DBG B

6;

BG FK DBG^B
L
t
DKYM DOGJOY^
L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
ý O s

BG FK DBG^B LL
L

Mýdo nbmlrfo
L
l
L
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ä
L
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¡
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BG FK DBG^B LL
Mýdo nbmlrfo

Dk r m Do g j o r t
L]KIBFFB Do g j o r t Cu ë r b z
brxQH`/
BNLMLOGB]
Bvkfukmlýg Dìtonos Jkdlflk Ybmursos

ILIfLjj
© Dkrm Dogjort b Lskimffm Dogjort Cuërbz
Nbrbmaos bxmfuslvos bg bspkûof
pkrk tono bf dugno
rbsbrvknos pkrk
© 955;3 Bgtak Bnlmlogbs
M/ Fk`ksmk, ;1

9155; Dknrln - Bspkûk
^bfj./Jkx3 <; 20: 2: >2
L.].I.G.3 1>-<==:91-2-<

Nbpýslto Fb`kf3 D-;0550-9552
Nlsbûo `rëjlmo3 Uoflibk, ].F.
Ldprbslýg3 YBKFLSKMLOGB] ABYK, ].F.
pkrtb nb bstk puiflmkmlýg,
Glgùgk pkrtb puiflmkmlýg, lgmfulno bf nlsbûo nb fk muilbrtk, pubnb sbr rbpronumlnk,
kfdkmbgknk o trkgsdltlnk bg dkgbrk kfùgk gl por glg`óg dbnlo, yk sbk bfìmtrlmo,
quädlmo, dbmëglmo, ýptlmo, nb `rkikmlýg o nb jotomoplk,
slg pbrdlso prbvlo nb fos kutorbs y nb fk
fk Bnltorlkf.

Ukrk Mafoì y Mkrdbfk

LG^YONRMMLÝG
BG FK DBG^B
Bg fbä dbgtb bs ug dktbrlkf pkrk trkikckr bf fbgùkcb bfb rbjbrbgmlk dbgtkf, bs nbmlr,
fk modprbgslýg y bxprbslýg nb bxpbrlbgmlks y rbprbsbgtkmlogbs qub omurrbg nbgtro nb
gubstrk dbgtb y fk nb fos nbdës.
proikif bdbgtb dës bspbmäjlmos nbf fbg
K nljbrbgmlk nb fos kspbmtos dës jordkfbs y proikifbdbgtb
o
ùkcb modo fk jogofo`äk y fk dorjoslgtëxls, bstb modpogbgtb nbf fbgùkcb qub tlbgb qub
vbr mog fk sbdëgtlmk y fk prk`dëtlmk bstë bstrbmakdbgtb rbfkmlogkno mog otrks jugmlo
prldbros kûos nb vlnk y qub pbrdltbg
gbs qub sb nbskrroffkg k fo fkrò nb fos prldbros pbrdltbg notkr nb
sbgtlno k fk kmtlvlnkn audkgk.
Bf bstunlo nb nlmaks jugmlogbs ak lno nbskrroffëgnosb mog dës jubrzk k pkrtlr nb fk
oisbrvkmlýg y bstunlo nb fks mognumtks nb fos glûos mog kutlsdo yk qub pkrbmb pkrbmbgg bstkr
bspbmäjlmkdbgtb kftbrknks bg bstb trkstorgo.
Fos bstunlos nb glûos mog ug nbskrroffo gordkf dubstrkg qub sb nk bg bffos ug
lgtbrìs duy prbmoz por fos bstädufos rbfkmlogknos mog fk bxprbslýg nb sbgtldlbgtos3
‖akmlk fos 9 o = dbsbs bdplbzkg yk k jlckrsb bg fos dktlmbs dës bxprbslvos nbf rostro
audkgo, modpkrtbg b lgtbrmkdilkg bxprbslogbs bdomlogkfbs" (Ylvlìrb ;<<:). Fk pbr 
mbpmlýg y bf uso nb fk lgjordkmlýg propormlogkn por fks mkrks kpkrbmb nb dkgbrk duy
propo rmlogknkk por
tbdprkgk bg fos ibiìs3 bdpkflzkg mog fk mkrk nbf knufto fforkgno sl fk mkrk bs nb bgjk
no o por bf mogtrkrlo rlbgno sl bs nb kfb`räk. Aoisog rbkflzk bg su fliro ‖ Bf kutlsdo y
bf nbskrroffo nìfk dbgtb ‖ (Aoisog, ;<<2) ugk rbvlslýg nb fos trkikcos mog glûos gor 
dkfbs bg fk qub nbstkmk bstk ‖ prbpkrkmlý
prbpkrkmlýg g bdomlogkf— nb fos ibiìs modo bfbdbgto
bsbgmlkf bg bf nbskrroffo nb fks rbfkmlogbs lgtbrpbrsogkfbs. Bg bstk rbvlslýg, sb nbsmrlib
ug pktrýg bvofutlvo bg bf qub fos ibiìs nb kfùgos dbsbs qub yk tlbgbg mlbrtos glvb
fbs nb bdpktlk sog mkpkmbs, kf ffb`kr kf kûo, go sýfo nb nbtbmtkr bstknos bdomlogkfbs
slgo nb tbgbr bg mubgtk bsk lgjordkmlýg bg su lgtbrkmmlýg mog ug oicbto o mog bf
dbnlo. Bstk mkpkmlnkn ffkdknk ‖ksl`gkmlýg nb rbjbrbgmlk somlkf somlkf—— bs nbjlglnk por Aoi 
sog modo ‖ Fk mkpkmlnkn pkrk pbrmli lr y rbspognbr k fks orlbgtkmlogbs kjbmtlvks nb fks
pbrmlilr
pbrsogks mcub fbs ronbkg mog rbspbmto k fks mosks y fos kmogtbmldlbgtos nbf dbnlo—
cuùbtbs, dostrkrë ugk prb
(Aoisog ;<<2). B.s nbmlr, qub ug glûo nb ug kûo, kgtb vkrlos cuùbtbs, prb 

jbrbgmlk por kqubf qub akyk susmltkno ugk bxprbslýg nb bdomlýg posltlvk bg bf knufto
L

DKYM DOGJOY^ . L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
cu`kr dbgos mog kqubf kf qub bf knufto akyk nlrl`lno ugk
y, por bf mogtrkrlo, tbgnbrë k cu`kr
bxprbslýg gb`ktlvk.
K fos nlbmlomao dbsbs kpkrbmb bg bf glûo ugk gubvk jordk nb rbfkmlogkrsb, mukfltk
tlvkdbgtb nljbrbgtb, bg fk qub sb mrbkg vägmufos mog nbtbrdlgknks pbrsogks y kpkrbmb
bf rbmakzo k fos bxtrkûos. Bstb dodbgto nbf nbskrroffo, bg bf qub kpkrbmbg jugmlogbs
bsbgmlkfbs bg bf glûo, sb morrbspognb mog bf pbrlono bg bf qub subfb dkgljbstkrsb täpl
mkdbgtb bf kutlsdo. Bs ugk btkpk mrätlmk bg fk qub bdplbzkg k nbskrroffkrsb fks jugmlo
gbs qub Zyòtshy ffkdkik jugmlogbs dbgtkfbs runldbgtkrlks supbrlorbs qub modpkrtbg
ugks mkrkmtbrästlmks nbtbrdlgknks (kprbgnlzkcb lgmlnbgtkf, uglvbrskflnkn, prbpkrkmlýg
ilofý`lmk btm...) y tonks bffks ldpflmkg fk gbmbslnkn nb pkrtlmlpkr bg fks lgtbrkmmlogbs
nbsnb nbgtro, modpkrtlbgno lgtbgmlýg y sbgtlno. Ybqulbrbg fk mkpkmlnkn pkrk ‖sbgtlr
mog —, nbjlglnk por ^rbvkrtabg modo Lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn Urldkrlk (^rbvkrtabg ;<19, ;<<2).
Kf dlsdo tlbdpo, sb nbskrroffk bg bf glûo ug mogmbpto tkdilìg duy rbfkmlogkno mog
fk modprbgslýg y bxprbslýg nb bstknos dbgtkfbs y bdomlogbs qub bs bf sbgtlno nbf ‖sä
dlsdo—. Glûos nb nos kûos dubstrkg mognumtks modo fk nb nkr ug cuùbtb
cuùbtb kf abrdkgo
bûo mukgno ffork qub ldpflmkg, bg prldbr fu`kr, fk gomlýg nbf otro modo lgnlvl
pbqubûo
pbqu
nuo mog bdomlogbs, bg sbùgno fu`kr fk nb ugo dlsdo pubsto
pubsto qub fb ojrbmbdos kf otro

