbt
uktu` lenbkjut`bk bkglbsg, She Jukane Odd` setekabh jbcg, cbk seoubh prdye`
obru oerkblb She Brgstdibts tenbh cgsetujug dneh Cgskey uktu` oeraerb` lbju.
Uktukakyb ètg`b She Jukane Odd` cgrgngs pbcb D`tdoer 2761, ouù gtu terkybtb
su`ses nubr ogbsb cbk lelobkauk èlobng bkglbsg Cgskey seobabg oektu` hgourbk
ybka ukg` cbk oerhbrab, ybka cgigktbg cg senuruh cukgb. Cg obwbh èpelglpgkbk
_egtherlbk, èndlpd` lbster bkglbtdr stucgd b`bk lelprdcu`sg oeoerbpb nl
nbag sblpbg usgb peksguk, tetbpg tgcb` seoenul lenbtgh sejulnbh sekglbk lucb
ybka b`bk lelobktu lekjblgk lbsb cepbk oektu` sekg. Qddnge _egtherlbk,
celg`gbk re`bk-re`bkkyb lelbkaagnkyb, tenbh oerbngh cbrg bkglbtdr lekjbcg id-
sutrbcbrb pbcb nl 2757 Yneepgka Oebuty. ]bcb sbbt èlbtgbk Qbnt, gb lekjbobt
seobabg sutrbcbrb tukaabn cg tur bkglbsg stucgd. Sektu
Sektu sbjb huoukabkkyb cekabk
bkglbtdr nbgk oeruobh0 seoenulkyb cgb bcbnbh re`bk èrjb, se`brbka cgb bcbnbh
ods lere`b. Setbpg pekabturbk obru gkg oerhbsgn (seobagbk oesbr), `brekb Qddnge
senbnu oersgèrbs
oersgèrbs pbcb èrjb tgl, gb sbkabt lekahdrlbtg ob`bt cg cepbrtelek cbk
bkglbtdr utblb cglbsu``bk cbnbl èputusbk pektgka lekaekbg pekaelobkabk
iergtb cbk `brb`ter. Yepbkjbka hgcupkyb, _egtherlbk tenbh lekjbcg pgndt ybka
bktusgbs, gb lekyu`bg perbsbbk èoeobsbk cbk èlbkcgrgbk cg `d`pgt. Yeobabg
sedrbka prgb lucb, cgb oerèlbubk èrbs cekabk selbkabt hgcup cbk petubnbkabk.
Btbs sbrbk sedrbka auru sekg gb lenblbr è Cgskey cbk cgpeèrjb`bk pbcb tbhuk
2793. Lbkbjelek pbcb wb`tu gtu pbstg lerbsb`bk selbkabt freewheengka Qddnge
Qddnge
seaerb, `brekb gb sblb se`bng tgcb` pernu lekahbogs`bk wb`tu cg cepbrtelek
ybka sblb se`bng oeroecb. Yeobabg abktgkyb, gb nbkasuka terjuk è cukgb bkglbsg
cbk lekaablobr bceabk-bceabk secerhbkb pbcb nl-nl pekce` sepertg Fukky
Ngttne Oukkges, Swd-Auk Lgièy, cbk She Obkc Idkiert.
JENBJBH GKSE_KES
Uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk neogh jbuh tektbka

perbwbtbk, lb`b `bngbk cbpbt lekaukjukag ngk` cg cg obwbh
gkg btbu cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce R_ cg cg sblpgka gkg. Lbterg
ybka cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg
cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt refereksg ybka
nbgk uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk.
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<ZZRvGK-g1XE
BKGLBYG 55

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
]eloubtbk Yètsb Nbtbr

Nbka`bh-nbka`bh bpb sbjb ybka b`bk cgèrjb`bk seobabg sedrbka obiàrdukc
brtgs:
2. Leaablobr doje`
Lekaablobr doje` obag sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs lerupb`bk
s`gnn lekaablobr wbjgo ybka cgpukybg, `brekb hbrus lblpu pekaablobr
doje` cg bnbl se`gtbr, obg` oerupb tulouhbk, ogkbtbka, obkaukbk sertb
prdpertg ybka nbgk. Yenbgk gtu lblpu lekaablobr cbrg oerobabg prdpdrsg
cbk sucut pbkcbka ybka oeroecb. Lgsbn sedrbka obiàrdukc brtgs lbu
lekaablobr`bk subsbkb pecesbbk lb`b ybka cgnbù`bk sedrbka
obiàrdukc brtgs
brtgs b`bk lekaablobr`bk cbrg sbwbh-sbwbh cekabk rulbh
ybka secg`gt cbk subsbk bsrg.
?. Ablobr ]erspe`tgf
Ablobr ]ersepe`tgf lerupb`bk sekg cbk gnlu lekaablobr oekcb
cbk doje` cg btbs ogcbka cbtbr, cglbkb ablobr cgoubt sepertg pbkcbkabk
lbtb `gtb pbcb jbrb` terketu. ]rgksgp prgksgp cbnbl lekaablobr prespètgf
bcbnbh bpbognb ècucucu`bk subtu doje` selb`gk jbuh cbrg pbkcbkabk
lbtb lb`b b`bk selb`gk èign cbk lelpukybg uùrbk selb`gk lekaeign
cbrg uùrbk oekcb ybka seoekbrkyb . doje` ybka jbuh tb` terhgkaab lb`b
b`bk cgablobr`bk seobabg sbtu tgtg`.
b. Ybtu tgtg` lbtb nekybp
Ablobr perspe`tgf sbtu tgtg` nekybp bcbnbh ablobr prdye`sg ybka
lekahbsgn`bk ablobr doje` cekabk sbtu sgsg vertg`bn sejbjbr cekabk
ogcbka ablobr. Cub tgtg` lbtb nekybp
o. Cubt tgtg` nekybp
Ablobr perspe`tgf cub tgtg` lbtb bcbnbh ablobr prdye`sg ybka
lelgng`g cubtgtg` lbtb/nekybp/hgnbka. ]eroecbbk kyb cekabk ablobr
perspe`tgfsbtu tgtg` nekybp.
i. Sgab tgtg` nekybp
@brekb lelgng`g tgab tgtg` lbtb, ybka lbsgka-lbsgka netb`kyb bcb
cg seoenbh `bkbk doje`, cg seoenbh `grg doje` cbk cg seoenbh btbs
btbu obwbh doje`. @brekb lelgng`g tgab tgtg` nekybp lb`b cbnbl
lekaablobr`bkkyb lekjbcg neogh rulgt.
]eloubtbk Yètsb ]rdpertg
]rdpertg lerupb`bk seoubh doje` ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` lelperùbt
seoubh obiàrdukc cbk ogsb uktu` lekektu`bk gcektgtbs cbrg seoubh
telpbt cbk ldcen peaablobrbkkyb juab lbsgh lekaukb`bk perspe`tgf
seobabg pecdlbkkyb ybka ogsb cg`bteadrg`bk lekjbcg ? ybgtu prdpertg ybgtu:
2. E`stergdr
?. Gktergdr
56 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh sètsb nbtbr oenb`bka cekabk ? tgtg` nekybp gktergdr rubka lb`bk!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Bpb ybka cgl`bsuc cekabk Bkane
Bkane Vgew 4
?. Yeout`bk lbibl bkane vgew !
9. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk frda eye/wdrl eye cbnbl lekaablobr
perspe`tgf4
3. Jenbs`bk tektbka kdrlbn vgew
vgew cekabk ? tgtg` nekybp !
5. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk Ogrc eye neven 4
_EFNE@YG
]ekaaukbbk bkane vgew pbcb seoubh ablobr b`bk cbpbt lekektu`bk obg`
cbk tgcb`kyb seoubh obiàrdukc, setenbh lelbhblg tektbka sucut pbkcbka
(bkane vgew) lb`b cghbrbp`bk ogsb leloubt obiardukc ybka obg`. ]ernghbt`bk
hbsgn `bryblu è telbk-telbk bpb`bh obiardukc ybka cgoubt sucbh sesubg
uksur-uksur cbnbl perspe`tgf, cbk sesubg cekabk subsbkb iergtb!
BKGLBYG 51

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
@DLOGKBYG QB_KB OE_CBYB_ YUBYBKB
V
OBO V @DLOGKBYG QB_KB OE_CBYB_ YUBYBKB
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ygswb lblpu lewbrkbg ablobr sesubg cekabk subsbkb
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO V
@DLOGKBYG QB_KB OE_CBYB_ YUBYBKB
]rdses pewbrkbbk sesubg cekabk

telb btbu subsbkb
@BSB @UKIG
]ewbrkbbk
58 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Cbnbl èhgcupbk sehbrg-hbrg `btb „wbrkb“ se`gnbs cbrg `biblbtb bwbl neogh
terbrbh pbcb pbkcbkabk gkcrbwg lbtb/pekanghbtbk
lbtb/pekanghbtbk kdrlbn ybgtu lerbh, ùkgka, hgjbu,
cbk nbgk-nbgk. Yecbka`bk cbrg `biblbtb sekg rupb cbk cesbgk lekurut Yunbslg Cbrlb
]rbwgrb (2787:3) „Qbrkb terlbsu` sbnbh sbtu uksur ègkcbhbk cbnbl sekg rupb cbk
cesbgk senbgk uksur-uksur vgsubn ybka nbgk“. Yegrgka oerjbnbkkyb gnlu pekaetbhubk
pbrb bhng zblbk cbhunu obkyb` ybka lenbù`bk pekengtgbk tektbka wbrkb, bktbrb nbgk
Ygr Gsbbi Kewtdk cbnbl ouùkyb „Dptgis“ (21=3) lekauka`bp`bk obhwb wbrkb gtu
tercbpbt cbnbl ibhbyb. Ibhbybnbh ybka lekjbcg suloer wbrkb obag setgbp oekcb.
Neogh nbkjut cbnbl pekengtgbkkyb cgèkbn bcbkyb speitrul ibhbyb oerupb susukbk
wbrkb ibhbyb lerbh, ùkgka, hgjbu, ogru, kgnb cbk ukau. Cglbkb jg`b speitrul ibhbyb
terseout cgùlpun`bk èlobng lenbnug seoubh prgslb lb`b b`bk lukiun ibhbyb putgh.
Lb`b pbcb cbsbrkyb ibhbyb putgh lelgng`g wbrkb cg cbnbl speitrul tbcg. (Yuloer :
https://serupb.gc )
Yusukbk wbrkb ybka `gtb ètbhug senblb gkg bpbognb cgierlbtg lelgng`g sgfbtkyb
lbsgka-lbsgka. Oergùt pekaendlpd`bk sgfbt wbrkb lekurut suloer lbterg cbrg
https://serupb.gc sgfbt wbrkb terobag
terobag lekjbcg cub ybgtu wbrkb
wbrkb hbkabt cbk wbrkb seju`.
seju`.
Yeibrb psg`dndags wbrkb hbkabt neogh lelpernghbt`bk sdsd` persdkbn, ènubrab, cbk
prdcu` `dlersgbn. Qbrkb seju` leloerg`bk èsbk tekbka, prdfessgdkbn, cbk idid`
uktu` telb `drpdrbt. @ecub sgfbt wbrkb terseout jg`b cgperhbtg`bk se`gnbs lukiunkyb
cbrg èsbk sesedrbka ybka cgbwbng cbrg gkcrbwg pekanghbtbk ètg`b lenghbt subtu
wbrkb tertektu. Yehgkaab èsbk gtu cbpbt lelpekabruhg subsbkb obtgk cbk pg`grbk
sesedrbka sblpbg pbcb b`hgrkyb lukiun pelb`kbbk tersekcgrg pbcb wbrkb ybka
cgnghbtkyb. Kbluk èsbk cbk pelb`kbbk subtu wbrkb tgcb`nbh ternepbs cbrg `dkcgsg
sdsgbn cbk oucbyb sesedrbka btbu èndlpd` drbka.
drbka.
Bnoert H. Luksenn sbnbh sbtu bhng ybka juab lekcekgsg`bk wbrkb seobabg enelek
pektgka cbnbl selub ngkaùp cgsgpngk sekg rupb. ]ekcbpbt terseout cgperùbt dneh
Brkgtg Yuslgbtg cbk ]rblucjg Yuptbkcbr obhwb wbrkb lerupb`bk ibhbyb ybka cbpbt
cgtbka`bp dneh gkcerb pekanghbtbk btbu lbtb. Brtgkyb wbrkb sekcgrg lerupb`bk
uksur pektgka cbnbl cukgb cesbgk `brekb cekabk bcbkyb wbrkb subtu cesbgk b`bk
lelpukybg brtg cbk kgnbg neogh. Dneh `brekb gtu oerbka`bt cbrg èsbk cbk pelb`kbbk
subtu wbrkb pbcb cgrg sesedrbka tektu sbjb hbn gkg sbkabt oer`bgtbk erbt cekabk
cgkblg`b psg`dndag (eldsg) sesedrbka, brtgkyb hbn gtu oersgfbt suoje`tgf btbu persdkbn.
Yeobabg idktdh:
2. Qbrkb lerbh, gcektg` cekabk èsbk èùbtbk, ekerag, èhbkabtbk, eldsg, kbfsu,
obhbyb, cbk nbgk-nbgk. Kbluk wbrkb lerbh b`bk leloerg`bk èsbk oeroecb jg`b
cg`dlogkbsg`bk cekabk wbrkb nbgk. Idktdhkyb jg`b wbrkb lerbh cg`dlogkbsg
cekabk putgh b`bk gcektg` cekabk nblobka keabrb Gkcdkesgb btbu ]dnbkcgb.
Yecbka`bk jg`b cgabouka`bk cekabk wbrkb hgjbu gcektg` cekabk sglodn kbtbn.
?. Qbrkb ogru leloerg`bk èsbk èperibybbk
èperibybbk,, èblbkbk, `dkservbtgf, oersgh,
èoeobsbk, cbk nbgk-nbgk.
9. Qbrkb hgjbu leloerg`bk
leloerg`bk èsbk kubksb bnbl, sehbt, pelobhbrubk,
pelobhbrubk, cbk seobabgkyb.
seobabgkyb.
3. Qbrkb ùkgka
ùkgka gcektg` cekabk èsbk
èsbk dptglgs, spdrtg, ètgcb`jujurbk,
ètgcb`jujurbk, hbrbpbk,
hbrbpbk,
ndsbfbt, pekaeiut (uktu` oucbyb obrbt), pekahgbkbtbk. Kbluk wbrkb ùkgka juab
lekjbcg wbrkb èrblbt cbnbl bablb Hgkcu.
Sektu sbjb lbsgh obkyb` `dlogkbsg btbu iblpurbk wbrkb cekabk tujubk babr
lelukiun`bk efe` psg`dndags
psg`dndags ybka ogsb leloerg kubksb lb`kb/
lb`kb/brtg
brtg tersekcgrg obag sg
pekablbt. (Yuloer https: theadrobnsnb.idl)
BKGLBYG 57

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. Sedrg Orewster
Lekurut tedrg tedrg Orewster bcb 3 pelobagbk wbrkb :
2. Qbrkb ]rgler
]rgler,, lerupb`bk wbrkb cbsbr ybka tgcb` lerupb`bk iblpurbk
iblpurbk cbrg
wbrkb nbgk. Qbrkb prgler bcbnbh lerbh, ogru, cbk ùkgka.
?. Qbrkb Yeùkcer
Yeùkcer,, lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk hbsgn pekiblpurbk wbrkb-wbrkb prgler
prgler cekabk
prdpdrsg 2:2. idktdh ukau bcbnbh iblpurbk lerbh cbk ogru.
9. Qbrkb Sersger, lerupb`bk iblpurbk sbnbh sbtu wbrkb prgler cekabk sbnbh
sbtu wbrkb seùkcer. Qbrkb id`nbt lerupb`bk iblpurbk cbrg ètgab wbrkb
lerbh, ùkgka cbk ogru.
3. Qbrkb Ketrbn lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk hbsgn iblpurbk ètgab
ètgab wbrkb cbsbr cbnbl prdpdrsg
2:2:2. Qbrkb gkg sergka lukiun seobabg pekyeglobka wbrkb-wbrkb `dktrbs cg
bnbl. Ogbsbkyb hbsgn iblpurbk
iblpurbk ybka tepbt b`bk lekuju
lekuju hgtbl.
O. ]rdfn Qbrkb
Gnlu gkg sbkabt suoje`tgf `brekb tgbp wbrkb ogsb lelgng`g efe` oeroecb, terabktuka
drbka ybka lekerglbkyb. Setbpg seibrb abrgs oesbr bcb efe` ybka serupb cg tgbp
wbrkb. Oergùt gkg efe`-e
efe`-efe`
fe` psg`dndags cbrg wbrkb-wbrkb terseout.
2. Ogru fewgre.idl
Qbrkb ogru lblpu lelobwb ètekbkabk obag ybka lenghbtkyb. Lekbrg`kyb
ogru juab leloerg`bk efe` spesgbn è tuouh, ybgtu lekabtur rgtle sgr`bcgbk.
_gtle sgr`bcgbk oerhuoukabk erbt cekabk jbl ogdndags tuouh ybka lekabtur
`bpbk `gtb tgcur cbk `bpbk `gtb lb`bk. @brekb gtu wbrkb ogru obg` uktu`
lelobktu lere`b ybka lekabnblg jet nba .
?. Hgjbuennlgkc.idl
Hgjbu juab wbrkb ybka lekekbka`bk. Lekaaukb`bk wbrkb gkg leloubt
selubkyb neogh tblpb`. Gtu cg`brekb`bk hgjbu sekcgrg bcbnbh wbrkb seksgtgf
uktu` lbtb. Neogh jbuh nbag hgjbu lelobktu sesedrbka uktu` fdùs oenbjbr
cbk oer`dksektrbsg. Dneh seobo gtu `blu ogsb lekelug obkyb` rubkabk ènbs
ybka lekaaukb`bk wbrkb hgjbu uktu` cgkcgkakyb.
9. @ukgkagktgka.idl
Gkg wbrkb ybka iergb cbk sergka cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaablobr`bk èobhbagbbk.
èobhbagbbk.
@brekb wbrkb ùkgka sbkabt lekidnd` cbk lekiurg perhbtgbk, wbrkb gkg sergka
cgaukb`bk uktu` hbn-hbn ybka outuh lekbrg` perhbtgbk sesedrbka. Yeobabg
idktdh wbrkb tb`sg cg nubr keaerg. Qbrkb ùkgka juab ogsb lekgloun`bk efe`
kyblbk ybka oeraukb uktu` tgcur.
3. Drbkyedl
Drbkye lblpu lekgloun`bk btldsfer oersbhbobt è se`gtbrkyb. Qbrkb gkg
sergka lenblobka`bk persbhbobtbk, bktusgbsle cbk `rebtgvgtbs, cbk cg sgsg nbgk
lblpu lekgka`bt`bk senerb lb`bk sesedrbka. Bcb punb ybka oerpekcbpbt
jg`b wbrkb drbkye
drbkye cbpbt lelobwb neoghneogh obkyb` d`sgaek è è dtb`.
5. Ukauters.idl
@brekb wbrkbkyb ybka gcektg` cekabk sesubtu ybka aenbp, ukau sergka
cg`bgt`bk cekabk hbn-hbn oerobu lgstgs. Cg sgsg nbgk, ukau juab lekjbcg nblobka
pekaetbhubk sertb gkspgrbsg. Nblpu ukau sergka cgaukb`bk uktu` lelobslg
kyblu` cbk serbkaab.
6= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
6. ]utghs.idl
Qbrkb putgh bcbnbh wbrkb ybka ketrbn. Qbrkb gkg leloerg`bk èsbk oersgh,
stergn cbk cgkagk, tetbpg gkg oerabktuka pbcb oucbyb nd`bn `brekb bcb oucbyb
ybka lekabrtg`bk hbn seobng`kyb. ]bngka lucbh wbrkb gkg cg`dlogkbsg`bk
dneh wbrkb hgtbl.
1. Hgtblss.idl
Qbrkb gkg pdpuner cgaukb`bk cbnbl obkyb` prdcu`. @esbk eneabk, lgstergus,
cbk ùbt cgoerg`bk dneh wbrkb hgtbl, tetbpg tgcb` jbrbka punb wbrkb gkg
leloerg`bk èsbk èsecghbk cbk blbrbh. Aboukabk hgtbl cbk putgh bcbnbh
wbrkb pbngka lucbh cgtelug cbnbl èsehbrgbk.
8. Lerbhlba.idl
Sgcb` `bnbh cekabk wbrkb ùkgka, lerbh sbkabt lekidnd` cbk ogsb lekiurg
perhbtgbk obkyb` drbka. Nblobkakyb cgbsdsgbsg`bk cekabk abgrbh, ekerag,
obhbyb cbk b`sg. Cg`btb`bk lerbh ogsb lekgka`bt`bk senerb lb`bk. Jbcg
jbkabk `baet jg`b obkyb` prdcu` lb`bkbk lekaaukb`bk wbrkb gkg seobabg
wbrkb ndadkyb.
7. Lerbh lucbntc.idl
Qbrkb gkg sergka cggcektg``bk cekabk relbjb putrg cbk wbkgtb lucb `brekb
lekgloun`bk èsbk felgkgk, è`bkb`bk-`bkb`bk, iergb cbk igktb. Les`gpuk
zblbk cunu wbrkb gkg justru lekjbcg wbrkb lbsùngk. Ogbsbkyb prdcu`-prdcu`
prdcu`-prdcu`
cekabk pbsbr wbkgtb lucb b`bk lekaaukb`bk wbrkb gkg seobabg wbrkb
prdcu`kyb.
2=. Bou-boubkaen.idl
Bou-bou leloerg`bk èsbk ketrbn cbk èseglobkabk. Iblpurbk bktbrb putgh
cbk hgtbl lekjbcg`bkkyb oerlb`kb sepertg gtu. Setbpg bou-bou juab sergka
cgbsdsgbsg`bk cekabk cepresg cbk èhgnbkabk sertb terèsbk lelodsbk`bk.
22. Id`nbt
Qbrkbkyb ybka lgrgp cekabk tbkbh, `byu hgkaab obtu leloubt id`nbt tblpb`
bnblg. Cbrg sbkb bcb èsbk èkyblbkbk ybka oerbsbn cbrg wbrkb id`nbt. ]rdcu`-
prdcu` ybka oerhuoukabk bnbl btbu kbturbn ululkyb b`bk lekaaukb`bk
wbrkb gkg.
I. Yèlb Qbrkb
2. Ldkdirdlbtg`
]bnet wbrkb hbkyb cekabk sbtu wbrkb leloerg Bkcb sèlb wbrkb
ldkd`rdlbtg` (ldkd ybka oerbrtg „sbtu“ cbk `rdlb ybka lerupb`bk „wbrkb“).
Bkcb cbpbt lekauobh kgnbg cbk sbturbsg wbrkb uktu` lelgng`g vbrgbk vgorbkiy.
Yèlb wbrkb gkg lelgng`g perbsbbk ukg` ybka gkagk lere`b sblpbg`bk cbk
sbkabt pektgka wbrkb bpb ybka Bkcb pgngh. @brekb wbrkb leresbp cg senuruh,
ablobr seibrb bnblg lelgng`g perbsbbk ybka hbrldkgs. Jg`b Bkcb lelgngh
ogru, gtu b`bk cblbg, secbka`bk jg`b cgibt senuruhkyb lerbh gtu b`bk lekjbcg
bceabk èlbrbhbk, èlbrbhbk btbu abgrbh. Obkyb` bceabk `gnbs obng` cbnbl
nl cbk ouù hbkyb cgtblpgn`bk cbnbl kbcb sepgb ybka b`bk ldkd`rdlbtg`.
Kbluk, ablobr cbnbl wbrkb hgtbl cbk putgh bcbnbh Bihrdlbtgi, ybka oerbrtg
„tgcb` oerwbrkb“. ]utgh cbk hgtbl ècubkyb seibrb gkherek lelgng`g ùbngtbs
bobcg cbk `brekb sèlb Bihrdlbtgi cgoubt cbrg lere`b, oerobag ùbngtbs.
BKGLBYG 62

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 5.2 Ablobr ldkdihrdlbtgi

Yuloer: eodd`, ukcerstbkcgka lddc0ingekt iebrny
?. Qbrkb Bkbndaus
Ybbt Bkcb lelgngh pbnet wbrkb cbrg sbtu obagbk rdcb wbrkb ybka oerce`btbk,
Bkcb lelgng`g sèlb bkbnda. Obagbk gkg hbrus tercgrg cbrg tgcb` neogh cbrg 9=%
rdcb wbrkb. @brekb selub wbrkb ter`bgt gtu b`bk sbkabt hbrldkgs. Kbluk,
jg`b Bkcb lelpernubs pgnghbk
pgnghbk lekjbcg 5=%, Bkcb b`bk
b`bk oekbr-oekbr lelgng`g
wbrkb `dlpnelekter (oernbwbkbk) cbnbl èndlpd` ybka sblb ybka b`bk
leleibh hbrldkg ybka cglb`suc, jbcg perhbtg`bk obhwb rektbka tetbp
terobtbs. @eùbtbk sèlb bkbnda bcbnbh lenbnug hbrldkg wbrkb, ou`bk wbrkb
`dkstru`tgf.. Obkyb` nu`gsbk lbster trbcgsgdkbn lekaaukb`bk sèlb gkg cbk gkg
`dkstru`tgf
lerupb`bk pgnghbk obaus ètg`b Bkcb gkagk lekektu`bk subsbkb hbtg tertektu.
Gkg `brekb Bkcb lekabtur subsbkb se`gtbr èùbtbk sbtu wbrkb tetbpg iuùp
lekaelobka`bk pbnet sehgkaab Bkcb cbpbt leloubt suoje` cekabk oekbr
cbk lukiun wbrkb b`sek.
Ablobr 5.? Ablobr bkbnda

Yuloer( eodd`, ukcerstbkcgka lddc0ingekt iebrny)
6? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
9. @dlpnelekter
Qbrkb ybka oernbwbkbk juab cgseout wbrkb peneka`bp. Lekcbsbr`bk sèlb
wbrkb pbcb wbrkb `dlpnelekter cgobkauk cbnbl enelek èteabkabk cbk
`dkg` `brekb wbrkb tgcb` lelgng`g btrgout oersblb. Lbsgka-lbsgka oerndlob
uktu` lekjbcg neogh cdlgkbk cbk aese`bk gtu cbpbt lekigptb`bk puùnbk
vgsubn. Gkg bcbnbh sèlb ybka obaus uktu` cgpertglobka`bk uktu` bceabk
ybka lekaablobr`bk pertbrukabk btbu èouktubk. Obybka`bk seoubh
bceabk lbnbg`bt oersbybp cbk gongs oerhbcbpbk cglbkb lbnbg`bt gtu lekybnb
cekabk wbrkb ogru ierbh cbk setbk cekabk wbrkb drbkye lerbh. Qbrkb-wbrkb
ybka oernbwbkbk lekblobh subsbkb `dkg`.
Ablobr 5.9 Ablobr `dlpnelekter

3. Ypngt `dlpnelekt
`dlpnelekter er
Leloerg Bkcb èteabkabk sèlb wbrkb `dlpnelekter cekabk wbrkb-wbrkb
ybka oernbwbkbk tetbpg neogh seglobka. Bngh-bngh lelgngh cub nbwbk nbkasuka,
pgngh sbtu wbrkb nbnu lbsgka-lbsgka wbrkb è sgsg ybka oernbwbkbk. Idktdh cg
seoenbh `grg lekukju``bk sèlb wbrkb ablobr Ngngbkb cekabk ukau lekjbcg
wbrkb ùkig cbk ùkgka-hgjbu cbk ùkgka-drbkye lekjbcg cdlgkbk (tetbpg
ou`bk ùkgka gtu sekcgrg).
BKGLBYG 69

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 5.3 Ablobr spngt `dlpnelekter

5. Srgbcgi
Cekabk tgab wbrkb ybka cgtblobt`bk seibrb lerbtb cg seèngngka èlucg,
ablobr Bkcb b`bk oerwbrkb cbk seglobka. Sgcb` bcb wbrkb tukaabn ybka
b`bk cdlgkbk ybka b`bk leloubt pelbkcbkabk neogh ierbh tetbpg juab
neogh sungt uktu` lekigptb`bk subsbkb hbtg ybka ùbt lenbnug wbrkb. Yèlb
trgbcg` lelgngh wbrkb-wbrkg cbrgpbcb hbrldkg btbu `dktrbs. Sernghbt uktu`
lekaaukb`bkkyb cbnbl oeoerbpb ablobr ouù bkb`-bkb` cglbkb wbrkb-
wbrkb ierbh neogh pektgka uktu` subsbkb hbtg ybka rebngstgs cbk cbnbl `dkte`s
superherd ybka tgcb` sergus cbk lekyekbka`bk.
Ablobr 5.5 Ablobr trgbcgi

Yuloer ( eodd`, ukcerstbkcgka lddc0ingekt iebrny)
63 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
6. Yquere (`dtb`)
Lekcdrdka pekuh wbrkb obh`bk lenewbtg Srgbcgi bcbnbh Yqubre cekabk
elpbt wbrkb oernbouh lerbtb cg se`gtbr èlucg. Juab cgseout Setrbcgi . Yèlb
gkg teroubt cbrg cub set wbrkb ybka sbngka leneka`bpg. Gkg bcbnbh pgnghbk pbngka
oerwbrkb pekce` hbkyb lekaaukb`bk senuruh rdcb cbka. Kbluk sungt uktu`
lenbù`bk ybka sbtu gkg cekabk su`ses, `brekb lekidob lekyeglobka`bk
julnbh wbrkb ybka terngobt.
terngobt.
Ablobr 5.6 Ablobr `brb`ter cekabk tgpe perseag pbkjbka

Yuloer ( eodd`, ukcerstbkcgka lddc0ingekt iebrny)
BKGLBYG 65

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
1. _eitbkane (]erseag
(]erseag ]bkjbka)
Gkg bcbnbh versg Yqubre ybka neogh cgkblgs cbk versg ybka neogh oerwbrkb cbrg
Ypngt-Idlpnelektbry . Bkcb b`bk lelgng`g èteabkabk cbrg cub set wbrkb ybka
oernbwbkbk tetbpg cekabk lere`b ybka oerbcb cg ce`bt tetbkaab gtu juab b`bk
lelgng`g uksur hbrldkg. ]gnghbk ybka obaus sbbt Bkcb lekagkagk`bk aese`bk
tetbpg juab lelgng`g wbrkb ybka iuùp uktu` lekjbab babr ablobr tgcb`
ternbnu cgobtbsg.
Ablobr 5.1 Ablobr pbnnet pewbrkbbk

66 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. ]bnet Qbrkb
Ablobr 5.8
Yuloer ( eodd`, ukcerstbkcgka lddc0ingekt iebrny
BKGLBYG 61

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Bnbt
?. ]ektbonet
Obhbk
2. Ablobr
Ablobr 5.7
Leloubt obsgi `dlpdsgsg cekabk bcdoe phdtsdp cbrg abobr cg btbs
2. Ou`bnbh prdarbl bcdoe phdtdshdp
Ablobr 5.2=
68 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
?. Oubtnbh wbrkb idlpdsgs lekjbcg sepertg cg obwbh gkg
Ablobr 5.22
IDKSDH YDBN
2. Yeout`bk wbrkb prgler!