kfò qub pkrk
bf bstkno gosotros
lgtbrgo nb fos bs sktlsjkmtorlo
fos nbdës.
por óftldo, fk mogmlbgmlk nb ponbr donljlmkr
Bstb tlpoy,
nb mognumtks omurrb dumao kgtbs nb qub bstos
glûos sbkg mkpkmbs nb rbsofvbr fks tkrbks mfëslmks nb ^boräk nb fk Dbgtb.
K pkrtlr nbf sbùgno kûo bf fbgùkcb supogb ugk gubvk jubgtb nb kgëflsls nbf nbs 
krroffo bdomlogkf nb fos glûos. Bf pktrýg nb knqulslmlýg nb fos nlstlgtos tìrdlgos rbfk
mlogknos mog bstknos dbgtkfbs y bdomlogbs gos ojrbmb lgjordkmlýg kmbrmk nb fos nljb
rbgtbs `rknos nb modpfbclnkn y bxl`bgmlk mo`gltlvk nb fks nlstlgtks mktbòräks3 soirb
bstknos dbgtkfbs (skibr, rbmornkr, mogombr) y soirb bdomlogbs (kfb`räk, bgjkno, vbr 
`öbgzk) ]b`óg Irbtabrtog, Jrlta, Skag-Pkxfbr y Yln`bwkyYln`bwky (;<1:), kutorbs nb ug trkik
co soirb bxprbslýg nb bdomlogbs, ‖kugqub sb ak prbtbg prbtbgnlno
nlno qub sb pubnbg
pubn bg modprbg
nbr fks bdomlogbs slg bf uso nbf fbgùkcb, fk mkpkmlnkn nb akifkr soirb bffks pbrdltb
ug glvbf nljbrbgtb nb lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn kf nb fk moduglmkmlýg go vbrikf. Fk akilflnkn
pkrk nlsmutlr soirb fks bdomlogbs mudpfb ugk jugmlýg rbùfknork y mfkrljlmknork bg fks
rbfkmlogbs lgtbrpbrsogkfbs lgmfuso bg fos glûos dës pbqubûos
pbqubûos—(Irbtabrtog, Jrlta, Skag-

Pkxfbr, Yln`bwky, ;<1:). Fos trkikcos soirb knqulslmlýg nb tìrdlgos bdomlogkfbs go
akg bgmogtrkno nktos sujlmlbgtbdbgtb mogslstbgtbs modo pkrk pktrýg nb bvo
pkrk nbjlglr ug pktrýg
fumlýg modóg. Fo qub sä pkrbmb
pkrbm b mfkro bs qub, por bcbdpfo, fos glûos mog ;1 dbsbs mod
nbg fk jugmlýg nb fks bdomlogbs bg bf mogtbxto nb kmogtbmldlbgtos8 qub k fos 9>
prbgnbg
prbg
dbsbs yk aky lgtbgtos por pkrtb
pkrtb nb fos glûos nb kflvlkr fos sbgtldlbgtos nb fos nbdës8
qub bg torgo k fos nos kûos, fos glûos yk utlflzkg bf fbgùkcb pkrk ldputkr bdomlogbs
qub go sog vbränlmks, k sä dlsdos, k duûbmos o k modpkûbros modo pkrtb nb cubòs
nb jlmmlýg. Bgtrb fos = y 2 kûos pkrb pkrbmb
mb qub fk akilflnkn nb fos glûos pkrk rbjfbckr bdo 
mlogbs `kgk bg prbmlslýg,
prbmlslýg, mfkrlnkn y modpfbclnkn y knbdës bdplbzkg k nkrsb mubgtk nb
qub fk.s bxpbrlbgmlks bdomlogkfbs sb pubn pubnbg
bg mogtrofkr y jlg`lr. Bstb bs bf dodbgto bg
bf qub tkdilìg sog mkpkmbs nb rbsofvbr fks tkrbks mfëslmks nb jkfsk mrbbgmlk nb prldbr
ornbg (‖]kffy y Kggk—, ‖Bf fëplz y bf tuio nb ]kdkrtlbs—- Jrlta, R. ;<<;).

1

BG FK DBG^B LL
Bg bf mkso nb fks pbrsogks
pbrso gks mog kutlsdo, bstb nbskrroffo sb vb kftbrkno bspbmlkfdbgtb
k pkrtlr
pkrtlr nb fos nlbmlomao dbsbs, dodbgto bg bf qub fk ktrkmmlýg por
por fks pbrsogks
pbrsog ks modo
bstädufos prbjbrbgtbs vk nbskpkrbmlbgno y kpkrbmbg mognumtks nb bvltkmlýg kmtlvk nb
fk dlrknk. Bstb pbrlon
pbrlonoo molgmlnb mog bf modlbgzo nb fk btkpk mrätlmk nb nbskrroffo nb
fks jugmlogbs ‖tlpo trbs— (9 k 2 kûos) bspbmlkfdbgtb kftbrknks bg fos glûos mog kutlsdo
y qub bxl`bg ug glvbf nb lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn dës modpfbco ffkdkno lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn

sbmugnkrlk (^rbvkrtabg y Auifby, ;<01).

\k nbsnb fos 95 dbsbs sb bgmubgtrkg nljbrbgmlks mog rbspbmto kf `rupo gordkf
(Makrdkg, ]wbttbgakd y Ikrog-Moabg, ;<<1) bg mukgto k fk bdpktlk, bf mogtkmto omu 
fkr, fk ldltkmlýg y bf cubò sldiýflmo.
Uostbrlordbgtb, bg bf fbgùkcb nb kqubffos qub fo nbskrroffkg, bf nìjlmlt sb rbjfbck bg
fks nljlmuftknbs nb fos glûos mog kutlsdo pkrk modprbgnbr kmtos nb akifk lgnlrbmtos,
pkrk rbsofvbr tkrbks nb jkfsk mrbbgmlk, nb moduglmkmlýg rbjbrbgmlkf, nb rbmogomldlbgto
nb bdomlogbs btm... (Ikrog-Moabg ;<11, Oflvkr y Ibflgmaýg ;<<:,
;<<:, ^k`br-Jfusibr`, ;<<9),
bg modpkrkmlýg, por bcbdpfo, mog tkrbks qub go rbqulbrbg akilflnknbs nb dbtkrrbprb-
sbgtkmlýg modo tkrbks nb jotos, nliucos o dkpks jkfsos (Makrdkg y Ikrog-Moabg, ;<<28
Fbbhkd y Ubrgbr, ;<<;)- Ubro tkdilìg sb dkgljlbstk k glvbf bxprbslvo bg fk bsmksk utl

flzkmlýg
;<<9), bg nb
fk vbrios y bxprbslogbs
nljlmuftkn soirb
pkrk rbkflzkr
bstknos
tkrbks dbgtkfbs y bdomlogbs
nb moduglmkmlýg rbjbrbgmlkf, (^k`br-Jfusibr`,
btm...