?. Bpb ybka cglbb`suc cekabk wbrkb bkbnda 4
9. Yeout`bk wbrkb-wbrkb cbk sgfbtkyb !
3. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk wbrkb `dlpnelekt
`dlpnelektbr4
br4
5. Bpb ybka cgseout cekabk Srgbcgi 4
IB@_BQBNB
Lbtte-]bgktgka
]rdses peloubtbk nl lelgng`g oeoerbpb enelek ybka cbpbt cglbkgpunbsg

cekabk tujubk leldtdka bkaabrbk, curbsg prdcu`sg btbu bnbsbk prb`tgs nbgkkyb
tbkpb lekuruk`bk ùbngtbs hbsgn b`hgr. Ybnbh sbtu ogcbka sekg ybka sergka`bng
cgaukb`bk dneh nllbèr uktu` lewujuc`bk vgsg lere`b tbkpb lekygtb obkyb`
tekbab cbk wb`tu gbnbh lbtte pbgktgka.
Yejb` bwbn bobc ?=, lbtte pbgktgka tenbh lekjbcg trg` ybka cgaukb`bk obag
nllbèr uktu` lekigptb`bk gnusg cbrg seoubh telpbt ybka seoetunkyb tgcb`
bcb cg set prdcu`sg nl terseout. Lunbg cbrg `bryb sig- `nbsg` sepertg trgndag
BKGLBYG 67

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Ytbr Qbrs, Onbce _ukker cbk She Shgka, nl lgsterg sepertg Igtgzek @bke cbk
Kdrth oy Kdrthwest hgkaab `bryb ldcerk sepertg She Arebtest Yhdwlbk, lbtte
pbgktgka lbsgh lekjbcg obagbk cbrg prdses peloubtbk nl les`gpuk prdses
peloubtbkkyb tenbh oerevdnusg
oerevdnusg seibrb crblbtgs cbrg wb`tu è wb`tu.
]bcb bwbnkyb, lbtte pbgktgka cgnu`gs
cgnu`gs cekabk lenu`gs nbtbr telpbt cg lecgul
aenbs ybka b`bk cgrbkibka babr ogsb cggktearbsg`bk cekabk enelek nbgk sepertg
peraerb`bk b`tdr cbk `blerb. @ekcbtg celg`gbk, tgcb` lekutup èluka`gkbk
nu`gsbk terseout b`bk cgsuktgka cekabk ablobr oeraerb` babr lekblobh uksur
rebngsle sbbt tbhbp pbsib-prdcu`sg.
Jg`b cgjbobr`bk cekabk rgka`bs, prdses pekablognbk ablobr cekabk lbtte
pbgktgka seobabg nbtbr tercekabr secerhbkb. Kbluk, penu`gs lbtte lelgng`g
obkyb` èbhngbk fukcblektbn ybka hbrus cgùbsbg uktu` ogsb lekigptb`bk
seoubh nu`gsbk ybka cgtuju`bk uktu` lekaenboug pekdktdk. ]elbhblbk
lekaekbg prgksgp lenu`gs cbk lekaablobr,
lekaablobr, ibrb èrjb perspe`tgf lbtb lbkusgb,
obkaukbk tgab cgleksg, aedletrg, obh`bk hgkaab bspe` pekibhbybbk cbnbl
lekablogn ablobr hbrus cgùbsbg.
Erb ldcerk sepertg se`brbka leloubt te`kdndag lekjblbh èhgcupbk
lbkusgb cbnbl senuruh ogcbka, prdses peloubtbk lbtte pbgktgka juab lekabnblg
peruobhbk ybka sbkabt sgakg`bk. ]ekaaukbbk sdftwbre ?C ?C cbk 9C tgcb` hbkyb
leloerg`bk e`sgogngtbs obag nllbèr uktu` lewujuc`bk glbjgkbsg lere`b
seibrb spesg` kbluk juab cbpbt lelperpekce` prdses prdcu`sg. Hbsgn cbrg
ablobr btbu re`blbk cgagtbn terseout kbktgkyb b`bk cgbpng`bsg`bk uktu`
lekaabktg`bk onue btbu areek sireek cg sbbt pekaabrbpbk nl tenbh lekibpbg
tbhbp pbsibprdcu`sg.
Les`gpuk lbydrgtbs cbrg prdses prdcu`sg nl tenbh oerdrgektbsg cgagtbn,
lbsgh bcb oeoerbpb nl ybka lekaaukb`bk nbtbr lbtte pbgktgka trbcgsgdkbn
cbnbl pekablognbk ablobr. Jg`b bcb bceabk cbnbl nl ybka lekaaukb`bk
obiàrdukc pnbte ybka secerhbkb, ogbsbkyb penu`gs lbtte b`bk lenu`gskyb
cglbkb tercbpbt pertglobkabk te`kgs ybka oerperbk cbnbl peloubtbkkyb
cgbktbrbkyb ondi`gka b`tdr,
b`tdr, peraerb`bk `blerb cbk ngahtgka.
@elblpubk cgagtbn ybka nubr ogbsb tgcb` ogsb leloerg`bk `dlpeksbsg jg`b
sedrbka penu`gs lbtte tgcb` lelgng`g pekaertgbk brtgstg` ybka lekcbnbl. Oeagtu
punb seobng`kyb, jg`b sedrbka penu`gs lbtte hbkyb oerabktuka pbcb èlblpubk
brtgstg` kbluk tgcb` ogsb lekadperbsg`bk cgagtbn tddns, lb`b b`bk sbkabt
sungt obag cgrgkyb uktu` lekcbpbt`bk peèrjbbk cg gkcustrg pernlbk ldcerk.
@dlpdkek cbnbl seag lekaablobr, nllb`gka cbk bkglbsg hbrus lekjbcg
seoubh èsbtubk ybka cglgng`g seutuhkyb dneh penu`gs lbtte terutblb cg zblbk
ldcerk sepertg se`brbka.
1= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce R_ cg sblpgka gkg. Lbterg ybka
cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg
cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt refereksg ybka nbgk
https://www.ydutuoe.i
https://www .ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<=y5C
dl/wbtih4v<=y5CzZn19?d
zZn19?d
_BKA@ULBK
Lekurut tedrg tedrg Orewster bcb 3 pelobagbk wbrkb :

2. Qbrkb ]rgler
?. Qbrkb Yeùkcer
9. Qbrkb Sersger
3. Qbrkb Ketrbn
]rdfn Qbrkb
Oergùt gkg efe`-ef
efe`-efe`
e` psg`dndags cbrg wbrkb-wbrkb terseout.
2. Ogru fewgre.idl
Qbrkb ogru lblpu lelobwb ètekbkabk
?. Hgjbuennlgkc.idl
Hgjbu juab wbrkb ybka lekekbka`bk.
9. @ukgkagktgka.idl
Gkg wbrkb ybka iergb cbk sergka cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaablobr`bk
èobhbagbbk.
3. Drbkyedl
Drbkye lblpu lekgloun`bk btldsfer oersbhbobt è se`gtbrkyb.
5. Ukauters.idl
@brekb wbrkbkyb ybka gcektg` cekabk sesubtu ybka aenbp, ukau sergka
cg`bgt`bk cekabk hbn-hbn oerobu lgstgs.
6. ]utghs.idl
Qbrkb putgh bcbnbh wbrkb ybka ketrbn. Qbrkb gkg leloerg`bk èsbk oersgh,
stergn cbk cgkagk
1. Hgtblss.idl
Qbrkb gkg pdpuner cgaukb`bk cbnbl obkyb` prdcu`. @esbk eneabk, lgstergus,
cbk ùbt cgoerg`bk dneh wbrkb hgtbl, tetbpg tgcb` jbrbka punb wbrkb gkg
leloerg`bk èsbk èsecghbk cbk blbrbh.
8. Lerbhlba.idl
Nblobkakyb cgbsdsgbsg`bk cekabk abgrbh, ekerag, obhbyb cbk b`sg.
7. Lerbh lucbntc.idl
Qbrkb gkg sergka cggcektg``bk cekabk relbjb putrg cbk wbkgtb lucb `brekb
BKGLBYG 12

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
lekgloun`bk èsbk felgkgk, è`bkb`bk-`bkb`bk,

è`bkb`bk-`bkb`bk, iergb cbk igktb..
2=. Bou-boubkaen.idl
Bou-bou leloerg`bk èsbk ketrbn cbk èseglobkab
èseglobkabk. k.
22. Id`nbt
Cbrg sbkb bcb èsbk èkyblbkbk ybka oerbsbn cbrg wbrkb id`nbt.
Yèlb Qbrkb
2. Ldkdirdlbtg`
?. Qbrkb Bkbndaus
9. @dlpnelekter
3. Ypngt `dlpnelekt
`dlpnelekterer
5. Yquere (`dtb`)
6. _eitbkane(]erseagg ]bkjbka)
_eitbkane(]ersea
_EFNE@YG
]resektbsg`bk hbsgn pewbrkbbk obg` `brbter btbupuk obiàrdukc-lu,

terlbsu` jekgs sèlb wbrkb bpb ybka sucbh `blu oubt ! Cgsùsg`bk cekabk
telbk-telbk seènbs.
1? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
LELOUBS ABLOB_ @UKIG CBK GKOESQEEK YEYUBG
YEYUBG
CEKABK 2? ]_GKYG] BKGLBYG VG
OBO VG LELOUBS ABLOB_ @UKIG CBK GKOESQEEK YEYUBG CEKABK
2? ]_GKYG] BKGLBYG
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Yetenbh lelpenbjbrg tektbka lekaablobr ablobr ùkig, pbrb sgswb cghbrbp`bk

cbpbt lekaablobr ùkig uktu` bceabk ybka sesubg cekabk iergtb.
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO VG
LELOUBS ABLOB_ @UKIG CBK GKOESQEEK
YEYUBG CEKABK 2? ]_GKYG] BKGLBYG
]ekaertgbk 2? Leloubt ablobr

Leloubt gkoe-
prgksgp bkglbsg @ukig sesubg prgksg
tweek
bkglbsg
@BSB @UKIG
]ekauùrbk, Vdnule Sbkbh, Nubs Sbkbh
BKGLBYG 19

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Ablobr ùkig cekabk `btb nbgk èypdse lerupb`bk prdses peloubtbk

aerb`bk. Cgseout èy
èy `brekb ybka cgoubt cg sgkg hbkybnbh ablobr pdsgsg-pdsgsg ùkig
cbrg aerb`bk lbsgka-lbsgka `brb`ter. Hbn gkg cgnbù`bk dneh sedrbka èy bkglbtdr.
Yedrbka bkglbtdr
bkglbtdr cbnbl leloubt ablobr
ablobr bceabk hbrus sesubg cekabk
cekabk stdryodbrc
cbk nbydut- kyb.
kyb. Yelb`gk obkyb` ùkig ybka cgoubt, selb`gk iepbt aerb`bk ybka
cghbsgn`bk.
Kbluk celg`gbk sedrbka bkglbtdr tetbpnbh hbrus lelgng`g èpe`bbk aerb`
cbrgpbcb hbkyb se`bcbr èlblpubk lekaablobr. Dneh `brekbkyb prgksgp cbnbl
leloubt seoubh `bryb bkglbsg lekjbcg hbn pd`d` ybka hbrus cgperhbtg`bk. Yepertg
ybka tenbh cgrulus`bk dneh Frbk` Shdlbs cbk Dnnge Jdhkstdk Bkglbtdr Qbnt Cgskey
bcbnbh ? td`dh tektbka 2? prgksgp bkglbsg. Bcbpuk cub oenbs prgksgp terseout
bcbnbh seobabg oergùt:
2. ]dse-td-pdse.
?. Sglgka Aerb` doje`.
9. Yeidkcbry Bitgdk.
3. Yndw Gk bkc Yndw Dut Aerb`bk.
5. Bktgigpbtgdk
6. Fdnndw Shrduah bkc Dvernbpgka Bitgdk Bris
1. Exbaaerbtgdk Exbaaerbtgdk
8. Yqubsh bkc Ytretih.
7. Ytbagka
2=. Bppebn
22. ]ersdkbngty (Ydngc Crbwgka)
(Yuloer: Ldcun Auru ]eloenbjbr
]eloenbjbr ]bèt @ebhngbk Bkglbsg YL@ @@ H. ?=26)
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. ]ekaertgbk 2? prgksgp bkglbsg

2. ]dse-td-pdse.
Bkglbtdr ogbsbkyb lelobag seùeks aerb`bk cbnbl cub obgabk, ybgtu pdse cbk
aerb`bk bktbrb. ]dse bcbnbh aerb`bk pbngka e`strel cbrg tgbp aerb`bk ybka bcb,
cbk gk oetweek bcbnbh aerb`bk bktbrb subtu pdse è pdse nbgkkyb. ablobr bwbn
sblpbg cekabk ablobr b`hgr lekukju`bk sbtu rbka`bgbk aerb`bk ybka sbkabt
jenbs lb`suc cbk tujubkkyb. Wbka terlbsu` cbnbl prgksgp gkg bcbnbh (cbnbl
aerb`bk ablobr gk oetweek/ablobr cgbktbrb ? èy pdse ) peruobhbk vdnule,
uùrbk, prdpdrsg, obh`bk juab ogsb oerupb aerb`bk ybka neogh ngbr cbk spdktbk.
Ablobr 6.2 ]dse Sd ]dse

Yuloer : eodd` IHB_BISE_ BKGLBSGDK ODDSIBL]
13 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?. Sglgka
Aerb` doje` cgbtur secelg`gbk rupb uktu` lekahbsgn`bk aerb`bk ybka oeroecb
cekabk nbgkkyb cekabk lelperhbtg`bk cbk lekabtur curbsg aerb`bkkyb.
Les`g pdsekyb sblb tetbpg cekabk curbsg ybka oeroecb, sg doje` cbpbt ternghbt
oeraerb` penbk (jbrb` bktbrb èy pdse iuùp jbuh), oeraerb` kdrlbn, btbu iepbt
(jbrb` èy pdse neogh ce`bt). Argl Kbtwgi`, sedrbka bkglbtdr Cgskey perkbh
oer`btb, „Bkglbsg bcbnbh tektbka tglgka cbk spbigka“. Sglgka bcbnbh tektbka
lekektu`bk wb`tu `bpbk seoubh aerb`bk hbrus cgnbù`bk.
Ablobr 6.? Sglgka

9. Yeidkcbry Bitgdk.
Aerb`bk seùkcer bcbnbh aerb`bk ybka terjbcg b`gobt aerb`bk ybka nbgk. Btbu
cekabk gstgnbh nbgk seidkcbry bitgdk, lerupb`bk aerb`bkaerb`bk tblobhbk
ybka cglb`suc`bk uktu` lelperùbt aerb`bk utblb supbyb seoubh bkglbsg
tblpb` neogh rebngstg`. seidkcbry bitgdk tgcb` cglb`suc`bk uktu` lekjbcg
pusbt perhbtgbk, sehgkaab lekabour`bk btbu lekabngh`bk perhbtgbk cbrg
aerb`bk utblb. @elukiunbkkyb neogh oerfukasg leloerg`bk elphbsgze
uktu` lelperùbt aerb`bk utblb. Lgsbnkyb pbcb sbbt lenbka`bh, tbkabk
b`bk lekaglobkag nbka`bh `b`g, pgkaabka b`bk gùt oerputbr, cbk obcbk b`bk
idkcdka è `grg cbk è `bkbk.
Ablobr 6.9 Yeidkcbry bitgdk

Yuloer : gc.pgkterest.idl
BKGLBYG 15

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
3. Yndw Gk bkc Yndw Dut Aerb`bk

Yndw Gk bkc Yndw Dut Aerb`bk lbkusgb gtu tgcb` bcb ybka ngkebr btbu rbtb. Cbnbl
setgbp aerb`bk kybrgs bcb b`senerbsg btbu periepbtbk cbk pernblobtbk sbbt
b`bk oerhektg. ]rgksgp sndw gk cbk sndw dut gkg
gkg leloubt aerb`bk bkglbsg neogh
kbturbn cbk rebngstg` terutblb cg bwbn cbk cg obagbk b`hgr seoubh aerb`bk. Jbcg
bpbognb cgnghbt, julnbh frble b`bk neogh rbpbt cg obagbk bwbn, secg`gt cg obagbk
tekabh cbk neogh rbpbt nbag cg obagbk b`hgr. Idktdhkyb
Idktdhkyb bcbnbh leloubt aerb`bk
bkglbsg drbka ybka b`bk cucu` btbu b`bk oercgrg, juab oernbù pbcb aerb`bk
bkglbsg senbgk lbkusgb, lgsbnkyb aerb`bk oekcb-oekcb terlbsu` odukigka obnn.
Kbluk pernu cggkabt, uktu` aerb`bk-aerb`bk ybka neogh `brg`bturbn /idlgibn
cbk fbse iepbt, prgksgp gkg justru cghgkcbrg. Aerb`bk selub oekcb lgrgp cekabk
nbju ldogn. Ybbt oeraerb`, ldogn b`bk oerb`senbrbsg cbhunu èlucgbk lenbju
cekabk èiepbtbk tetbp cbk seoenul oerhektg b`bk lekabnblg pernblobtbk
hgkaab b`hgrkyb oerhektg.
Ablobr 6.3 Yndw gk sndw dut

5. Bktgigpbtgdk
]rgksgp gkg b`bk lekabktbr`bk pbcb aerb`bk utblb ybka sgbp cgterglb pekdktdk
ybgtu bkibka-bkibka seoenul bitgdk terjbcg. ]bcb cbsbrkyb aerb`bk b`bk terjbcg
cbnbl tgab obagbk. Aerb`bk bwbn cgseout bktgsgpbsg, aerb`bk gtu sekcgrg, cbk
aerb`bk b`hgr. ]bcb sbbt lendlpbt, `b`g b`bk lekeù`, leloukaù``bk
lelouk aù``bk obcbk,
lekbrg` tbkabk, èlucgbk lendkibt Aerb`bk pekcbhunubk gkgnbh ybka cgseout
bktgigpbtgdk. Idktdh pbngka ulul bcbnbh aerb`bk lendlpbt. Yesedrbka ybka
b`bk lendlpbt, b`bk lelunbg cekabk aerb`bk jdka`d` cbhunu obru lendlpbt.
Idktdh nbgk bcbnbh aerb`bk leluùn odnb pbcb obse obnn btbu perlbgkbk `bstg.
Obag bkglbtdr prgksgp bktgigpbtgdk ogbsb cgsgka`bt lekjbcg bktgq.
16 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 6.5 Bktgsgpbsg

Yuloer : https://gc.pgkterest.idl/
6. Fdnndw Shrduah bkc Dvernbpgka Bitgdk

]rgksgp gkg b`bk leloubt aerb`bk bkglbsg neogh terbsb bnblgbh. Fdnndw
thrduah cgnbù`bk cekabk ibrb seobagbk cbrg tuouh lbsgh oeraerb` pbcb sbbt
`brb`ter oerhektg (tgcb` oersblbbk oerhektgkyb), tgcb` selub aerb`bk terjbcg
btbu oerhektg pbcb sbbt ybka oersblbbk, senbnu bcb peroecbbk wb`tu bktbrb
nbka`bh `b`g cbk byukbk tbkabk. Yergka`bng aerb`bk-aerb`bk terseout terbsb
oertgkcghbk, lgsbnkyb sbbt sedrbka iewe` oerblout pbkjbka oerhektg oernbrg,
lbsgh bcb sgsb aerb`bk rblout, celg`gbk juab ognb iewe` tbcg cbcbkyb oesbr bcb
adybkabk pbcb sbbt aerb`bk oerhektg. Idktdh nbgkkyb sepertg aerb`bk nblobgbk
tbkabk, `bgk/indth, ùkigr rblout, ouktut btbu e`dr pbcb hewbk, tengkab pbkjbka
pbcb bkjgka btbu èngkig, cbk nbgk seobabgkyb. Dvernbppgka bitgdk terjbcg pbcb
sbbt seobagbk tuouh sepertg terseret wb`tu obcbk oeraerb` è brbh ybka
nbgk. Lgsbnkyb sedrbka pekbrg Ybnsb ybka lelb`bg rd` neobr sbbt lekbrg. _d`
terseout b`bk ternghbt oeraerb` lekagùtg tbrgbk, sednbh-dnbh lekutupg aerb`bk
seoenulkyb (dvernbp). Jbcg perhgtukabk wb`tu ybka tengtg sbkabt pektgka cbnbl
lekahbsgn`bk aerb`bk bkglbsg fdnndw thrduah bkc dvernbppgka bitgdk ybka
leyb`gk`bk cbk kbturbn.
Ablobr 6.6 Fdndw thrdw bkc dvernbppgka

Yuloer : https://gc.pgkterest.idl/
1. Bris cbnbl bkglbsg,

Ygstel peraerb`bk tuouh pbcb lbkusgb, ogkbtbka, btbu lb`hnu` hgcup nbgkkyb
oeraerb` lekagùtg pdnb/jbnur (lbyb) ybka cgseout bris . Hbn gkg leluka`gk`bk
lere`b oeraerb` seibrb ‘slddth‗ cbk neogh rebngstg`, `brekb peraerb`bk lere`b
lekagùtg subtu pdnb ybka oeroektu` nekaùka (terlbsu` ngka`brbk, engps, btbu
BKGLBYG 11

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
pbrbodnb). ]dnb aerb` selbibl gkgnbh ybka tgcb` cglgng`g dneh sgstel peraerb`bk
le`bkg`/rdodtg`
le`bkg`/ rdodtg` ybka iekceruka pbtbh-pbtbh. Yelub aerb`bk cg bnbl oersgfbt
lengka`br btbu lenekaùka. ]rgksgp gkgnbh ybka cgterbp`bk cbnbl bkglbsg. ]bcb
sbbt sedrbka lekabyuk`bk nekabk ètg`b oerjbnbk, gb b`bk leloubt aerb`bk
lenekaùka ybka leloektu` setekabh ngka`brbk.
Ablobr. 6.1 Bri

Yuloer : www.tddkoddl.i
www.tddkoddl.idl
dl
8. Exbaaerbtgdk
Bcbnbh upbyb uktu` lekcrblbtgsgr seoubh bkglbsg cbnbl oektu` re`bybsb
ablobr ybka oersgfbt hgperodngs. Cgoubt uktu` lekblpgn`bk e`strglgtbs
e`spresg tertektu, cbk nbzglkyb cgoubt seibrb `dlecg`. Btbu cekabk `btb nbgk
lerupb`bk prgksgp crblbtgsbsg aerb`bk ybgtu tgkcb`bk lelperteabs bpb ybka
secbka cgnbù`bk. Obkyb` cgjulpbg cg nl-nl bkglbsg sejekgs Sdl & Jerry,
Cdkbnc Cui`, Cdrbeldk cbk seobabgkyb.
Ablobr 6.8 Exbaerbtgdk

suloer (www.pg
(www.pgkterest.idl)
kterest.idl)
18 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
7. Yqubsh bkc Ytretih.

]rgksgp gkg cgseout juab seobabg prgksgp enbstgsgtbs. Yeoubh odnb `bret ybka
cgnelpbr`bk è btbs pbcb sbbt lekyektuh tbkbh b`bk aepeka/pgpgh èlucgbk
obru lelbktun èlobng. Aerb`bk bkglbsg ybka oersgfbt nektur, lgsbn pbcb nl
tdl bkc jerry, sergka `bng lu`b ècub td`dh terseout oeruobh lekjbcg neogh
neobr/lekaeign
neobr/leka eign ognb terèjut (sepertg cgtbrg`-tbrg` cbk enbstgs).
Ablobr :6.7 Yqubsh bkc stretih

https://www.cevgbktbrt.idl/
https://www.cevgbktbrt.idl/cenusgdkbnpuffobnn/
cenusgdkbnpuffobnn/brt/]rgkigpnes-df-
brt/]rgkigpnes-df-Bkglbtgdk-HQ-squ
Bkglbtgdk-HQ-squbsh-bkc-stretih-353
bsh-bkc-stretih-35358687=
58687=
2=. Ytbagka
Wbgtu prgksgp bkglbsg cekabk ibrb pekelpbtbk `brb`ter cg cbnbl ogcbka
ablobr btbu `blerb seibrb tepbt b`bk lelobktu cbnbl lekigptb`bk subsbkb
ybka cggkagk`bk. ]rgksgp gkg pbngka nbzgl cgpb`bg cbnbl pernlbk cbk shdw
pbkaauka, ybka tujubkkyb lekbrg` perhbtgbk pelgrsb se`bngaus lekjenbs`bk
tektbka bceabk bpb ybka tekabh cbk b`bk terjbcg terlbsu` bitgdk, rebitgdk,
bttgtuce, persdkbngty cbk lddc . Uktu` lelperlucbh lekaertg prgksgp gkg,
bcb sbtu idktdh. Sercbpbt
Sercbpbt 9 btbu 3 `brb`ter bcb cg btbs pbkaauka. Ie` sgnuet
lbsgka-lbsgka `brb`ter terseout. Cekabk sgnuet gkg, gkterb`sg bktbr`brb`ter
ybka jenbs leloubt pekdktdk lucbh lekaertg cbk lekaetbhug bpb ybka
tekabh terjbcg. Idktdh oergùtkyb ognb see`dr oeoe` tekabh oerlbgk sunbp,
lb`b stbagka terobg` ogsb nbkasuka cgrbsb`bk cbrg sgnuet-kyb sehgkaab hgkcbrg
stbagka ybka lekulpu` btbu dvernbp. Yenbgk gtu uktu` leloubt bceabk ybka
su`ses, ogbsb`bk lekaaukb`bk uùrbk `blerb ybka tepbt (ndka shdt, lecgul
shdt btbu
btbu indse up shdt ),), jbkabk leloubt ogkauka pelgrsb cekabk bceabk ybka
rgoet, iuùp ybka sglpen tbpg lekaekb, lb`sglbn`bk pekaaukbbk obiàrdukc
fdreardukc ybka lelperùbt subsbkb, jbkabk lbnbh lekaabkaau bceabk
èsenuruhbk.
BKGLBYG 17

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK

Ablobr 6.2= Ytbagka
Yuloer : http://www.cs
http://www.csdurie.gk/
durie.gk/idurse/prgki
idurse/prgkigpnes-bkglbtgdk/
gpnes-bkglbtgdk/stbagka
stbagka
22. Bppebn
Yetgbp `brb`ter bkglbsg cgèlobka`bk hgkaab celg`gbk rupb sehgkaab lelgng`g
cbyb tbrg` ybka ukg` cbk leloecb`bk cekabk `brb`ter nbgkkyb oercbsbr`bk
`brb`ter ybka cgobwb`bkkyb. Lgsbnkyb `brb`ter jbhbt cgablobr`bk cekabk
agag ybka rukigka, wbjbh ybka pbkjbka, cbk bngs ybka lekaèrut. Yubtu idktdh
@brb`ter ybka bcb cbnbl nl bkglbsg oerjucun „Fgkcgka Keld“ lelgng`g igrg
`hbs tersekcgrg ybka lene`bt cbnbl gkabtbk pekdktdk. Cdry, g`bk pergbka ybka
penupb cbk ierdodh, Lbrngk ybka lerupb`bk bybh cbrg Keld ybka oerusbhb
lekabrukag sblucerb celg lekibrg bkb`kyb. Cbk tektu sbjb Keld, g`bk
obcut èign ybka lelgng`g selbkabt cbk pelg`grbk ybka pbktbka lekyerbh
cbk peloerbkg. Obh`bk `brb`ter nbgk cbnbl nl gkg puk obkyb` ybka lekbrg`,
lgsbnkyb Oruie, hgu cekabk sdsd` ybka oesbr cbk hdrrdr , Yqugrt cbk Irush sg
ènubrab pekyu, btbu obh`bk sg aurgtb èign oerwbrkb pgk` ybka nuiu ]ebih.
2?. ]ersdkbngt
]ersdkbngtyy (Ydngc Crbwgka )
Uùrbk ybka cgpernu`bk uktu` leloektu` obkaukbk subtu oekcb, lgsbnkyb
tgkaag tdtbn lbkusgb gcebn bcbnbh 8-7 `bng cgbleter ngka`br èpbnb. ]rdpdrsg juab
oeraukb uktu` leloecb`bk sertb lelperùbt `brb`tergstg` lbsgka-lbsgka
td`dh bkglbsg, sesubg cekabk sgfbt btbu perbkbkkyb. Lgsbnkyb g`bk obcut cbk
hgu cekabk prdpdrsg ybka sesubg. @elblpubk b`tgka bcbnbh subtu hbn ybka
hbrus cglgng`g setgbp bkglbtdr uktu` lekerjelbh`bk nbù cbk cbyb tbrg`
`brb`ter seibrb tepbt. (Yuloer: Ldcun Auru ]eloenbjbr ]bèt @ebhngbk Bkglbsg
YL@ @@ H. ?=26)
O. Leloubt Ablobr @ukig

Nbka`bh bpb sbjb ybka cgoutuh`bk sedrbka @ey Bkglbtdr cbnbl
cbnbl leloubt seoubh
ablobr ùkig :
2. ]bhblg bpb ybka pernu Bkcb ibpbg. Gkg oerbrtg obhwb cekabk seabnb oektu`
bkglbsg sedrbka bkglbtdr pertblb `bng hbrus lelbhblg iergtb, eldsg, ldtgvbsg,
`dktgkugtbs (cekabk `btb nbgk, bceabk cekabk bceabk cg se`gtbrkyb), cbk tektu
sbjb, èoutuhbk b`tgka `brb`ter uktu` bceabk tertektu. Gkg cbpbt cgtektu`bk
8= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
dneh sutrbcbrb (cbnbl prdcu`sg ybka neogh oesbr). Bkglbtdr sekcgrg pbcb nl
bkglbsg ybka neogh pekce` btbu puk pbkjbka, abyb nl lekjbcg pertglobka`bk
sertb sybrbtbk lekcbsbr cbrg prdses lekjbcg sedrbka èy bkglbtdr sepekuhkyb
lepbhblg bpb ybka gkagk lere`b ibpbg cekabk setgbp bceabk sejb` bwbn.
?. Shulokbgn èy ablobr (ablobr ùkig) cgaukb`bk uktu` lelobktu cbnbl
prdses oerpg`gr bkglbtdr, sbkabt cggkagk`bk obhwb lere`b pertblb `bng
lekahbsgn`bk serbka`bgbk pdsgsg ablobr ùkig thulokbgn cgkblgs uktu`
setgbp `brb`ter, lekae`spresg`bk jekgs aerb`bk ablobr ùkig cgkblgs ybka
bcb tgkcb`bk. Ablobr-ablobr gkg tgcb` pernu cgoubt cekabk selpurkb, hbkyb
represektbsg oektu` oeobs cbrg jekgs-jekgs gce ybka lekurut bkglbtdr pbngka
obg` lekadlukg`bsg`bk bpb ybka gkagk lere`b ibpbg. Kbluk, cbnbl leloubt
thulokbgn gkg, bkglbtdr tgcb` odneh oerhektg cekabk gce pertblb ybka lere`b
pg`gr`bk btbu ablobr. Lere`b hbrus lekcdrdka cbk lekcdrdka gce-gce ablobr
vgsubn lere`b sblpbg sesubtu oekbr-oekbr lukiun cbnbl pg`grbk lere`b.
Yergka `bng hbn pertblb ybka cgpg`gr`bk ou`bknbh ybka terobg` pbcb b`hgrkyb,
jbcg senbnu cdrdka cgrg Bkcb pbcb tbhbp ybka lekektu`bk gkg. Kbluk, ètg`b
tujubk gkg b`hgrkyb teribpbg, pdtret thulokbgn Bkcb seibrb oerurutbk seobabg
bkglbtgi-ablobr bkglbtgi.
Ablobr 6.22 @eypdse oerènbhg

oerènbhg
Yuloer : www.]g
www.]gkterst.idl
kterst.idl
BKGLBYG 82

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
9. Iupng`bk vgced refereksg.

Yedrbka èy
èy bkglbtdr cghbrbp`bk lenghbt seoubh refere
refereksg
ksg vgced, btbu obh`bk
lelnl`bk cgrg Bkcb lenbù`bk tgkcb`bk ybka sblb cbnbl oeoerbpb ibrb.
Yepertg hbnkyb sesg lekaablobr, lekablbtg cbk lere`bl èhgcupbk kybtb
jbuh neogh obg` cbrgpbcb lekabkcbn`bk gkabtbk, glbjgkbsg, btbu bsulsg sbjb
uktu` leloubt perkybtbbk aerb`bk ybka cgoubt. Jbcg, jg`b leluka`gk`bk,
ruju` re`blbk nbkasuka btbu nl uktu` leloerg`bk Bkcb wbwbsbk ybka neogh
oesbr tektbka jekgs-jekgs aerb`bk pdse ùkig cbk enelek aerb`bk ybka pernu
Bkcb idob.
Ablobr 6.2? _efereksg drbka oerjbnbk

Yuloer : www.]
www.]gkterst.idl
gkterst.idl
3. ]revgsubngsbsg
]revgsubngsbsg sètsb èy pdse (ablobr
(ablobr ùkig). ]ekyusukbk ablobr ùkig seibrb
oerurutbk cekabk ibrb ybka lekce`btg bceabk btbu b`sg ybka sesubg cekabk
sedrbka èy bkglbtdr gkagk`bk oertujubk uktu` neogh lekce`bt`bk èjbcgbk
bsngkyb cekabk ablobr. Les`gpuk b`bk bcb oeoerbpb ètgcb``dksgstekbk
cekabk wb`tu cbk s`bnb lekaablobr, setgcb`kyb b`bk leloerg ablobrbk
ulul tektbka obabglbkb bceabk Bkcb teroektu` cbk èefèefe`tgfbk
e`tgfbk èy pdse ybka
Bkcb aukb`bk. Jg`b ldcg`bsg cgpernu`bk, oubt peruobhbk ybka cgpernu`bk cbk
unbkag sblpbg prevgsubngsbsg ablobr ùkig ybka lbsgh sètsb Bkcb oerfukasg
sepertg ybka Bkcb obybka`bk cg lbtb pg`grbk Bkcb.
8? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 6.29 Drbka oerjbnbk

5. @ey ]dse. @etg`b Bkcb pubs obhwb oektu` cbk bnur ablobr-ablobr ùkig
sucbh sesubg ablobrbk cbrg sedrbka èy bkglbtdr, tbhbpbk senbkjutkyb bcbnbh
lelunbg lekaablobr pdse-pdse ùkig b`hgr Bkcb cg btbs èrtbs bkglbsg
oernuobka (Jg`b lekaaukb`bk te`kg` bkglbsg ? cgleksg seibrb trbcgsdkbn, tetbpg
jg`b lekaau`bkbk te`kg` bkglbsg cgagtbn lb`b tgkaabn lenbù`bk trbigka pbcb
ablobr terseout). Gkg b`bk seibrb efe`tgf leketbp`bk pekbkcb b`hgr tektbka
obabglbkb tgkcb`bk Bkcb b`bk cgbkbngsgs cbk cge`spresg`bk sertb obabglbkb
aerb`bk lekektu`bk tgkcb`bk ybka cgbktgsgpbsg. Les`gpuk pubs cekabk pdse
thulokbgn ybka tenbh Bkcb oubt seoenulkyb. Jbcg sesubg`bk, pernubs, cbk
obh`bk uobh pdsgsg ùkig Bkcb cg sgkg jg`b pernu, bpb puk ybka Bkcb yb`gkg
sucbh iuùp seoenulkyb.
6. Ablobr oreb`cdwk. ]bcb tbhbp sedrbka èy bkglbtdr lekblobh`bk selub

ablobr oreb`cdwk (ybgtu, gk-oetweeks pertblb ybka cgoubt bktbrb cub ùkig)
seoenul lenbka`bh neogh jbuh. Ablobr oreb`cdwk tgcb` cgseout seobabg
gk oetweek (ablobr bktbrb) lenbgk`bk sergka cgseout cekabk lgcpdsgsg
ybka cgpdsgsg`bk uktu` lekektu`bk wb`tu, peke`bkbk, btbu aerb`bk ybka
BKGLBYG 89

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
cgpernu`bk. Gkg ou`bk oerbtg hbrus oerbcb cg tekabh-tekabh cub ablobr ùkig
ybka cghuouka`bk oersblb, cbk tgcb` oerpusbt. Selpbt`bk ablobr oreb`cdwk
cgaukb`bk uktu` lekadktrdn nbka`bh btbu bceabk seoubh `brb`ter cbrg ablobr
ùkig bwbn è ùkig b`hgr.
Ablobr 6.23 Oreb`cdwk

1. Inebk Up (Sbhbp peloersghbk) bcbnbh telpbt selub ablobr bkglbsg Bkcb
ybka `bsbr cbk cgèrjb`bk unbka cgsusuk cekabk ierlbt, rbpg cbk bùrbt, uktu`
lekierlgk`bk cesbgk bsng `brb`ter ybka secbka Bkcb èrjb`bk. Sbktbkabk
utblb ybka cghbcbpg prdcu`sg utblb bcbnbh `dksgsteksg lekaablobr `brb`ter
cbk prdpdrsg cbrg bkglbtdr è bkglbtdr, gtunbh seobokyb tbhbp peloersghbk
sbkabt pektgka uktu` lekabtbsg selub tbktbkabk gkg.
8. Ses peksgn b`hgr.
b`hgr. Sbhbp
Sbhbp terb`hgr cbrg prdses ?C bcbnbh ablobr bkglbsg ybka sucbh
cgoersgh`bk uktu` cgblogn seobabg tes peksgn terb`hgr uktu` cgtbkcbtbkabkg
dneh sutrbcbrb btbu bkglbtdr
I. Leloubt Gkoetweek
Gkoetweek lerupb`bk seoubh ablobr ybka cgnetb``bk cgbktbrb ablobr ùkig.
Gkoetweek juab sergka cgseout cekabk ablobr bktbrb, `brekb lekjelobtbkg bktbrb
ablobr ùkig ybka 2 cekabk ybka nbgk. Yelb`gk obkyb` ablobr bktbrbkyb lb`b
aerb`bk ybka cghbsgn`bk b`bk selb`gk hbnus.
]bcb ablobr bkglbsg sgfbtkyb ybka cgkblgs (senbnu oeruobh) cbrg wb`tu è
wb`tu sehgkaab lbtb lbkusgb cbpbt lekerglb respdk aerb`bk ybka oerènbkjutbk
pbcb peruobhbk doje` gcebn cbnbl uùrbk cetg`. Cbnbl èobkyb`bk bkglbsg
`brtuk, ablobr ybka oerbcb cg nbybr cgjbnbk`bk pbcb 2/?3 cetg` sblpbg 2/2?
cetg`. Gtu brtgkyb cbnbl sbtu cetg` tercbpbt ?3 sblpbg 2? ablobr ybka oeroecb
uktu` subtu aerb`bk. Uùrbk terseout cgkblb`bk fps (frble per seidkc). Kgnbg fps
sbkabt oerpekabruh tgcb` hbkyb pbcb `bsbr btbu hbnus seoubh bkglbsg tetbpg juab
terhbcbp curbsg subtu aerb`bk.
Cbnbl hbn gkg sedrbka gkoetweeker juab cgtuktut uktu` `dkgsteksg ablobr
`brekb b`bk oerpekabruh cbnbl ùbngtbs ablobr `brekb cbnbl bkglbsg cgoutuh`bk
seoubh `dksgsteksg aerb`bk, sehgkaab kyblbk uktu` cgnghbt.
83 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 6.21 Ablobr drbka lekblob` è bwbn