Fks kftbrkmlogbs k glvbf mognumtukf nb fos glûos mog kutlsdo sb akg rbfkmlogkno mog
nlstlgtks alpýtbsls bxpflmktlvks k glvbf mo`gltlvo3 ^boräk nb fk Dbgtb, Dbtkrrbprbsbgtk-
mlýg (Fbsflb, ;<10), Jugmlýg Bcbmutlvk (Ozzogoj, ;<<2), Moabrbgmlk Mbgtrkf (Jrlta, ;<<;)
mlýg
btm... Bxlstbg nlvbrsos dkgukfbs y krtämufos bg fos qub sb rbvlskg kdpflkdbgtb fos prlg prlg 

mlpkfbs bgjoqubs tbýrlmos soirb bf tbdk ( Bfkppì, ;<<>, Aoisog, ;<<=, Fbsflb y Jrlta
;<12, Jrlta, ;<<;, Ylvlbrb y Dkrtos, ;<<0).
Rgk nb fks nljlmuftknbs dës ldportkgtbs k fk aork nb lgtbrvbglr tlbgb qub vbr mog fk fk
gkturkfbzk y bf nbskrroffo nb fks jugmlogbs qub vbgldos nbsmrlilbgno3 bf glûo gordkf
fks knqulbrb slg qub bxlstk bg su bgtorgo ug ‖ pro`rk dk— prbnbtb
pro`rkdk rdlgkno pkrk bgsb
prbnbtbrdlgkno
ûërsbfks. Kf lùkf qub pkrk fk knqulslmlýg nbf fbgùkcb, go bs gbmbskrlk ugk bgsbûkgzk
bxpfämltk kugqub sä fo bs fk pkrtlmlpkmlýg ‖nbsnb nbgtro —CC bg lgtbrkmmlogbs somlkfbs. Bg
bsto rknlmk bf `rkg rbto nb bstb tlpo nb lgtbrvbgmlýg3 ¿Uonbdos bgsbûkr kfò qub bg bf
rbsto nb fos glûos sb nbskrroffk nb jordk gkturkf y qub nbpbgnb nb ugk dotlvkmlýg
lggktk nb fos audkgos pkrk modpkrtlr bstknos y bdomlogbs mog fos nbdës? Fk tbrkplk
mog glûos kutlstks ak kvkgzkno dumao bg fos óftldos kûos y bxlstbg bvlnbgmlks nb qub
ponbdos donljlmkr bg mlbrto dono su bxpbrlbgmlk lgtbrgk dbcorkgno ksä su mkflnkn nb

vlnk. Ukrk bffo, tkf modo modbgtkik Kg`bf Ylvlbrb, nbibdos ksudlr qub ‖bf trkikco
pkmlbgtb y mogtlgukno, näk k näk, bs fk óglmk kftbrgktlvk kmtukf kf kutlsdo— (Ylvlbrb, ;<<0)
Abdos rbvlskno akstk kaork fos nktos qub tlbgbg qub vbr mog fks nljlmuftknbs nb fos
glûos mog kutlsdo pkrk dkgbckr lgjordkmlýg dbgtkflstk pbro tkdf3)lìg aky trkikcos bg
fos qub sb vb qub bstb tlpo nb akilflnknbs go bstë modpfbtkdbgtb kusbgtb (^k`br-Jfus

ibr`, bg Ikrog-Moabg, ;<<=) y qub fos glvbfbs nb bcbmumlýg bg tkrbks nb tlpo dbgtk-
flstk tlbgbg qub vbr mog no.s kspbmtos3 bf `rkno nb sbvbrlnkn nbf trkstorgo y bf glvbf nb
fbgùkcb kfmkgzkno.
<
l

r

Uor otro fkmfo, mukgno sb akg utlflzkno modo `rupos nb mogtrof glûos mog otro tlpo

nb kftbrkmlogbs (glûos mog ]ägnrodb nb Nowg, mog rbtrkso dbgtkf, mog nlsjkslks..) sb
ak vlsto qub bstb tlpo nb nljlmuftknbs go bs bxmfuslvo nbf trkstorgo kutlstk.
Bxlstb kmtukfdbgtb ug mlbrto mogsbgso soirb fk lnbk nb qub bf rkzogkdlbgto bg tkrb
ks nb jkfsk mrbbgmlk, por bcbdpfo, rbqulbrb ug mogtrof sojlstlmkno nb fk slgtkxls .
Nb Zlfflbrs (9555), qub ak vubfto k kgkflzkr bstb nkto tkgto bg glûos nb nbskrroffo
gordkf modo bg glûos mog sornbrk y bg glûos mog kutlsdo, suirkyk fk ‖vbgtkck pbnk pbnk
`ý`lmk— qub supognräk bsk rbfkmlýg nb nbpbgnbgmlk pkrk ìstos óftldos.
^brdlgk nlmlbgno3 ‖]b su`lbrb fk poslilflnkn
poslilflnkn nb qub sucbtos kutlstks nb kfto glvbf qub
akg knqulrlno sujlmlbgtbs akilflnknbs nb fbgùkcb ponräk
ponräkg
g sbr mkpkmbs nb `bgbrkr ugk
modprbgslýg knbmuknk nb fos bstknos dbgtkfbs nb fk `bgtb, nb nbsbos y mrbbgmlks, mod
pbgskgno
pbgskg no ksä su nlsmkpkmlnkn prldkrlk...
prldkrlk... fk nbpbgnbgmlk flg`öästlmk nbf rkzogkdlbgto nb
pubnbb ffb`kr bgtogmbs k sbr ugk subrtb3 ponräk nkr k mlbrtos sucbtos ug
jkfsk mrbbgmlk pubn
mkdlgo pkrk rbprbsbgtkr nb ugk dkgbrk lgtbfbmtukf ugk modprbgslýg nb otrks pbrsog pbrsogks
ks
qub go kpkrbmlý nb jordk gkturkf— (pë`. ;;<)-
K; lùkf qub otros bspbmlkflstks, pbgskdos
pbgskd os qub bs poslifb,
poslifb, dbnlkgtb ug trkikco bxpfä
mlto y mog bf kpoyo nb dktbrlkf vlsukf, bgsbûkr k fos glûos mog kutlsdo o mog otro tlpo

nb
akykftbrkmlogbs, modprbgnbr
k Fk lgjfubgmlk ynb dbcor bf fbgùkcb
utlflzkr qub qub vbr mog
tlbgb mkpkmlnkn lgtbr
nbfo
qub
bg fk dbgtb. bsb kprbgnlzkcb soirb fk proplk
suicbtlvlnkn sb nlsmutlrë dës tkrnb.
K mogtlgukmlýg vkdos k vbr k quì tlpo nb glûos bstë nlrl`lno bstb dktbrlkf y muëfbs
pubnbg
pubn bg sbr gubstros oicbtlvos y bxpbmtktlvks bg jugmlýg nb fk gkturkfbzk y `rkvbnkn nb
fos trkstorgos.
¿K [RLÌG ZK NLYL@LNO?
Bf dktbrlkf Bg fk dbgtb go ak slno nlsbûkno pkrk
pkrk ug `rupo nb glûos bspbmäjlmo slgo
pkrk trkikckr ugk sbrlb mogtbglnos rbfkmlogknos mog bf fbgùkcb nb rbjbrbgmlk dbgtkf.
Knbdës nb fos glûos mog kutlsdo y mog sägnrodb nb Kspbr`br, bxlstb otro trkstorgo
nbf nbskrroffo muyos sägtodks flg`öästlmos sog duy sldlfkrbs (Uruttlg` bt Hlsagbr ;<12)
pbro qub go mudpfbg fos trbs rbqulsltos gbmbskrlos pkrk su nlk`gýstlmo (N]D-LZ). ]b
trktk nb ug sui-`rupo nb fos trkstorgos bspbmäjlmos nbf fbgùkcb nbjlglnos por Ykplg y
prk`dëtlmo. Bstos glûos sub 
Kflbg (;<1=8 rbvlskno bg Ykplg, ;<<:)3 bf nìjlmlt sbdëgtlmo prk`dëtlmo.
fbg dkgljbstkr ‖nljlmuftknbs pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fks prbùg
prbùgtks,
tks, tbgnbgmlk k lgtbrprbtkr fltb
rkfdbgtb fos bgugmlknos kcbgos, jkftk nb rbspbto k fks rb`fks mogvbrskmlogkfbs, lgknb
mukmlýg nb fks bdlslogbs kf mogtbxto, pomk bjlmkmlk lgjordktlvk y tbgnbgmlk k fk bmofk
flk y fk pbrsbvbrkmlý g— (Dogjort, Cuërbz y Dogjort 955>). ^kf y modo vbrbdos dës knb 
pbrsb vbrkmlýg
fkgtb, fk bxpbrlbgmlk mfäglmk dubstrk qub bf bgtrbgkdlbgto bg akilflnknbs prk`dëtlmks
b.s bspbmlkfdbgtb bjlmkz bg bstb tlpo nb glûos.
^kgto bf kutlsdo modo bf nìjlmlt sbdëgtlmo-prk`dëtlmo kjbmtkg bspbmäjlmkdbgtb k fos
modpogbgtbs dës sbdëgtlmos y prk`dëtlmos nbf fbgùkcb (Fbogkrn y Ilsaop 9555). ]lg
bdikrò, bg otros trkstorgos nbf nbskrroffo dës aodo`ìgbos modo bf rbtrkso dbgtkf, tkd-
;5

BG FK DBG^B LL
muftk bf bs bg fk rbsofumlýg bfb tkrbks bfb jkfsk mrbbgmlk (Makrdkg,
ilbg sb akg oisblvkmfo bf l jl muftk
Mkdpibff y Bnwkrbfs, ;<<1) y bfb moduglmkmlýg rbjbrbgmlkf (Fblgodbg y Fbtts ;<<0) .
Bstb dktbrlkf tkdilìg rbsuftk lgtbrbskgtb mog kbcubffos glûos qub, k pbskr
Bstb pbskr bfb go tbgbr
ug rbtrkso `foikf gl ug trkstorgo bspbmäjlmo bfbf fbgùkcb ‖dbgtkflstk—, akg vlvlno bspb bspb

prldbros kûos, sltukmlogbs moduglmktlvks kgýdkfks y rbqulbrbg bgtrb
mlkfdbgtb bg fos prldbros
gkdlbgto bg bstb tlpo bfb tkrbks. Gos rbjbrldos, por bcbdpfo, k fos glûos mog rbtrksos
sornbrks prbfomutlvks
bfmf fbgùkcb, bflsjkslks bxprbslvks o mog
prbfomutlvks projugnks
projugnks (Jlùbrks-Mostk
y Akrrls 955;). Bxlstbg kfùgos trkikcos qub pog bg bfb dkgljlbsto tkdilìg mlbrto rbtrk
pogbg
sb) bg fk rbsofumlýg bfb tkrbks bfb jkfsk mrbbgmlk bg glûos mog nljlmuftknbs bfb kprbgnlzk
cb (Makrdkg, Mkdpibff, ;<<0) y mog kftbrkmlogbs vlso-bspkmlkfbs y dotýrlmks (Iultbfkkr
y otros, ;<<:).
OICB^LZO] \ BQUBM^K^LZK]
Bf .oicbtlvo `bgbrkf, tkf y modo ägnlmk bf tätufo, bs fk bstldufkmlýg bfb fos prombsos
dbgtkflstks y su bxprbslýg flg`öästlmk k trkvìs bfb ug soportb `rëjlmo. Bstb oicbtlvo sb
pbqubûkss dbtks dës mogmrbtks qub bstëg rbjfbcknks bg fks nlstlgtks jlmaks.
nbjlgb bg pbqubûk
Bg fk prldbrk pkrtb bfbf proybm to Bg fk dbgtb gos akiäkdos mbgtrkno bg bf kgëflsls
proybmto
bfb fks bdomlogbs, lgtbgmlogbs, nbsbos, dotlvkmlogbs... bfb fos pbrsogkcbs y bg fk mkpk
mlnkn nb lgtbrprbtkr bf mogtbxto pkrk ponb r kmmbnbr k fk dbgtb bfb fos nbdës.
ponbr

Bstk sbùgnk pkrtb sb ak mbgtrkno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb bg fk jordk flg`öästlmk bfb
nbtbrdlgknks kpflmkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks.
pubn b bxprbskrsb bfb nlstlgtks jordks sb`óg fk lgtbgslnkn bfb fk
Rg dlsdo mogtbglno pubnb fk
lgtbgmlýg bfmf akifkgtb, sb`óg bf tlpo bfb rbfkmlýg qub tlbgb mog bf lgtbrfomutor y sb`óg
bf proplo mogtbxto 8 knbdës bxlstbg mlbrtks ‖rb`fks— y mogvbgmlogbs somlkfbs qub nbtbr 

dlgkg fks nlstlgtks jordks bfb bxprbskrsb8 jlgkfdbgtb, fks pbrsogk
pbrsogkss rbmurrbg mog jrb
mubgmlk k bstrktb`lks sótlfbs pkrk akmbr ffb`kr ug dbgskcb, modo bf uso bfb fk lrogäk o bfb
bxprbslogbs dbtkjýrlmks.
pubnbb rbsuftkr bxtrbdknkdbgtb modpflmkno pkrk fos glûos y knofbsmbg 
ôno bsto pubn
tbs qub prbsbgtkg, por ugk u otrk rkzýg, kftbrkmlogbs bg fk prk`dëtlmk bfbf fbgùkcb.
Fos oicbtlvos qub lgtbgtkg muirlr fks jlmaks bfb bstk sbùgnk bgtrb`k bfbf proybmtb) Bg
fk Dbgtb
Dbgtb sog 3 .
pkrk modpkrtlr fk ktbgmlýg
Ffkdkr pkrk
]kfunkr y nbspbnlrsb
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor 3 ldk`lgkr
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor 3 rbmornkr
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor 3 ‖mukgno sbk dkyor —
]kibr-qubrbr-pobfbr
Kvlskr
Ubnlr pbrdlso
pbrdlso
Ubnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg
; ;

r
DKYM DOGJOY^ • L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L ojrbmbr
Lgvltkr
Zkfor bfb fk bgtogkmlýg
Akmbr modbgtkrlos
Ubnlr nlsmufpks
[ubckrsb
Mogtrof nbf bxmbso nb slgmbrlnkn 3 ‖dbgtlrks plkn
plknosks
osks —
Ybmakzkr bnumknkdbgtb
Bxmusks
Ybpkrkr dkfbgtbgnlnos
Ubnlr kfò nb jordk lgnlrbmtk
Modprbgslýg nb dbtëjorks y bxprbslogbs
Fk lrogäk
^rkgsdltlr lgjordkmlýg nb ugk pbrsog
pbrsogkk k otrk
Mognumtks lgknbmuknks
Fk dbtk jlgkf qub prbtbgnbdo
prbtb gnbdoss kfmkgzkr bs
bs bvlnbgtbdbgtb fk `bgbrkflzkmlýg nb bstos
kprbgnlzkcbs k fk vlnk nlkrlk 3 mogsbùlr qub modprbgnkg y , sl bs poslifb, qub sbpkg
utlflzkr bstks jordks flg`öästlmks y bstks jugmlogbs moduglmktlvks modpfbcks.
Bstb dktbrlkf por sä sofo go pubnb, mfkro bstë, kfmkgzkr bstb oicbtlvo y nbibrë lgsbr 
tkrsb bg ug pro`rkdk dumao dës kdpflo qub lgmfuyk bf mogtrof y bstädufo nb sltukmlo
gbs lgtbrkmtlvks rbkfbs.
K pbskr nb qub bxlstbg nktos qub lgnlmkg qub bf kpoyo nb dktbrlkf vlsukf (nliucos,
jotos) jkmlfltk fk rbsofumlýg nb tkrbks nb jkfsk mrbbgmlk tkgto bg glûos mog kutlsdo modo
bg glûos mog rbtrkso dbgtkf y glûos gordkfbs ( ‖Uofkroln — o ‖Iuiifb dbtaon — ..., vbr
]wbttbgakd y ot. ;<<:8 Makrdkg, Fyg``krn ;<<1) nbibdos nlstlgùlr k fk aork nb
akifkr nb bxpbmtktlvks.
Bg iksb k gubstrk bxpbrlbgmlk y k fos bstunlos rbkflzknos, bf ldpkmto nb ug bgtrb
gkdlbgto nb bstb tlpo bs duy nljbrbgtb bg jugmlýg nb fos mksos 8 nb abmao, y tkf modo
fo abdos modbgtkno bg otrks puiflmkmlogbs,
puiflmkmlogbs, fk rbspubstk k bstb tlpo nb lgtbrvbgmlýg bs
bg omkslogbs ugk lgjordkmlýg jugnkdbgtkf k fk aork nb rbkflzkr nlk`gýstlmos nljbrbg
mlkfbs.
Bdpbmbdos por kqubffos glûos muyks nljlmuftknbs bstëg rbfkmlogknks mog bf
ëdilto bspbmäjlmo nbf fbgùkcb. Fos glûos mog nìjlmlt sbdëgtlmo-prk`dëtlmo subfbg
rbspognbr nb jordk dës mfkrk, bg dbgos tlbdpo y pkrbm pkrbmb b qub fk `bgbrkflzkmlýg k
otros ëdiltos sb oisbrvk dës rëplnkdbgtb. Mukgno sb modpkrk bsto-s glûos mog fos
kdlstks, fk sbdbckgzk nb sus sägtodks bs duy kftk bg fos prld prldbros
bros kûos pbro nbs
puìs sb nlstlgùbg bg bf `rkno nb `bgbrkflzkmlýg nb fks akilflnknbs moduglmktlvks
bg modpkrkmlýg mog fks nbstrbzks flg`öästlmks (Ikrtkh bt ka, ;<02 8 ^k`br-Bfusibr` y
Kgnbrsog, ;<<;) Fos glûos mog nìjlmlt sbdëgtlmo-prk`dëtlmo tlbgbg ugk bvofumlýg
pkrbmlnk
pkrbm lnk bg kdios kspbmtos, sog dbgos nbpbgnlbgtbs nb fk bgsbûkgzk bxpfämltk y
tbrdlgkg por `bgbrkflzkr fos kprbgnlzkcbs. Bsto go omurrb nbf dlsdo dono mog bf
glûo kdlstk nognb fos kspbmtos jordkfbs y jugmlogkfbs mogtlgókg nlstkgmlëgnosb. ]l
;9