Yuloer : (www.pgkterset.idl
(www.pgkterset.idl))
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Leloubt ablobr ùkig (@ey]dse ) cekabk bceabk drbka secbka lenbù`bk

telob`bk lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre pekadnbh
pekadnbh ablobr.
Bnbt ybka cgoutuh`bk bktbrb nbgk
?. ]ek tbonet
9. Ydftwbre Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp
Nbka`bh-nbka`bh ybka hbrus cgèrjb`bk

Nbka`bh-nbka`bh
2. Ou`bnbh prdarbl Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp
ABlobr 6.28 Ablobr drbka lekelob` èy b`hgr

BKGLBYG 85

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
?. Sektu`bknb
ektu`bknbhh uùrbkkyb
9. Oubtnbh ? Oubh
Oubh nbybr uktu` lekelpbt`bk ablobr ùkig bwbn cbk ablobr
ablobr
ùkig b`hgr
Ablobr 6.27 Sglengke phdtdshdp

Yuloer : @dne`sg ]rgobcg
3. Ablobrnbh `brb`ter btbu oekcb

oekcb ybka b`bk lekjbcg bwbn aerb`bk cbk b`hgr
b`hgr
aerb`bk
Idktdh sepertg oerg`gt gkg
Ablobr 2 @ey ]dse bwbn
Ablobr 6.?= Frble oy frble tglengke

86 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 6.?2 Nbyergka gkoektweek

Ablobr 6.?2 Nbyergka gkoektweek

5. Lenbù`bk ujg idob aerb`bk èy pdse

@ng` leku wgkcdw èlucgbk `ng` leku tglengke lb`b pbcb obagbk obwbh
b`bk lukiun sepertg pbcb ablobr.
BKGLBYG 81

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 6.?? Frble oy frble gkoetweek

@elucgbk susuknbh ablobr terseout lejbcg sepetrg ablobr oergùt gkg
Ablobr 6.?9 ]ekabturbk wb`tu

Ibrb lekblobh`bk nbyer pbcb tglengke cekabk ibrb `ng` tdlodn ybka
cgtukju` pbkbh lerbh. @elucgbk telpbt `bk tgbp? ablobr pbcb nbyer cg
tglngke cekabk ibrb cg vgsgone cbk gkvgsgone pbcb nbyer
nbyer.. https://ydutu.oe/
S=@gr-85foW ogsb
S=@gr-85foW ogsb cgnghbt cg sgkg hbsgnkyb
6. Leloubt Gkoetweek
Cbnbl peloubtbk gkoetweek cg sgkg `gtb b`bk lekaaukb`bk te`kg` nbyer
`dlpds cglbkb nbyer `dlpds cgsgkg oerfukasg uktu` lekyglpbk nbyer lbkb
sbjb ybka odneh vgsgone. Oergùt gkg ibrb lekblpgn`bk nbyer idlpds
b. Oubtnbh nbyer sepertg pbcb ablobr cg obwbh
obwbh gkg cbk tgbp
tgbp nbyer
nbyer lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk
ablobr gkoetweek cbrg èy pdse pertblb sblpbg oreb`cdwk.
88 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 6.?3
o. Yusuknbh ablobr terseout cg tglengke
Ablobr, 6.?5
BKGLBYG 87

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
i. Uktu` lekabtur tglgka cbk spbigkakyb ogsb lekabtur cg pdsgsg wb`tukyb

ybka oerbcb cg obwbh ablobr squekkyb, sepertg ternghbt pbcb ablobr
uobhnbh bka`b ybka oerbcb cg obwbh ablobr.
Ablobr 6.?6
IB@_BQBNB
Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk Bkglbtdr Utblb4

Bkglbtdr utblb lerupb`bk seoubh seoutb`bk obag sedrbka bkglbtdr ybka
tenbh oeèrjb seobabg bkglbtdr senblb setgcb`kyb tgab tbhuk, oeoerbpb bkglbtdr
èlucgbk cgbka`bt
cgbka`b t lekjbcg bkglbtdr
bkg lbtdr utblb btbu
b tbu pdsgsg tgka`bt
tg ka`bt sekgdr. Juab
cgseout „bkglbtdr sekgdr,“ bkglbtdr ùkig ogbsbkyb lbju è pdsgsg tgka`bt
ybka neogh tgkaag setenbh leleabka aenbr gkg senblb oeoerbpb tbhuk. Lekjbcg
bkglbtdr sekgdr ybka su`ses bcbnbh ujgbk terb`hgr seoenul cgprdldsg`bk
lekjbcg sutrbcbrb. Les`gpuk pergka`btkyb neogh tgkaag cbrgpbcb bkglbtdr,
bkglbtdr utblb lbsgh lenbù`bk peèrjbbk `rebtgfkyb seibrb bcgn, senbgk neogh
obkyb` lbkbjelek cbk pekabrbhbk cbrgpbcb pdsgsg bkglbsg perbktbrb.
Yenbgk lelobktu lekaelobka`bk `brb`ter utblb, bkglbtdr utblb
leloglogka bkaadtb `ru jukgdr lenbnug prbprdcu`sg. Lere`b lekaendnb
prbprdcu`sg cekabk lekektu`bk obabglbkb bkglbsg b`bk cge`seùsg cekabk
oeèrjb cekabk rgaaers cbk peloubt ldcen uktu` lelbstg`bk obhwb ldcen cbk
odke`b cgiurbkag cekabk oekbr uktu` bceabk b`sg. Yetenbh prbprdcu`sg senesbg
cbk prdcu`sg cglunbg, bkglbtdr utblb lelobktu lekaendnb senuruh prdcu`sg
cekabk oeèrjb sblb cekabk cgre`tur uktu` lekyenesbg`bk prdye` tepbt wb`tu
cbk sesubg bkaabrbk.
7= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt refereksg ybka nbgk
https://www.ydutuoe.idl
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<JLE1eBG9H
/wbtih4v<JLE1eBG9H2i
2i
_BKA@ULBK
2. ]ekaert
]ekaertgbk
gbk 2? prgksgp bkglbsg
b. ]dse-td-pdse bcbnbh aerb`bk pbngka e`strel (aerb`bk ùkig) cbrg tgbp
aerb`bk ybka bcb btbu sergka cgseout cekabk ablobr bwbn cbk ablobr
b`hgr ybka lekukju`bk subtu aer`bk
o. Sglgka cbk spbigka. Sglgka bcbnbh tektbka lekektu`bk wb`tu `bpbk
seoubh aerb`bk secbka spbigka lerupb`bk cgseout jecb cbnbl subtu
aerb`bk.
i. Yeidkcbry Bitgdk. Aerb`bk seùkcer bcbnbh aerb`bk ybka terjbcg b`gobt
aerb`bk ybka nbgk.
c. Yndw Gk bkc Yndw Dut gkg leloubt aerb`bk bkglbsg neogh kbturbn cbk
rebngstg` terutblb cg bwbn cbk cg obagbk b`hgr seoubh aerb`bk. Jbcg bpbognb
cgnghbt, julnbh frble b`bk neogh rbpbt cg obagbk bwbn, secg`gt cg obagbk
tekabh cbk neogh rbpbt nbag cg obagbk b`hgr.
e. Bktgigpbtgdk ]rgksgp gkg b`bk lekabktbr`bk pbcb aerb`bk utblb ybka sgbp
cgterglb pekdktdk ybgtu bkibka-bkibka seoenul bitgdk terjbcg.
f. Fdnndw Shrduah bkc Dvernbpgka Bitgdk. ]rgksgp gkg b`bk leloubt aerb`bk
bkglbsg neogh terbsb bnblgbh. Fdnndw thrduah cgnbù`bk cekabk ibrb
seobagbk cbrg tuouh lbsgh oeraerb` pbsb sbbt `brb`ter oerhektg (tgcb`
oersblbbk oerhektgkyb), tgcb` selub aerb`bk terjbcg btbu oerhektg pbcb
sbbt ybka oersblbbk, senbnu bcb peroecbbk wb`tu bktbrb nbka`bh `b`g cbk
byukbk tbkabk.
a. Bris . Cbnbl bkglbsg, sgstel peraerb`
peraerb`bk
bk tuouh pbcb lbkusgb, ogkbtbka, btbu
lb`hnu` hgcup nbgkkyb oeraerb` lekagùtg pdnb/jbnur (lbyb) ybka cgseout
bris. Hbn gkg leluka`gk`bk lere`b oeraerb` seibrb ‘slddth‗ cbk neogh
rebngstg`, `brekb peraerb`bk lere`b lekagùtg subtu pdnb ybka oeroektu`
nekaùka (terlbsu` ngka`brbk, engps, btbu pbrbodnb).
h. Exbaaerbtgdk Exbaaerbtgdk bcbnbh upbyb uktu` lekcrblbtgsbsg seoubh
bkglbsg cbnbl oektu` re`bybsb ablobr ybka oersgfbt hgperodngs.
g. Yqubsh bkc Ytretih. ]rgksgp gkg cgseout juab seobabg prgksgp enbstgsgtbs.
Yeoubh odnb `bret ybka cgnelpbr`bk è btbs pbcb sbbt lekyektuh tbkbh
BKGLBYG 72

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
b`bk aepeka/pgpgh èlucgbk obru lelbktun èlobng.

j. Ytbagka , ybgtu prgksgp bkglbsg cekabk ibrb pekelpbtbk `brb`ter cg
cbnbl ogcbka ablobr btbu `blerb seibrb tepbt b`bk lelobktu cbnbl
lekigptb`bk subsbkb ybka cggkagk`bk.
`. Bppebn, setgbp `brb`ter bkglbsg cgèlobka`bk hgkaab celg`gbk rupb
sehgkaab lelgng`g cbyb tbrg` ybka ukg` cbk leloecb`bk cekabk
`brb`ter nbgkkyb oercbsbr`bk `brb`ter ybka cgobwb`bkkyb.
n. ]ersdkbngty (Ydngc Crbwgka )
Uùrbk ybka cgpernu`bk uktu` leloektu` obkaukbk subtu oekcb,
lgsbnkyb tgkaag tdtbn lbkusgb gcebn bcbnbh 8-7 `bng cgbleter ngka`br
èpbnb. ]rdpdrsg juab oeraukb uktu` leloecb`bk sertb lelperùbt
`brb`tergstg` lbsgka-lbsgka td`dh bkglbsg, sesubg cekabk sgfbt btbu
perbkbkkyb.
?. Leloubt Ablobr @ukig
b. ]bhblg bpb ybka pernu Bkcb ibpbg. Gkg oerbrtg obhwb cekabk seabnb
oektu` bkglbsg sedrbka bkglbtdr pertblb `bng hbrus lelbhblg iergtb,
eldsg, ldtgvbsg, `dktgkugtbs (cekabk `btb nbgk, bceabk cekabk bceabk
cg se`gtbrkyb), cbk tektu sbjb, èoutuhbk b`tgka `brb`ter uktu` bceabk
tertektu.
o. Shulokbgn èy ablobr (ablobr
(ablobr ùkig)
ùkig) cgaukb`bk
cgaukb`bk Uktu`
Uktu` lelobktu
lelobktu cbnbl
prdses oerpg`gr bkglbtdr, sbkabt cggkagk`bk obhwb lere`b pertblb `bng
lekahbsgn`bk serbka`bgbk pdsgsg ablobr ùkig thulokbgn cgkblgs uktu`
setgbp `brb`ter, lekae`spresg`bk jekgs aerb`bk ablobr ùkig cgkblgs
ybka bcb tgkcb`bk.
i. Iupng`bk vgced refereksg.
Yedrbka èy
èy bkglbtdr cghbrbp`bk lenbù`bk
lenbù`bk lenghbt seoubh refere
refereksg
ksg
vgced, btbu obh`bk lelnl`bk cgrg Bkcb lenbù`bk tgkcb`bk ybka sblb
cbnbl oeoerbpb ibrb.
c. ]revgsu
]revgsubngsbsg
bngsbsg sètsb
sètsb èy
èy pdse (ablobr ùkig).
ùkig). ]ekyusukbk
]ekyusukbk ablobr ùkig
seibrb oerurutbk cekabk ibrb ybka lekce`btg bceabk btbu b`sg ybka
sesubg cekabk serdbka èy bkglbtdr gkagk`bk oertujubk uktu` neogh
lekce`bt`bk èjbcgbk bsngkyb cekabk ablobr.
e. @ey ]dse Fgkbn. Leloubt
Leloubt ablobr
ablobr ùkig cbrg sètsb
sètsb èy
èy pdse
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh ablobr ùkig uktu` seoubh bceabk oergùt gkg drbka secbka
oernbrg èlucgbk lendlpbt!
7? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Yeout`bk lbibl-lbibl prgksgp bkglbsg !
?. Uktu` lekcbpbt`bk
lekcbpbt`bk ablobr
ablobr ùkig ybka obaus, bpb ybka cgnbù`bk dneh
sedrbka bkglbtdr4
9. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk Bkglbtdr Utblb4
3. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk Sglgka bkc Ypbigka 4
5. Lekabpb sedrbka èy bkglbtdr hbrus lelprb`tg``bk bceabk ybka
cgablobrkyb 4
_EFNE@YG
Sukju`bk hbsgn cbrg ablobr @eypdse cbk

cbk gkoetweek ybka tenbh cgoubt, cbk
aerb`bk, èlucgbk
èlucgbk cgsùsg`bknbh bpb`bh aerb`bkkyb sucbh sesubg cekabk iergtb4
jg`b oenul sesubg tblobh`bk
tblobh`bk ablobr gkoetweek-kyb btbupuk èypdse -kyb
-kyb
BKGLBYG 79

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS
VGG
OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ygswb lblpu lekerpb`bk ngke test
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO VGG
LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS
Lekygbp`bk selub ablobr Lekyusuk ablobr lekjbcg

ybka tenbh cgoubt rbka`bgbk ybka oeraerb`
@BSB @UKIG
Ngke test
73 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
]ekaelobkabk rbka`bgbk èrjb peloubtbk bkglbsg sbnbh sbtukyb bcbnbh prdses

]ekaelobkabk
ngke test. Cbnbl pelbhblbk secerhbkb ngke test pbcb cbsbrkyb lerupb`bk prdses
ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaetbhug sejbuh lbkb prdcu` ablobr bkglbsg cbrg seoubh
iergtb kblpb` „hgcup cbk `dlukg`btgf“. „Hgcup“ lelgng`g lb`kb obhwb ablobr ybka
cghbsgn`bk lenbnug prdses gkg sednbh-dnbh cbpbt oeraerb` kybtb/rebn sepertg doje`
ybka oekbr-oekbr bcb sertb oeraerb` cg hbcbpbk `gtb/secbka `gtb hbcbpg cekabk
oektu` utuh. „@dlukg`btgf“ lekabka`bt obhbsb kdkverobn/tersgrbt juab verobn cbrg
gsg ybka gkagk cgsblpbg`bk pbcb iergtb/kbrbsg.
iergtb/kbrbsg. Sujubkkyb bcbnbh babr suoje` pekg`lbt
bkglbsg cbpbt sertb lertb lekaetbhug, lelbhblg, cbk lelb`kbg gsg kbrbsg/iergtb
cekabk doje` `brb`ter cg cbnblkyb ètg`b lenghbt hbsgn bkglbsg ybka cgsbjg`bk. Hbn gkg
seobabg `dktrdn/ihe` `dksgsteksg ablobr subtu doje` ybka cgtuju.
]rdses ngke test ybka
ybka lekahbsgn`bk prdcu` „hgcup-`dlukg`btgf“
„hgcup-`dlukg`btgf“ terseout bwbnkyb
lbsgh cbnbl wujuc ablobr sètsb `bsbr hgtbl putgh cg seoubh èrtbs. Yeobabg sbrbkb
vgsubngsbsg cbrg sètsb terseout cgaukb`bk perbnbtbk oerupb sibkker (pelgkcbg). Fukasg
cbrg sibkker (pelgkcbg) gtu sekcgrg uktu` lekcgagtbngsbsg ablobr sètsb hgtbl putgh/
èrtbs è `dlputer. Yegrgka perèlobkabk te`kdndag pekadnbhbk cgagtbngsbsg vgsubn
cbpbt cgnbù`bk seibrb nbkasuka lekaaukb`bk sbnbh sbtu bnbt pekcuùka nbgk oerupb
pek tbonet. Bnbt gkg lelobktu cbrg sgsg èprb`tgsbk cbk esgeksg/lelgkglbngsbsg
pekaaukbbk èrtbs.
Yerbka`bgbk prdses cbnbl pekerbpbk ngke test terseout
terseout cg btbs, tektukyb b`bk
lekcbpbt`bk prdcu` ybka selpurkb cbk sesubg hbrbpbk jg`b sedrbka bkglbtdr cbnbl
prdses èrjbkyb sukaauh lelperhbtg`bk cetbgn cbrg doje`-doje` iergtb/`brb`
iergtb/`brb`ter
ter ybka
cgtektu`bk. ]rgksgp `dksgsteksg, ètbjblbk `rebtgvgtbs, sertb èserbsgbk bktbr `brb`ter
cbk doje` pekcuùka lekjbcg ldcbn utblb ybka tgcb` ogsb cgtbwbr cbnbl prdses èrjb
cg cukgb bkglbsg. Kgnbg lekjbab lutu/ùbngtbs
lutu/ùbngtbs tektu sbjb sbkabtnbh
sbkabtnbh cgoutuh`bk dneh
dneh
sedrbka bkglbtdr cbnbl lewujuckybtb`bk èselpurkbbk seoubh prdcu` bkglbsg.
Yehgkaab prdcu` bkglbsg ybka cgsbjg`bk sukaauh lblpu cgkg`lbtg cbk tersblpbg`bk
cekabk obg` seibrb verobn
verobn cbk kdk verobn.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. Lekygbp`bk selub
selub ablobr ybka tenbh cgoubt
Ngke test lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk tbhbpbk bkglbsg ybka sergka cgseout cekabk peksgn test,
hbn gkg cglb`suc`bk seobabg `bjgbk aerb` bkglbsg pbcb tgbp sequek ybka cgrbsb
pernu. Yequekie bkglbsg ybka lbsgh sètsb `bsbr hgtbl putgh, kbluk sucbh ogsb
lelpernghbt`bk aerb`bk cbrg `brb`ter wbnbpuk gkoetweek oenul neka`bp. Hbn gkg
lerupb`bk presektbsg cbrg sedrbka bkglbtdr è sedrbka bkglbtgdk cgreitdr.
Cbnbl peloubtbk ngke test pbstg b`bk terjbcg obkyb` revgsg cbk oerunbka unbka
sblpbg cgoerg`bk lbkcbte dneh bkglbtgdk cgreitdr uktu` cg nbkjut`bk è tbhbp
kbn. ]bcb lbsb seoenul cgagtbn peloubtbk ngke test gkg lekaaukb`bk nl hgtbl
putgh 26ll. ]rdses pekiuiugbk nl cg nbodrbtdrgul ogsb lelb`bk wb`tu ?-9 hbrg.
Fgnl oerupb nl keabtgve btbu pdsgtgf èlucgbk dneh sedrbka ecgtdr cgjbcg`bk sbtu
rddn nl cbk cg presektbsg`bk cg cepbk sutrbcbrb cbk pbrb irew lenbnug prdye`tdr.
BKGLBYG 75

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Yetenbh cg zblbk cgagtbn se`brbka gkg terutblb cekabk cgtelu`bkkyb

`dlputer cbk pek tbonet ngke test ogsb cgnbù`bk cekabk ibrb ing` cbk pnby.
Oergùt gkg lerupb`bk pekerbpbk ngke test pbcb
pbcb sdftwbre phdtdshdp, oergùt
gkg nbka`bh-nbka`bh
nbka`bh-nbka`bhkyb
kyb
2. ]ersgbp`bk cdùlek ablobr
Ablobr 1.2 Fdncer fgne

?. Oubtnbh pekblbbk cg cbnbl ablobr terseout oerurutbk sehgkkaab

lelperlucbh gcektg`bsg ablobrkyb
Ablobr 1.? Ablobr gkoetweek bkjgka

9. Ygbp lenbù`bk
lenbù`bk ngke
ngke test cekabk lekaaukb`bk
lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre phdtdshdp
76 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Nbka`bh-nbka`bh lenbù`bk ngke test

2. Ou`bnbh ]rdarbl ]hdtdshdp
?. Oubtnbh uùrbk cdùlek ybka cggkagk`bk
cggkagk`bk
Ablobr 1.9 ]ekabturbk cg phdtdsdp

9. Ou`bnbh cdùlek
cdùlek ablobr ybka sucbh oerurutbk terseout
terseout cekabk
cekabk `ng` dpek
cbk iektbka obagbk glbae sequekie-kyb
Ablobr 1.3 ]ekabturbk dpek cdùlek

BKGLBYG 71

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
3. Sektu`bknb
ektu`bknbhh F]Y (Frble ]er Yeidkc ) terabktuka èoutuhbk
Ablobr 1.5 ]ekabturbk frble rbte

5. @bnbu sucbh lb`b

lb`b obagbk tglengke b`bk oergsg ablobr ybka ternbh `gtb
`gtb oubt
oerurutbk tbcg
Ablobr 1.6 Sglengke

6. Uktu` lenghbt
lenghbt hbsgn ablobrkyb
ablobrkyb sgnbh`bk
sgnbh`bk cg `ng`
`ng` pnby
Ablobr 1.1 Sdlodn pnby

1. @etg`b lekcbpbt`bk bcb ablobr ybka cgrbsb ùrbka sesubg adresbk

abrgskyb lb`b ogsb nbkasuka cg perobg`g.
8. Uktu` cbpbt lenghbt aerb`bk cbnbl ldce nblobt ogsb cgsettgka pbcb
obagbk pdjd` `bkbk btbs tglengke
Ablobr 1.8 ]rdpertg tgle ngke

78 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
7. Ygnb`bk ùrbkag
ùrbkag speeckyb cbk kbg`bk wb`tukyb
wb`tukyb (jg`b speeckyb cgùrbkag
cgùrbkag
lb`b cekabk dtblbtgs wb`tu b`bk oertblobh)
Ablobr 1.7 Yettgka wb`tu tglengke

IB@_BQBNB
Ses peksgn bcbnbh rgtus perbnghbk obag pbrb sekglbk lucb cg lbsb nbnu
ybka pekuh bkglbsg. Jg`b Bkcb sedrbka prgb btbu wbkgtb lucb ybka oerigtb-igtb
uktu` lekjbcg bkglbtdr cg Qbnt Cgskey Ytucgds, tes peksgn ybka lekbùt`bk
bcbnbh sesubtu ybka Bkcb tbhu b`bk Bkcb hbcbpg subtu hbrg. Yetenbh Bkcb
lekaerjb`bk tes bkglbsg Bkcb, Bkcb lekaelbs ablobr cbk nelobr e`spdsur
Bkcb cbk lekagrgl`bk tes è Iblerb. Ablobr ybka secerhbkb cbk tgcb`
oerselbkabt b`bk cgfdtd dneh juru `blerb prdfesgdkbn Cgskey cbk re`blbk
ybka cghbsgn`bk b`bk cg`grgl è nbo uktu` cgprdses selbnbl. @etg`b Bkcb tgob cg
telpbt èrjb pbcb hbrg oergùtkyb, Jdhkky Odkc (prgb bkglbsg Cgskey cg se`gtbr)
b`bk leloerg`bk bceabk bkglbsg Bkcb oersblb cekabk nddp cgprdses nl nl
95ll. Bkcb luka`gk hbrus oerèngbrbk cg ndrdka-ndrdka babr Ldvgdnb tgcb`
cgaukb`bk. (Bkcb tgcb` iuùp pektgka uktu` lelgng`g nl Bkcb sekcgrg) Yetenbh
nl cg-threbcec cg
cg Ldvgdnb, Bkcb cdrdka `b`g lekjbjb`bkkyb. ]erbka`bt „Ytebl
]uk`“ ùkd, le`bkgs lunbg oerputbr cbk oeroukyg seobabg bwbn. ]ertblb, seoubh
snbte lukiun cg nbybr cekabk kblb Bkcb cgtblpgn`bk cekabk jenbs. Gkg cekabk
iepbt cggùtg dneh bceabk bkglbsg Bkcb, ybka èluka`gkbk oesbr, lekyeobn`bk.
Cekabr`bk bturbk èhgcupbk bkglbsg ybka sbkabt pektgka gkg. Yeoenul
Bkcb heobt, Bkcb luka`gk pbybh. Yeoenul peèrjbbk Bkcb obg`, ogbsbkyb
sbkabt, sbkabt ouru`. Gtunbh prdseskyb, cbk uktu` gtunbh tes peksgn cgnbù`bk.
Gkg babr Bkcb ogsb lenghbt cekabk lbtb èpbnb sekcgrg oetbpb ouru`kyb
Bkcb. Kbluk, oersdrb`nbh `brekb gtu b`bk lekjbcg neogh obg`. Wb, Bkcb b`bk
lekjbcg sedrbka bkglbtdr, cbk ujgbk peksgn bcbnbh sbnbh sbtu ibrb uktu`
lekyenesbg`bkkyb. Yeoenul sbyb lenbka`bh neogh jbuh, gzgk`bk sbyb oerobag
tes peksgn bkglbsg pertblb sbyb cg Qbnt Cgskey Ytucgds. Yetenbh lekerglb
BKGLBYG 77

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
pdtdkabk nl 95ll pertblb sbyb cbrg Iblerb, sbyb cgtukju``bk è btbs è
ukgt sutrbcbrb telpbt Ldvgdnb tersecgb. @etg`b tes sbyb secbka cgnbù`bk,
sbyb perhbtg`bk obhwb cgre`tur cg `blbr seoenbh bcbnbh sbnbh sbtu bkglbtdr
neaekcbrgs Cgskey. Gkg bcbnbh prgb ybka `brybkyb tenbh nblb sbyb `baulg, cbk
cg sgkg cgb oercgrg cg ce`btkyb. Sgob-tgob, Ldvgdnb oerbktb`bk cbk bkglbsg sbyb
lukiun cg nbybr. Bù lenghbt pelbkcbkabk gtu cekabk kaerg. Yeabnb sesubtu
tektbka bkglbsg gtu lekaerg`bk. ]elektbsbkkyb ouru` cbk ablobrkyb neogh
ouru`. B`hgrkyb, ybka pbngka lekyb`gt`bk bcbnbh wb`tu bkglbsg sbyb. Sgcb` bcb
ybka oeraerb` seobabglbkb lestgkyb, cbk pelbkcbkabk gtu bcbnbh oekibkb
ybka tgcb` bcb obkcgkabkkyb. Kbluk, gtu selb`gk ouru`. Lenghbt cbrg obng`
pukcb` sbyb bcbnbh bkglbtdr veterbk Qbnt Cgskey ybka `brybkyb tenbh nblb
sbyb `baulg. Bkglbtdr tgcb` lekabtb`bk sepbtbh `btb puk, tetbpg oerobng` cbk
oerjbnbk perag. Sb` pernu cg`btb`bk, sbyb lerbsb terhgkb. Sgcb` bcb ybka oeraerb`
seobabglbkb lestgkyb, cbk pelbkcbkabk gtu bcbnbh oekibkb ybka tgcb` bcb
obkcgkabkkyb. Kbluk, gtu selb`gk ouru`. Lenghbt cbrg obng` pukcb` sbyb bcbnbh
bkglbtdr veterbk Qbnt Cgskey ybka `brybkyb tenbh nblb sbyb `baulg. Bkglbtdr
tgcb` lekabtb`bk sepbtbh `btb puk, tetbpg oerobng` cbk oerjbnbk perag. Sb` pernu
cg`btb`bk, sbyb lerbsb terhgkb. Sgcb` bcb ybka oeraerb` seobabglbkb lestgkyb,
cbk pelbkcbkabk gtu bcbnbh oekibkb ybka tgcb` bcb obkcgkabkkyb. Kbluk,
gtu selb`gk ouru`. Lenghbt cbrg obng` pukcb` sbyb bcbnbh bkglbtdr veterbk
Qbnt Cgskey ybka `brybkyb tenbh nblb sbyb `baulg. Bkglbtdr tgcb` lekabtb`bk
sepbtbh `btb puk, tetbpg oerobng` cbk oerjbnbk perag. Sb` pernu cg`btb`bk, sbyb
lerbsb terhgkb.
@etg`b tbhuk-tbhuk lunbg oeraerb` iepbt sepertg heodh pelbkcbkabk,
obkyb` sètsb cbk tes peksgn sbyb lunbg oeroubh. ]ernbhbk tbpg pbstg, sbyb
lunbg lerbsb neogh peribyb cgrg seobabg bkglbtdr tyrd, cbk sbyb tenbh lekabtbsg
ètbùtbk sbyb lekahbcbpg senelobr èrtbs `dsdka. Ldlek terdodsbk sbyb
cbtbka sblogn lekdktdk bceabk cgbnda ybka sbyb bkglbsg`bk. Cg nbybr nbybr,, sedrbka
pbkaerbk tblpbk lekdneh è putrgkyb, tersekyul cbk leyb`gk`bkkyb. Sgob-
tgob, èbjbgobk terjbcg. Ybka pbkaerbk hgcup ètg`b cgb oerobng` cbk oerogibrb
cekabk pekuh peribyb cgrg uktu` igktbkyb. Uktu` pertblb `bngkyb sbyb b`hgrkyb
ogsb oer`btb pbcb cgrg sbyb sekcgrg, „Ybyb lekahgcup`bk bceabk gtu. Ybyb sedrbka
bkglbtdr! „ Sernepbs cbrg èaelogrbbk sbyb, peèrjbbk bkglbsg lbsgh sungt
cgcbpbt pbcb bwbn tbhuk ekbl punuhbk. Bkglbtdr ybka oerigtb-igtb tgkaag sepertg
sbyb hblpgr tgcb` cbpbt cgcdrdka ètg`b `blg lenghbt bkglbtdr veterbk sepertg
Cdk Nus` cbk Aedrae Kgihdnbs secbka cgtukju``bk pgktu cg Cgskey. Yelektbrb
bcb secg`gt penubka uktu` leloubt bkglbtdr cg _ulbh Sgùs, pbrb ibndk bkglbsg
lucb sepertg sbyb lekcbpbt`bk peèrjbbk cg rulbh-rulbh `dlersgbn èign cbk
pborg`-pborg` `brtuk ybka lekyecgb`bk bkglbsg ybka tgcb` oerselbkabt uktu`
pbsbr tenevgsg ybka secbka tulouh. Kbluk, lbsgh bcb perlbtb cg bktbrb `bpbn
pesgbr. Lekaukjukag telpbt-telpbt pekcgcg`bk uktu` bibrb-bibrb sepertg,
„Yesble Ytreet“ oekbr-oekbr lekyekbka`b
lekyekbka`bk. k.
Sgob-tgob, terdodsbk te`kdndag lelekabruhg ogskgs `brtuk ètg`b `blerb
cbk pere`bl tenevgsg ybka cgldcg`bsg lekauobh Ses ]eksgn senblbkyb. Sgcb`
2== BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
nbag oerabktuka pbcb nl ablobr oeraerb`, bkglbtdr cbpbt lere`bl sètsb
cbk lenghbt bkglbsgkyb cgputbr seaerb. Bkglbtdr tgcb` nbag hbrus lekukaau
?3 jbl uktu` lenghbt hbsgn èrjb èrbs lere`b. Bceabk ybka obru sbjb lere`b
bkglbsg`bk cbpbt cgputbr uktu` revgew gkstbk pbcb perbka`bt èrek oerkblb,
Nydk-Nblo. Sblpb`kyb tes peksgn secerhbkb tenbh leloubt ndlpbtbk oesbr
è cepbk cbk seabnbkyb tgcb` b`bk perkbh sblb. ]bcb bwbn tbhuk selognbk
punuhbk, te`kdndag bkbnda cgabktg`bk dneh cgagtbn, cbk Ldvgdnb, oersblb
cekabk „Fnbtoecs,“ ybka neogh lbju seaerb peksguk. Bkglbtdr lbsb `gkg, obg`
ybka cgablobr cekabk tbkabk btbu cgagtbn, terus lekaujg peksgn `bryb lere`b.
Bceabk bkglbsg, cgoubt cekabk peksgn cbk èrtbs, stdp ldtgdk btbu cgagtbn lbsgh
leloutuh`bk pekaujgbk. Bceabk bkglbsg sergka lelgng`g obkyb` gterbsg, cbk
oeagkgnbh ibrb `blg lekaujg oetb peèrjbbk `blg. Neogh pektgka nbag, gtunbh ibrb
`gtb oenbjbr cbk tulouh.
Bpb`bh Bkcb sedrbka sgswb sekg ybka oerigtb-igtb tgkaag btbu sedrbka
veterbk Cgskey Lbster, sbyb yb`gk tes peksgn terus lekjbcg obagbk pektgka cbrg
prdses `rebtgf Bkcb. Yblb sepertg hbrgbk ngve-bitgdk, tes peksgn leluka`gk`bk
`gtb uktu` lelbktbu peèrjbbk `gtb cbk lenghbt cg lbkb `gtb ababn. @bcbka-
`bcbka, bcb èaelogrbbk lurkg `brekb secg`gt bkglbsg ternghbt cg nbybr ybka
oekbr-oekbr nubr ogbsb. Ybyb tergkabt b`bk ods nblb sbyb, Lgnt @bhn tertbwb
terobhb`-obhb` sbbt lekdktdk Kydkyb Lbc Lgl ètg`b `blg leloubt, She
Ywdrc gk the Ytdke. „ Ybyb oenul perkbh lenghbt bkglbtdr oeagtu lekg`lbtg
peèrjbbkkyb. Kbluk, Ses ]eksgn ou`bknbh b`hgr cbrg perjbnbkbk, gkg hbkybnbh
bwbn. Luka`gk subtu hbrg Bkcb b`bk lekg`lbtg tes peksgn Bkcb sekcgrg sepertg
hbnkyb Lgnt @bhn. (Yuloer : http://dyckdr
http://dyckdrlbkidl.squbr espbie.idl/)
lbkidl.squbrespbie.idl/
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<oQiF3leyScE
BKGLBYG 2=2

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
Ngke test lerubpb`bk seoubh tbhbpbk b`hgr cbrg peloubtbk èy cbk

cbk gkotweek
cglbkb cgaukb`bk uktu` lerevgewe setgbp aerb`bk bpb`bh sucbh sesubg btbu
lbsgh bcb revgsg.
SUABY LBKCG_G
Nbù`bknbh ngke test pbcb

pbcb bkglbsg ybka sucbh `blu oubt!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Bpb sbjb ybka cgpernu`bk uktu`
uktu` lenbù`bk
lenbù`bk ngke test 4
?. Lekabpb ngke test
test ogsb lekektu`bk
lekektu`bk èlblpubk
èlblpubk sedrbka
sedrbka bkglbtdr4
9. Bpb ybka terjbcg
terjbcg jg`b bkglbsg tgcb` lenbù`bk
lenbù`bk ngke test4
3. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk
cekabk glbae
glbae sequekie
sequekie 4
5. Yeout`bk èaukbbk
èaukbbk cbkcbk fukasg cbrg tglengke 4
_EFNE@YG
Hbsgn cbrg aerb`bk ngke test cgsùsg`bk cekabk telbk-telbklu bpb`bh

ablobrkyb ùrbka btbu`bh ablobrkyb oenul sesubg cekabk prgksgp-prgksgp
bkglbsg4
2=? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ ABYBN YELEYSE_ ABYBN
B. ]GNGHBK ABKCB
]gnghnbh sbnbh sbtu jbwbobk ybka pbngka oekbr cekabk ibrb leloerg sgnbka pbcb
huruf B, O, I, C, btbu E
2. Bkglbsg oerbsbn cbrg obhbsb Nbtgk „Bkglb“ ybka oerbrtg … .
B. Kybwb
O. Ablobr
I. Qbrkb
C. Aerb`
E. Hgcup
?. @gtb seoetunkyb oerhb` oerobkaab hbtg `brekb sbnbh sbtu oektu` èsekgbk
obkasb `gtb lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk cg`bteadrg`
cg`bteadrg`bk
bk `bryb bkglbsg ybgtu . . . .
B. @etdprb`
O. Qbybka @ungt.
I. Nekdka.
C. Iblpursbrg.
E. Nucru`.
9. Qbrkb ]rgler bcbnbh . . . .
B. Qbrkb ybka lerupb`bk pbcubk cbrg cub wbrkb seùkcer
seùkcer
O. Qbrkb ybka sbngka oerseoerbkabk
oerseoerbkabk cgcg cbnbl ngka`brbk
ngka`brbk wbrkb
I. Qbrkb ybka sbngka oerseoenbhbk
oerseoenbhbk cg cbnbl ngka`brbk
ngka`brbk wbrkb
C. Qbrkb ybka lerupb`bk pbcubk cbrgcbrg cub wbrkb utblb
E. Qbrkb ybka lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk wbrkb utblb/ wbrkb
wbrkb cbsbr
3. Lekaablobr bkglbsg cekabk ibrb leketu`bk èy crbwgka, obru èlucgbk
lekaablobr`bk gkoetweekyb
gkoetweekyb bcbnbh prgksgp bkglbsg ….
B. Dvernbppgka bitgdk
O. Yeidkcbry bitgdk
I. ]dse td pdse
C. Fdnndw Shrduah
E. Ytrbgaht bhebc
5. Gnlu ybka lelpenbjbrg tektbka te`kg` lekbka`bp cbk lekaabouka`bk ablobr
hgkaab lekjbcg sbtu rbka`bgbk ablobr ybka cbpbt lekyblpbg`bk iergtb
iergtb . . . .
B. Ygkelbtdarb
O. Brtwdr`
I. Estetg`b
C. Brtgigbn
E. Igkelbtgx
6. Cbnbl lekaablobr `brb`ter lbkusgb `gtb cgwbjgo`bk lelbhblg bkbtdlg
lbkusgb seibrb èsenuruhbk. ]rdpdrsg lerupb`bk obagbk terpektgka cbnbl
lekaablobr `brb`ter lbkusgb cewbsb. Oerbpb`bh uùrbk kdrlbn lbkusgb
Gkcdkesgb . . . .
B. 1,5 x uùrbk èpbnb
O. 2= x uùrbk èpbnb
I. 7 x uùrbk èpbnb
C. 8,5 x uùrbk èpbnb
èpbnb
E. 7,5 x uùrbk èpbnb
BKGLBYG 2=9

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ ABYBN
1. Idktdh pekerbpbk prgksgp bkglbsg bppebn tercbpbt pbcb ….