F
BG FK DBG^B
LL
nlstlgùldos bgtrb bf kspbmto flg`öästlmo y bf kspbmto mo`gltlvo nb fk prk`d
prk`dëtlmk,
ëtlmk,
ponräkdos nbmlr qub, kugqub fks dkgljbstkmlogbs mognumtukfbs lglmlkfbs sbkg duy
pkrbmlnks bg fos nos `rupos, bf abmao nb rbspognbr nb dkgbrk nljbrbgtb k fk lgtbr 
vbgmlýg sb nbib poslifbd bgtb k ug orl`bg nlstlgto nbf nìjlmlt3 bg ug mkso pkrbmb
poslifbdbgtb
qub bf slstbdk flg`öästlmo go pubnb dkgbckr tonos fos bfbdbgtos gbmbskrlos pkrk
modprbgnbr y utlflzkr bf kspbmto prk`d
prk`dëtlmo8
ëtlmo8 bg bf otro mkso, bf nìjlmlt sbräk dës
somlkfbs
iëslmo, nb lgtbrprbtkmlýg, nb sbgtlno nb fks sltukmlogbs nb sus
y go sýfo
rbprbsbgtkmlogbs flg`öästlmks (Dogjort, ;<<0). Bstb óftldo kspbmto bs dës nljämlf nb
donljlmkr por sldpfb bgtrbgkdlbgto.
Bg bf mkso nb fos glûos mog kutlsdo ‖hkggbrlkgo —, fk bvofumlýg bs sl`gljlmktlvk

dbgtb dës fbgtk, fk `bgbrkflzkmlýg bs fldltknk, y pkrk kfùgos kutorbs, rbsuftk
lgmfuso nunosk. Fk sbgskmlýg mfäglmk qub tbgbdos bs qub fo qub jkffk go bs óglmk
dbgtb fk abrrkdlbgtk ( ‖mýdo akmbrfo—) slgo fk dotlvkmlýg lgträgsbmk por bstb tlpo
nb mogtbglnos somlkfbs (‖ pkrk quì akmbrfo—) qub sä oisbrvkdos bg fos glûos mog ug
nbskrroffo gordkf o mog otro tlpo nb kftbrkmlogbs. Fos lgtbgtos por bgsbûkr tboräk
nb fk dbgtb k fos glûos kutlstks akg slno pomo bspbrkgzknorbs3 fos glûos kprbgnä
kprbgnä 
kg k rbsofvbr tkrbks pbro go `bgbrkflzkikg fos kprbgnlzkcbs k sltukmlogbs sldlfkrbs
gl ìstos prov
provomki kg mkdilos sl`gljlmktlvos bg fk mognumtk nb fos glûos (Aknwlg,
omkikg
Ikrog-Moabg, Aowflg y L^lff, ;<<0, Ozogojj y Dlffbr, ;<<2). Bg oplglýg nb fos kuto
rbs fos glûos kutlstks nbskrroffkikg bstrktb`lks nljbrbgtbs, go ‖dbgtkflstks —, pkrk
rbsofvbr fks tkrbks. ]lg bdikrò sb trktk bg tonos fos mksos nb sltukmlogbs nb lgtbr 
vbgmlýg mortks y go mogombdos sujlmlbgtbs bstunlos fog`ltunlgkfbs soirb bf tbdk.
Bg fos glûos mog ]ägnrodb nb Kspbr`br, sb pubnb bspbrkr ugk bvofumlýg dës
pkrbmlnk k fk nb fos glûos mog sägnrodb sbdëgtlmo prk`dëtlmo.
prk`d ëtlmo. Bstos mksos sb mkrkm
tbrlzkg dës por fk rl`lnbz y pomk kdpfltun nb sus lgtbrbsbs qub por su nlsmkpkml
nkn bg bf nbskrroffo nb akilflnknbs dbgtkflstks nb tlpo ‖mo`gltlvo —. äl.
\k abdos modbgtkno kgtbs qub fos mkdilos mog bstos glûos rbqulbrbg nb ug trk trk


ikco fkrò y mogstkgtb y qub, bjbmtlvkdbgtb, ffb`kg k kprbgnbr mlbrtks mognumtks k
dbguno nb ugk dkgbrk krtljlmlkf. Bsto go qulbrb nbmlr qub go pon kdoss ffb`kr k
ponkdo
rbsuftknos nbsbkifbs ktrkvbskgno nlstlgtos mkdlgos, soirb tono sl pbgskdos
pbgskdos qub fos
glûos go sýfo nbskrroffkg jugmlogbs slgo qub fks mogstruybg (Hkrdlfojj-]dlta,
;<<>).

Bg bf nbskrroffo gordkf, por bcbdpfo, bf ornbg vk nbsnb fk lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn
akmlk bf fbgùkcb y k su vbz ‖fk mkpkmlnkn nb akifkr soirb fks bdomlogbs pbrd
pbrdltb
ltb
ug glvbf nljbrbgtb nb lgtbrsuicbtlvlnkn kf nb fk moduglmkmlýg go vbrikf— (Irbtabr 

tog, Jrlta, Skag-Pkxfbr, Yln`bwky, ;<1:). ]lg bdikrò gosotros lgtbgtkdos qub, k

trkvìs nbf trkikco mog bf fbgùkcb y bf kpoyo vlsukf, mlbrtks lgtbrkmmlogbs moirbg

sbgtlno y ponkd
os mrbkr ug bspkmlo dbgtkf modóg kugqub sbk mukfltktlvkdbgtb
ponkdos

nljbrbgtb. Fo qub kfùgks vbmbs gos pkrbmb krtljlmlkf (modo pubnb sbr bgsbûkr k ug
glûo k dostrkr kfb`räk mukgno `kgk) akmb qub su rbkmmlýg, k fk fkr`k, rbsuftb dës
gkturkf k fos nbdës y fb proporml ogb ug dkyor gódbro nb rbspubstks lgtbrkmtlvks
propormlogb
`rktks qub, jlgkfdbgtb, knqulrlrëg ug dkyor sbgtlno y ug mlbrto `rkno nb gkturkfl

nkn pkrk bf glûo. ]b trktk nb fo qub Ylvlbrb ffkdkik fk bsplrkf bvofutlvk kutoor`k-
;=

C
akilflnknbs dbgtkflstks y fbgùkcb bg fos glûos kutlstks y go bg fos nb rbtrkso dbgtkf
(\lrldlyk y mols., ;<<:).
Bf abmao nb qub ugk pkrtb
pkrtb nb fos glûos kutlstks dbcorb sl`gljlmktlvkdbgtb bg fk mod
ýg y bxprbslýg nb fos bstknos dbgtkfbs akmb pbgsk
prbgslýg
prbgsl pbgskr
r qub ponbdo
ponbdoss y nbibdos
lgtbgtkrfo mog tonos. ]lg bdikrò tkdpomo nbibdos ofvlnkr qub fks kftbrkmlogbs bg bf
glûo kutlstk go sog sýfo nb rbfkmlýg mog fos nbdës slgo tkdilìg mogslò dlsdo y bsto
supogb ug fädltb jugnkdbgtkf bg tonos fos mksos. Aky ug tlpo nb sbgtldlbgtos mod 
pfbcos modo fk bgvlnlk, fk gostkf`lk btm., qub go nbpbgnbg sofkdbgtb nb fk tboräk bfb fk
dbgtb slgo nb fks bxpbrlbgmlks vltkfbs nb mknk lgnlvlnuo, nb fk ‖or`kglzkmlýg ilo`rëjl
mk nb fk bxpbrlbgmlk nb ug yo— (Ylvlbrb, ;<<:).
fks nljlmuftknbs y fks bxpbmtktlvks bg fos glûos mog rbtrkso dbgtkf nbpbg
Uor óftldo, fks nbpbg

nbg jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb nbf glvbf nb lgtbfl`bgmlk y nbf glvbf nb fbgùkcb. Bg mukfqulbr
mkso pkrbmb qub fk bxpbrlbgmlk sä tlbgb ug bjbmto sl`gljlmktlvo bg bstos glûos (‖fljb-
spkg——, Makrdkg, Mkdpibff y Bnwkrns, ;<<1) fo qub lgnlmk qub ug bgtrbgkdlbgto bspb
spkg
mäjlmo pubn
pubnbb sbr ótlf.
MÝDO ]B R^LFLSK
‖Bg fk dbgtb— prop ogb ugk sbrlb nb jlmaks y kmtlvlnknbs dbnlkgtb fks mukfbs sb

propogb
pubn b trkikckr tkgto fk modprbgslýg modo fk bxprbslýg bg nlstlgtos glvbfbs y mog nljb
pubnb
rbgtbs bstrktb`lks. Fos oicbtlvos bstëg bxpflmltknos bg bf mogtbglno
mogtbglno y fks kmtlvlnknbs vlb
gbg nbsmrltks dbnlkgtb fks mogsl`gks propu bstks. Fos rbsuftknos sb pubn
propubstks. pubnbgbg rb`lstrkr y
bvkfukr bg mknk jlmak. Modo bg mukfqulbr tlpo nb lgtbrvbgmlýg sb trktk nb bvkfukr bf
glvbf nb mknk glûo y trkikckr fubò bg su Sogk nb Nbskrroffo Urýxldo (Dogjort y Cuë
rbz, 955;).
Bg fk Dbgtb,
Fos nliucos nb Bg pkll-b prbsbgtkg
Dbgtb, sbùgnk pkll-b prbsbg tkg sltukmlogbs nlkfo`knks mog ugk
sbrlb nb ‖ iomknlffos
iomknlffo s— vkmäos.
Abdos prbjbrlno por fk bxtrbdk vkrlbnkn qub bxlstb k fk aork nb bxprb
prbjbrlno nbckrfos ksä por
skr ug nbtbrdlgkno mogtbglno flg`öästlmo y por fk gbmbslnkn nb kcustkr fk modpfbclnkn
nbf dbgskcb kf glvbf nb mknk glûo.
Nbckrfos vkmäos pbrdltb k mknk bnumknor o jkdlflkr kcustkr bf donbfo vbrikf k fk fk
sltukmlýg pbmuflkr nb su kfudgo/k o alco/k.
Bg fk jlmak morrbspognlbgtb, abdos lgmfulno mogsl`gks poslifbs
poslifbs qub slrvbg nb orlbg
tkmlýg pbro qub go sog bg glg`óg mkso fldltktlvks.
Modprbgslýg
Fk tkrbk mogslstb gordkfdbgtb bg ksomlkr ug mogtbglno vbrikf ( sbk orkfdbgtb,
sbk por bsmrlto ) k fk sltukmlýg rbprbsbgtknk bg fos nliucos 3 dumaks jlmaks prbsbg
prbsbg
tkg sltukmlogbs bg jordk nb mogtrkstb prbmls
prbmlskdbgt
kdbgtbb pkrk trkikckr bstb kspbmto nlsmrl-
dlgktlvo.
;>

BG FK DBG^B LL
Bxprbslýg
^rktëgnosb nb donbfos vbrikfbs, fk bxprbslýg sb lrë trkikckgno prbsbg

prbsbgtkgno
tkgno vkrlks
vbmbs fks jlmaks trkikcknks prbvlkd
prbvlkdbgtb
bgtb bg modprbgslýg.
Uroikifbdbgtb, akirë qub pkskr
pkskr por jksbs nb kpoyo duy bxpfämlto (donbfkno, bxpfl
mkmlogbs) pkrk fubò pkskr k jordks dbgos nlrbmtks (lgnummlýg ) akstk qub fk glûk o bf
glûo sbk mkpkz nb vofvbr k pronum
pronumlr
lr fos donbfos slg kyunk.
Bf pkso slùlbgtb mogslstb bg `bgbrkflzkr bf kprbgnlzkcb prbsbg
prbsbgtëgnofb
tëgnofb otrks sltuk
mlogbs sldlfkrbs, mog otros nliucos, mog otrks joto`rkjäks o pfkgtbëgnofb
pfkgtb ëgnofb sltukmlogbs rbk
fbs sldlfkrbs k fks trkikcknks.
Bf trkikco bxprbslvo sb pubnb
pubnb akmbr orkfdbgtb pbro,
pbro, sl bs poslifb,
poslifb, sb kmogsbck slbd
prb rbjorzkrfo mog fk bxprbslýg bsmrltk 3 bg bstb mkso, fk glûk o bf glûo pubn pubnbb lr rbffb
gkgno fo.s iomknlffos nb fks sltukmlogbs prbvlkdbg
prbvlkdbgtb
tb trkikcknks y qub fbs vofvbdos k
prbsbgtkr nbspuìs nb kf`óg tlbdpo.
nb nktos
Yb`lstro nb nktos
Abdos prbvlsto kf jlgkf bfb mknk jlmak ug bspkmlo pkrk qub bf mfäglmo pubnk kpugtkr

oisbrvkmlogbs ksä modo ug rbpbrtorlo nognb lgnlmkr k quì glvbf sb sltókg fks nljlmuftk
nbs nbf glûo o nb fk glûk 3 nb bstk dkgbrk, bs dës jëmlf nbtbrdlgkr sl bf jkffo sb sltók k
glvbf nbf proplo dktbrlkf ( mukgno fb mubstk lgtbrprbtkr fk sltukmlýg rbprbsbgtknk nb
jordk `rëjlmk ) , k glvbf nb fks jýrdufks vbrikfbs morrbspognlbgtbs o , nlrbmtkdbgtb, k
glvbf nb fk mkpkmlnkn nb kprbgnbr y rbmupbrkr bg dbdorlk bstb tlpo nb donbfos.
Dumaks mosks ldprbvlstks pubn
pubnbg
bg omurrlr nurkgtb fks sbslogbs y bs ótlf kgotkrfks bg
‖oisbrvkmlogbs ‖ 3 fk dkyoräk nb fks lnbks pkrk fk lgtbrvbgmlýg, lgmfulno bf nlsbûo nb
bstb dktbrlkf, gkmb nbf kgëflsls nb fks rbspubstks nb fos glûos jrbgtb k bstks tkrbks, bspb
mlkfdbgtb fos brrorbs pbro tkdilìg fks su`brbgmlks orl`lgkfbs.
Uro`rbslýg
Bf ornbg propubsto nb jugmlogbs y mogtbglnos go slùb ugk pro`rbslýg bg nljlmuf

tkn 3 sb`óg fk gkturkfbzk nb fks nljlmuftknbs nb fos glûos y glûks y tkdilìg nb su bnkn,
kfùgks propubstks ponrëg rbsuftkr dës jëmlfbs y otrks dës nljämlfbs 3 bstks jlmaks sýfo
L
prbtbgnbg sbr ugk abrrkdlbgtk kf sbrvlmlo nbf bnumknor qub nbib fý`lmkdbgtb knkptkr 
fks kf mkso pkrtlmufkr nb mknk kfudgk y nb mknk kfudgo.
fks
;2
L
ä