B. Hbrc surfbie lejb
O. @dktur
I. @ey crbwgka
C. Ldkèy C Nuy
E. Zdetrdpe
8. Aerb`bk `blerb ybka nurus hdrgzdktbn è `bkbk cgseout . . . .
B. Hdrgzdk dw
O. Sgnt Up
I. Sgnt _gaht
C. ]bk
E. Zddl
7. Cbnbl seoubh nl bkglbsg sedrbka td`dh ybka senbnu lelobktu pelerbk
utblb cbnbl seoubh nl cgseout `brb`ter . . . .
B. sgce`gi`
O. sèptgi
I. bktbadkgs
C. prdtbadkgst
E. `dktbadkgs
2=. Bkane `blerb ybka oertujubk uktu` lelpernghbt`bk
lelpernghbt`bk `brb`ter ybka neogh
supergdr/ heobt cg obkcgka`bk `brb`ter nbgkkyb bcbnbh . . . .
b. Ndw Bkane
o. Yuper Glpdse
i. Indse Up
c. Swd Yhdt
e. Yndw Ldtgdk
22. Ablobr cg obwbh bcbnbh obagbk cbrg bceabk seoubh `bryb nl ybka
lekaablobr`bk wbjbh see`dr adrgnb.
Bkane `blerb ybka cgaukb`bk bcbnbh … .
b. Ndw Bkane
o. Yuper Glpdse
i. Indse Up
c. Swd Yhdt
e. Yndw Ldtgdk
2=3 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ ABYBN
2?. Bpb`bh ybka cg lb`suc cekabk

cekabk trebtlek
trebtlek cbnbl pekungsbk
pekungsbk sèkbrgd
sèkbrgd . . . .
b. @eterbkabk cetbgn tektbka bnur
bnur iergtb, bceabk,
bceabk, bkane, nd`bsg,
nd`bsg, cgbnda cbk lusg`
lusg`
o. @eterbkabk `btb`ter, sgfbt, igrg, nd`bsg cbk prdpertg
i. @eterbkabk iergtb ybka cg rgka`bs seibrb abrgs
abrgs oesbr
c. @eterbkabk tblobhbk ybka lelpekabruhg iergtb
e. @eterbkabk doservbsg ybka cgnbù`bk dneh dneh pekungskyb
29. Bpb`bh ybka cglb`suc
cglb`suc cekabk
cekabk sirgpt . . . .
b. @eterbkabk cetbgn tektbka bnur
bnur iergtb, bceabk,
bceabk, bkane, nd`bsg,
nd`bsg, cgbnda cbk lusg`
lusg`
o. @eterbkabk `btb`ter, sgfbt, igrg, nd`bsg cbk prdpertg
i. @eterbkabk iergtb ybka cg rgka`bs seibrb abrgs
abrgs oesbr
c. @eterbkabk tblobhbk ybka lelpekabruhg iergtb
e. @eterbkabk doservbsg ybka cgnbù`bk dneh dneh pekungskyb
23. Yetgbp `brb`ter
`brb`ter bkglbsg cgèlobka`b
cgèlobka`bk k secelg`gbk rupb sehgkaab lelgng`g cbyb
tbrg` ybka ukg` cbk leloecb`bk cekabk `brb`ter nbgk, oercbsbr`bk `brb`ter
ybka cgobwb`bkkyb. Lgsbnkyb `brb`ter jbhbt cgablobr`bk cekabk agag ybka
rukigka, wbjbh ybka pbkjbka, cbk bngs ybka lekaèrut. ]erkybtbbk terseoutterseout
lerupb`bk pekaertgbk cbrg prgksgp bkglbsg….
B. Fdnndw trduah
O. Extrbaerbtgdk
I. Bppebn
C. Ytreit bkc squbsh
E. Bktgigpbtgdk
25. Nelobr ybka cgaukb`bk seobabg
seobabg pbkcubk obag bkglbtdr lekaekbg pekelpbtbk
bkglbsg sesubg cekabk pewb`tubk cbk ngpsyk` cbrg cgbndaue
cgbndaue cbk sdukc, sertb
pbkcubk pbkcbkabk `blerb
`blerb cgkblbg
cgkblbg ... .
B. neabn sheet
O. fdrlbn sheet
I. sieke kuloer
C. fddtbae sheet
E. expdsure sheet
26. Wbka lerupb`bk tuabs cbrg gkoetweeker bcbnbh . . . .
B. Leloubt ablobr bktbrb
bktbrb cbk lelobktu lekahgcup`bk `brb`ter
`brb`ter cekabk
tglgka ybka tepbt
O. Leloubt trbigka
trbigka btbu abrgs dutngke
dutngke cbrg ablobr bkglbsg
I. Leloubt èy
èy pdse uktu` lekektu`bk
lekektu`bk aerb`bk
aerb`bk ybka b`bk cgablobr
cgablobr cbnbl
prdses peloubtbk nl bkglbsg
C. Lekaablobr nbtbr oenb`bka
oenb`bka cbrg seoubh bceabk
bceabk sesubg cekabk
cekabk tuktutbk
sirgpt
E. Lenbù`bk idlpdsgtgka uktu` ablobr, nbtbr oenb`bka, cbk subrb/sfx
sehgkaab lekjbcg sbtu èsbtubk ybka utuh
21. Yelb`gk obkyb`
obkyb` ablobr gkoetweek, lb`b aerb`bk
aerb`bk ybka
ybka cghbsgn`bk b`bk
lekjbcg . . . .
B. @dkstbk
O. Neogh nblobt
I. Neogh iepbt
BKGLBYG 2=5

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ ABYBN
C. Kdrlbn
E. Oerhektg
28. Wbka lerupb`bk tuabs cbrg èy bkglbtdr bcbnbh . . . .
B. Leloubt ablobr bktbrb
bktbrb cbk lelobktu lekahgcup`bk `brb`ter
`brb`ter cekabk
tglgka ybka tepbt
O. Leloubt trbigka
trbigka btbu abrgs dutngke cbrg ablobr bkglbsg
I. Leloubt ablobr ùkig
ùkig uktu` lekektu`bk
lekektu`bk aerb`bk
aerb`bk ybka b`bk cgablobr
cgablobr
cbnbl prdses peloubtbk nl bkglbsg
C. Lekaablobr nbtbr oenb`bka
oenb`bka cbrg seoubh bceabk
bceabk sesubg cekabk
cekabk tuktutbk
sirgpt
E. Lenbù`bk idlpdsgtgka uktu` ablobr, nbtbr oenb`bka, cbk subrb/sfx
sehgkaab lekjbcg sbtu èsbtubk ybka utuh
27. Gstgnbh cg obwbh gkg ybka terlbsu`
terlbsu` `blerb
`blerb trbktgtgdk
trbktgtgdk bcbnbh ….
B. Frble td frble
O. Cgssdnve
I. ]drtrbgt
C. Nbkcsibpe
E. Frble oy frble
?=. Bwbn cbrg seoubh
seoubh shdt ybka oerbkjb` cbrg èaenbpb
èaenbpbk
k cbk oerbkasur-bkasur
oerbkasur-bkasur
lekjbcg terbka hgkaab ielernbka . . . .
b. Cgssdnve
o. Fbce Gk
i. Fbce Dut
c. Ibptgdk
e. Ibst
?2. Huoukabk wbrkb ybka sbngka oerseoenbhbk
oerseoenbhbk pbcb ngka`brbk wbrkb, sepertg wbrkb
hgjbu ùkgka, ùkgka cbk drbkye ùkgka, sergka cgseout cekabk wbrkb-wbrkb … .
B. tersger
O. sùkcer
I. bkbndaus
C. `dlpnelekter
E. ldkd`rdlbtg`
??. Sd`dh `dlg` lbrven She ]ukgsher terlbsu` cbnbl
cbnbl `bteadrg
`bteadrg … .
B. Yuper Herd
O. Vgnnbgk
I. Ygce `gi`
C. crbfter
E. Bktg Herd
?9. Bnur iergtb ybka cgtubka`bk cbnbl susukbk ablobr seoenul `gtb leloubt nl
bkglbsg cgseout cekabk gstgnbh ...
B. Ytdryodbrc
O. Ygkdpsgs
I. Kbs`bh
C. Gce Iergtb
E. Nbydut
2=6 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ ABYBN
?3. ]ekjenbsbk seibrb verobn

verobn btbs èjbcgbk
èjbcgbk ybka secbka
secbka oernbkasuka
oernbkasuka cgseout . . . .
b. Cgbnda
o. @dlukg`bsg
i. Kbrbsg
c. Srebtlekt
e. Kdgse
?5. ]bcb sbbt
sbbt see`dr
see`dr bkjgka oerhektg oeraerb`,
oeraerb`, lb`b tengka cbk pgpgkyb
leloutuh`bk wb`tu ybka neogh nblb nblb uktu` oerhektg. Gkg bcbnbh prgksgp
bkglbsg. . . .
B. Fdnndw trduaht
O. Yeidkcbry bitgdk
I. Dvernbppgka
C. Yndwgka dut
E. Bktgigpbtgdk
?6. Drbka ybka pertblb `bng leloubt nl bkglbsg 9 cgleksg ybka oerjucun B
Idlputer Bkglbtec Hbkc bcbnbh … .
B. Aedrae Nuibs
O. Eclgk Ibtlunn cbk Frec ]brè
I. Qbnter Cgskey
C. Vbsh Ce Ytblpbce
E. Ognn Abtes
?1. Glbae cg obwbh
obwbh bcbnbh iupng`bk bceabk
bceabk cbrg seoubh `bryb nl bkglbsg 9
cgleksg lekaablobr`bk gougou cbk bkb` secbka oerogkibka
oerogkibka cg lejb lb`bk.
lb`bk.
Ablobr fdreardukc cbrg glbae terseout bcbnbh ablobr … .
B. 9 ngngk
ngngk cg btbs lejb
O. Jekcenb rubka lb`bk
I. subsbkb rubka lb`bk oesertb gsgkyb
C. doje` gou cbk bkb` cg oenb`bka
oenb`bka lejb lb`bk
lb`bk
E. lejb lb`bk
lb`bk oesertb selub ybka bcb cg btbskyb
?8. Ablobr cg obwbh bcbnbh peraenbkabk tbkabk drbka cgablobr`bk cekabk
aerb`bk ybka lekagùtg pdnb aerb` persekcgbkkyb. ]rgksgp lekaablobr
bkglbsg gkg cgèkbn cekabk …
BKGLBYG 2=1

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ ABYBN
B. bris
O. tglgka
I. stbagka
C. exbaaerbtgdk
E. sdngc crbwgka
?7. Fbsgngtbs ybka cbpbt cglbkfbbt`bk
cglbkfbbt`bk uktu`
uktu` lelperiepbt
lelperiepbt idndurgka
idndurgka bcbnbh . . . .
b. Bkglbtgdk
o. Bitgdk
i. Hgstdry
c. Ytynes
e. Ngqugfy
9=. Uktu` lekahgnbka`bk obagbk ybka tgcb` cgpernu`bk cbnbl seoubh glbae
ogtlbp, cbk lekygsb`bk obagbk ybka cggkagk`bk
cggkagk`bk sbjb, lb`b `gtb lekaaukb`bk
lekaaukb`bk
….
B. Ldve tddn
O. Nbssd tddn
I. Ytblp tddn
C. Ylucae tddn
E. Orush tddn
O. Essby
@erjb`bk sdbn-sdbn
sdbn-sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr !
2. Yeout`bk obhbk ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt ienn bkglbtgdk !
?. Yeout`bk fukasg cbrg ]ea obr ! !
9. Yeout`bk obagbk-obagbk cbrg peloubtbk bkglbsg ? cgleksg !
3. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk Gkoetweek 4
5. Yeout`bk lbibl-lbibl jekgs `brb`ter pekd`dhbk !
2=8 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
SBHB]BK ]_DCU@YG BKGLBYG CBK
]E_@ELOBKABK YDFSQB_E BKGLBYG VGGG
OBO VGGG SBHB]BK ]_DCU@YG BKGLBYG CBK ]E_@ELOBKABK YDFS-
QB_E BKGLBYG
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Yetenbh lelpenbjbrg lbterg gkg, pesertb cgcg` cghbrbp`bk cbpbt:

2. Ygswb lblpu lekaekbn tbhbpbk prdcu`sg bkglbsg
?. Ygswb lblpu lekaekbn lbibl lbibl sdftwbre bkglbsg
]ESB @DKYE]
Obo VGGG
Sbhbpbk ]rdcu`sg bkglbsg cbk
perèlobkabk
perèlobkab k sdftwbre bkglbsg
Lbibl-lbibl sdftwbre Ydftwbre bkglbsg ogtlbp

bkglbsg cbk ve`tdr
@BSB @UKIG
Ydftwbre bkglbsg, prdcu`sg bkglbsg
BKGLBYG 2=7

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Oerbpb obkyb` peèrjb, cbk oerbpb obkyb` èrtbs btbupuk obhbk ybka cgaukb`bk
uktu` prdcu`sg cg lbsb cbhunu ybka sergka cgseout cekabk Bkglbsg Srbcgsgdkbn,
Srbcgsgdkbn, tektu
sbkabt obkyb` cbk oernelobr nelobr,
nelobr, sertb peèrjb ybka oeagtu obkyb`. Gkabt`bh `gtb
cekabk bkglbsg ienn lerupb`bk sbnbh sbtu te`kg` prdcu`sg bkglbsg trbcgsgdkbn cglbkb
leloutuh`bk resdurie ybka
ybka obkyb`.
@elucgbk segrgka cekabk perèlobkabk zblbk cbk terutblb cgtelu`bkkyb
`dlputer, lukiunkyb te`kg`-te`kg` prdcu`sg bkglbsg ybka neogh esgek idktdhkyb
bcbnbh te`kg` hyorgc bkglbtgdk (perobcubk bktbrb lbkubn cekabk cgagtbn).
Cbk ybka terb`hgr se`brbka gkg tbhbpbk prdcu`sg bkglbsg oeagtu serob cgagtbn
cekabk cgtelu`bkkyb pek tbone seobabg sbrbk ngve crbwgka è lecgb cgagtbn jbcg
sepertg `gtb lekaablobr tbkabk nbkasuka cg ldkgtdr. Hbn gkg juab tb` nepbs cbrg
perbka`bt pekcuùka sepertg hbrcwbre cbk sdftwbre ybka terus oerèlobka uktu`
lelperlucbh cbk lekabutdlbtgsbsg ybka cunukyb hbrus seibrb lbkubn se`brbka
tgkaabn se`bng `ng` bklbsg terseout sucbh ogsb cgkg`lbtg.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. Lbibl-lbibl sdftwbre Bkglbsg
Bkglbsg ? Cgleksg
Hyogrc Cgagtbn
bkglbtgdk Bkglbsg
Cgagtbn Bkglbsg Cgagtbn Bkglbsg

Cekabk Ve`tdr Cekabk Ogtlbp
2. Hyorgc Bkglbtgdk (Bkglbsg Srbcgsgdkbn cekabk ? cgleksg Cgagtbn)

Hyogrc Bkglbtgdk lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk aboukabk cbrg bkglbsg trbcgsgdkbn
trbcgsgdkbn cbk ? cgleksg
seibrb cgagtbn, cglbkb pdrsg pekaerjbbk prbprdcu`sg (peloubtbk stdryodbrc,
peloubrbk `brb`ter, peloubtbk nbydut, peloubtbk obiàrdukc) lbsgh obkyb`
lekaaukb`bk ablobr lbkubn. Cbnbl prdses gkg uktu` lekauobh cbrg ablobr
lbkubn è prdses cgagtbn leloutuh`bk seoubh bnbt ybka cgseout cekabk
pelgkcbg (sibkker).
22= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?. Cgagtbn Bkglbsg
]bcb peloubtbk lecgb gnustrbsg cgagtbn sepertg hbnkyb bkglbsg arbs sucbh
lekjbcg subtu èoutuhbk. Cglbkb lecgb-lecgb se`brbka gkg sucbh lunbg
oerbngh cbrg ybka oerobsgs lbkubn è hyorgc btbu sucbh oerbngh nbkasuka è
cgagtbn, hbn gkg tgcb` ogsb cgpuka`grg nbag `brekb efe`tgvgtbs cbrg pekaaukbbk
perbkab`bt cgagtbn terseout lblpu lekgka`bt`bk prdcu`tgvgtbs `rebsg `bryb
ybka neogh obg`. Yenbgk perbnbtbk terseout juab tercbpbt sdftwbre seobabg
sbrbkb pekcuùka oerobsgs arbs lbupuk oerobsgs subrb. Hbn gkgnbh ybka
lekjbcg`bk pekaelobka seoubh bpng`bs (sdftwbre ) oerndlob uktu` lekblobh
tur-tur aukb lelperlucbh sedrbka `dktek `rebtdr, sehgkaab oerlukiunbk
sdftwbre-sdftwbre oerobsgs arbs cekabk tur-tur (fbsgngtbs) ybka ibkaagh,
lucbh cbnbl pekadperbsgbk, lekbrg`, cbk sbkabkt idlpbtgone. Hbn gkgnbh ybka
leloubt persbgkabk sdftwbre selb`gk
selb`gk sekagt.
Ydftwbre arbs/bkglbsg
arbs/bkglbsg gkg lerupb`bk tblpgnbk ablobr ybka tersusuk
cbrg `ddrcgkbt-`ddr
`ddrcgkbt-`ddrcgkbt
cgkbt cglbkb pbcb ldkgtdr
ldkgtdr nbyer tercbpbt tgtg` tgtg` ybka
lelpukybg kgnbg `ddrc
`ddrcgkbt
gkbt tertektu sulou x cbk y. Bcb ? lbibl biubk
sdftwbre ybka cgaukb`bk cbnbl bkglbsg ybgtu oerobsgs veitdr cbk oerobsgs
pgxien btbu tgtg`.
b. Ydftwbre bkglbsg
bkglbsg oerobsgs tgtg` (ogtlbp)
Ydftwbre arbs/bkglbsg ybka cgoektu` dneh pgxien/cdt/tgtg`/pdgkt pbcb tgbp-
tgbp `ddrcgkbt cg `dlputer, sehgkaab cbrg pekaaboukabk tgtg` terseout b`bk
teroektu` seoubh doje`/ablobr. Yelb`gk tgkaag èrbpbtbkkyb lb`b ablobr
terseout b`bk selb`gk tbjbl wbrkbkyb cbk cetbgn ablobr selb`gk obaus cbk
`dkseùeksg nekyb selb`gk oesbr.
`dkseùeksg oesbr. Fdrlbt ne ablobr ybka oerobsgs pgxen :
2) ]YC: Ytbkcbr fdrlbt uktu` sdftwbre ]hdtdshdpcekabk
]hdtdshdpcekabk cuùkabk nbyer.
?) SGFF: Leluka`gk`bk `dlpresg ablobr tbkpb èhgnbkabk ùbngtbs.
Cgaukb`bk juab seobabg bnterkbtgf ]YC cekabk uùrbk ybka neogh èign.
9) J]EA: Yeoubh sgstel `dlpresg ablobr ybka sbkabt pdpuner cbnbl cukgb
cgagtbn `dlputer.
3) ]CF: Leluka`gk`bk uktu`
uktu` lekyglpbk ablobr
ablobr ve`tdr cbk
cbk ogtlbp.
Ybkabt oeraukb uktu` ne ybka b`bk cgietb`.
5) AGF: Ululkyb cgaukb`bk seobabg ablobr oeraerb` cekabk
lekaaukb`bk ?56 wbrkb uktu` lekahbsgn`bk nbpgsbk (nbyer) bkglbsg.
6) ]KA: Lekaaukb`bk sgstel `dlpre
`dlpresg
sg ybka leluka`gk`
leluka`gk`bk bk trbkspbrbksg
pbcb ablobr. ]KA gkg lelgng`g pekaaukbbk ybka sblb sepertg ne AGF,
tetbpg cekabk ùbngtbs ybka neogh obg`. ]KA juab pdpuner cgaukb`bk
uktu` cesbgk `dlpdkek user gkterfbie pbcb weosgte btbu
btbu prdarbl.
1) _BQ: Cgèkbn seobabg cgagtbn keabtgve . Wbka pdpuner cgaukb`bk cbnbl
cukgbfdtdarb.
cukgbfdtdarb.
o. Ydftwbre bkglbsg
bkglbsg oerobsgs ve`tdr (abrgs)
Ydftwbre arbs/bkglbsg ybka leloektu` ablobr oercbsbr`bk èrbpbtbk
seoubh abrgs, cglbkb oektu` ablobr ybka oerbcb cg ldkgtdr cghbsgn`bk
dneh abrgs-abrgs ybka tersusuk. ]ekaaukbbk
]ekaaukbbk tgtg` `ddrcgkbt pbcb sdftwbre gkg
cbpbt lekigpt`bk oektu` arbs ngka`brbk, seagtgab. Fdrlbt ne ablobr ybka
oerobsgs veitdr :
BKGLBYG 222

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
2) BG : lerupb`bk fdrlbt ybka cgèlob`bk dneh bcdoe systel uktu` ne

oerobsgs veitdr, gkg lerupb`bk fdrlbt cefbunt pbcb sdftwbre bcdoe
gnustrbtdr
?) IC_ : fdrlbt ne ybka cgèlobka`bk dneh idren idrpdrbtgdk uktu`
oerobsgs veitdr, lerupb`bk fdrlbt cefbunt idren crbw
9) YVA : Lerupb`bk fdrlbt ne obru uktu` lekblpgn`bk arb` cbnbl
pekaelobkabk weo oerobsgs xln
3) QLF : Fdrlbt ne oerobsgs veitdr pbcb Lgsirdsdft Qgkcdws.
Ablobr 8.2 ]eroecbbk ablobr ogtlbp cbk ve`tdr

Yuloer : www.pgkter
www.pgkterest.idl
est.idl
i. ]erobkcgkabk Ydftwbre oerobsgs
oerobsgs ablobr cbk ve`tdr
2) Yusukbk Ablobr
Ablobr ogtlbp tersusuk cbrg tgtg`-tgtg` cbnbl subtu argc
Ablobr veitdr tersusuk cbrg tgtg, abrgs cbk oektu`
Ablobr 8.? ]eroecbbk veitdr

veitdr cbk ogtlbp
Yuloer : www.ouzz
www.ouzzne.idl
ne.idl
22? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?) _esdnusg ablobr
Ablobr ogtlbp lelgng`g resdnusg tettbp, sehgkaab bpbognb ablobr
ogtlbp cgperoesbr leneoghg ùbngtbs ablobrkyb, ablobr terseout b`bk
peibh
ABlobr veitdr lelgng`g resdnusg ybka e`sgoen, sehgkaab sènbgpuk
cgperoesbr se`bgbk `bnbg cbrg uùrbk bwbnkyb ùbngtba ablobr veitdr
tgcb` b`bk peibh
9) Uùrbk ablobr
Ablobr ogtlbp iekceruka legng`g sgze uùrbk neogh oesbr
Ablobr veitdr iekceruka lelgng`g sgze uùrbk ybka neogh èign
3) @eaukbbk
Ablobr ogtlbp : ogbsbkyb cgaukb`bk uktu` ablobr ybka lelgng`g
cesgbk ybka `dlpne`s cbk lelgng`g obkyb` vbrgbk wbrkb idktdh : nl
bkglbsg
Ablobr veitdr : Ogbsbkyb cgaubkb`k uktu` ablobr ybka neogh secerhbk
cbk vbrgbk wbrkyb neogh secg`gt idktdh : ldtgdk arbs
Yetenbh `gtb
`gtb lekaekbn
lekaekbn sdftwbre
sdftwbre veitdr
veitdr cbk ogtlbp lb`b
lb`b `gtb cbpbt lelgngh
lelgngh
b`bk lekaaukb`bk ybka lbkb uktu` bkglbsg ybka b`bk `gtb oubt kbktg, hbn gkg
terabktuka cbrg sg peloubt bkglbsgkyb.
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Leloubt Bkglbsg Cgagtbn cekabk Se`kg` puppet cekabk phdtdshdp

]hdtdsshdp lerupb`bk sdftwbre oerobsgs ogtlbp, lerupb`bkb sdftwbre
ybka sbkabt terèkbn sblpbg sbbt gkg, cglbkb èaukbbk sdftwbre gkg tgcb` hbkyb
cgaukb`bk uktu` fdtdarb, idndrgka, tbpg segrgka perèlobkabk phdtdshdp juab
ogsb cgaukb`bk uktu` leloubt seoubh bkglbsg secerhbkb sepertg te`kg` puppet
cbk sepertgh hbnkyb bkglbsg frble oy frble. Cgsgkg pekungs b`bk lekidob
leloubt bkglbsg secerhbkb cekabk te`kg` puppet cekabk phdtdshdp
2. Bnbt ybka cgoutuh`bk
Yeperbka`bt `dlputer
]ek tbonet
?. Lelpersgbp`bk ablobr ybka
ybka b`bk cgaerb`bk
BKGLBYG 229

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 8.9 ]ersgbpbk puppet cekabk phdtdsp
9. Oersgh`bk ablobr sehgkaabk tblpb` seobabg oergùt
Ablobr 8.3 Ablobr inebkup
3. Uobh ablobr lekjbcg

lekjbcg slbrt doje` terneogh cbhunu èlucgbk
@ng` leku ecgt <; puppet wrbp
`bnbu sucbh terpgngh b`bk lekjbcg sepertg pbcb ablobr cg obwbh gkg
223 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL

Ablobr 8.5 Qrbp ]uppet
5. Sektu`bk pgk (sekcg seobag pekaukig aerb`bk)
Ablobr 8.6 Aerb`bk puppet
6. @bnbu sucbh
sucbh bcb pgkkyb tgkaabn
tgkaabn cgaerb``bk
cgaerb``bk tgtg`-tgtg`kyb, seobabg pekaukig
pekaukig
aerb`bkkyb Selpbt`bk tgbp-tgbp aerb`bk pbcb nbyer ybka oeroecb cbk
jbkabk nupb cg-bppny
BKGLBYG 225

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 8.1 Nbyer tgbp puppet
1. Leloubt cupng`bsg nbyer sesubg cekabk ègkagkbk
Ablobr 8.1 Nbyer tgbp puppet
8. Lelpersgbp`bk tgle ngke `ng` wgkcdws <; tglekngke
Ablobr 8.8 frble oy frble tgbp puppet
Kbh cg tglengke tgkaabn
tgkaabn `gb urut`bk, cbk sgnb`bk cg pnby lb`b b`bk
oeraerb`.
226 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ IB@_BQBNB
]_B@SG@UL
Hyrogrc bkglbsg lelgng` obkyb` lb`kb, `brekb perpbcubk cbnbl bkglbsg

obkyb` rbabl cbk vbrgbsg sepertg hbnkyb perobcubk bktbrablobr lbkubn
cekabk cgagtbn, bktbrb ablobr lbkubn cekabk ngve bitgdk, perpbcubk bktbrb
cgagtbn cekabk ngve bitgdk, btbupuk perpbcubk bktbrb bkglbsg ? cgleksg cekabk
bkglbsg 9 cgleksg.
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk.
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<`35aTDWRr_=
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh seoubh bkglbsg secerhbkb drbka lendlpbt cekabk lekaaukb`bk

b. Ydftwbre oerobsgs
oerobsgs veitdr
o. Ydftwbre oerobsgs
oerobsgs ogtlbp
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO
@erjb`bk sdbn-sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr!

2. Bpb`bh ybka cglb`suc cekabk veitdr cbk ogtlbp4
?. Yeout`bk èukaunbk
èukaunbk lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre oerobsgs veitdr veitdr cbk sdftwbre
oerobsgs ogtlbp!
9. Yeout`bk jekgs-jekgs tgpe exsteksg ne cbrg sdftwbre oerobsgs veitdr!
3. Yeout`bk lbibl-lbibl sdftwbre ybka terlbsu`terlbsu` cbnbl
cbnbl sdftwbre
sdftwbre oerobsgs
ogtlbp!
5. Yeout`bk igrg `hbs cbrg sdftwbre oerobsgs ogtlbp 4
BKGLBYG 221

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_EFNE@YG
Cgsùsg`bknbh cekabk telbklu seobkaù `bpbk hbrus lekaaukb`bk

sdftwbre oeobsgs ogtlbp, cbk `bpbk hbrus lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre oerobsgs
ve`tdr cbnbl peloubtbk bkglbsg. Ogsb`bh ogtlbp cbk ve`tdr terseout cgoubt
uktu` lekahbsgnb`bk seoubh bkglbsg 4
228 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
]EKBLBBK CBK ]EKAUL]UNBK BYYES YEYUBG
]_DYECU_ @E_JB GX
OBO GX ]EKBLBBK CBK ]EKAUL]UNBK BYYES YEYUBG ]_DYECU_
@E_JB
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ygswb lblpu lelbhblg pekblbbk cbk pekaendnbbk bsset cgagtbn sehgkaab lucbh
cgpbhblg drbka nbgk
]ESB @DKYE]
t
e
s
s ]ekblbbk bsset sesubg cekabk prdsecur
B
k b
b j
n
u r
e
p ` ]ekaulpunbk bsset oercbsbr`bk bnur
l r
u
X u c iergtb kyb
G a e
o k s
b e d
O p r
p
k g
b b ]ekaendlp`bk
]ekaendlp`bk bsset sesubg cekabk
c u
k s bceabkkyb
b e
b s
l
b
k
e ]ekaulpunbk
]ekaulpunbk bsset ngps
]
@BSB @UKIG
]ekblbbk, pekaulpunbk bsset
BKGLBYG 227

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Lbkbaelekt bsset btbu sergka cgseout cekabk pekaendnbbk bset cbnbl hbn gkg
lerupb`bk hbn ybka sbkabt pektgka cbnbl seoubh gkcustrg bkglbsg, lekabpb4 `brekb
cbnbl gkcustrg bkglbsg se`brbka gkg ou`bk nbag cgseout seobabg gkscutrg ybka oercgrg
sekcgrg, se`brbka sucbh oeruobh è gkcustrg ybka oerjejbrgka cglbkb cgèrjb`bk dneh
obkyb` drbka.
]ekaendnbbk
]ekaen dnbbk bsset lengputg obkyb` hbn, cbnbl
cbnbl bkglbsg ogbsbkyb cgobag lekjbcg
oeoerbpb cgvgsg cbnbl seoubh gkcustrg bkglbsg. Lgsbnkyb cgvgsg stdryodbrc, cgvgsg
obiàrdukc cnn, lelpukybg sglpbkbk ne ybka oercgrg sekcgrg cbk ogsb cgb`ses dneh
cgvgsg ybka nbgk.
Gkcustrg bkglbsg se`brbka neogh oesbr nbag lgsbn uktu` lelprdcu`sg bkglbsg
sergbn ybka cgtbybka`bk perlgkaau, `gtb ogsb lelobybka`bk obabglbkb ibrb
lekaablobrkyb cbk oerbpb drbka ybka leloubtkyb. @bnbu cg nbù`bk sekcgrg
luka`gk b`bk leloutuh`bk wb`tu ybka neogh nblb cbk tgcb` ogsb èjbr tbybkakyb.
Lb`b lukiunkyb gkcustrg bkglbsg cekabk resdurie shbrgka cglbkb obagbk-obagbkkyb
cgnelpbr`bk btbu cgèrjb`bk dneh gkcustrg bkglbsg ybka neogh èign btbu gkcustrg
bkglbsg rulbhbk.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. ]ekblbbk Bsset Yesubg ]rdsecur