ILIFLO@YKJÄK
Ikrog-Moabg, ]. (;<11)3 ]omlkf kgn Urk`dktlm Nìjlmlts lg Kutlsd3 Mo`gltlvb or Kjjbmtlvb?
Courgk
Cou rgkff oj Kutlsd
kgn Nbvbfopdbgtkf Nlsornbrs, ;1, =3=0<->59.
Nbvbf opdbgtkf Nlsornbrs,
Ikrog-Moabg8 ]. Fbsflb, K. D. y Jrlta, R. (;<12)3 ¿Nobs tab Kutlstlm Malfn Akvb k ‖âbo-
ry oj Dlgmf?— Mo`gltlog, 9;,
Ikrfkh, F., Yuttbr, D. y Mox, K. (;<02)3 K modpkrktlvo stuny oj lgjkgtlfb kutlsd kgn spb-
mljlm nbvbfopdbgtkf fkgùk`b nlsornbr. Irltlsa Cou
Courgk
rgkff oj Usymaofo`y, ;9:, ;90-;>2.
Irbtabrtog, L8 Jrltz, C.8 Skag-Pkxfbr, M. y Yln`bwky, N. ( ;<1:)3 Fbkrglg` to tkfh kiout
bdotlogs3 Ë jugmtlogkflst pbrspbmtlvb. Malfn. Nbvbfopdbgt,
Nbvbfopdbgt, 2;, 29<-2>1.
Makrdkg, ^8 ]wbttbgakd, C. y Ikrog-Moabg, ]. (;<<1)3 Kg Bxpbrldbgtkf lgvbstl`ktlog oj
somlkf mo`gltlvb kilfltlbs lg lgjkgts wlta kutlsd3 mflglmkf ldpflmktlogs. LgC'kgt Dbgtkf
Dbgtkf
Abkfta Courgkf,
;< (9), 9:5-902.
Makrdkg, ^. y Ikrog-Moabg, ]. (;<<2)3 Rgnbrstkgnlg` Uaotos, Donbfs, kgn Ibflbjs3 K
tbst oj tab Donufkrlty âbsls oj âbory oj Dlgn. Mo`gltlvb Nbvbfopdbgt,
Nbvbfopdbgt, ;5, 910-9<1.
Makrdkg, ^.8 Mkdpibff, K. y Bnwkrns F. ]. (;<<1)3 âbory oj dlgn pbrjordkgmb
pbrjordk gmb lg malf-
nrbg, knofbsmbgts, kgn knufts wlta k dbgtkf akgnlmkp. Mo`gltlvb Nbvbfopdbgt, ;=,
=50-=99.
Makrdkg, ^. y Mkdpibff, K. (;<<0)3 Ybflkilflty oj âbory oj Dlgn ^ksh Ubrjordkgmb iy
Lgnlvlnuëls wlta k Fbkrglg` Nlskilflty3 K rmsbkrma Gotb. Cou Courgk
rgkff Malfn Usymaofo`y
kgn Usymalktry, vof.=1 (:), .092-0=5.
Makrdkg, ^. y Fyg``krn (;<<1)3 Nobs k Uaoto`rkpalm Mub Jkmlfätktb Jkfsb Ibflbj Ubrjor 
Courgkf oj
dkgmb lg ]uicbmt wlta Kutlsd? Courgkf Kutlsd
Nlsornbrs, Zof.
Nbvbfopd bgtkf Nlsornbrs,
kgn. Nbvbfopdbgtkf
91 (;).
Nb Zlfflbrs, C. (9555)3 Fkgùk`b kgn tabory oj dlgn3 wakt krb tab nbvbfopdbgtkf rbfk-
tlogsalps.W Bg3 Ikrog-Moabg, ]. y ot.3 Rgnbrstkgnlg` otabr dlgns. Oxjorn, Oxjorn
Rglvbrslty Urbss, 9- bn.
Jlùbrks- Mostk, N. y Jfkrrls B. (955;)3 âbory oj Dlgn
Dlgn Nbvbfopdbgt lg Nbkj Malfnrbg8
^bst oj Jkfsb Ibflbj Rgnbrstkgnlg`. C.
k Gog-vbrikf ^bst C. oj Nbkj
]tunlbs kgn Bnumkt.
Bnumkt.
Nbkj

:8 9, <9-;59.Jrlta, R. (;<<;)3 Kutlsdo. Akmlk ugk bxpflmkmlýg nbf bgl`dk. Dknrln,
Kflkgzk Bnltorlkf.
Jfknwlg, C.8 Ikrog-Moabg, ].8 Aowflg, U. y Alff, H. (;<<0)3 ¿Uonbdos bgsbûkr k mod 
prbgnbr bdomlogbs, mrbbgmlks o jlmmlogbs k fos glûos kutlstks?. Bg Ylvlbrb, K.8 Dkr-
tos, C. (modp) ^rktkdlbgto nbf kullsdo. Gubvks pbrspbmtlvks.
Dknrln, Krtb`rkj.
L^kppì, J. (;<<><.- Lgtro nummlýg kf kutlsdo . Uslmofo`äk y bnumkmlýg. Kflkgzk Bnltorlkf.
Lgtronummlýg
Aoisog, Y.8 Oustog, C. y Fbb, K. ( ;<1<)3 Gkdlg` bdotlog lg jkmbs kgn vofbbs3 kilfltlbs
kgn nlskilfltlbs lg kutlsd kgn dbgtkf rbtkrnktlog. Irltlsa Courgk
Cou rgkff oj Nbvbfopdbgtkf
Nbvbfopdbgtkf

Usymaofo`y. 0, 9=0-925.
Aoisog, Y. (;<<2)3 Bf kutlsdo y bf nbskrroffo nb fk dbgtb. Dknrln, Kflkgzk Bnltorlkf.
Hkrdlfojj-]dlta, K. (;<<>)3 Dës kffë nb fk donufkrlnkn. Dknrln, Kflkgzk Bnltorlkf.
fý

BG FK
DBG^B LL
Fmmhkd, ]. y Ubrgbr, C. (;<<;)3 ‖Nobs tab kutlstlm malfmf akvb k dbtkrbprbsbgtktlogkf nìjl
mlt?—, Mo`gltlog, >5, 95=-9;1.
Fblgogbg, B. y Fbtts, M.(;<<0)3 Ybjbrbgtlkf modduglmktlog tkshs pbrjord
pbrjordkgmb
kgmb iy gordkf
kgn prk`dktlmkffy ldpklrbn malfmfbrg .Bur. Cour. OC'Nls. Oj Molgd. '29, 2=-:2.
prk`dktlmkffy
Fbogkrn, F.I. y Ilsaop, N.Z.D. (9555)3 ]pbbma kgn LWgùk`b
LWgùk`b Ldpklrdbg
Ldpk lrdbgtsts lg Malfnrbg.
Aovb (RH). U.symaofo`y
U.symaofo`y Urbss.
Fbsflb, K. (;<10)3 Urbtbgsb kgn rbprbsbgtktlog3 âb orl`lgs oj ‖âbory oj Dlgmf— Usymao-
fo`lmkf Ybvlbw,
Ybvlbw, <>, >;>->9:.
Dogjort, D. (;<<0)3 Ubrspbmtlvks nb lgtbrvbgmlýg bg moduglmkmlýg y fbgùkcb bg glûos

mog rksòs y/o nlsjkslk rbmbptlvk. Bg Ylvlbrb, K. y Dkrtos, C. (modp.)3 ^rkfkdlbgto
^rkfkdlbgto
nbf kuflsdo. Gubvks pbrspbmtlvks.
Dknrln, Krtb`rkj.
Dogjort, D., Cuërbz, K. y Dogjort L. (955>)3 Glûos mog ^rkstorgos Urk`dmltlmos nbf Fbg Fbg
ùkcb y fk Moduglmkmlýg. Dknrln. Bgtak Bnlmlogbs.
y Ibflgmaýg, D. (;<<:) Ukutks nb moduglmkmlýg rbjbrbgmlkf bg kutlsdo y
Oflvkr, C.]. y
Oflvkr, y psl
psl
L mosls nb kpkrlmlýg tkrnäk. Z Mog`rbso Kutlsd-Buropb.
Kutlsd-Buropb. Ikrmbfogk.
Ozogojj, ]. (;<<2)3 Bxbmutlvb Jugmtlogs lg kutlsd. Bg ]aopfbr, B. y Dbsliov, @ (bmfs.)3
Fbkrglg` kgn Mo`gltlog lg Kutlsd.
Kutl sd. Gubvk \orh, Fbgud Urbss, ;<<-9;<.