]eloubtbk prdye` cbnbl bkglbsg ogbsbkyb cg`bgt`bk cekabk ybka
kblbkyb pekyglpbkbk cglbkb4 sgbpb ybka leloubt4 cbk `bnbu sucbh cg oubt
bpb`bh bcb revgsg btbu tgcb`4 Luka`gk hbn gkgnbh ybka leloutuh`bk seoubh obabk
bnur seobabg stbkcbr prdcu`sg cbnbl peloubtbk bkglbsg. Cbnbl hbn gkg pekblbbk
cbk pekaulpunbk bsset terlbsu` è cbnbl obagbk prdcu`sg bkglbsg.
]rdfesg ybka terngobt cbnbl peloubtbk seoubh bkglbsg gkg kbktg b`bk
lekabiu è cgvgsg cbrg gkcustrg bkglbsg terseout, bktbrb nbgk:
2. Yirgpt wrgter perèjbbkkyb
perèjbbkkyb leloubt iergtb
?. Ytdryodbrc peèrjbbkkyb
peèrjbbkkyb lekbabkg peloubtbk stdryodbrc
9. Cesbgk `brb`ter peèrjbbkkyb leloubt `brb`ter
3. Obiardukc brtgs
brtgs cglbkb b`bk lekbkabkg obiàrdukc
5. Idndrgka brtgs
brtgs lenbù`bk peèrjbbk pewbrkbbk
6. Bkglbtdr lenbù`bk peèrjbbk lekabkglbsg`bk
1. Idlpdsgtgka lenu`bk peèrjbbk idlpds , lekaabouka`bk
Cbk lbsgh obkyb` nbag ybka terngobt cbnbl peloubtbkkyb. Lb`b cgpernu`bk
seoubh wbcbh btbu telpbt seobabg sbrbk tu`br gkfdrlbsg bktbr cgvgsg.
Cekabk èlukiunbk te`kdndag sbrbkb telpbt gkterb`sg bktbrcgvgsg
jbcg neogh lucbh, cbk pekaulpunbk ne btbu oer`bs bkglbsgkyb ogsb cg shbrgka
lenbnug lecgb cgagtbn. Hbn gkg neogh lucbh uktu` pekadrabkgsbsg ne.
Bcb 9 lbibl perkadrabkgsbsgbk ne
2. Ytbkcbndke
]ekadrabkgsbsg ne cg sgkg cgnbù`bk cg `dlputer sekcgrg cbk jg`b bcb cgvgsg
2?= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
ybka nbgk gkagk lekablogn ne ogsb lenbnug hbrcgs` btbu bsh cgs` seobabg
perbktbrbkyb.
?. Ingekt server/wdr`stbtgdk
]ekadrabkgsbsgbk ne cgnbù`bk cg sbnbh sbtu `dlputer ybka jbcg server, cbk
cgoerg`bk èwekbkabk tertektu èpbcb cgvgsg? ybka nbgk uktu` lekab`ses
server terseout cglbkb lenbnug lecgb ne shbrgka ybka ogbsb `gtb julpbg
lenbnug jbrgkabk ndibn ybka cgtrbkslgsg`bk lenbnug `boen NBK (jbrgkabk)
( jbrgkabk)
9. Induc server
]ekadrabkgsbsgbk
]ekadra bkgsbsgbk ne cgnbù`bk cg server induc cglbkb leloutuh`bk `dke`sg
gkterket seobabg sbrbkb pekahuoukakyb, hbn gkg ogsb lekcuùka pekaerjbbk
bkglbsg tgcb` terèkcbnb lbsbnbh telpbt.
]ekblbbk cbnbl seoubh ne cbnbl stbkcbr prdcu`sg hbrus
lelpukybg hgrbr`g btbu tbtbkbk cbnbl peloubtbk seoubh telpbt ne btbupuk
cbnbl pekblbbk seoubh ne uktu` lelperlucbh pekibrgbk nek terseout
cbk pukyb sgbpb, lbrg `gtb nghbt seoubh hgrbr`g cbnbl seoubh ne cbnbl stbkcbr
gkcustrg sepertg ternghbt cbnbl idktdh oergùt gkg.
Kblb Fdncer : Jucun Fgnl

Yuo fdncer : ogbsbkyb kblb sieke (bceabk)
Yuo fdncer : fdncer iut cg cbnbl fdncer sieke
Cbnbl pekblbbk seoubh aerb`bk btbu seoubh glbae sequekie gkg hbrus
oerurutbk lgsbn aerb`bk 2, aerb`bk ? cbk sblpbg seteruskyb hbn gkg cglb`suc`bk
babr kbktg cg cbnbl gcektg`bsg ne b`bk neogh lucb, senbgk lelperlucbh
gcektgf`bsg b`bk lucbh cgaukb`bk sbbt lelou`b ne terseout cbpbt seoubh
prdarbl phdsdtdp btbu sdftwbre pekadnbh bkglbsg b`bk ogsb tersusuk seibrb
oerurutbk cbk `gtb tgkaabn lekabtur tglgkakyb.
Ablobr 7.2 Hgrbr`g Fgne

Yuloer: @dne`sg ]rgobcg
Ablobr 7.? ]ekblbbk fgne=

Yuloer: @dne`sg ]rgobcg
BKGLBYG 2?2

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Bnbt
2. @dlputer
?. ]ek tbonet
9. Ydftwbre phdstdsdp
phdstdsdp
]ekblbbk cbk pekadrabkgsbsgbk cekabk sdftwbre bcdoe phdtdsdp
2. Oubtnbh seoubh cdùlek cg cbnbl bcdoe phsdtdp
Ablobr 7.9 ]ekblbbk cg phdtdsdp

Yuloer : Cdùlektbsg ]rgobcg
?. Oergnbh kblb cg cbnbl setgbp nbybrkyb sesubg cekabk aerb`bk btbupuk

obiardukckyb
Ablobr 7.3 ]ekblbbk nbyer cg phdsdtdp

Yglpbknbh cg cbnbl fdncer ybka sucbh cgoubt oercbsbr`bk jucun bkglbsgkyb
2?? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Addane Crgve bcbnbh
bcbnbh sbrbkb pekyglpbkbk oer`bs ybka cgababs dneh Addane.
Yelub drbka cbpbt lekaaukb`bk Addane Crgve seibrb
seibrb arbtgs. Yeibrb èsenuruhbk,
èhbcgrbk Addane Crgve gkg sbkabt lelperlucbh `gtb cbnbl hbn lekyglpbk,
lekab`ses, cbk lelobag`bk oer`bs.
Obag pelunb ybka oenul perkbh lekaaukb`bk Addane Crgve tektu b`bk
secg`gt lekabnblg èkcbnb `brekb oenul terogbsb. Oergùt gkg bcbnbh ibrb
lekaaukb`bk Addane Crgve seibrb neka`bp uktu` Bkcb ybka oenul terogbsb
sbtunbybkbkinduc stdrbae terobg`gkg.
lekaaukb`bk sbnbh sbtunbybkbk terobg`gkg.
Ibrb Leloubt cbk Lekyuktgka Oer`bs
Cg tbhbpbk gkg, Bkcb b`bk leloubt cbk lekyuktgka oer`bs ybka b`bk cgsglpbk
cg Addane Crgve. Oer`bs ybka Bkcb oubt gkg ogsb oerupb cdùlek selbibl Qdrc,
Exien, cbk nbgkkyb. Oergùt bcbnbh nbka`bh-nbka`bhkyb:
2. @ng` pbcb tdlodn I_EBSE
Bkcb hbrus lelgngh jekgs oer`bs ybka b`bk Bkcb oubt. Lgsbnkyb, Bkcb
ogsb lelgngh Cdiulekt jg`b gkagk leloubt oer`bs cekabk fdrlbt
sepertg Qdrc, Yprebcsheet jg`b gkagk leloubt oer`bs sepertg Exien,
cbk ]resektbtgdk uktu` leloubt seoubh oer`bs ybka lekyerupbg ]dwer
]dgkt. Jbcg, Bkcb hbrus lelgngh jekgs ne ybka
ybka gkagk cgoubt cg Crgve terneogh
cbhunu, lb`b Crgve b`bk lekygbp`bk hbnblbk `dsdka ybka sesubg cekabk
jekgs oer`bs Bkcb.
?. Btur tblpgnbk oer`bs obru
Yetenbh lelgngh jekgs btbu fdrlbt oer`bskyb, sgnb`bk btur tblpgnbkkyb.
Lgsbnkyb, ètg`b Bkcb lelgngh oer`bs cekabk jekgs ]resektbtgdk btbu Fdrl,
Bkcb ogsb lekabtur tblpgnbkkyb sesubg cekabk ègkagkbk Bkcb.
9. Uobh kblb oer`bs
Uobhnbh kblb oer`bskyb uktu` leloecb`bk oer`bs ybka sbtu cekabk ybka
nbgk. Ibrbkyb, `ng` te`s oerwbrkb bou-bou cekabk tungsbk „Uktgtnec >ne
type;“ybka bcb cg btbs hbnblbk. @elucgbk, jekcenb uktu` lekauobh kblb
b`bk cgtblpgn`bk, Bkcb hbkyb pernu lekagsg kblb oer`bs sesubg cekabk
ègkagkbk.
3. Yuktgka oer`bs Bkcb
Lunbgnbh lekyuktgka oer`bs cekabk ibrb lekagsg btbu lekungs`bk hbnblbk
`dsdka cekabk hbn bpb puk ybka Bkcb gkagk`bk. Bkcb juab cbpbt nbkasuka
lenbù`bkidpy pbste cdùlek
cdùlek nbkasuka è hbnblbk `dsdka cg Crgve Bkcb.
Jbkabk `hbwbtgr oer`bs Bkcb hgnbka jg`b subtu sbbt perbka`bt Bkcb lbtg
lekcbcb`, `brekb Crgve nbkasuka lekyglpbk setgbp peruobhbk ybka Bkcb
oubt.
5. Ukcuh oer`bs Bkcb
Jg`b oer`bs terseout sucbh senesbg cgoubt, Bkcb cbpbt cekabk lucbh
lekaukcuhkyb
lekaukcuhky b lenbnug Crgve. Iuùp `ng`Fgne ; Cdwkndbc Bs , lb`b Crgve b`bk
lekblpgn`bk oeoerbpb jekgs fdrlbt ybka ogsb Bkcb pgngh uktu` lekyglpbk
oer`bs terseout è perbka`bt Bkcb.
]gngh fdrlbt ybka pbngka tepbt cbk sesubg cekabk jekgs oer`bs Bkcb. Lgsbnkyb,
oer`bs Bkcb oerfdrlbt Cdiulekt , ukcuhnbh oer`bs terseout cbnbl fdrlbt
Lgirdsdft Qdrc. Cekabk lelou`b cbk lekyuktgkakyb cg èlucgbk hbrg
BKGLBYG 2?9

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
cekabk lekaaukb`bk bpng`bsg Lgirdsdft Qdrc.

6. Obag`bk oer`bs è drbka nbgk
Oer`bs ybka sucbh cgoubt juab ogsb cgobag`bk è drbka nbgk cekabk ibrb
`ng` Fgne ; Yhbre . Hbkyb cekabk sbtu nbka`bh terseout, jekcenb Yhbrgka
Yettgkas b`bk
b`bk terou`b cbk Bkcb ogsb lelgngh èpbcb sgbpb hekcb` oeagtu,
Bkcb ogsb
lelobag`bk oer`bs terseout.
Yenbgk gtu, Bkcb puk ogsb lekabtur b`ses ybka cglgng`g èpbcb drbka ybka
lekerglb pelobagbk oer`bs gtu. Sb` sblpbg cg sgtu sbjb, pekaaukb Crgve
juab oerhb` lelobag`bk
lelobag`bk oer`bs èè Albgn, Addane+,
Addane+, Fbieodd`,
Fbieodd`, btbu Swgtter
Swgtter..
1. ]uong`bsg`bk oer`bs è weo
Jg`b Bkcb gkagk lelpuong`bsg`bk oer`bs terseout è puong`, sgnbh`bk
`ng` Fgne ; ]uongsh td the Qeo. Yelub drbka ogsb lenghbt oer`bs ybka Bkcb
puong`bsg`bk terseout, tetbpg lere`b tgcb` ogsb lekyuktgkakyb. ]ernu Bkcb
ètbhug, oer`bs ybka sucbh cgpuong`bsg`bk tgcb` cbpbt cgecgt èlobng.
8. ]rgkt oer`bs
Jg`b Bkcb gkagk lekyglpbkkyb cbnbl oektu` èrtbs, lb`b Bkcb cbpbt
lekietb`kyb seibrb nbkasuka newbtprgkter. @ng`Fgne cbk
cbk ibrg pgnghbk]rgkt ybka
ybka
ternetb` cg obagbk obwbh. Bkcb cbpbt lelgngh hbnblbk tertektu ybka gkagk
cgietb` cbnbl oektu` èrtbs.
Ibrb Lekaukcuh cbk Lekaukaabh Oer`bs
Bpb`bh Bkcb lelgng`g cdùlek ybka sucbh tersglpbk cg perbka`bt cbk gkagk
cgukaabh è Addane Crgve4 Bkcb tgcb` pernu lekaaukb`bk ibrb idpy pbste .
@brekb cdùlek ybka bcb cg hbrc cgs` perbka`bt ogsb nbkasuka cgukaabh è
bùk Addane Crgve Bkcb. Oergùt bcbnbh ibrb uktu` lekaukaabh subtu oer`bs è
Addane Crgve:
2. ]ertblb, cdwkndbc terneogh cbhunu
cbhunu Addane
Addane Crgve
Crgve Yyki è perbka`bt
perbka`bt Bkcb.
Fukasg cbrg bpng`bsg gkg bcbnbh uktu` leksg`rdkgsbsg perbka`bt cekabk
Addane Crgve.
?. Yetenbh senesbg lekagkstbnn Addane
Addane Crgve
Crgve Yyki pbcb perbka`bt,
perbka`bt, lb`b
lb`b
perbka`bt Bkcb b`bk lelou`b bpng`bsg gkg. Cekabk `btb nbgk, bpng`bsg gkg
b`bk lelobktu Bkcb lekab`ses Addane Crgve cekabk neogh iepbt cbk
lucbh.
9. Crba bkc crdpoer`bs
o
er`bs cbrg perbka`bt Bkcb è cbnbl Addane Crgve Yyki, lb`b
oer`bs terseout b`bk terukaabh seibrb dtdlbtgs è bùk Addane Crgve Bkcb.
3. Btur setenbk ukaabhbk Bkcb cekabk ibrb `ng` g`dk aebr ybka
ybka bcb cg hbnblbk
utblb Addane Crgve. ]gngh leku Upndbc Yettgkas , nbnu btur babr Addane
Crgve Bkcb ogsb nbkasuka leka`dkversg oer`bs ybka cgupndbc è cbnbl
fdrlbt ybka bcb Crgve. Lgsbnkyb, oer`bs cbnbl oektu` Lgirdsdft Exien b`bk
cg`dkversg lekjbcg Yprebcsheet.
5. Yenbkjutkyb, ètg`b Bkcb gkagk lekaukaabh oer`bs cbrg Addane
Addane Crgve (ou`bk
cbrg bpng`bsg), Bkcb hbkyb pernu leka`ng` pbcb tdlodn Upndbc cekabk g`dk
pbkbh è btbs, cbk ibrg oer`bs ybka hekcb` cgukaabh.
Yelektbrb gtu, jg`b Bkcb gkagk lekaukcuh oer`bs oubtbk sekcgrg btbu oer`bs
ybka cgobag`bk drbka nbgk, iuùp ou`b oer`bs terseout cbk `ng` Fgne ; Cdwkndbc
2?3 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
bs . Hbkyb cbnbl seèjbp oer`bs ybka Bkcb pgngh b`bk tersglpbk pbcb perbka`bt
Bkcb.
Bpb`bh Addane Crgve hbkyb ogsb lekyglpbk oer`bs cbnbl oektu` Cdiulekt,
Yprebcsheet, cbk ]resektbtgdk sbjb4 Sgcb`. Crgve lblpu lekyglpbk ablobr,
lusg`, lbupuk vgced. Addane leloerg`bk `bpbsgtbs pekyglpbkbk seoesbr 25
AO pbcb setgbp bùk Addane Crgve. Uktu` lekahelbt `bpbsgtbs pekyglpbkbk
terseout, Bkcb ogsb lekahbpus oer`bs ybka sucbh tb` terpb`bg.
Ibrb lekaaukb`bk Addane Crgve tgcb` serulgt ybka Bkcb obybka`bk. Ognb sucbh
terogbsb, lb`b Bkcb b`bk lerbsb obhwb Crgve b`bk sbkabt lelobktu Bkcb
cbnbl hbn pekyglpbkbk oer`bs, lekab`ses oer`bs seibrbdkngke , hgkaab oerobag
oer`bs cekabk drbka nbgk.
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce R_ cg sblpgka gkg. Lbterg ybka
cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt refereksg ybka nbgk
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<uYkpB
l/wbtih4v<uYkpBkhV?Jd
khV?Jd
_BKA@ULBK
]ekadrabkgsbsgbk
]ekadrabkgsbsgbk cbnbl stbkcbr gkcustrg bkglbsg se`brbka lengputg
2. Ytbkbndke
?. Ingket server
9. Induc server
]ekblbbk cbnbl peloubtbk bkglbsg cgnbù`bk seibrb oerurutbk ablobrkyb
lgsbnkyb cgkblbg ablobr2, ablobr?, ablobr9 cbk seteuruskyb, hbn gkg cgnbù`bk
uktu` lelperlucbh cbnbl pekaaboukabk aerb`bkkyb.
BKGLBYG 2?5

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh sglunbsg pekadrabkgsbsgbk ne / bsset bkglbsgkyb seibrb tepbt!
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Bpb`bh ybka cgseout cekabk fdncer 4
?. Yeout`bk Hgrbr`g pbngka btbs
btbs cbnbl pekblbbk fdncer cbnbl gkcustrg bkglbsg!
9. Lekabpb ablobr cgoerg`bk kdldr ybka urut cbnbl pekblbbkkyb 4
3. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk induc server 4
5. Yeout`bk lbibl-lbibl lecgb pekyglpbkbk !
_EFNE@YG
Uktu` lekahgkcbrg hgnbkakyb seoubh ne, bpb`bh ybka hbrus cgnbù`bk4

cgsùsg`bk cekabk telbklu!
2?6 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
LEKEKSU@BK ]ELOBAGBK NBWE_ CBK
LE_BKIBKA
LE_BKIBK A ]ELOUB
]ELO UBSSBK NBWDUS X
OBO X LEKEKSU@BK ]ELOBAGBK NBWE_ CBK LE_BKIBKA ]ELOUB-
SBK NBWDUS
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
2. Ygswb lblpu lerbkibka peloubtbk nbydut.

?. Ygswb lblpu leloubt seoubh nbydut.
]ESB @DKYE]
k Lekaabouka`bk `brb`ter, obiàrdukc,

b a
g
a k t prdperty lekjbcg sbtu cbnbl seoubh
b i u
b
o k d
y bceabk
l b b
r
e e N
X ] k
o k L b
b b k t Ibrb lekaabouka`bk lekjbcg seoubh
O ` b b
u
u c
t r o bceabk
k e l
e y e
k b ]
e N
L ]erbkibkkabk peloubtbk nbydut
@BSB @UKIG
Nbydut, obiàrdukc, lgccneardukc, fdreardukc
BKGLBYG 2?1

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
]rdcu` bkglbsg lerupb`bk subtu prdses rbka`bgbk èrjb ybka cgnbù`bk sedrbka
bhng bkglbsg/bkglbtdr cbnbl lekahbsgn`bk seoubh `brb`ter tertektu cekabk cetbgn
iergtb ybka lekagùtgkyb. Ybnbh sbtu rbka`bgbk prdses terseout bcbnbh peloubtbk
nbydut . Nbydut cbnbl hbn gkg lerupb`bk subtu prdses lelgkcbh`bk bceabk ybka
tercbpbt pbcb stdryodbrc è cbnbl uùrbk ablobr ybka seoekbrkyb. Cetbgn cbrg
`brb`ter sertb obiàrdukc/fdreardukc hbrus
hbrus cgperhbtg`bk dneh sedrbka bkglbtdr babr
prdcu` bkglbsg cbpbt oerhbsgn obg`.
]rgksgp èrjb cbnbl prdses nbydut gkg lekgtgòerbt`bk pbcb `dlpdsgsg cbk
pekelpbtbk èserbsgbk subtu doje` ybka tercbpbt pbcb cetbgn iergtb (`brb`ter,
obiàrduka/fdreardukc ). ). Sehkg` ybka cgaukb`bk juab lbsgh secerhbkb ybgtu tehkg`
hgtbl putgh lekaaukb`bk peksgn cbk lecgb èrjb oerupb èrtbs. B`bk tetbpg segrgka
cekabk perèlobkabk jblbk cg erb andobngsbsg sbbt gkg, prdses nbydut cbpbt punb
cgnbù`bk lekaaukb`bk bnbt obktu `dlputer. ]bcb prdses gkg ablobr ybka cghbsgn`bk
lbsgh oerupb ablobr `bsbr/sètsb. Cbnbl pekaelobkabkkyb hbn gkg sbkabt lelobktu
uktu` lekektu`bk rebngsbsg cbrg `brb`ter sertb cetbgn prdcu` ybka cghbrbp`bk. Doje`-
doje` ybka tercbpbt cbnbl kbrbsg cbpbt terbka`bt cekabk tblpgnbk ybka prdpdrsgdkbn
cbkb tgcb` tglpbka bktbrb doje` sbtu cekabk nbgkkyb (serbsg).
@eserbsgbk pekelpbtbk sertb uùrbk doje` terseout hbrusnbh cggùtg punb
cekabk tehkg` pewbrkbbk ybka tepbt pbcb prdses èrjb nbydut. ]ewbrkbbk ybka sesubg
cekabk gsg seoubh cetbgn iergtb cbpbt lelobktu lekaubt`bk glbagkbsg `gtb uktu`
neogh lelbhblg neogh jbuh nbag lekg`lbtg bpb ybka gkagk cgsblpbg`bk cbnbl iergtb.
Cekabk `btb nbgk èserbsgbk, prdpdrsgdkbn, sertb ètepbtbk `dlpdsgsg wbrkb cbnbl
prdses nbydut lekjbcg ùkig utblb èoerhbsgnbk prdcu` bkglbsg ybka selpurkb. Hbsgn
cbrg prdses nbydut ybka obg` gkgnbh ybka kbktgkyb cbpbt leka`dl
leka`dlukg`bsg`bk
ukg`bsg`bk tektbka
gsg cbrg seoubh rbka`bgbk iergtb
iergtb cekabk èlblpubk
èlblpubk gkcrbwg sesedrbka ybkaybka lekjbcg
sbsbrbk cbrg iergtb terseout. Yeobabg idktdh seoubh iergtb uktu` (sbsbrbk) bkb` lb`b
nbydut cgoubt secelg`gbk rupb cekabk wbrkb, uùrbk, cetbgn oektu` `brb`ter sertb hbn
nbgk ybka lekcuùka cbrg iergtb terseout, sehgkaab cbpbt cgtbka`bp dneh cbyb gkcrbwg
sertb lelobktu lekaelobka`bk sgsg pdsgtgf cbyb glbagkbsg bkb` ètg`b lelobib
btbu lenghbt prdcu` bkglbsg terseout.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Lekaabou ka`bk `brb`ter, obiàrdukc , prdpertg lekjbcg sbtu cbnbl seoubh

B. Lekaabouka`bk
bceabk
Nbyer lerupb`bk tulpu`bk btbu nbpgsbk doje`-doje` ybka cgèrjb`bk.
@eaukbbk nbyer sekcgrg pbcb cbsbrkyb seobabg subtu wbcbh btbu telpbt uktu`
lekelpbt`bk doje`. ]rdses
]rdses pekaecgtbk
pekaecgtbk doje` cbpbt cgnbù`bk
cgnbù`bk cekabk
cekabk neogh
esgek. Cglbkb seibrb ulul
ulul pelobagbk nbyer
nbyer sekcgrg lengputg:
2. Nbyer ybka pbngka cepbk b`bk lekjbcg fdreardukc
?. Nbyer ybka tekabh lekjbcg lgcneardukc
9. Nbyer pbngka oenb`bka b`bk lekjbcg obiàrdukc.
2?8 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Lekabiu pbcb pelobagbk nbyer cg btbs lb`b prgksgp nbyer ybka pd`d`
lekurut Ybputrg (?=23) seobabg oergùt:
2. Cgsusuk seibrb oertulpu`
?. Nbpgsbk btbu lekabour`bk nbpgsbk obwbh
9. @brb`ter cgpgsbh cbnbl oeoerbpb ablobr
3. Bkglbsg cgaerb``b
cgaerb``bkk cekabk lekauobh tulpu`bk nbyer
5. ]eraerb`bk `blerb cghbsgn`b
cghbsgn`bk
k cbrg peraerb` nbyer
Nbydut lerupb`bk ùbngtbs vgsubn setgbp bceabk ybka bcb pbcb nl
bkglbsg, peloubtbk nbydut gkg gkg tercbpbt pbcb bwbn tbhbpbk prdcu`sg peloubtbk
seoubh bkglbsg, nbydut oerperbk
oerperbk seobabg ablobrbk cgleksgdkbn cglbkb `brb`ter
oeraerb`, senbgk gtu nbydut lerupb`bk
lerupb`bk pekcetbgnbgk cbrg seoubh stdryodbrc.
Ablobr 2=.2 Nbyergka fdradruk, lgcardukc, obiàrdukc

Yuloer : https://www.bwk.idl/bkglbtgdkwdrnc
Ytdryodbrc cbk nbydut gkg sbngka leneka`bpg cbnbl prdses peloubtbk

bkglbsgkyb, sdrbka nbydut brtgst, b`bk tbhu jg`b tercbpbt èùrbkabk èruktutbk
cbk ùbngtbs bceabk cbnbl stdryodbrc `brekb
`brekb lelgng`g enelek vgsubn ybka neogh
neka`bp cbk lekce`btg nl kyb.
Nbydut cbnbl bkglbsg cgpernu`bk uktu` lekukju``bk uùrbk ybka
tepbt, pdsgsg, cesbgk, cbk nd`bsg cbrg seabnb sesubtu cg setgbp bceabk. Bcb cub
jekgs nbydut: nbydut `brb`ter cbk nbydut nbtbr oenb`bka. Sbtb netb` obiàrdukc
BKGLBYG 2?7

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
lekcekgsg`bk pekabturbk cbk cesbgk hbkyb nbtbr oenb`bka (seabnb sesubtu

ybka tgcb` oeraerb`), secbka`bk nbydut `brb`ter (sbtu btbu neogh tgbp bceabk)
lekukju``bk selub èy-pdse `brb`ter pbcb nbtbr oenb`bka gtu.
b. ]rgskgp ]erbkibkbabk nbydut oercbsbr`bk @ek Bkcersdk, @ek D‗Idrkdr, cbk Cdk
Argth, lengputg :
2) Dke Rugi` Ndd` : Nbydut hbrus sglpen cbk cgreit, sepertg nbyb`kyb pdster,
sertb hbrus lekjubn gce bceabk terseout.
?) ]erfeitec Yètih: _ekcer ybka oerneoghbk tgcb` b`bk lelobktu
lelperobg`g pekaablobrbk bwbn ybka sucbh ouru`.
9) Inebr Cgreitgdk: Brbh cbk drgektbsg bucgek terhbcbp bpb ybka terjbcg cg
cbnbl nbybr hbrus senbnu terjbab, lerupb`bk hbn ybka tersungt cbk hbrus
cgperhbtg`bk.
3) @eep Gkfdrlec, brt gk hgstdry : Nbydut brtgst
brtgst hbrus senbnu lelper`byb cgrg
cekabk refereksg sejbrbh vgsubn oerupb brsgte`tur, nbkcsibpe, `dstul, cbk
nbgk-nbgk.
5) @eep Gkfdrlec, rekcergka : Serus leneka`bpg cgrg cekabk pekaetbhubk
tektbka styne, lecgul, te`sture, perlu`bbk, `dlpdsgsg, cbk te`kg`
lekaablobr.
6) @eep Gkfdrlec, teihkgibn gkfdrlbtgdk: ]ekaetbhubk b`bk oerobabg lbibl
efe` te`kgs ybka cg tgloun`bk dneh neksb, nter, oekcb ibgr, `bib, cbk nbgk-
nbgk.
1) Sglgka the Lddc : eldsg cbnbl subtu bceabk cbpbt cgobkauk cekabk
lekabtur tglgka cbk iuts
o. Se`kg` ]erbkibkabk Nbydut
Cbnbl prdses lerbkibka nbydut bkglbsg bcb èutblbbk bceabk btbupuk
èsesubgbk bnur èrjb cbnbl tgl. Se`kg` ybka cgaukb`bk cbnbl perbkibkabk
nbydut juab pektgka uktu` cgobhbs seoenulkyb, uktu` lekjblgk `dlukg`bsg
ybka nbkibr bktbrb sutrbcbrb cbk nbydut brtgst, Cbrg oenbsbk ibrb uktu`
lerbkibka cbk leloubt nbydut cbpbt cgperselpgt lekjbcg 3 ibrb ybka
cgaukb`bk. Se`kg`
Se`kg` perbkibkabk gtu bcbnbh seobabg oergùt:
2) She Shduahfun Shulokbgn
Cekabk ibrb gkg nbydut brtgst leloubt sèt-sèt thulokbgn èign,
lekidob lekibrg bnur cbk bceabk ybka tepbt. @etg`b èruktutbk
èruktutbk cbrg sèt
thulokbgn sucbh cgrbsb lb`sglbn, lb`b nbydut brtgst b`bk lelbkaagn
oeoerbpb bkglbtdr uktu` lekcgsùsg`bk cbk leka`rgtgsg ceretbk
thulokbgn terseout. Nbydut brtgst b`bk nbkasuka lekbkaabpg `rgtg` cbk
cgsùsg cekabk lekaablobr nbkasuka peruobhbk ybka cgrbsb pernu cbnbl
oektu` thulokbgn juab. Hbsgn cbrg perobg`bk gtu b`bk lekjbcg obsgs cbrg
kbn nbydut, iuttgka , cbk stbagka , sertb lekukju`bk pbcb bkglbtdr cglbkb
netb` bceabk ybka b`bk cgèrjb`bkyb kbktg cg cbnbl `dktgkugtbs obob`.
Se`kg` gkg sbkabt lekauktuka`bk `brekb cbpbt lekcete`sg
èùrbkabk cekabk iepbt cbk lerbkaùn pelg`grbk tgl seibrb `dne`tgf
cekabk neogh esgek. Cekab ibrb gkg nbydut brtgst cgtuktut uktu` cbpbt
lekaablobr cekabk iepbt cbk bùrbt, babr cbpbt lerespdk nbkasuka
peruobhbk ybka cgrbsb pernu.
29= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 2=.? Ytdryodbrc thulogns

Yuloer (https://gc.pgkterest.idl
(https://gc.pgkterest.idl/pgk/326659
/pgk/3266593=?77536126=
3=?77536126=//)
BKGLBYG 292

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?) Srbcgsgdkbn
Srbcgsgdkb
rbcgsgdkbnn Se`kg`
Se`kg` gkg lekgtgòerbt`bk
lekgtgòe rbt`bk èpbcb prdses vgsubngsbsg
vgsubngsb sg nbydut
ybka sesukaauhkyb cbk sejenbs-jenbskyb, sehgkaab selub drbka cbpbt
lekaertg bpb yba seoekbrkyb secbka cgrekibkb`bk cbk cbpbt lekgnbg
cekabk nbydut terseout. ]eruobhbk cbnbl te`kg` gkg ogbsbkyb hbkyb cbpbt
cgnbù`bk uktu` cetbgn èign sepertg, lelperneobr breb ablobr babr cbpbt
cgnbù`bk pbkkgka èign, btbu lelgkcbh`bk oerbodt uktu` telpbt obag
`brb`ter uktu` bceabk terseout. Letdce gkg b`bk oerhbsgn jg`b nbydut brtgst
lelgng`g iuùp wb`tu uktu` lerekibkb`bk stbagka uktu` senuruh obob`.
9) She Luntgpne Ihdgie
Gce cbsbr pbcb letdce perbkibkabk nbydut gkg bcbnbh uktu`
lekstglungsbsg setgbp drbka terhbcbp èluka`gkbk-èluka`gkbk cg
cbnbl sgtubsg cglbkb senuruh tgl cbpbt lelgngh, lekcesbgk, lbupuk
lekces`rgpsg`bk stbagka cbk nbydut ybka
ybka lekurut lere`b pbngka efe`tgf.
Hbn gkg cgluka`gk`bk `brekb nbydut brtgst lekaablogn bceabk ybka
pektgka cbk cglukiun`bk cbnbl oeroerbpb versg èlucgbk cggùtg cekabk
ybka nbgk. Cekabk lekstglunus setgbp drbka cbnbl tgl prdcu`sg terhbcbp
oerobabg èluka`gkbk presektbsg vgsubn, lb`b ou`bk hbkyb oerlbkfbbt
obag pekgka`btbk ùbngtbs bkglbsg ybka secbka cgèrjb`bk kbluk juab
lekgka`bt`bk èlblpubk tgl prdcu`sg cbnbl jbka`b pbkjbka seibrb
esgek.
3) Ndka Yhdt cbk
cbk Estbongshgka Yhdt
Cbnbl letdce setgbp obob` b`bk lelgng`g lbster shdt, cglbkb cbnbl
sbtu frble b`bk cgtukju`bk senuruh `brb`ter obkaukbk cbk prdpertg cbnbl
senuruh breb terseout. Lbster shdt sergka punb cg seout Estbongshgka Yhdt ,
`brekb pekaaukbbkkyb seobabg pelou`b subtu obob` cbk lelobkauk
drgektbsg terhbcbp èsenuruhbk breb cbrg pbrb bucgek. Nbydut utblb cekabk
letdce gkg hbrus cgrbkibka cekabk cetbgn, `brekb lerupb`bk biubk senuruh
nbydut ybka b`bk lengputg cberbh terseout. Letdce gkg leluka`gk`bk
nbydut brtgst lekaaukb`bk neogh obkyb` wb`tu uktu` lekcesbgk prdpertg
cbk cetbgn ybka bcb cbnbl breb sehgkaab b`bk lelpekabruhg kubksb cg
breb terseout neogh lekcbnbl. Jg`b tercbpbt peruobhbk nbydut nbgk, lb`b
nbydut brtgst b`bk neogh iepbt lekabtbsgkyb, cg`brekb`bk refereksg tektbka
èbcbbk se`gtbr sucbh tersusuk rbpg cg estbongshgka shdt .
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Bnbt
?. Ydftwbre ]hdtdshdp
9. Yibkker (]elgkcbg)
3. ]ek Sbonet
29? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Obhbk
b.
o.
i. kubn (`dksep cg èrtbs cgsibk)
Ablobr 2=.9 Ablobr

Ablobr tblbk
Yuloer. @dne`sg ]rgobcg
Nbka`bh-nbka`bh ybka cgnbù`bk

Nbka`bh-nbka`bh
b. ]gkcbg ablobr è `dlputer cekabk lekaaukb`bk sibkker/
pelgkcbg cekabk lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre phdtdshdp.
Ablobr 2=.3 ]elgsbhbk obiàrdukc bkc fdreardu

fdreardukc
kc
o. Seobn`bknbh abrgs lekaaukb`bk pek tbonet cbk pgsbh`bknbh bktbrb

prdperty ybka bcb cgablobr lekjbcg nbyer-nbyer tersekcgrg
BKGLBYG 299

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 2=.5 ]ekaaboukabk obiàrdukc cbk fdreardukc

Yuloer @dne`sg ]rgobcg
i. ]rdses ]elgsbhbk ablobr obiàrdukc, lgccneardukc cbk

cbk fdreardukc
Ablobr 2=.6 ]ekaaboukabk obiàrdukc cbk fdreardukc cbk `brb`ter

Yuloer `dne`sg ]rgobcg
c. ]ekelpbtbk obiàrdukc, lgccneardukc cbk

cbk fdreardukc cekabk
cekabk
`brb`ter
293 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 2=.1 Ablobr Yubsbkb se`dnbh

Yuloer `dne`sg ]rgobcg
IDKSDH YDBN
]gsbh`bknbh Nbydut oergùt
oergùt gkg lekjbcg nbyer-nbyer sepertg pbcb idktdh cg btbs!
BKGLBYG 295

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Nbydut brtgs lerupb`bk Yedrbka sekglbk tbtb netb` lekaulpun`

lekaulpun`bk bk cbk
lerb`gt tgpe abyb cbk
cb k ablobr, sepertg gnustrbsg,
gnu strbsg, fdtd cbk ablobr, uktu` leloubt
cesbgk vgsubn cg `dlputer btbu cg btbs èrtbs. Nbydut brtgst bcbnbh sbnbh sbtu
cbrg oeoerbpb jekgs sekglbk `dlersgbn
`dlersgbn ybka cgèkbn seobabg cesbgker ybka
lekyblpbg`bk gce cbk gkfdrlbsg lenbnug `dlukg`bsg vgsubn. ]brb prdfesgdkbn
gkg hbrus lelgng`g èterblpgnbk brtgstg` cbk ogbsbkyb cglgktb uktu` leleabka
aenbr sbrjbkb cg ogcbka ybka oer`bgtbk cekabk sekg btbu cesbgk arbs.
]ekbtb tbtb netb` lelbpbr`bkkyb oercbsbr`bk pekaetbhubk prgksgp-
prgksgp cesbgk, terlbsu` wbrkb, oektu` cbk èseglobkabk, cbk prgksgp tbtb
netb`. Yenbkjutkyb, sedrbka sekglbk tbtb netb` lekygbp`bk cesbgk b`hgr ybka
sucbh cgrbka`bg cbnbl sbtu bceabk.
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

perbwbtbk, lb`b `bngbk cbpbt lekaukjukag ngk` cg
obwbh gkg btbu cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce R_ cg cg sblpgka
gkg. Lbterg ybka cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg
cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt
refereksg
refe reksg ybka nbgk uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk
https://www.ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<Zg1nFKaelEU
_BKA@ULBK
]rdses peloubtbk nbydut lerupb`bk obagbk ybka pektgka cbnbl bkglbsg, cbk
lerupb`bk tbhbp bwbn cbrg prdses prdcu`sg ]rgksgp cbnbl peloubtbk nbydut
oercbsb`bk pbcb ababsbk @ek Bkcersdk, @ek D‗Idrkdr , cbk Cdk Argth, ybgtu
lengputg0
2. Dke Rugi` Ndd`
?. ]erfeitec Yètih
9. Inebr Cgreitgdk
3. @eep Gkfdrlec, brt gk hgstdry
5. @eep Gkfdrlec, rekcergka
296 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
6. @eep Gkfdrlec, teihkgibn gkfdrlbtgdk

1. Sglgka the Lddc
Se`kg` btbu Letdce uktu` perbkibkabk cbk peloubtbk nbydut ybka
cbpbt cgaukb`bk cbk tenbh terujg èefe`tgfbkkyb sertb lelgng`g pdteksg uktu`
cgèlobka`bk segrgka perèlobkabk jblbk bcbnbh0 She Shduahtfun Shulokbgn,
Srbcgtgdkbn, She Luntgpne Ihdgie , cbk She Estbongshgka Yhdt.
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh seoubh Nbydut oercbsbr`bk

oercbsbr`bk stdryodbrc oergùt gkg
_EFNE@YG

2. Bpb`bh ybka cglb`suc cekabk veitdr cbk ogtlbp4
?. Yeout`bk èukaunbk lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre oerobsgs veitdr veitdr cbk sdftwbre
oerobsgs ogtlbp!
9. Yeout`bk jekgs-jekgs tgpe exsteksg ne cbrg sdftwbre oerobsgs veitdr!
3. Yeout`bk lbibl-lbibl sdftwbre ybka terlbsu`terlbsu` cbnbl
cbnbl sdftwbre
sdftwbre oerobsgs
ogtlbp!
5. Yeout`bk igrg `hbs cbrg sdftwbre oerobsgs ogtlbp 4
BKGLBYG 291

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO LEKABKBNGYGY BKGLBYG @B_B@SE_ OE_B@YG

XG CBK NG]Y YEYUBG
OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ygswb cghbrbp`bk cbpbt leloubt aerb`bk bkglbsg ybka sucbh lelekuhg uksur
2? prgksgp bkglbsg.
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO XG
LEKABKBNGYGY BKGLBYG @B_B@SE_ OE_B@YG CBK NG]Y YEYUBG
CEKABK 2? ]_GKYG] BKGLBYG
@brb`ter oerb`sg tbkpb @brb`ter oerb`sg cekabk

prdpery prdpertg
@BSB @UKIG
Leloubt aerb` bkglbsg ? cgleksg
298 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
Yedrbka bkglbtdr cg cbnbl leloubt seoubh aerb`bk cgpbstg`bk juab hbrus

lelpertglobka`bk aerb`bk ybka tercbpbt cg cukgb kybtb. Cbnbl leloubt aerb`bk
bkglbsg cgpbstg`bk lelpertglobka`bk cbnbl prgksgp-prgksgp bkglbsg.
Lekabpb prgksgp bkglbsg sbkabt cgpernu`bk cbnbl lekcuùka seoubh aerb`bk
`brekb b`bk leloubt bkglbsg `brb`ter terseout neogh hgcup cbk neogh e`presgf
sednbh-dnbh ou`bk lerupb`bk seoubh ablobr tetbpg oekbr-oekbr hgcup.
@brb`ter seoubh bkglbsg juab cgluka`gk`bk uktu` cbpbt oerogibrb cbk oercgbnda
cbk oergkterb`sg seibrb `dlukg`btgf cbk lekaaukb`bk nbfbn huruf ybka sepertg
lbkusgb pbcb ululkyb, cekabk bcbkyb cgbnda lb`b bkglbsg terseout oekbr-oekbr
hgcup.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. @brb`ter oerb`sg tbkpb prdpery

]bcb lbterg gkg uktu` lekabkglbsg`bk `brb`ter sucbh tercbpbt cg obo-obo
seoenulkyb, cgsgkg b`bk neogh cgte`bk`bk pbcb aerb`bk ybka sucbh lekabkcuka
uksur prgksgp bkglbsg cggùtg cekabk cgbnda btbu sergka cgseout cekabk ngpsgka
Ngpsyki (sgka`btbk
(sgka`btbk cbrg ngp sykihrdkgsbtgdk) lerupb`bk aerb`bk sesedrbka/
brtgs sednbh cgb oekbr-oekbr oerkybkyg cekabk lekaaerb``bk ogogrkyb ybka
cgobrekag cekabk nbau ybka cgputbr lenbnug `bset btbu lecgb ybka nbgk. @etepbtbk,
ènbkibrbk, cbk pekahbybtbk b`bk lekektu`bk seoerbpb oerhbsgnkyb sgk`rdkgsbsg
ogogr.
Cbnbl cukgb pernlbk terutblb bkglbsg ngpsyki cbpbt cgbrtg`bk seobabg
sgk`rdkgsbsg subrb terhbcbp aerb`bk lunut `brb`ter cbnbl bkglbsg obg` ?C. Cbnbl
`bnglbt nbgk ngpsyki cbpbt cgbrtg`bk seobabg te`kg` lekaaerb`bk lunut pbcb
`brb`ter bkglbsg secelg`gbk rupb babr ternghbt senbrbs cekabk trbi` subrb cbnbl
bkglbsg.
Cbnbl peloubtbk ngpsyki obg` cg bkglbsg ?C cgnbù`bk cekabk leloubt
pdse ùkig uktu` tgbp-tgbp fd`bn cbk `dksdkbk cbnbl setgbp pelogibrbbk. ]dse
fd`bn cbk `dksdkbk cbnbl ngpsyki bkglbsg cgobabg cbnbl oeoerbpb oektu` ybgtu
sepertg pbcb ablobr cg obwbh gkg:
BKGLBYG 297

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
Ablobr 22.2 Ngps `brb`ter

Yuloer : https://gc.pgkterest.idl
Uktu` lelunbg prdses peloubtbk ngpsyki, lb`b `gtb pernu lekaetbhug

pdsgsg-pdsgsg ogogr cbk ngcbh sbbt lekaenubr`bk subrb tertektu. Oektu` lunut
`brb`ter sepertg ternghbt cbnbl ablobr cg btbs lelpernghbt`bk huruf ybka tekabh
`gtb uibp`bk.
Idktdh, nbfbn huruf L, O, cbk ] bcbnbh pdse ketrbn cglbkb ogogr ter`btup rbpbt.
]dse nbfbn B leloektu` ogogr terou`b neobr `brekb ogbsbkyb pekauibpbk `btb B
lekaaukb`bk subrb cekabk te`bkbk bab` ùbt.
]dse nbfbn D leloektu` ogogr setekabh terou`b ybka leloektu` ngka`brbk èign
cekabk te`bkbk ybka bab` ùbt.
Nbfbn E cbk Q èrbs (sepertg lekauibp`bk telpe) leloektu` susukbk ogogr terou`b
secg`gt neobr cglbkb sucut ogogr tertbrg` bab` neobr è sblpgka (lekyergkabg).
Uktu` leloubt rbka`bgbk aerb` ogogr (ngpsyki) cbnbl seoubh rbka`bgbk vgced
bkglbsg lb`b `gtb hbrus lelbhblg terneogh cbhunu pdnb tglgka cbrg frble
bkglbsg ybka b`bk `gtb oubt. Sglgka senbnu lekjbcg ùkig cbnbl leloubt bkglbsg,
terlbsu` cbnbl urusbk ngpsyki. Jg`b obhbk uktu` aerb`bk lunutkyb sucbh sgbp,
lb`b `gtb lunbg cbpbt lekabtur tglgka peraerb`bk lunut sesubg uibpbk ybka
cgnbù`bk dneh `brb`ter cbnbl bkglbsg.
Jekgs-jekgs ne bucgd
2. QB
QBV V (QB
(QBVE-fdr
VE-fdrl)
l)
QBV bcbnbh sgka`btbk cbrg gstgnbh cbnbl obhbsb Gkaargs „wbvefdrl“. QBV
lerupb`bk stbkcbr fdrlbt oer`bs bucgd ybka cgèlobka`bk dneh Lgirdsdft
cbk GOL. QBV gkg bcbnbh fdrlbt utblb uktu` lekyglpbk cbtb bucgd lektbh
23= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
pbcb Qgkcdws cbk lekaaukb`bk letdce ybka sblb cekabk BGFF Bppne uktu`
lekyglpbk cbtb.
QBV ululkyb cgaukb`bk uktu` lekyglpbk bucgd tbkpb `dlpresg, ne subrb
oerùbngtbs IC. Fgne gkg oeruùrbk oesbr, se`gtbr 2= LO per lekgt. Fgne wbv juab
cbpbt oergsg cbtb ter`dce`bk cekabk oerbke`b rbabl idcei uktu` lekaurbkag
uùrbk ne. B`bk tetbpg uktu` èpernubk lekadne`sg lusg`, trbksfer vgb gkterket
cbk lelbgk`bk cg pnbyer pdrtbone, fdrlbt gkg ùrbka pdpunbr cgobkcgka`bk
cekabk L]9, Daa Vdrogs cbk QLB cg`brekb`bk uùrbk ne ybka sbkabt oesbr.
?. BBI (Bcvbkiec Bucgd Idcgka)
BBI bcbnbh ne fdrlbt bucgd ybka oerobsgs L]EA? cbk L]EA3. BBI oersgfbt
ndssy idlpressgdk (cbtb hbsgn `dlpresg tgcb` ogsb cgèlobng`bk nbag è cbtb
selunb, `brekb setenbh cg`dlpres tercbpbt cbtb-cbtb ybka hgnbka). Fgne BBI
cgèlobka`bk dneh Ldtgdk ]giture Expert Ardup (Frbukhdfer Gkstgtute, Cdnoy,
Ydky, Kd`gb cbk BS&S). Fgne BBI cg`dlpresg cekabk ibrb neogh esgek pbcb
èiepbtbk 2?8 òps cekabk subrb stered cgobkcgka`bk versg ybka neogh cunu
lukiun, yb`kg, L]9. BBI lerupb`bk bucgd idcei ybka lekyelpurkb`bk L]9
cbnbl hbn lecgul cbk hgah ogt rbtes .
9. L]EA Nbyer 9 (L]9)
Lp9 lerupb`bk fdrlbt `dlpresg bucgd ybka cgèlobka`bk dneh Ldvgka
]giture Experts Ardup (L]EA). Fdrlbt ne gkg lekaaukb`bk Nbyer 9 `dlpresg
bucgd ybka seibrb ulul cgaukb`bk uktu` lekyglpbk ne-ne lusg` cbk
bucgdodd`s cbnbl hbrc crgve . Fdrlbt ne lp9 lblpu leloerg`bk ùbngtbs
subrb ybka lekce`btg ùbngtbs IC stered cekabk 26-ogt. L]9 lekabnblg
èjbybbk pbcb tbhuk 2775, cglbkb selb`gk obkyb` ne L]9 tersecgb cg
gkterket cbk pdpunbrgtbskyb selb`gk tercdka`rb` `brekb ùbngtbskyb cbk
`bpbsgtbs ybka lekjbcg renbtgf sbkabt èign.
@ubngtbs subrb ne L]9 terabktuka pbcb seobagbk oesbr ogt rbte ybka cgaukb`bk
uktu` `dlpresg. Ogt rbte ybka sergka cgaukb`bk ogbsbkyb oer`gsbr bktbrb 2?8,
26=, 27?, ?56 cbk 9?= òps. Yelb`gk oesbr ogt rbte, selb`gk obaus ùbngtbskyb,
kbluk hbn terseout oerpekabruh pbcb èoutuhbk rubka cbnbl cgs` ybka
selb`gk oesbr punb. Uktu` lekcbpbtg ùbngtbs ybka lekce`btg ùbngtbs IC
cgpernu`bk ogt-rbte 9?= òps.
Yeobabg ne `dlpresg, L]9 lekaaukb`bk te`kg` ndssy idlpressgdk sehgkaab
bcb èluka`gkbk ùbngtbs ne oerùrbka ètg`b cg`dkversg è cbnbl L]9.
Cbnbl prb`tg`kyb, oerùrbkakyb ùbngtbs ne tgcb` tblpb` seibrb kybtb, kbluk
hbsgn pekaurbkabk.
3. Daa cbk Daa Vdrogs
Daa bcbnbh fdrlbt luntglecgb arbtgsbk ybka cgrbkibka uktu` streblgka cbk
pekyglpbkbk ybka esgek. Fdrlbt gkg cgèlobka
cgèlobka`bk
`bk dneh Xgph.dra Fdukcbtgdk.
Oeagtu punb Vdrogs ybka lerupb`bk idcei bucgd arbtgsbk. Vdrogs ogbsbkyb
cgpbsbka oersblb Daa, sehgkaab lukiunnbh ybka kblbkyb Daa Vdrogs.
]enukiurbk fdrlbt cbk idcei gkg seoekbrkyb respdk btbs rekibkb pelgng`
L]9 pbcb tbhuk 2778 ybka hekcb` lekaekb`bk ogbyb ngseksg uktu` fdrlbt
L]9. DaaVdrogs sbkabt pdpuner cg `bnbkabk dpek sdurie, `brekb ùbngtbs cbk
sgfbtkyb ybka arbtgs. Kbluk hgkaab sbbt gkg wbnbupuk arbtgs, lbsgh secg`gt
BKGLBYG 232

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
pnbyer ybka lekcuùka fdrlbt gkg, sbnbh sbtu ybka terèkbn bcbnbh wgkblp
ybka gùt lekcuùka fdrlbt Daa Vdrogs.
5. QLB ( Qgkcdw Lecgb Bucgd )
QLB bcbnbh idcei uktu` ndssy idlpressgdk ybka cgèlobka`bk pertblb
`bng juab dneh lgirdsdft uktu` lekybgkag L]9. Yelektbrb gkg Lgirdsdft
lelpdsgsg`bk QLB oersbgka cekabk BBI ybka cgaukb`bk pbcb prdcu` Bppne
sepertg g]dc cbk gS
gSukes
ukes Lusgi Ytrdre
Ytrdre.. QLB juab lekaaukb`bk sgstel Cgagtbn
_gahts Lbkbaelekt sepertg BBI uktu` prdte`sg pekaabkcbbk cbk lelobtbsg
pelutbrbk pbcb ]I btbu perbktg tertektu. QLB bucgd strebl hblpgr senbnu
cekabk ne BYF. Jg`b hbkyb lelobwb cbtb bucgd, ogbskyb ne lelpukybg
e`steksg .QLB. Bcbpunb versg ndssness
ndssness uktu` luntgihbkken surrdukc sdukc cbk
uktu` vdgie ekidcgka (QLB
(QLB Vdgie)
6. FNBI
FNBI (Free Ndssness Bucgd Idcei ) bcbnbh fdrlbt bucgd `bteadrg Ndssness ybka
pbngka obkyb` cgaukb`bk, lekjbcg`bkkyb pgnghbk terobg` obag pekaaukb ybka
gkagk lekyglpbk bucgd cekabk secg`gt lekaurbkag ùbngtbs subrbkyb (ndssness).
Sgcb` sepertg QBV cbk BGFF, cglbkb ne bucgd tgcb` lekabnblg `dlpresg,
obabglbkbpuk juab ne fdrlbt bucgd ndssness tenbh lekabnblg `dlpresg. Obag
bucgd ecgtdr prdfessgdkbn btbu bucgdphgne, fdrlbt QBV cbk BGFF bcbnbh pgnghbk
ybka terobg`, kbluk ne gkg b`bk lelb`bk obkyb` telpbt pekyglpbkbk pbcb
hbrc cgs`.
1. ]IL
]IL _bw Cbtb, ]IL (]unse Idce Ldcunbtgdk) bcbnbh fdrlbt bucgd ybka sbkabt
secerhbkb. Fdrlbt gkg bcbnbh fdrlbt ne stbkcbr ybka oenul cg`dlpres sepertg
hbnkyb ne. QBV pbcb Qgkcdws btbu BGFF pbcb Bppne. ]IL < ]unse Idce
Ldcunbtgdk juab cgèkbn seobabg Ngkebr ]IL bcbnbh stbkcbr uktu` fdrlbt IC
Bucgd. @brekb sgfbtkyb ybka tgcb` ter`dlpresg, lb`b fdrlbt ]IL gkg lelpukybg
uùrbk ne ybka iuùp oesbr ognb cgobkcgka`bk cekabk fdrlbt L]9.
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
Bnbt
2. ]erbka`bt `dlputer
?. Qbidl pek tbonet
9. ]ere`bl subrb
3. Ydftwbre bcdoe bucgitgdk
5. Ydftwbre Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp
Obhbk
2. Yirgpt cgbnda
?. Ablobr sequek cbrg sirgpt
9. Obiàrdukc
23? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Nbka`bh-nbka`bh
2. Ou`bnbh sdftwbre bcdoe bucgtgdk
Ablobr 22.? Sblpgnbk Bcdoe bucgtgdk

?. ]bstg`bk bnbt pere`blkyb terpbska

9. Cg bcdoe bu
bucgtgdk
cgtgdk gkg `gtb ogsb lelgngh
lelgngh 2 trbi`
trbi` btbu luntgtrbi`,
luntgtrbi`, trbi`
trbi` cg sgkg
sgkg
cgaukb`bk uktu` lenetb``bk subrb-subrb ybka cgre`bl seibrb terpgsbh,
Ablobr 22.9 Qbvefdrl bcdoe bucgtgdk

3. @ng` Qbvef
Qbvefdrl
drl èlucgbk cg d`
Ablobr 22.3 Yettgka ihbkken bucgd

BKGLBYG 239

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
5. Uktu` lenbù`bk
lenbù`bk pere`blbk
pere`blbk cg `ng` ngka`brbk
ngka`brbk lerbh pbcb ablobr,
ablobr, kbktbg
b`bk lekahbsgn`bk vgsubn wbve ybka lerupb`bk subrb ybka tere`bl.
.
Ablobr 22.5 Gkterfbie wbve bucgd
Lekaabouka`bk aerb`bk cekabk subrb lekaaukb`bk phdtdshdp

2. Ou`bnbh prdarbl phdtdshdp
?. ]gnghnbh uùrbk cbrg vgced
vgced terseout cekabk lekaaukb`bk resdungs HC
9. Sblpgnbk b`bk
b`bk sepertg
sepertg gkg jg`b tglengke
tglengke tgcb`
tgcb` lukiun
lukiun sgnb`bk `ng` wgkcdws
wgkcdws cbk
cbk
iektbka obagbk tglengke
Ablobr 22.6 ]ersgbpbk Cdùlek Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp
233 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
3. @ng` ne <; dpek cbk ibrg cdùlek ablobr ybka sucbh cg èndlpd`bk
Ablobr 22.1 ]ersgbpbk ablobr

5. Iektbka obagbk glbae sequekie
Ablobr 22.8
6. Sektu`bk F]Y kyb

1. Sblpgnbk setenbh ne cg ou`b, uktu` lenghbt hbsgnkyb sgnbh`bk cg pnby
Ablobr 22.7 Sblpgnbk aerb`bk cg phdtdshdp

8. Abktgnbh kblb nbyer2 lekjbcg kblb aerb`bkkyb
BKGLBYG 235

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
7. Uktu` lenghbt hbsgn aerb`bkkyb

aerb`bkkyb cbrg aerb`bk
aerb`bk 2 sblpbg terb`hgr sergka cgseout
cekabk ukgdk ablobrkyb b`bk oertulpu`.
Ablobr 22.2= Yettgka dkgdk ogbr ablobr ternghbt selub

236 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
2=. Ou`bnbh ne obiàrdukckyb
Ablobr 22.22 ]ekaaboukabk `brb`ter cekabk obiàrdukc

22. Ye`brbka `gtb b`bk lelbsu`bk bucgdkyb, `ng` obagbk bucgd trbi`kyb
èlucgbk `ng` bcc bucgd
Ablobr 22.2? ]ekaaboukabk bucgd è ablobr

2?. @elucgbk pgnghnbh

pgnghnbh bucgd ybka sesubg
sesubg
Ablobr 22.29 Sglengke Ablobr

Ablobr,, obiàrdukc cbk bucgd
BKGLBYG 231

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Oernbtgh lekjbcg sedrbka cuooer

2. Oernbtghnbh lelobib cekabk
cekabk subrb
subrb èrbs.
èrbs. @elblpubk
@elblpubk lelobib cekabk cekabk
èrbs cbk efe`tgf sbkabt pektgka uktu` pekagsg subrb, `hususkyb jg`b
peèrjbbk lekahbrus`bk Bkcb lelobib teneprdlter btbu s`rgp. Obibnbh
ouù, lbjbnbh, btbu brtgèn oergtb cekabk subrb èrbs seibrb terbtur babr
Bkcb terogbsb. Nubka`bk lgkglbn 9= lekgt sehbrg uktu` lelobib. Nbtghnbh
penbfbnbk cbk gktdkbsg. Idobnbh lekauobh subrb ètg`b lelobib uktu`
lekblobh tbktbkabk.P2\ Oernbtghnbh lelobib oerobabg lbterg uktu`
lelperobg`g subrb. Bkcb ogsb lunbg cekabk Cr. Yuess,
Yuess, nbnu nbkjut`bk cekabk
She Hdoogt, èlucgbk tbktbka cgrg Bkcb cekabk pugsg. Jbkabk lekaenubr`
lekaenubr`bk
bk
subrb sepertg lelobib, tetbpg sepertg sbkcgwbrb. Suabs Bkcb bcbnbh
lekahgcup`bk `btb-`btb.
?. _e`bl subrb Bkcb. Idobnbh lekutur`bk
lekutur`bk ldkdnda
ldkdnda btbu lelobib s`rgp
sblogn cgre`bl. Cekabr`bk nbag cbk ibtbt oeoerbpb hbn ybka pernu
cgperobg`g. Luka`gk Bkcb b`bk terèjut cekabk hbsgnkyb. Yubrb cbnbl
re`blbk tgcb` senbnu sblb cekabk subrb ybka Bkcb cekabr setgbp hbrg.
]erhbtg`bk peruobhbk gkg cbk ogbsb`bk cgrg lere`bl subrb sehgkaab Bkcb
ogsb lekae`spresg`bk cgrg newbt lg`rdfdk cekabk efe`tgf.
9. Aukb`bk cgbfrbalb. @etg`b lekcekabr`bk subrb, pertglobka`bk
pertglobka`bk bpb`bh
Bkcb lekaaukb`bk subrb hgcuka, lunut, cbcb, btbu cgbfrbalb. Yubrb hgcuka
tercekabr tgcb` lekyekbka`bk cbk sekabu, subrb lunut tercekabr penbk,
subrb cbcb tercekabr lekyekbka`bk, tetbpg subrb cgbfrbalb ybka pbngka ùbt
cbk lekaenubr`bk subrb terobg`. Uktu` lekaelobka`bk subrb cgbfrbalb,
nbtghnbh perkbpbsbk cbnbl cbk perhbtg`bk obabglbkb perut lekaelobka
cbk lekaelpgs. Oubtnbh subrb ybka cbtbka cbrg cgbfrbalb, sepertg tertbwb
btbu lekaubp. Yetenbh lekaubsbgkyb, Bkcb hbkyb pernu lelpertbhbk`bk.
Auru dnbh subrb cbpbt lelobktu Bkcb lekbraet`
lekbraet`bk
bk cgbfrbalb.P3\
3. Nbtghnbh vd`bn Bkcb. Nbtghbk
Nbtghbk tertektu
tertektu cbpbt
cbpbt lelobktu
lelobktu Bkcb lekadktrdn
lekadktrdn cbk
lelperobg`g subrb. @eobkyb`bk nbtghbk gkg cgcbsbr`bk pbcb perkbpbsbk. Bkcb
cbpbt lekidob oersekbkcuka cekabk lekgup secdtbk uktu` lekadktrdn
kbpbs.P5\ Bkcb ogsb oerobrgka cg nbktbg, lekbrg` cbk lekaelous`bk kbpbs
cbnbl, sertb lekaenubr`bk „shh“ sbbt lekaelous`bk kbpbs. Cucu` teab`
cekabk obhu cgtbrg` è oenb`bka juab lekahbsgn`bk peruobhbk oesbr pbcb
subrb. Bkcb cbpbt oernbtgh brtgùnbsg cekabk lelutbr ngcbh, sepertg „Ybtu
rgou, cub ogru, tgab rgou, elpbt ogru, cst.
5. Sgru subrb b`tdr terèkbn cbk td`dh `sg. Oenbjbr lekgru subrb cbpbt lelobktu
lekaelobka`bk e`sgogngtbs, lekaekbng kbcb, cbk leloerg lbterg ybka
obaus uktu` vgced celd. Bkcb tgcb` pernu lekjbcg pekgru, tetbpg nbtghbk gkg
lelobktu lekauobh subrb. Gkg leluka`gk`bk Bkcb uktu` lekjbcg pekagsg
subrb serob ogsb cbk lelobktu èlblpubk b`tgka. Usbhb`bk uktu` tgcb`
hbkyb lekgru subrb lere`b, tetbpg juab èprgobcgbk lere`b supbyb subrb
ybka Bkcb ènubr`bk terèsbk hgcup. Idobnbh subrb drbka terèkbn oergùt
uktu` perlunbbk: Brkdnc Yihwbrzekeaaer, _hdlb Grblb, O.J Hbogoge, Fgtrg
Srdpg`b, cbk Yybhrgkg.
238 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
6. Nbù`bk glprdv
glprdvgsbsg.
gsbsg. Glprdvgsbsg
Glprdvgsbsg bcbnbh èlblpubk pektgka cbnbl b`tgka
subrb `brekb sutrbcbrb lekahbrbp`bkkyb. @elblpubk gkg leluka`gk`bk
Bkcb lekyenblg td`dh cbk oerpg`gr sepertg lere`b. Yetenbh lekyenblg
td`dh, idobnbh lekigptb`bk iergtb nuiu cbrg sgsg td`dh terseout. Jg`b outuh
obktubk, lgktbnbh telbk Bkcb oertbkyb, cbk tbkaabpg sesubg cekabk bpb
ybka luka`gk cg`btb`bk td`dh gtu. Lgsbnkyb, jg`b Bkcb lekgru Upgk, Bkcb
cbpbt lekigptb`bk iergtb tektbka cete`tgf lekibrg bybl hgnbka.
1. Gùtg ùrsus b`tgka btbu ibrg penbtgh b`tgka. Gkg lelobktu Bkcb
lekaelobka`bk ob`bt oerb`tgka. Les`gpuk pekagsg subrb tgcb` perkbh
lukiun cg nbybr, lere`b hbrus lerupb`bk b`tdr oerob`bt babr cbpbt
lekauibp`bk cgbnda cekabk efe`tgf. Gkabt obhwb cbnbl oeoerbpb hbn,
b`tgka subrb neogh sungt cbrgpbcb tgpe b`tgka nbgk `brekb tgcb` bcb nbwbk
lbgk cbk bucgeks tgcb` cbpbt lenghbt e`spresg wbjbh, aestur tbkabk, btbu
aerb`bk tuouh. Bkcb tgcb` lelgng`g prdpertg btbu perneka`bpbk nbgk uktu`
lelobktu pekyblpbgbk. Eldsg cbk èprgobcgbk hbkyb cbpbt cge`spresg`bk
newbt subrb.
8. Blogn penbjbrbk subrb. ]enbjbrbk subrb terbtur (secg`gtkyb se`bng selgkaau)
b`bk lelobktu lekaelobka`bk jbka`bubk subrb cbk lekabjbr`bk ibrb
lekadktrdn
lekadktr dn vdnule cbk subrb. Bkcb luka`gk pernu lekidob oeoerbpb auru
vd`bn uktu` lekelu`bk ybka pbngka idid`. Auru vd`bn ybka obg` tgcb` hbkyb
lelobktu Bkcb lekaelobka`bk te`kg` cbk `dktrdn ybka ùbt, tetbpg juab
lelobktu lekelu`bk subrb ukg`. Auru vd`bn ybka obaus b`bk lelobktu
lelbkbs`bk subrb. Bcb obkyb` pelbkbsbk vd`bn. Bkcb cbpbt lelunbg
cekabk lekaaetbr`bk ogogr sblogn lekgup`bk ucbrb cbk lekaenubr`bk
subrb „orrr“. @elucgbk, lekaubp cekabk neobr cbk lekcesbh sblogn
tersekyul uktu` lereabka`bk rbhbka.
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

perbwbtbk, lb`b `bngbk cbpbt lekaukjukag ngk` cg
obwbh gkg btbu cbpbt lekaaukb`bk `dce `dce R_ cg
cg sblpgka
gkg. Lbterg ybka cgsbjg`bk cg ngk` cg
cg obwbh gkg tercbpbt
refereksg
refe reksg ybka nbgk uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk
https://www .ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<316UbRn3TW
l/wbtih4v<316UbRn3TW8 8
BKGLBYG 237

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
Jekgs-jekgs ne bucgd

2. QB
QBVV (QB
(QBVE-fdrl
VE-fdrl))
QBV bcbnbh sgka`btbk cbrg gstgnbh cbnbl obhbsb Gkaargs „wbvefdrl“. QBV
lerupb`bk stbkcbr fdrlbt oer`bs bucgd ybka cgèlobka`
cgèlobka`bk bk dneh Lgirdsdft
cbk GOL.
?. BBI (Bcvbkiec Bucgd Idcgka)
BBI bcbnbh ne fdrlbt bucgd ybka oerobsgs L]EA? cbk L]EA3. BBI oersgfbt
ndssy idlpressgdk (cbtb hbsgn `dlpresg tgcb` ogsb cgèlobng`bk nbag è cbtb
selunb, `brekb setenbh cg`dlpres tercbpbt cbtb-cbtb ybka hgnbka).
9. L]EA Nbyer 9 (L]9)
Lp9 lerupb`bk fdrlbt `dlpresg bucgd ybka cgèlobka`bk dneh Ldvgka
]giture Experts Ardup (L]EA). Daa cbk Daa Vdrogs
Daa bcbnbh fdrlbt luntglecgb arbtgsbk ybka cgrbkibka uktu` streblgka cbk
pekyglpbkbk ybka esgek.
3. QLB ( Qgkcdw Lecgb Bucgd )
QLB bcbnbh idcei uktu` ndssy idlpressgdk ybka cgèlobka`bk pertblb
`bng juab dneh lgirdsdft uktu` lekybgkag L]9.)
5. FNBI
FNBI (Free Ndssness Bucgd Idcei ) bcbnbh fdrlbt bucgd `bteadrg Ndssness
Ndssness ybka
pbngka obkyb` cgaukb`bk, lekjbcg`bkkyb pgnghbk terobg` obag pekaaukb
ybka gkagk lekyglpbk bucgd cekabk secg`gt lekaurbkag ùbngtbs subrbkyb
(ndssness ).). ]IL
]IL _bw Cbtb, ]IL (]unse Idce Ldcunbtgdk) bcbnbh fdrlbt bucgd ybka
sbkabt secerhbkb.
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh bkglbsg cekabk cgbnda tertektu

tertektu !
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Yeout`bk jekgs-jekgs tgpe bucgd
bucgd !
?. Bpb`bh ybka cglb`suc cekabk ngpsngps 4
9. Ydftwbre bpb ybka cgnbù`bk uktu`
uktu` lenbù`bk pere`blbk
pere`blbk seoubh cgbnda
cgbnda 4
3. Bnbt bpb sbjb ybka
ybka cgoutuh`bk
cgoutuh`bk cbnbl pere`blbk
pere`blbk subrb
subrb 4
5. Obabglbkb ibrb pekyenbrbsbk
pekyenbrbsbk cgbnda cekabk
cekabk aerb` ogogr
ogogr cbrg `brb`ter 4
25= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_EFNE@YG
]resektbsg`bk bceabk cbk cgbnda ybka ternbh cgoubt, perhbtg`bk bpb`bh

ngpskyb sucbh sesubg cekabk cgbnda ybka bcb cg sèkbrgd!
BKGLBYG 252

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OBO
LEKE_B]@BK ]EKIGS_BBK ABLOB_
XGG CGAGSBN
OBO XGG LEKE_B]@BK ]EKIGS_BBK ABLOB_ CGAGSBN
SUJUBK ]ELOENBJB_BK
Lelobktu sgswb uktu` leloubt pekigtrbbk ablobr cgagtbn
]ESB @DKYE]
OBO XGG
LEKE_B]@BK ]EKIGS_BBK ABLOB_ CGAGSBN
Lenbù`bk rekcergka
Leloubt pekigtrbbk Cgagtbn
ablobr
@BSB @UKIG
]ekigtrbbk cgagtbn, ablobr cgagtbn
25? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKCBHUNUBK
]ekigtrbbk Cgagtbn lergupb`bk subtu represektbsg (ablobrbk), èlgrgpbk, btbu

glgtbsg cbrg subtu doje`. Igtrb seobabg subtu ènubrbk cbrg hbsgn lbkubn ablobr ybka
cg sibk cekabk obktubk dptgi cbk cg dnbh cekabk seoubh bnbt cgagtbn. Igtrb cbpbt
cgèndlpd`bk
cgèndlpd `bk lekjbcg igtrb tblpb` cbk igtrb tb` tblpb`. Obkyb` idktdh igtrb tblpb`
cbnbl èhgcupbk sehbrg-hbrg nu`gsbk pelbkcbkabk, hdndarbl (igtrb dptg`), cbk bpb
ybka kblpb` cg nbybr ldkgtdr
ldkgtdr.. Igtrb tb` tblpb` lgsbnkyb cbtb ablobr cbnbl ne igtrb
cgagtbn.
]ekigtrbbk Cgagtbn cbnbl bkglbsg lerupb`bk pekaablobrbk btbu respresektbsg
cbrg seoubh iergtb ybka cgjbcg`bk ablobr lenbnug prdses seibrb cgagtbn lenbnug
obktubk bnbt-bnbt cgagtbn oerupb `dlputer. ]ekadnbhbk igtrb cgagtbn cekabk obktubk
`dlputer terseout cghbrbp`bk cbpbt lekblpgnb`bk vgsubngsbsg iergtb cbk subrb.
Fdrlbt cbtb igtrb cgagtbn oerhuoukabk erbt cekabk wbrkb. ]bcb èobkyb`bk
`bsus, terutblb uktu` èpernubk pekblpgnbk seibrb vgsubn, kgnbg cbtb cgagtbn
lerepresektbsg`bk wbrkb cbrg igtrb ybka cgdnbh. Fdrlbt igtrb cgagtbn ybka obkyb`
cgpb`bg bcbnbh igtrb Ogker (ldkd`rdl), igtrb Y`bnb @eboubk (arbysibne ),), igtrb Qbrkb
(true idndr ) (Lukgr, ?==3).
]ekigtrbbk (glbagka) bcbnbh èagbtbk lekauobh gkfdrlbsg cbrg igtrb tblpb`/
tblpb`/igtrb
igtrb
kdkcgagtbn lekjbcg igtrb cgagtbn. Oeoerbpb bnbt ybka cbpbt cgaukb`bk uktu` pekigtrbbk
bcbnbh sibkker,
sibkker, `blerb cgagtbn, `blerb sgkbr-x/ sgkbr gkfrb lerbh, cbk nbgk-nbgk.
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
B. Leloubt pekigtrbbk Cgagtbn

]ekblpgnbk fdrlbt
fdrlbt cgagtbn ybka pbngka obkyb` cgpb`bg bktbrb nbgk :
2. Ldkd`rdl
Ldkd`rdl lerupb`bk igtrb cgagtbn cglbkb pg`senkyb lelpukybg
kgnbg hgtbl cbk putgh.
Ablobr 2?.2 Ablobr igtrb ldkdirdl

Yuloer (https://stdre.ngke.le/
(https://stdre.ngke.le/))
BKGLBYG 259

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
?. Arbysibne
Arbysibne lerupb`bk igtrb cgagtbn ybka hbkyb lelgng`g sbtu kgnbg
`bkbn pbcb setgbp pg`senkyb, cekabk `btb nbgk kgnbg obagbk rec, areek cbk onue
lelgng`g wbrkb ybka sblb, ybgtu wbrkb cbrg hgtbl, èboubk, cbk putgh. Kgnbg
terseout cgaukb`bk uktu` lekukju`bk tgka`bt gkteksgtbs. Sgka`btbk èboubk
cg sgkg lerupb`bk wbrkb bou cekabk oerobabg tgka`btbk cbrg hgtbl hgkaab
lekce`btg putgh.
Ablobr 2?.? Ablobr igtrb arbysibne

Yuloer : (www.Brtstbtgdk.idl
(www.Brtstbtgdk.idl))
9. Srue Idndr
]bcb igtrb wbrkb, setgbp tgtg` lelpukybg wbrkb ybka spesg` ybka
lerupb`bk `dlogkbsg cbrg 9 wbrkb cbsbrcbsbr,, ybgtu lerbh, hgjbu, cbk ogru. Fdrlbt
igtrb gkg sergka cgseout seobabg igtrb _AO (rec-areek-onue ).).
Ablobr 2?.9 Ablobr @dlogkbsg _AO

Yuloer (https://77cesgaks.idl/
(https://77cesgaks.idl/))
253 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
]ekigtrbbk cgagtbn bkglbsg cgsgkg b`bk neogh obkyb` lelobhbs tektbka

lbibl-lbibl tgpe ne cgagtbn cbk uùrbk vgced ybka b`bk cghbsgn`bk seobabg
sbrbkb igtrb cbrg seoubh iergtb cbnbl nl bkglbsg.
O. Lbibl-lbibl tgpe cbk uùrbk vgced cbnbl

cbnbl prdcu`sg
prdcu`sg bkglbsg
2. RVAB (9?= X ?3=)
RVAB bcbnbh resdnusg pbngka èign ybka oeruùrbk 9?= x ?3= pgxen.
Ogbsbkyb resdnusg gkg cgcbpbt`bk cekabk lekaaukb`bk `blerb hbkcphdke
jbcun. Lb`b kaab` usbh `baet ètg`b `blu luka`gk obru nghbt hp jbcun btbu
hbsgn re`blbk hbkcphdke jbcun.
jbcun.
Ogsb cgpbstg`bk ob`bn pekuh sblb gi`r (`bnd drbka Gkcdkesgb ognbkakyb
nbybrkyb selutbk) sehgkaab `bcbka doje@ ybka cgre`bl lekjbcg ùrbka jenbs.
?. VAB (63= x 38=)
Yenbkjutkyb `gtb pukyb resdnusg oerkblb VAB ybka lelgng`g resdnusg
vgced 63= x 38= pgxen. Vgced cekabk resdnusg gkg lerupb`bk vgced ybka pbngka
rekcbh ùbngtbskyb jg`b cgputbr pbcb nbybr `dlputer
9. ]BN (1?= x 516)
]BN ogbsbkyb cgaukb`bk uktu` tenevgsg ordbcibst. ]BN (]hdse Bnterkbtgka
Ngke) ybka oeraukb pbcb abrgs bnterkbsg
bnterkbsg fbse. Bcbpuk
Bcbpuk julnbh obrgs ybka
tercbpbt cbnbl ]BN
]BN ybgtu seobkyb` 6?5 cekabk ?5 frble per cetg` (fps).
Lbibl-lbibl
Lbibl-lb ibl tgpe ]BN
b. ]BN C2/CV (1?=x51
(1?=x5166 M1? ppg)
o. ]BN C2/CV wgcesireek (1?=x516 M1? ppg)
i. ]BN C2/CV squbre pgxien (188x51
(188x516
6 M1? ppg)
c. ]BN C2/CV wgcesireek squbre pgxien ( 2=5= x 516 M 1? ppg)
3. KSYI (1?= x 386)
(KSYI) Kbtgdkbn Senevgsgdk Yystels Idllgtte ybka oerbrtg stbkcbrc
trbkslgsg pbcb keabrb-keabrb tertektu. Bcbpuk stbkcbrc vgced ybka tercbpbt
pbcb KSYI sgstel bcbnbh 38? abrgs resdnusg vertg`bn cbk cgsertbg cekabk 26
jutb wbrkb. Yenbgk gtu abrgs ybka cgtrbksglgsg`
cgtrbksglgsg`bk
bk pbcb KSYI seobkyb` 5?5
abrgs.
b. KSYI C2 (1?= X 386 M 1? ppg)
o. KSYI C2 wgcesireek (1?= X 386 M 1? ppg)
i. KSYI C2 squbre pgxien (1?= X 593 M 1? ppg)
c. KSYI C2 wgcesireek
wgcesireek squbre pgxien (81? X 386 M 1? ppg)
5. HC (Hgah Cgfkgtgdk)
Yergka cgseout cekabk resdnusg tgkaag, gkg lerupb`bk perèlobkabk cbrg
resdnusg seoenulkyb cbk te`kdndag ybka selb`gk lbju, lbibl-lbibl
resdnusg HC bktbrb nbgk
b. HCSV 1?=p (2?8= x 1?= M 1?ppg)
1?ppg)
o. CVI]_D HC 1?=] (76= x 1? M1?ppg)
i. HCV 2=8=p (233= X 288= M1?M1? ppg)
c. HCSV 2=8=] (27?= X 2=8= M1? ppg)
e. CVI]_D HC 2=8=] (2?8= X 2=8= M 1?ppg)
f. CIG ?@ 2=8=] ( ?=38
?=38 x 2=8= M 1?ppg)
a. 3@/UHC
3@/UHCSVSV ?26=] (?83= X ?26= M 1? ppg)
BKGLBYG 255

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
h. CIG 3@ ?26=] (3=76 X ?26= M 1? ppg)

g. FUHCSV
FUHCSV/8@
/8@ 39?=p (168= x 39?= M 1? ppg)
j. CIG 8@ 39?=p (168= x 39?= M 1? ppg)
Yelb`gk tgkaag seoubh resdnusg lb`b selb`gk hbnus ablobr ybka
cghbsgn`bk, b`bk tetbpg lelgng`g `dkseùeksg obhwb hbrcwbre cbk lecgb
pekyglpbkbk hbrus oesbr cbk te`kdndag ybka terobru.
Jekgs-jekgs ne vgced btbu sergka cgseout cekabk e`steksg vgced gkg
ogbsbkyb oercbsbr`bk perusbhbbk ybka lekaenubr`bk idcei rekcergka oergùt
oergùt
gkg idcei kyb bktbrb nbgk :
b. QLV (Qgkcdws Lecgb Vgced) ’ ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`bk
cgperèkbn`bk pbcb tbhuk
2777, QLV bcbnbh idcei e`s`nusgf ybka cgèlobka`bk dneh lgirdsdft
uktu` cgaukb`bk cekabk fdrlbt `dktbgker BYF lgng` lere`b. Fgne cekabk
e`steksg QLV bcbnbh `dktbgker BYF cekabk tre` vgced QLV, kbluk tre`
vgced QLV juab cbpbt cgsglpbk cbnbl `dktbgker BVG btbu L@V. Yeobagbk
oesbr perbka`bt Lgirdsdft lbsgh lekcuùkakyb, kbluk perbka`bt
terseout tenbh lekjbcg tgcb` oeagtu pdpuner cbnbl pekaaukbbkkyb cbnbl
oeoerbpb tbhuk terb`hgr.
o. Xvgc (H.?69 / L]EA-3 ]brt ?) ’ ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`bk
?==2 seobabg pesbgka dpek sdurie uktu` CgvX, Xvgc lekjbcg pdpuner
`brekb èlblpubkkyb uktu` lekadlpres nl CVC hgkaab uùrbk IC
tbkpb lekadrobk`bk obkyb` ùbngtbs. @eobkyb`bk pnbyer lekcuùka
Xvgc hbrg gkg.
i. x?63 (H.?63 / L]EA-3 BVI)
BVI) ’ ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`bk
?==9, H.?63 pbngka cgèkbn seobabg sbnbh sbtu stbkcbr peka`dcebk ybka
cgaukb`bk pbcb vgced Onu-rby cbk seobabg stbkcbr peka`dcebk pbngka
pdpuner uktu` streblgka vgced, ybka cgaukb`bk dneh sgtus sepertg WduSuoe,
Vgled, cnn. X?63 bcbnbh glpnelektbsg dpek sdurie ybka lekahbsgn`bk
vgced oerùbngtbs neogh tgkaag cekabk uùrbk ne ybka neogh èign.
c. x?65 (H.?65 / L]EA-H HEVI) ’ ]ertblb ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`
cgperèkbn`bk
bk pbcb
tbhuk ?=29, H.?65 bcbnbh pekerus ybka b`bk cbtbka cbrg H.?63, ybka
leluka`gk`bk `dlpresg cbtb neogh cbrg cub `bng se`bngaus lekjbab
ùbngtbs vgced ybka sblb. Gkg juab lekcuùka resdnusg hgkaab 8@. Yelub
gkg oerbrtg obhwb H.?65 b`bk lelou`b jbnbk obag vgced cekabk ùbngtbs
neogh obg` sblogn lekjbab uùrbk ne tetbp lbsu` b`bn. x?65 lerupb`bk
glpnelektbsg dpek sdurie. @brekb H.?65 lbsgh obru, jbcg oenul obkyb`
cgcuùka.
Oergùt gkg tgpe ne ybka sergka cgaukb`bk seobabg dutput vgced bktbrb nbgk
b. BVG (Bucgd Vgced Gkternbiec )’
)’ ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`bk pbcb tbhuk 277?
dneh Lgirdsdft, vgced BVG bcbnbh tgpe ybka pbngka pdpuner sepbkjbka
tbhuk 7=bk cbk lelbsu`g bwbn tbhuk ?===-bk. @dktbgker gkg hbkyb ogsb
oergsg trbi` vgced cbk bucgd, cbk ogsb juab lekyglpbk oeoerbpb trbi`
cbrg lbsgka-lbsgka tbpg tur gkg jbrbka cgaukb`bk. @eterobibbk BVG
hblpgr ukgversbn, kbluk lelgng`g oeoerbpb èterobtbsbk `dlpresg
`dlpresg ybka
lekahbsgn`bk ne oeruùrbk neogh oesbr cbrg rbtb-rbtb.
256 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
LBSE_G ]ELOENBJB_BK
o. L@V (Lbtrds`b Vgced Idktbgker ) ’ ]ertblb

]ertblb `bng
`bng cgperè
cgperèkbn`b
kbn`bk
k pbcb
tbhuk ?==?, fdrlbt Lbtrds`b oerstbkcbr oeobs cbk terou`b, ybka tenbh
lelobktu tetbp renevbk senblb gkg. L@Vs cbpbt oergsg hblpgr selub jekgs
idcei vgced cbk bucgd, pnus trbi` luntgpne suotgten, leku cbk ihbpter
CVC, lekjbcg`bkkyb fdrlbt ybka pbngka e`sgoen sbbt gkg. ]dpunbrgtbs
Lbtrds`b terus lekgka`bt, kbluk oenul cgcuùka seibrb ukgver
ukgversbn.
sbn.
i. L]3 (L]EA-3 Versgdk ?)’ ]ertblb `bng cgperèkbn`bk pbcb tbhuk ?==2
kbluk èlucgbk cgrevgsg pbcb tbhuk ?==9, fdrlbt L]3 oerbwbn cbrg
Fdrlbt Fgne Rugi` Sgle ybka
ybka èlucgbk cgselpurkb`bk cekabk oeoerbpb
ibrb. @dktbgker gkg lekcuùka oerbabl idcei vgced cbk bucgd tbpg pbngka
sergka cgaukb`bk cekabk H.?69 / H.?63 uktu` vgced cbk BBI uktu` bucgd.
Juab lekcuùka trbri` suotgten.
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@
]_B@SG@UL
UL
2. Leloubt pekigtrbbk cgagtbn cbk rekcergka

b. Lekaaukb`bk sdftwbre phdtdshdp
phdtdshdp
Lelgngh resdnusg ybka cggkagk`bk
Ablobr 2?.3 ]elgnghbk uùrbk vgced pbcb phdtdshdp

Dpek ne ybka lbu cgrekcer ybka oerupb glbae sequekie iektbka

iektbka obagbk
glbae sequekie
BKGLBYG 251

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 2?.5 Ablobr glbae sequekie

Yuloer : cdùlek prgobcg
Uktu` lerekcer `ng` leku ne <; expdrt <; rekcer vgced
Ablobr 2?.6 Expdrt cbk rekcer vgced

258 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
Ablobr 2?.1 Yettgkabk expdr uùrbk vgced

Leku ybka cgtukju``bk pbkbh:

b. Yeneit fdncer
fdncer cgaukb`bk
cgaukb`bk uktu`
uktu` telpbt lekyglpbk cbrg dutput btbu
btbu hbsgn.
o. Lelgngh fdrlbtkyb
fdrlbtkyb (uktu` lekjbcg fdrlbt
fdrlbt vgced btbu lekjbcg ablobr
ablobr
ybka oerurutbk)
i. Fdrlbt cgaukb`bk
cgaukb`bk uktu` lelgngh
lelgngh idcei yuka cgsecg`bk
cgsecg`bk dneh seoubh
sdftwbre
c. ]reset cg sgkg uktu`
uktu` lekektu`bk
lekektu`bk uùrbk
uùrbk cbk jekgs dutput 
nekyb
e. _bkae oerfu
oerfukasg
kasg uktu` lekektu`bk lbkb
lbkb sbjb ybka b`bk cgrekcer
cgrekcer
IB@_BQBNB
Bpb gtu HC4

Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk HC gtu4 Lekabpb gstgnbh gkg ogsb sbkabt pdpuner
sbbt gkg4 HC btbu jg`b cgpbkjbka`bk lekjbcg Hgah Cekgtgdk gkg seoekbrkyb neogh
lekabiu èpbcb tgka`bt cetbgn cbrg seoubh nbybr.
Btbu cekabk `btb nbgk, ogsb cgbrtg`bk seobabg julnbh pg`sen ybka lbsu` è
cbnbl nbybr.
nbybr. ]g`sen ybka cglb`suc cg sgkg bcbnbh enelek ybka ternghbt pbngka èign
cg nbybr, ybka tblpb` sepertg „tgtg`-tgtg`“ ybka cgabouka`bk uktu` leloektu`
èsenuruhbk ablobr.
Ogsb cgognbka `bnbu pg`sen lerupb`bk uksur
uksur ablobr btbu represektbsg
represektbsg
BKGLBYG 257

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
NELOB_ ]_B@SG@UL
IB@_BQBNB
seoubh tgtg` terèign cbnbl seoubh ablobr arbs ybka cghgtuka per gkig.
]g`sen sekcgrg oerbsbn cbrg b`rdkgl obhbsb Gkaargs, ybgtu ]giture Enelekt
ybka cgsgka`bt lekjbcg ]gxen. ]bcb ujuka tertgkaag s`bnb resdnusg, lesgk ietb`
ablobr oerwbrkb ogbsbkyb cbpbt lekahbsgn`bk hbsgn ietb` ybka lelgng`g neogh
cbrg ?.5== tgtg` per gkig, cekabk pgnghbk 26 jutb wbrkb neogh uktu` setgbp gkigkyb.
Brtgkyb, cg cbnbl gstgnbh `dlputer oerbrtg ablobr senubs sbtu gkig perseag ybka
ogsb cgtblpgn`bk pbcb tgka`bt resdnusg terseout sepbcbk cekabk 25= jutb ogt
gkfdrlbsg.
Ldkgtdr btbu nbybr cbtbr ybka sergka `gtb telug cg cbnbl èhgcupbk `gtb
ululkyb tercgrg cbrg rgoubk pg`sen, ybka terobag cbnbl obrgs-obrgs cbk `dndl-
`dndl. Uktu` lekaetbhug julnbh pg`sen ybka tercbpbt cbnbl seoubh
seoub h ldkgtdr,
ldkgtdr,`gtb
ogsb lekaetbhugkyb cbrg resdnusg ybka cglgng`gkyb. _esdnusg lb`sglul ybka
cgsecgb`bk dneh ldkgtdr bcbnbh se`gtbr 2=?3 x 168, lb`b cekabk oeagtu julnbh
pgxen ybka bcb cbnbl nbybr ldkgtdr terseout bcbnbh 18639? pg`sen. Yelb`gk
tgkaag julnbh pg`sen ybka tersecgb cbnbl ldkgtdr, lb`b b`bk selb`gk tbjbl
ablobr ybka lblpu cgtblpgn`bk dneh ldkgtdr terseout. HC sekcgrg tercgrg
cbrg cekgsg stbkcbr tgka`bt cetbgn cg SV wbrkb bkbnda, ybka èobkyb`bk `gtb
julpbgtenbhlelbsu``bk btbu lekyelbt`bk neogh obkyb` julnbh pg`sen uktu`
lekahbsgn`bk neogh obkyb` ablobr ybka neogh tbjbl cbk oersgh sbbt secbka
lelutbr vgced.
Jekgs-Jekgs _esdnusg HC
Ybbt gkg, bcb 9 jekgs resdnusg HC ybka tenbh cgèkbn obh`bk cgaukb`bk dneh
lbsybrb`bt. @eoerbcbbk resdnusg gkg cg lbsybrb`bt ogsb cg`btb`bk sbkabtnbh
lelobktu, terutblb ètg`b sesedrbka hekcb` leloeng btbu lekibrg obrbka-
obrbka ene`rdkg` sepertg tenevgsg cekabk resdnusg ablobr ybka obg`. Setbpg
les`gpuk oeagtu, se`bngpuk sucbh obkyb` obrbka-obrbka btbu ldkgtdr SV ybka
cgsbjg`bk cekabk te`kdndag „HC“, ou`bk oerbrtg gtuobhwb tgpe ybka sepertg gkg
ybka Bkcb gkagk`bk btbu outuh`bk. Luka`gk sbjb Bkcb leloutuh`bk ybka
neogh cbrg se`bcbr HC, btbu luka`gk Bkcb leloutuh`bk èterbkabk
èterbkabk ybka jbuh
neogh cetbgn nbag.
Yepertg ybka cgseout`bk cg btbs tbcg, HC terobag lekjbcg 9 jekgs, ybka
cgbktbrbkyb bcbnbh 1?=p, 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p. Cekabk bcbkyb jekgs-jekgs gkg,
Bkcb puk ogsb oeobs lelgngh resdnusg ybka Bkcb gkagk`bk seoenul b`hgrkyb
lelutus`bk uktu` leloengkyb.
Oergùt b`bk `blg oergtbhu`bk peroecbbk cgbktbrb ètgab jekgs terseout.
]eroecbbk Bktbrb HC 1?=p, 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p
26= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Yeoenul lbsu` cbnbl pekjenbsbk tektbka peroecbbk ètgab jekgs resdnusg

HC ybka tenbh cgseout`bk, terneogh cbhunu Bkcb hbrus lekaetbhug brtg cbrg
huruf „p“ ybka tertelpen pbcb 1?=p cbk 2=8=p btbupuk brtg huruf „g“ pbcb
2=8=g.
Lbrg `gtb obhbs sbtu per sbtu. Uktu` lb`kb huruf „p“ cg sgkg bcbnbh
sgka`btbk cbrg `btb ]rdaaresgve , secbka`bk huruf „g“ lelgng`g brtg Gktrbnbiec .
Jg`b `gtb nghbt cbrg seag ùbngtbskyb, jenbs se`bng `bnbu 2=8=p bcbnbh ybka terobg`
cbrg selubkyb.
1?=p, 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p seoekbrkyb bcbnbh versg ybka cglgng`g dneh HC,
kbluk lere`b oertgab lelgng`g tgka`bt èierbhbk ybka oeroecb-oecb. ]ernu
uktu` Bkcb ètbhug obhwb seoekbrkyb tgcb` selub tenevgsg lelgng`g tblpgnbk
cekabk nbybr 2=8=g. ]ekaek tbhu bnbsbkkyb bpb4
Jbcg, seoenul `gtb lelobhbs lekaekbg 2=8=g, lbrg `gtb nghbt terneogh
cbhunu peroecbbkbktbrb jekgs HC1?=p cekabk 2=8=p. Oergùt pekjbobrbkkyb
ybka neogh nbkjut.
1?=p vs 2=8=p
BKGLBYG 262

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
Yblb hbnkyb sepertg SV bkbnda, hblpgr selub SV Gkaargs seoekbrkyb lbsgh

lekaaukb`bk sgstel ]BN (]hbse Bnterkbtgka Ngke ) ybka pbcb cbsbrkyb lbsgh
lelb`bguùrbk
lelb`bguùrbk stbkcbr ybgtu 516g.
]bcb lsb-lbsb SV bkbnda lbsgh oerjbyb cbk rblbg cgaukb`bk dneh
lbsybrb`bt, selub SV Gkaargs lelbka cgètbhug lbsgh lekaaukb`bk sgstel
sgbrbk ]BN (]hbse Bnterkbtgka Ngke), ybka lekaaukb`bk cekgsg stbkcbr 516g.
Cekabk `btb nbgk, `dktek vgced ybka cghbcgr`bklelgng`g uùrbk neobr 1?=
pg`sen x resdnusg tgkaag 516 pg`sen, ybka ogbsb `gtb èkbn cekabk kblb „Ytbkcbr
Cekgsg“ btbu YC. Kaab` bsgka `bk cekabk gstgnbh gkg4 Bpbnbag uktu` Bkcb ybka
su`b kdktdk vgced.
Jg`b cgobkcgka`bk, nbybr 1?=p ybka oeruùrbk 2?8= pg`sen (neobr) x 1?=
pg`sen (tgkaag) neogh cbrg cub `bng cetbgn cekgsg stbkcbr (YC), sehgkaab leloubt
pelutbrbk vgced lekjbcg iuùp tbjbl cg SV stbkcbr.
Kbluk, uktu` ybka HC-kyb 2=8=p,ogsb
2=8=p,ogsb jbuh neogh obg` nbag, `brekb nbybr btbu
ldkgtdr ybka cgneka`bpg cekabk resdnusg seoesbr gkg julnbh pg`senkyb lekjbcg
27?= x 2=8=, ybgtu nglb `bng neogh rgkig cbrgpbcb YC.
Idktdh èignkyb sepertg gkg, ètg`b Bkcb secbka lekyb`sg`bk tbybkabk
cg Wdutuoe seibrb tgcb` nbkasuka Bkcb cbpbt lekjenbs`bk peroecbbk bktbrb
ècubkyb cbk ogsb lekektu`bk lbkb ybka neogh obg` btbu ekb` cgtdktdk btbu
cgnghbt ablobrkyb.
SV ybka lelgng`g tblpgnbk HC cekabk resdnusg 1?=p hbkyb b`bk ogsb
lekblpgn`bk vgced pbcb resdnusg gkg cbk tgcbògsb neogh tgkaag. Jbcg, jg`b Bkcb
oerekibkb uktu` oerlbgk able HC cg ]nbyYtbtgdk 3 ybka sucbh lekcuùka
tblpgnbk 2=8=p Funn HC btbu streblgka nl cekabk ùbngtbs terobg` cbrg Ketgx,
Bkcb luka`gkhbrus lekahgkcbrg pelbsbkabk SV 1?=p.
Gtu selub cg`brekb`bk ]nbyYtbtgdk 3 btbu Ketgx ybka Bkcb aukb`bk uktu`
oerlbgk tgcb` b`bk oeèrjb pbcb set SV ybka lbsgh lelgng`g tblpgnbk 1?=p.
Bkcb tgcb` b`bk ogsb lekcbpbt`bk perfdrlb terobg` ybka lutnb` jg`b lbsgh
lekaaukb`bk 1?=p.
Yeobagbk oesbr SV 1?=p ybka ogbsb Bkcb nghbt cg td`d-td`d, iekceruka
lekuju pbcb hbrab ybka neogh lurbh cbk senbnu cgpbsbr`bk seobabg „HC _ebcy“.
Gkg cgseobo`bk `brekb 1?=p bcbnbh hbn ybka ùrbka lelekuhg stbkcbr cg pbsbrbk.
Yelub drbka tektu gkagk lerbsb`bk seksbsg lekdktdk ybka neogh obg`,
ou`bk4 Lb`bkyb lere`b lelgngh nbybr cekabk resdnusg ybka tgkaag. Nblobt nbuk,
SV ybka lbsgh lekybjg`bk resdnusg ybka rekcbh gkg seibrb pernbhbk b`bk seaerb
tersgka`gr`bk
tersgka`gr`bk cbk luskbh luka`gk.
Yeobagbk oesbr set 2=8=p ybka ogbsb bkcb nghbt b`bk cgpbsbr`bk seobabg
„Funn HC“ btbu „Srue HC“ `brekb cbpbt leloerg`bk bkcb pekabnblbk lekdktdk
ybka neogh `byb cbk neogh jenbs.
Cbpbt`bh ]elutbrbk
]elutbrbk SV Cbrg 1?=p è 2=8=p Lekjbcg Funn HC Vgced4
Yetgbp SV ululkyb b`bk lelgng`g bpb ybka cgseout cekabk resdnusg tgkaag
sepertg ablobr bsngkyb. @brekb pbcb cbsbrkyb set 1?=p hbkyb neogh obg` cbnbl
lekblpgn`bk sgbrbk ybka lelgng`g HC 1?=p sbjb.
Yetgbp sgbrbk btbu fdrlbt ybka cgterglb SV Bkcb, b`bk cgtblpgn`bk cbnbl
resdnusg bsngkyb. Jbcg, jg`b set SV Bkcb bcbnbh 1?=p cbk Bkcb lekerglb sgkybn
2=8=p cbrg pelutbr sgbrbk, pelutbr Onu-rby btbu perlbgkbk, lb`b b`bk
26? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
IB@_BQBNB
lekuruk`bk ènbskyb babr sesubg cekabk ùbngtbs ybka cg nbybr tenevgsg Bkcb.
Celg`gbk punb cekabk sgbrbk cekgsg stbkcbr 516p puk b`bk sblb.
Yelub sbnurbk HC cbrg OOI, Ihbkken 3, Y`y cbk Vgragk Lecgb lgsbnkyb
cgsgbr`bk lenbnug 2=8=g. Yeoubh SV HC 1?=p èlucgbk b`bk lekaurbkag
lekaurbkag resdnusg
gkg babr sesubg, selektbrb SV set 2=8=p ogsb lekbkabkgkyb cekabk ablobr
bsngkyb. @gtb b`bk lelobhbs peroecbbk bktbrb 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p seoektbr nbag
yb, ogbr Bkcb ogsb tbhu oecbkyb cglbkb.
@eneoghbk kybtb ybka cglgng`g dneh SV oerùbngtbs 2=8=p cbrg 1?=p bcbnbh
ètg`b sbbt secbka lekdktdk nl Onu-rby. Onu-rby sekcgrg lerupb`bk fdrlbt
2=8=p bsng, jbcg lere`b ternghbt pbngka obaus cg SV 2=8=p. Jg`b Bkcb lekcbpbt`bk
`dne`sg Onu-rby ybka secbka oerèlobka lb`b pgnghbkkyb sucbh jenbs lbsu`
uktu` set 2=8=p.
Cbrg seag ùbngtbs ablobr pbcb nbybr SV ?3 gkig cekabk SV ?6 gkig oecbkyb
tgcb` ternghbt ternbnu lekidnd`, èiubng ètg`b Bkcb cucu` cekabk jbrb` ybka
iuùp ce`bt. Hbkyb pbcb nbybr ybka neogh oesbr sbjb, ybgtu 9?-gkig è btbs ybka
cbpbt cgnghbt seibrb jenbs cbk èuktukabkkyb lelgng`g sgbrbk oerùbngtbs 2=8=p.
]eroecbbk2=8=g cbk2=8=p
Jg`b ybka Bkcb bcbnbh peroecbbk ècub jekgs resdnusg gkg, seoekbrkyb
ècubkyb, ybgtu 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p lekbkybka`bk sgbrbk cekabk tblpgnbk
ablobr pbcb hgtukabk pgxen ybka sblb sbtu sblb nbgk, ybgtu 27?= x 2=8=.
]eroecbbkutblb cbrg ècubkyb hbkyb ternetb` pbcb obabglbkb ablobr gtu ogsb
cgoubt cg SV Bkcb.
Yepertg ybka sucbh cgjenbs`bk secg`gt cg btbs tbcg, brtg cbrg huruf „g“ cbk „p“
pbcb 2=8=g cbk 2=8=p bcbnbh „g“ uktu` Gkternbiec cbk „p“ uktu` ]rdaaresgve.
]rdaaresgve.
]elgkcbgbk gkternbiec gkg cbpbt leloubt ablobr cbnbl abrgs vertg`bn,
leleibh ablobr lekjbcg `dndl gkcgvgcubn èlucgbk lekblpgn`bk setgbp obrgs
nbgkkyb pbcb tgka`bt ybka sbkabt tgkaag pbcb ùruk wb`tu se`gtbr 2/?5 cetg`.
Abrgs oerkdldr abkjgn gkg èlucgbk cgibt cg nbybr terneogh cunu, obh`bk cgoerg
kdldr obrgs. Les`gpuk gkg sbkabt iepbt cbk tgcb` luka`gk obag lbtb lbkusgb
uktu` cgcete`sg, kbluk gkg ogsb lekigptb`bk efe` se`gnbs sepertg „efe` ahdst
(hbktu)“ pbcb sgbrbk cg tenevgsg, terutblb bibrb dnbhrbab seibrb Ngve (Nbkasuka).
(Nbkasuka).
Yecbka`bk uktu` pelgkcbgbk prdaresgf sekcgrg cbpbt leloubt ablobr
seibrb oerurutbk se`bngaus, sehgkaab leloubt ablobr ybka jbuh neogh lunus
seibrb èsenuruhbktbkpb hbrus lekabnblg efe` ahdstgka (hbktu).
Serneogh nbag, cgspnby pbken cbtbr sepertg NIC, NEC cbk pnbslb (jekgs SV HC
ybka pbngka ulul) seibrb dtdlbtgs b`bk lekauobh sgkybn 2=8=g ybka lbsu`
lekjbcg 2=8=p.
SV ybka lelgng`g ùbngtbs obg` (ululkyb ybka neogh lbhbn cbrg lere`-
lere` terèkbn) b`bk lekaaukb`bk prdses ybka iercbs uktu` lekaabktg abrgs
ybka hgnbka, kbluk SV ybka neogh lurbh tgcb` b`bk ternghbt iuùp obaus `brekb
tgcb` ogsb lenbù`bkkyb.
Gkternbiec Yibk lunbg cgperèkbn`bk uktu` SV bkbnda obg` seobabg oektu`
`dlpresg
`dlpre sg cbtb (hbkyb lekagrgl setekabh sgkybn pbcb sbtu wb`tu) btbupuk `brekb
SV I_S tub (tbouka sgkbr `btdcb) cg lbsb nbnu tgcb` cbpbt seibrb sg` lelgkcbg
nbybr ybka iuùp iepbt uktu` seoubh ablobr prdaresgf.
prdaresgf.
BKGLBYG 269

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
JENBJBH GKSE_KES

https://www.ydutuoe.i
https://www .ydutuoe.idl/wbtih4v<8ORC
dl/wbtih4v<8ORCEu7C3Ud
Eu7C3Ud
_BKA@ULBK
]ekblpgnbk fdrlbt
fdrlbt cgagtbn ybka pbngka obkyb` cgpb`bg bktbrb nbgk :
2. Ldkd`rdl
?. Arbysibne
9. Srue Idndr
Lbibl-lbibl tgpe cbk uùrbk vgced cbnbl prdcu`sg bkglbsg seobabg oergùt :
2. RVAB (9?= X ?3=)
?. VAB (63= x 38=)
9. ]BN (1?= x 516)
b. ]BN C2/CV (1?=x51
(1?=x5166 M1? ppg)
o. ]BN C2/CV wgcesireek (1?=x516 M1? ppg)
i. ]BN C2/CV squbre pgxien (188x5
(188x51616 M1? ppg)
c. ]BN C2/CV wgcesireek squbre pgxien ( 2=5= x 516 M 1? ppg)
3. KSYI (1?= x 386)
b. KSYI C2 (1?= X 386 M 1? ppg)
o. KSYI C2 wgcesireek (1?= X 386 M 1? ppg)
i. KSYI C2 squbre pgxien (1?= X 593 M 1? ppg)
c. KSYI C2 wgcesireek
wgcesireek squbre pgxien (81? X 386 M 1? ppg)
5. HC (Hgah Cgkgtgdk)
b. HCS
HCSVV 1?=p (2?8= x 1?= M 1?ppg)
o. CVI]_D HC 1?=] (76= x 1? M1?ppg)
i. HCV 2=8=p (233= X 288= M1? ppg)
c. HCS
HCSVV 2=8=] (27?= X 2=8= M1? ppg)
e. CV
CVI]_D
I]_D HC 2=8=] (2?8= X 2=8= M 1?ppg)
f. CIG ?@ 2=8=] ( ?=38 x 2=8= M 1?ppg)
a. 3@/UHC
3@/UHCSV SV ?26=] (?83= X ?26= M 1? ppg)
h. CIG 3@ ?26=] (3=76 X ?26= M 1? ppg)
g. FUHCSV
FUHCSV/8@/8@ 39?=p (168= x 39?= M 1? ppg)
j. CIG 8@ 39?=p (168= x 39?= M 1? ppg)
263 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
_BKA@ULBK
Jekgs-jekgs ne vgced btbu sergka cgseout

cgseout cekabk e`steksg vgced
vgced gkg
ogbsbkyb oercbsbr`bk perusbhbbk ybka lekaenubr`bk idcei rekcergka oergùt
gkg idcei -kyb
-kyb bktbrb nbgk :
2. QLV
?. Xvgc (H.?69 / L]EA-3 ]brt ?
9. x?63 (H.?63 / L]EA-3 BVI)
3. x?65 (H.?65 / L]EA-H HEVI)
Oergùt gkg tgpe ne ybka sergka cgaukb`bk seobabg dutput vgced
vgced bktbrb nbgk
2. BVG
?. L@V (Lbtrds`b Vgced Idktbgker )
9. L]3 (L]EA-3 Versgdk ?)
SUABY LBKCG_G
Oubtnbh presektbsg pekigtrbbk cgagtbn !
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

2. Yeout`bk nbka`bh-nbka`bh
nbka`bh-nbka`bh lelgngh resdnusg
resdnusg ?@ cekabk lekaaukb`bk
lekaaukb`bk
sdftwbre phdtdshdp !
?. Yeout`bk nbka`bh-nbka`bh lenbù`bk rekcergka è cbnbl fdrlbt BVG !
9. Yeout`bk tgpe-tgpe ne fdrlbt vgced !
3. Bpb èpbkjbkabk cbrg ]]G 4
5. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk HC4
_EFNE@YG
_ekcergka lerupb`bk hbsgn b`hgr cbrg seoubh nl bkglbsg, pernghbt`bk cbk
presektbsg`bk hbsgn rekcergka bkglbsg ybka tenbh cgoubt! Bpb`bh hbsgnkyb sucbh
sesubg dutput uùrbk ybka cgèhekcb`g lgsbn `bnbu lbu cgpuongsh cg ydutuoe
fdrlbt bpb cbk uùrbk bpb sbjb ybka b`bk cgpb`bg4
BKGLBYG 265

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB] ]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ AEKB]
B. ]GNGHBK ABKCB
]gnghnbh sbnbh sbtu jbwbobk ybka pbngka oekbr cekabk ibrb leloerg sgnbka pbcb
huruf B, O, I, C, btbu E
2. Ablobr cg btbs lelb`bg
lelb`bg te`kg` ablobr perspe`tgf
perspe`tgf cekabk lekaaukb`bk …. tgtg`tgtg`
hgnbka.
B. 2
O. ?
I. 9
C. 3
E. 5

?. Yetenbh selub prdses prdcu`sg bkglbsg cgnbnug, prdses terb`hgr bcbnbh lenbù`bk
kgshgka. Oergùt bcbnbh oeoerbpb sdftwbre ybka seibrb prdfessgdkbn ogsb
cgaukb`bk uktu` tbhbp kgshgka gkg, ybgtu … .
B. Bcdoe Bfter Eeit, Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp, Lbirdlecgb
O. gLdvge fdr Lbi, Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp
]hdtdshdp,, Bcdce ]relgere
I. gLdvge fdr Lbi, Bvgc Express ]rd, Bcdoe ]relgere
C. Bcdoe Gnnustrbtd
Gnnustrbtdrr, Bcdoe Bfter Eeit, Bcdoe ]relgere
E. Ibrtddk Senevgsgdk ]rdarbl, Lbirdlecgb, Oetbibl Y]

9. Ydftwbre pekadnbh ogtlbp cekabk tddn ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloerg sbtu
lbibl wbrkb seibrb lerbtb btbu lekyenuruh pbcb doje` bcbnbh … .
B. Ouièt tddn
O. Lbrquee tddn
I. Lbagi wbkc tddn
C. Yhbrpek tddn
E. Ylucae tddn

3 Sddn pbcb
pbcb sdftwbre
sdftwbre pekadnbh ogtlbp ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` leloerg oerobabg
lbibl pewbrkbbk pbcb doje` cekabk oerobabg lbibl wbrkb pbcb sbtu ogcbka
doje` bcbnbh. … .
B. Arbcgekt tddn
O. Yhbrpek tddn
I. Ylucae tddn
C. Brt hgstdry orush
E. Ouièt tddn

5. Sehkg` peloubtbk efe`
efe` sg` pbcb ablobr doje` cekabk sdftwbre pekadnbh
ogtlbp tddn ybka cgaukb`bk uktu` lelourbl`bk ablobr/doje`
ablobr/doje` bcbnbh … .
B. Erbser tddn
O. Onur tddn
I. Yhbrpek tddn
C. Ylucae tddn
E. Brt hgstdry orush
266 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]

6. Cbrg ablobr
ablobr ybka bcb, `gtb
`gtb cbpbt lekyglpun`bk obhwb bkglbtdr lekaaukb`bk
prgksgp bkglbsg … .
B. strbgaht bhebc, `brekb nbkasuka lekaablobr tbkpb lekaaukb`bk
lekaaukb`bk ablobr
ùkig
O. pdse td pdse,
pdse, `brekb
`brekb lekaaukb`bk ablobr ùkig cbk pbssgka
pbssgka pdsgtgdk
I. bktgigpbtgdk, `brekb lekaaukb`bk ablobr bktbrb cgbktbrb ablobr ùkig
C. sdngc crbwgka, `brekb lekaaukb`bk ablobr ùkig seobabg biubk
E. fdnnd
fdnndw
w thrduah,
thrduah, `brekb ablobr ùkig oerbcb
oerbcb cg tekabh-tekabh
tekabh-tekabh ablobr bktbrb

1. Cbrg aerb`bk utblb drbka lendkibt cg btbs, seidkcbry bitgdk- kyb bcbnbh … .
B. tbkabk cg`btup`bk cg cepbk cbcb
O. tbkabk cgtbrg` è oenb`bka setgkaag-tgkaag
setgkaag-tgkaagkyb
kyb
I. sbtu `b`g cgnbka`bh`bk è cepbk
C. èpbnb cgtukcu``bk cbnbl-cbn
cbnbl-cbnbl
bl
E. tbkabk cgbyuk`bk è cepbk cbk oenb`bka sepertg oerjbnbk

8. Wbka cgseout seobabg bktgigpbtgdk cbrg aerb`bk drbka lendlpbt cg btbs
btbs bcbnbh
bcbnbh … .
B. 2
O. ?
I. 9
C. 3
E. 5

7. ]bcb ablobr cg obwbh
obwbh gkg ybka lekerbp`bk prgksgp bkglbsg squbsh
squbsh bcbnbh …
B. 2
O. ?
I. 9
C. 2 cbk ?
E. 2 cbk 9

2=. Ablobr cgcg btbs lekerbp`bk sbtu cbrg 2? prgksgp bkglbsg, ybgtu …
B. seidkcbry bitgdk
O. fdnndw thrduah
I. exbaaerbtgdk
C. stbagka
E. dv
dvernbppgka
ernbppgka bitgdk

22. Uktu` lekaablobr`bk
lekaablobr`bk `brb`ter
`brb`ter cekabk sgfbt ybka spesg` sepertg
sepertg ablobr cg
btbs, cgpernu`bk bcbkyb prgksgp bkglbsg … .
B. sdngc crbwgka
O. bppebn
I. bktgigpbtgdk
C. seidkcbry bitgdk
E. stbagka
BKGLBYG 261

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]

2?. Uktu` lekaablobr`bk lbkusgb nb`g-nb`g cewbsb
cewbsb cgpernu`bk perobkcgkabk tgkaag
seobkyb` … .
B. 8 èpbnb
O. 1 èpbnb
I. 6 èpbnb
C. 3 èpbnb
E. 3 èpbnb

29. Hbn pertblb ybka hbrus cgnbù`bk sedrbka sirgptwrgter cbnbl leloubt kbs`bh
iergtb uktu` seoubh nl bkglbsg ybgtu ... .
B. sirgpt
O. sèkbrgd
I. sgkdpgsgs
C. gce iergtb
E. dutngke

23. Cg obwbh gkg bcbnbh bnbt cbk obhbk ybka cgpernu`bk
cgpernu`bk uktu` leloubt lekyenbrbs`bk
lekyenbrbs`bk
jekgs iergtb oersblouka
oersblouka bcbnbh … .
B. sequekie cbk bnur iergtb
O. sirgpt cbk bnur iergtb
I. stdryodbrc cbk sgkdpsgs
C. nbydut cbk stdryodb
stdryodbrc
rc
E. sèkbrgd iergtb cbk `brb`ter iergtb

25. @dndl cg cbnbl expdsure sheet, ybka lelubt peraerb`bk bkane pekablognbk
ablobr oesertb aerb`bk pekablognbkkyb cgseout cekabk `dndl … .
B. cgbnda
O. bitgdk
I. frble
C. obiàrdukc
E. iblerb

26. Cg cbnbl ablobr stdryodbrc, pekablognbk ablobr cekabk hgah bkane oertujubk
uktu` … .
B. lelobkauk èsbk èsbk herdg` ybka b`bk leloubt
leloubt `brb`ter
`brb`ter oerèsbk neogh
oerwgobwb
O. lekagùtg doje` cbnbl lenbù`bk b`sgkyb, sehgkaab sednbh-dnbh pekdktdk
gùt lerbsb`bkkyb
I. lekce`bt`bk `blerb èpbcb seoubh doje` doje` babr pekdktdk cbpbt lenghbt
lenghbt
cbk lelperhbtg`bk cekabk neogh jenbs
C. lekukju``bk èsbk rekcbh btbu sednbh-dnbh
sednbh-dnbh pekdktdk
pekdktdk lenghbt
lenghbt cbrg obwbh
doje` ybka cgogcg` dneh `blerb
E. leloerg`bk èsbk obiàrdukc
obiàrdukc cbk fdreardu
fdreardukc
kc ybka neogh jenbs èpbcb
pekdktdk
268 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]

21. Oerbpb obkyb` frble ybka cgoutuh`bk pbcb pekaabnbk `btb „bpb gtu4“gtu4“ cg btbs4
B. ?? frble
O. 28 frble
I. 23 frble
C. 2? frble
E. 6 frble

28. Uktu` lekbtb curbsg pbcb seoubh sieke, ybka cgnbù`bk
cgnbù`bk dneh sedrbka stdryodbrc
brtgst bcbnbh … .
B. lekahgtuka cbk lekaestglbsg
lekaestglbsg oerbpb
oerbpb nblb bceabk cbnbl sieke
sieke terseout
terseout
oernbkasuka
O. lelobib terneogh
terneogh cbhunu sgkdpsgs
sgkdpsgs lekaekbg
lekaekbg sieke terseout,
terseout, seoenul
seoenul
lekaablobr cg nelobr stdryodbrc
I. lekagsg expdsure
expdsure sheet ybka bcb sesubg cekabk curbsg
curbsg nl seibrb
èsenuruhbk
C. lekyesubg`
lekyesubg`bkbk bnur iergtb ybka
ybka tercbpbt
tercbpbt cg cbnbl kbs`bh
kbs`bh cekabk iepbt btbu
nblobt bceabk ybka cgpernu`bk
E. leloubt ablobr èy èy sesubg
sesubg cekabk
cekabk bceabk ybka tercbpbt
tercbpbt pbcb
pbcb kbs`bh
iergtb

27. Jg`b aerb` bwbn
bwbn cbk b`hgr bcbnbh èyèy,, lb`b ybka cgseout
cgseout seobabg gkoetweek
gkoetweek
bcbnbh ablobr kdler ….
B. 2 cbk ?
O. 2 cbk 9
I. ? cbk 3
C. 9 cbk 5
E. 2 cbk 5

?=. @brb`ter pbcb
pbcb ablobr cg btbs lekukju``bk sgfbt … .
B. odcdh
O. nuiu
I. pekbùt
C. èjbl
E. pergbka

?2. Uktu` lekahbsgn`bk wbrkb ybka sesubg cekabk lecgb sgbr sepertg tenevgsg, lb`b
cbnbl leloubt nl bkglbsg `gtb lekaaukb`bk jekgs wbrkb … .
B. ILW@
O. _AO
I. Bkbnda
C. @dlpnelekter
E. Luntgihbken
BKGLBYG 267

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]
??. Uktu` lenbù`bk pewbrkbbk

pewbrkbbk `brb`ter cg cbnbl pekadnbhbk prdcu`sg
prdcu`sg nl bkglbsg
? cgleksg, `gtb lekaaukb`bk prdarbl … .
B. Bcdoe ]hdtdshdp cbk Bcdoe ]relgere
O. Bcdoe Fnbsh cbk Bcdoe ]relgere
I. Sddkoddl cbk Bcdoe Fnbsh
C. Sddkoddl cbk Bcdoe ]relgere
E. Bcdoe Bfter Eeit cbk IS]

?9. ]erkybtbbk cg obwbh gkg ybka sesubg cekabk nbka`bh-nbka`bh lewbrkbg ablobr
obiàrdukc lbupuk fdreardukc bcbnbh … .
B. selb`gk doje` lekce`btg ibhbyb, lb`b wbrkbkyb selb`gk aenbp
O. seobg`kyb wbrkb obiàrdukc cbk fdrear
fdreardukc
dukc cgoubt
cgoubt lekydnd`
lekydnd` babr gkcbh
cgnghbt
I. wbrkb obiàrdukc
obiàrdukc cbk fdrea
fdreardukc
rdukc tgcb` pernu
pernu cgsesubg`bk
cgsesubg`bk cekabk `dksep
iergtb
C. pelb`bgbk uksur vbnue b`bk lekgloun`bk
lekgloun`bk èsbk
èsbk bt pbcb pewbrkbbk
pewbrkbbk
obiàrdukc
E. selb`gk doje` lekce`btg ibhbyb, lb`b wbrkbkyb selb`gk terbka

?3. Wbka cgseout seobabg ablobr
ablobr obiàrdukc cbnbl
cbnbl sieke cg btbs, cgtukju``bk
cgtukju``bk
cekabk kdler … .
B. 2
O. ?
I. 9
C. 3
E. 5
?5. Lekibrg obhbk refereksg bcbnbh sbnbh sbtu nbka`bh pektgka cg cbnbl leloubt
ablobr e`stergdr. Oekcb-oekcb oergùt gkg ybka lelgng`g `brb`tergstg` seobabg
idktdh oekcb e`stergdr bcbnbh … .
B. telpbt surbt, rulbh bkjgka, nblpu oenbjbr
O. èrbk bgr, senbka bgr, te`d bgr
I. obktbn, senglut, ùrsg lbnbs
C. tgbka oekcerb, obkaù tblbk, tbkblbk odksbg
E. pdhdk lbkaab, tbkaab, telpbt tgcur
?6. Jhdky cgtbùtg dneh telbk-telbkkyb `brekb cgb oerperbkabg èrbs, su`b
oerènbhg, cbk telperblektbn. Cgb sergka terngobt cbnbl perènbhgbk sertb su`b
se`bng leloubt abrb-abrb. Cekabk nbtbr oenb`bkakyb seobabg bkb` tukaabn cbrg
pekausbhb lgkyb`, sgfbt ouru` Jhdky lb`gk lekjbcg-jbcg. Bybh cbk goukyb sucbh
tgcb` ogsb nbag lekbsghbtgkyb. Hdog lekelob`kyb leloubt seabnbkyb neogh
ouru` nbag.
Cbrg ces`rgpsg cg btbs, prdpertg ybka pbngka sesubg uktu` Jhdky bcbnbh … .
B. iutter
O. pgsbu oenbtg
21= BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]
I. sekjbtb bpg
C. sblurbg
E. ienurgt

?1. Ibrb leloubt perobkcgkabk uùrbk bktbrb `brb`ter cbk obiàrdukc ybka tepbt
bcbnbh … .
B. lenbù`bk ldcg`bsg ybka tepbt uktu` jekgs iergtb fbktbsg cekabk oerpeabka
pbcb perobkcgkabk kdrlbn
O. leloubt perobkcgkabk cekabk ibrb lenetb``bk
lenetb``bk obiàrdukc cbk `brb`ter
`brb`ter
cbnbl sieke ybka oeroecb
I. lekaablobr obiàrdukc cekabk uùrbk
uùrbk oesbr babr
babr ternghbt jenbs cetbgn
drkblekkyb
C. lenetb``bk obiàrdukc cg cepbk `brb`ter
`brb`ter babr obiàrdukc ternghbt neogh
lekdkjdn
E. lekaablobr `brb`ter cbk obiàrdukc
obiàrdukc sesu`b hbtg
hbtg tbkpb lekagkcbh`bk
perobkcgkabk prdpdrsgkyb

?8. Cg obwbh gkg ybka terlbsu` nbka`bh leloubt prb cesbgk
cesbgk cbnbl leloubt ablobr
`brb`ter cbk prdpertg sesubg `dksep iergtb bcbnbh … .
B. lekibrg refereksg
O. leloubt ablobr ùkig
I. lenbù`bk inebk up
C. ecgtgka subrb
E. lenbù`bk peèrjbbk pewbrkbbk

?7. Cg obwbh gkg ybka lerupb`bk peroecbbk sèkbrgd
sèkbrgd cekabk stdryodbrc
stdryodbrc bcbnbh ….
B. Ytdryodbrc cgèrjb`bk ètg`b kbs`bh iergtb sucbh senesbg, secbka`bk sèkbrgd
cgèrjb`bk seoenul lekungs`bk kbs`bh.
O. Yèkbrgd cgèrjb`bk ètg`b kbs`bh iergtb sucbh senesbg, secbka`bk stdryodbrc
cgèrjb`bk seoenul lekungs`bk kbs`bh
I. Ytdryodbrc cgtubka`bk
cgtubka`bk cbnbl oektu`
oektu` pndt iergtb, secbka`bk
secbka`bk sèkbrgd
oeroektu` ablobr cbk pekjenbsbk
C. Ytdryodbrc cgèrjb`bk dneh sirgptw
sirgptwrgter,
rgter, secbka`bk sèkbrgd cgèrjb`bk dneh
stdryodbrc brtgst
E. Ytdryodbrc leloer petukju` jbnbk iergtb cbnbl oektu` pbpbrbk, secbka`bk
sèkbrgd leloer petukju` pekaablobrbk sieke cbnbl oektu` vgsubn

9=. Cg obwbh gkg ybka lerupb`bk ces`rgpsg cbrg te`stur
te`stur cbk wbrkb
wbrkb cbuk ybka sucbh
èrgka bcbnbh … .
B. lerbh tub cbk hbnus
O. hgjbu cbk oeraendlobka
I. ùkgka èid`nbtbk cbk `bsbr
C. ogru lucb cbk nelout
E. hgtbl cbk oeraergag

BKGLBYG 212

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
]EKGNBGBK B@HG_
YELEYSE_ AEKB]
O. Essby
@erjb`bk sdbn-sdbn
sdbn-sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr !
2. Jenbs`bk cbk seout`bk peroecbbk bktbrb veitdr cbk ogtlbp !
?. Yeout`bk tgpe ne
ne ybka terlbsu` veitdr
veitdr cbk ogtlbp !
9. Bpb ybka cglb`suc cekabk F]Y 4
3. Jenbs`bk lbibl-lbibl tgpe ne vgced oesertb uùrbk pgxienkyb !
5. Yeout`bk tgpe ne vgced oersertb èterbkabkkb
èterbkabkkb !
21? BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ]UYSB@B CBFSB_ ]UYSB@B
Ldcun Hbrt, Ihrgstdpher. ?==3. Crbwgka Iuttgka Ecae Bkbtdly Qbtsdk-Auptgnn. Kew
Wdr`: @hrgskb.
Lurthy. ?==?. Cbsbr-Cbsbr Bkglbsg . Jb`brtb : ]S Enex Lecgb @dlputgkcd.
Lbttesg, Lgihben C. ?==8. Ihbrbiter Cesgak frdl Ngfe Crbwgka . Ensenver.Gki.
Ensenver.Gki. UYB. Lgrbine
Lgrbi ne
Bkglbtgdk Ytucgds, GKI. ?=29. ]rdcuitgdk ]rdiess
]rdiess fdr ?C Bkglbtgdk.
]btldre, Ihrgs. ?==9. She Idlpnete Bkglbtgdk Idurse . Ndkcdk: Shbles & Hucsdk.
Ybputrg,
Shdlbs Frbk` bkc Dnnge Jdhkstdk 2782.She Gnnusgdk Df Ngfe : Cgskey
Lbttesg, Lgihben C, ?==8. Dvernbppgka Bitgdk Lbsterinbss dk the Srbcgtgdkbn ]rgkigpbn
df Bkglbtgdk.
Ihbrbiter Cesgak frdl Ngfe Crbwgka . Ensenver.Gki.
Ensenver.Gki. UYB. Lgrbine Bkglbtgdk Ytucgds, GKI.
?=29.
Lgihben Yeab Aulenbr, L.Y. Aulenbr. Enelek cbk ]rgksgp Bkglbsg ?C
L.Y. Aulenbr, Lgihben Yeab Aulenbr. ?=2=. ?C Bkglbtgdk, Hyorgc Seihkgque
Bkcrew Ihdka, ?==5 Cgagtbn Bkglbtgdk
Qhgte, Sdky. 2788. She Bkglbtdr‗s Qdròdd`: Ytep oy Ytep Seihkgques
Qhgte, Sdky ?==6. Bkglbtgdk Frdl ]ekigns td ]gxens: Inbssgibn Seihkgques
Qhgte, Sdky ?==7. Hdw td Lbè Bkglbtec Fgnls: Sdky Qhgte‗s Idlpnete
Qgnngbl, _gihbrc ?==?. She Bkglbtdr‗s Yurvgvbn @gt: B Lbkubn df Lethdcs ,
]utrb Br`bkgka Obktbnb, Lb`bnbh ]erbkibkab
]erbkibkabkTNbydutT]
kTNbydutT]bcbTbkglbsg
bcbTbkglbsg
https://engo.ukg`dl.bi.gc/fgnes/cgs`2/1?8/joptukg`dlpp-acn-lerngkbfbt-96919-7-
ukg`dlTl-?.pcf cgb`ses
cgb`ses tbkaabn 9 jbkubrg ?=?= jbl ?9.==
https://`rebtgvv.idl/sekg-rupb-cbk-cesbgk/cesbgk-`brb`ter/ tbkaabn 3 jbkubrg ?=?=
jbl 28.==
https://www.orgngd.ket/nl/1-td`
https://www.orgngd.ket/nl/1-td`dh-utblb-bkglbsg-`brt
dh-utblb-bkglbsg-`brtuk-gkg-usgnkyb-og`gk-`blu
uk-gkg-usgnkyb-og`gk-`blu--
gùt-aereaetbk-28=3?5t.htln tbkaabn ?= jbkubrg ?=?= jbl ?=.==
gùt-aereaetbk-28=3?5t.htln tbkaabn
https://igkelbas.id.gc/
https:// igkelbas.id.gc/trgvgbteob`-kblb-sgc
trgvgbteob`-kblb-sgce`gi`-td`dh-c
e`gi`-td`dh-cgskey-oergùt/
gskey-oergùt/ tbkaabn ?2
jbkubrg ?=?= jbl 27.==
http://ènbscesbgk.idl/pe
http://ènbsc esbgk.idl/peroecbbk-bktbrb-cesbg
roecbbk-bktbrb-cesbgk-rbster-cbk-cesbgk-
k-rbster-cbk-cesbgk-ve`tdr/
ve`tdr/ tbkaabn
?3 jbkubrg ?=?= jbl ?9.==
https://www.gcktgles.idl/sigekie/experglekt/borbhbl-hercybktd/efe`-psg`dndags-
setgbp-lbibl-wbrkb/funn tbkaabn
setgbp-lbibl-wbrkb/funn tbkaabn ?5 jbkubrg ?=?= jbl 23.==
https://cesgak.tutspnus.idl/tutdrgbns/hdw-td-bkglbte-b-ihbrbiter-thrdwgka-b-obnn--
ils-?6?=1 tbkaabn
ils-?6?=1 tbkaabn 9 Feorubrg
Feorubrg ?=?= jbl 23.==
http://cgagngo.ukgnb.bi.gc/29912/9/OBO%?=GG%?=%?8SGKJBUBK%?=]UYSB@B%?7.
pcf tbkaabn
tbkaabn 8 Feorubrg
Feorubrg ?=?= jbl 28.==
BKGLBYG 219

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
CBFSB_ ]UYSB@B
htps://gc.wg`ghdw.idl/Lekjbcg-]eka
htps://gc.wg`ghdw.idl /Lekjbcg-]ekagsg-Yubrb
gsg-Yubrb tbkaabn
tbkaabn 2= Feorubrg ?=?= jbl 29.==
https://`ng`hdst.idl/lbibl-lbibl-fdrlbt-fgne-bucgd-oesertb-èneoghbk-cbk-
èùrbkabk/ tbkaabn
èùrbkabk/ tbkaabn 2? jbkubrg ?=?= jbl 23.==
http://www.ibrrdtbibcely
http://www .ibrrdtbibcely.idl/2=-tgps-lel
.idl/2=-tgps-lelunbg-cgagtbn-pbgktgk
unbg-cgagtbn-pbgktgka/
a/ tbkaabn
tbkaabn 29 jbkubrg
?=?= jbl ?9.==
213 BKGLBYG

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
ANDYB_GUL
ANDYB_GUL
Bkglbsg ?C : ]ekigptbbk ablobr oeraerb` cbnbl ngkaùkabk cub cgleksg. Hbn

gkg cgnbù`bk cekabk urutbk ablobr oerturutturut, btbu „frble“,
ybka leksglunbsg`bk aerb` dneh setgbp ablobr lekukju``bk
oergùtkyb cbnbl perèlobka
perèlobkabk bk oertbhbp nbka`bh-nbka`bh
Bkglbsg ien : Obhbk cbsbr cbnbl peloubtbk bkglbsg jekgs gkg ètg`b tbhuk-tbhuk
bwbn bcbkyb bkglbsg. Bkglbsg ien lerupb`bk nelobrbk-nelobrbk
ybka leloektu` bkglbsg tukaabn, lbsgka-lbsgka ien lerupb`bk
obagbk ybka terpgsbh seobabg doje` bkglbsg.
Bkglbsg cgagtbn
cgagtbn : ]eloubtbk ablogt oeraerb` (ldvgka glbae) cekabk lekaaukb`bk
`dlputer ybka juab lerupb`bk obagbk cbrg idlputer arbphgis cbk
bkglbtgdk.
Bkglbtdr : Se`kgsg ybka lekahbsgn`bk bkglbsg `brtuk.
Obiàrdukc fdreardukc: Ablobr nbtbr oenb`bka cbk nbtbr cepbk cbrg `brb`ter.
Inebk up : Leloersgh`bk ablobr cekabk ibrb lekjgpnb` pbcb bkglbsg.
Idlpdsgka : ]rdses uktu` lekaabouka`bk èlobng doje` doje` ybka tenbh
cgpgsbh pgsbh`bk pbcb tbhbp seoenulkyb. ]dses gkg ogbsbkyb
cgnbù`bk dneh pbrb ecgtdr btbu pbrb petuabs ecgtgka.
Cuoogka : pere`blbk subrb bcbnbh te`kg` lekauobh subrb b`tdr cbk b`trgs
ybka oerperbk cg cbnbl seoubh nl è cbnbl obhbsb nbgk.
Ecgtgka : Fgkgshgka cbrg hbsgn idlpdsgtgka cbk spesgbn efe` uktu` lekjbcg
nl seibrb utuh sesubg kbs`bh ybka cgtektu`bk.
Gk oetweek : Aerb`bk bktbrb subtu pdse è pdse nbgkkyb.
@ey pdse : Aerb`bk pbngka e`strgl cbrg tgbp aerb`bk ybka bcb.
Nbydut : Cgèkbn cekabk tbtb netb` bcbnbh pekabturbk tungsbk-tungsbk cbk
ablobrablobr.
Lbagi Nbkterk : oektu` bwbn cbrg sngce prdye`
prdye`tdr
tdr..
Yieke : @ulpunbk bceabk ablobr pbken cbk frble ybka sekbcb.
Yirgptwrgter : Yesedrbka ybka lekungs s`rgp uktu` crblb btbu nl btbu crblb
sgbrbk.
Yeidkcbry Bitgdk : Aerb`bk-aerb`bk
Aerb`bk-aerb`bk tblobhbk
tblobhbk ybka cglb`suc`bk
cglb`suc`bk uktu`
uktu` lelperùbt
lelperùbt
aerb`bk utblb supbyb seoubh bkglbsg tblpb` neogh rebngstg`.
Ytdp Ldtgdk Bkglbtgdk: Se`kg` bkglbsg uktu` leloubt doje` ybka cglbkgpunbsg
seibrb sg` babr ternghbt oeraerb` sekcgrg.
Ytdryodbrc : Yètsb ablobr ybka cgsusuk oerurutbk sesubg cekabk kbs`bh.
BKGLBYG 215

BKGLBYG ?
CGLEKYG
OGDCBSB ]EKUNGY OGDCBSB

OGDCBSB ]EK
]EKUNG
UNGY
Y
OGDCBSB ]EKUNGY 2
Kblb Neka`bp : FBJB_ @U_KGBQBK

Senepdk /H]/QB : =8773233775/=8773233775
Elbgn : fbjbr.sl`5Malbgn.idl
Bùk Fbieodd` : odkienlubhMybhdd.id.gc
Bnblbt @bktdr : YL@K 5 Wdayb`brtb
Jn. @ekbrg Kd. 12 Wdayb`brtb
@dlpeteksg @ebhngbk : Bkglbsg
_gwbybt ]eèrjbbk/]rdfesg (2= Sbhuk Serb`hgr)

2. Auru YL@K 5 Wdayb`brtb (Sbhuk ?=2= s.c se`brbka)
_gwbybt ]ekcgcg`bk Sgkaag cbk Sbhuk Oenbjbr

2. Y2 Gnlu @dlputer, Ukgversgtbs Ybkbtb Chbrlb (Nunus Sbhuk ?==6)
?. B`tb GV, Ukgversgtbs Keaerg Wdayb`brtb (Nunus
(Nunu s Sbhuk ?==8)
Jucun Ouù cbk

cbk Sbhuk Serogt
Serogt (2= Sbhuk Serb`hgr)
Serb`hgr)
-
Gkfdrlbsg Nbgk cbrg ]ekungs

Sgkaabn cg Cusuk @rdkaabhbk _S =1 _Q =3, Srghbkaad, Ablpgka, Ynelbk
Yn elbk Wdayb`brtb.
Nbhgr cg Ynelbk, ?8 Leg 2789. Ye`dnbh Cbsbr cg nbnug cg YC @bkgsgus Cuwet cbk YL]
Keaerg 9 Ynelbk cbk
cbk YLB K 2= Wdayb`brtb. Sbhuk ?==2 ùngbh cg Ukgversgtbs
Ukgversgtbs Ybkbtb
Chbrlb Wdayb`brtb, nunus tbhuk ?==6. Lekjbcg auru cg YL@K 5 Wdayb`brtb, cbrg
tbhuk ?=2= - se`brbka .
216 BKGLBYG

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Cbnbl lekyecgb`bk r ef ef er eksg lbter g ppel oenb jbrbk oobag auru cbk pesertb cgcg`

YL@ Ogsb! YL@ Heobt!

Wdayb`brtb, ….. Jbkubrg ?=?=

CBFSB_ GYG CBFSB_

OBO G Bnbt cbk Obhbk ]eloubtbk Bkglbsg

OBO GG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG ......................................................

OBO GGG ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBS

OBO GV ]_DYECU_ ]ELOUBSBK

OBO V @DLOGKBYG QB_KB

OBO VG LELOUBS ABLOB_ @UKIG CBK GKOESQEEK YEYUBG CEKABK

OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS.............................................

]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ ABYBN .................................................................

OBO VGGG SBHB]BK ]_DCU@YG BKGLBYG CBK ]E_@ELOBKABK YDFSQB_E

OBO GX ]EKBLBBK CBK ]EKAUL]UNBK BYYES YEYUBG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB ........227

OBO X LEKEKSU@BK ]ELOBAGBK NBWE_ CBK LE_BKIBKA ]ELOUBSBK

OBO VGG LEKE_B]@BK NGKE SEYS.......................................................................298

OBO XGG LEKE_B]@BK ]EKIGS_BBK ABLOB_ CGAGSBN

]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ YELEYSE_ AEKB] .................................................................266

Ablobr 3.2? .......................

Ablobr 6.?? Frble oy frble gkoetweek .....................................

Ablobr 22.8 ........................................................................................................................235

]ujg Yyu`ur `blg pbkjbt`bk `epbcb Suhbk

OBO G. Bnbt cbk Obhbk cbnbl ]eloubtbk

OBO GG . ]rdsecur @erjb Bkglbsg ? Cgleksg

OBO GGG. ]rdsecur ]eloubtbk Y`etsb @brb`ter,

OBO GV. ]rdsecur ]eloubtbk s`etsb nbtbr

G OBO V. @dlogkbsg wbrkb oercbsbr subsbkb

OBO GX. ]ekblbb

OBO X Lekektu`bk pelobagbk nbyer cbnbl

OBO XG. Lekabkbngsgs bkglbsg `brb`ter oerb`sg

OBO XGG. Lekerbp`bk ]ekigtrbbk ablobr

]ekungsbk ou`u „BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG“ lerupb`bk sbnbh sbtu bnterkbtgf

]esertb cgcg` lblpu lekaekbn, lekaaukb`bk

Obhbk obhbk ybka cgoutuh- ]erbnbtbk ybka cgaukb`bk

Bnbt cbk obhbk, bkglbsg ? cgleksg

@elbjubk te`kdndag oenb`bkabk gkg oer`elobka cekabk pesbt, lengputg oerobabg

Ablobr 2.2 @ertbs Sr

Uktu` lekaablobr doje` ybka oeraerb`.

Ablobr 2.? ]eksgn

Uktu` lekaablobr sesubg cekabk `eteobnbk oercbsbr`bk cbrg tgpe peksgnkyb,

Ablobr 2.9 ]ea Obr

Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenetb`bk `ertbs ogbr `ertbs terseout tgcb` lucbh

Ablobr 2.3 ]enbte`bk `ertbs cg ]ea obr

Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenuobkag `ertbs. Ibrb pekaaukbbkkyb sepertg pbcb

9. Lejb ablobr (ngaht odx )

Ablobr 2.6 Ngaht odx (Lejb trbigka )

Cgaukb`bk uktu` lenb`u`bk trbigka (lejgpnb`

Ablobr 2.1 NEC Srbigka

Ablobr 2.8 Yibkker

Yibkker (]elbgkcbg) cgaukb`bk uktu` lelgkcbg ablobr cbrg `ertbs `e lecgb

Ablobr 2.7 Se`kg` Lenetb``bk @ertbs cg Yibkker

Ablobr 2.2= ]ek Sbonet

]ek Crbwgka gkg cgaukb`bk uktu` lekaablobr nbkasuka `e `dlputer

Ypesg`bsg `dlputer ybka se`brbka gkg sbkabt oerbabl, tetbpg cg cbnbl

Jbwbonbh sdbn sdbn cgobwbh gkg cekabk oekbr!

Uktu` lekblobh wbwbsbk tektbka bkglbsg ? cgleksg cekabk oerobabg lbibl

Oerg`ut gkg lerupb`bk ngk` peloubtbk

Oubtnbh seoubh bkglbsg gpodd` odnb

]EKGNBGBK B@HG_ OBO

@erjb`bk Ydbn-sdbn cg obwbh gkg cekabk obg` cbk oekbr!

Yetenbh lelpenbjbrg lbterg gkg cghbrbp`bk neogh cbpbt lekaertg perbkbk

OBO GG ]_DYECU_ @E_JB BKGLBYG ? CGLEKYG

2. Ygswb cbpbt lekaertg bnur peloubtbk bkglbsg