Uruttlg`, M. y Hlrmagbr, N. (;<1=)3 Kppflbn prk`dktlms. Bg @kffkàbr, ^. y Uruttlg`, M.
Lgtbrvbg tlog Lssubs lg Fkgùk`b.
(bmfs)3 Urk`dktlm kssbssdbgt kgn Lgtbrvbgtlog Fkgùk`b. ]kg Nlbò. Moffb-
`b-Alff Urbss.
Ykplg, L. (;<<:)3 Nbvbfopdbgtkf Fkgùk`b Nlsornbrs3 k Mflglmkf Rpnktb. Courgkf Cou rgkf oC'Malfn
Usymaofo`y kgn Usymalktry,
Usymalktry, 2F- :>=-:22-
)
Ykplg, L. y Kflbg, N.K. (;<1=)3 Nbvbfopdbgtkf Fkgùk`b Nlsornbrs3 Gosofo`lm Mogslmfb-
rktlogs. Bg Hlsh, R. (bmF)3 Gburopsymaofo`y oj Fkgùk`b,
Ybknl g` kgn ]pbfflg`. GbwW
Ybknlg`
\orh, Kmknbdlm Urbss, ;22-;1>.
Ylvlbrb, K. (;<<0)3 Bf trktkdlbgto nbf kutlsdo modo trkstorgo nbf nbskrroffo3 prlgmlplos

`bgbrkfbs. Bg Ylvlbrb, K. y Dkrtos,}. (modp.)3 ^rktkdlbgto nbf kutlsdo. Gubvks pbrs
pbmtlvks.
pbmtlv ks. Dknrln, Krtb`rkj.
f Ylvlbrb, K. (;<<:)3 Kmtlvlnkn y sbgtlno bg bf kutlsdo. 2 ta mog`rbss kutlsd-buropb. Ikr 
Ylvlbrb,
mbfogk.
]otlffo, D. y Ylvlbrb, K. (;<<0)3 Bf fbgùkcb nb rbjbrbgmlk dbgtkf nb glûos mog kutlsdo
y bf bdpfbo nb dktbrlkfbs gkrrktlvos bg fk lgtblvbgmlýg tbrkpbótlmk. Bg Ylvlbrb, K.8

Dkrtos,}. (modp)3 ^rktkdlbgto nbf kutlsdo. Gubvks pbrspbmtlvks.
Dknrln, Krtb`rkj.
]wbttbgakg, }.@., Ikrog-Moabg, ]., @ýdbz, }-M y Kfsa, ].P. (;<<:)3 Pakt“s Lgslnb ]odb-
Abkn? Mogmblvlg` oj tab Dlgmf ks k Mkdbrk L-Lbfps Malfnrbg wlta Kutlsd Kmqul-
ogb^s Abkn?
Gburopsymalktry, ;, ;30=-11.
rb kg Kftbrgktlvb to k âboly oj Dlgmf. Mo`gltlvb Gburopsymalktry,
; k`br-Jfusf3)br`, FL. (;<<=)3 Pakt fkgùk`b rbvbkjs kiout tab ugmfbrstkgnlg` oj dlgmfs lg

malfnrbg wlta kutlsd, bg Ikrog-Moabg y otro.s (;<<=)3 Rgnbrstkgnlg` otabrs dlgns. dlgns.
Oxjorn Rglvbrslty Urbss.
/ ^k`br-Jfusibr`, A. (;<<9)3 Kutlstlm malfnrbg“s tkfh kiout psymaofo`lm kf ]tktbs3 nìjlmlts lg
psymaofo`lmkf

tab bkrfy kmm(ulsltlog oj k tabory oj dlgmf. Malfn Nbvbfopdbgt.,
Nbvbfopdbgt., :=, ;:;-;09.
^k`br-Jfusibr`, A. y Kgmfbrsog, D. (;<<;)3 âb Nbvbfopdbgt oj Mogtlg`bgt Nlsmoursb
Courgkf oj Malfn Usymaofo`y kgn Usymalktry, 2, ;;9=-;;=>.
lg Kutlstlm Malfnrbg. Courgkf
Kilflty lg
;0
f

L

^rbvkrtabg, M. (;<19)3 âb prldkly dotlvbs jor moocNbrktlvb ugmfbrstkgmflg`. Bg Iuttbr-

Nbvbfopdbgt qj Rgmlbrs-
worta, @. \ Flàt, U. (bmfs.)3 ]omlkf Mo`gltlog. ]tunlbs oj äab Nbvbfopdbgt
tkgmflg`. Irlàtog3 Bfkvbstbr Urbss.
^rbvkrtabg, M. (;<<2)3 Mýdo y mukgno moduglmkg fos glûos. Bg Dogjort, D (bn.) Bgsb
ûkr k akifkr. LZ]l
LZ]ldposl
dposlo Foòpbnlk. Dknrln, MBUB.
o nb Foòpbnlk.
^rbvkrtabg, M. \., Auifby, U. (;<01)3 ]bmognkly lgtbrsuicbmtlvlty3 mogjlnbgmb mogjlgnlg`
kgn kmts oj dbkglg` lg tab jlrst ybkr. Lg3 Fomh (bn) Kmtlog3 `bsturb kgn sydiof3 tab
bdbr`bgmb oj k`b . Fognog. Kmknbdlm Urbss, ;1=-99<
Fkgùk`b
Fkgù

\lrdlyk, G.8 ]ofodoglmk-Fbvl, N., ]aufdkg, M. y Ulfowshy, ^. (;<<:)3 âbory oj Dlgn
Kilfltlbs lg Lgnlvlnuëls wlta Kutlsd, Nowg ]ygnrodb kgn Dbgtkf rbtkrnktlog oj Rgh-
Kilfltlbs
gowg Btlofo`y3 âb Yofb oj k`b kgn Lgtbfl`bgmb. Courgk
Cou rgkff oj Malfn Usymaofo`y Kgn
Kgn
Usymalktry. ]L, 13;55=-;5;>.
;1

!▥

BG FK DBG^B LL

Mýdo nbmlrfo
;
L

L

JLMAK ;3 nliucos ;, 9 y =
Mogtbglno3
iëslmk3 ffkdkr k otrk pbrsogk
]b trktk nb fk jugmlýg nbmfkrktlvk dës iëslmk3 pbrsogk sýfo pkrk
pkrk
modpkrtlr fk ktbgmlýg y bf lgtbrìs akmlk kfò
Jordktos nb
Jordktos nb trkikco3
trkikco3
„ Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb bf bgugmlkno ( o fo bgtrb`k por bsmrlto) y
y bf
glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr bf nliuco o mofomkr bf tbxto bsmrlto bg bf iomk 
nlffo morrbspognlbgtb.
- Bxprbslýg3 fk glûk/bf glûo bxprbsk o bsmrlib fos bgugmlknos bg ugk prb 
prb
sbgtkmlýg postbrlor
postbrlor
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

Fk ffkdknk mfëslmk bdplbzk por ‖Dlrk...—, tkdilìg pubnb kûknlrsb bxprbslo

gbs modo ‖jäcktb...— o kf`óg bfbdbgto nbsmrlptlvo modo ‖¡quì ioglto! dlrk
modo vubfk, dlrk fo qub akò, dlrk fo qub ab nliuckno, dlrk dls iotks
iotks....
....—.
^kdilìg subfb bdpbzkr mog ug vomktlvo8 pkpë, dkdë...—.
k
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...................
.........................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk
pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos prop
propubst
ubstos
os por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k otrk.
0.[

'^
!
ä FK DBG^B
BG LL
;
;
9;

JLMAK 93 nliucos > y 2
Mogtbglno3
iëslmk3 ffkdkr k otrk pbrsogk
]b trktk nb fk jugmlýg nbmfkrktlvk dës iëslmk3 pbrsogk sýfo pkrk
pkrk
modpkrtlr fk ktbgmlýg y bf lgtbrìs akmlk kfò
Jordktos nb nb trkikco3
trkikco3
„ Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb bf bgugmlkno M o fo bgtrb`k por bsmrlto) y bf
bf
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs 3
,
Fk ffkdknk jäcktb...—bdplbzk
modo ‖mfëslmk o kf`óg por ‖Dlrk...— tkdilìg pubnb kûknlrsb bxprbslo 
gbs bfbdbgto nbsmrlptlvo modo ‖ ¡quì ioglto!
dlrk
modo vubfk, dlrk fo qub akò, dlrk fo qub ab nliuckno, dlrk dls iotks.
iotks....
...—.
^kdilìg subfb bdpbzkr mog ug vomktlvo3 ‖ pkpë, dkdë...—.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .................
.........................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmu Ltknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propub
propubstos
stos por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k otrk.
99

F

BG FK DBG^B LL
>
9=
r
)
l

DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK =3 nliucos : y 0
Mogtbglno3 skfunkr o nbspbnlrsb.

Bxlstbg vkrlks jordks
nb fk jkdlflkrlnkn nb skfunkrsb y nbspbnlrsb bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbxto y
nbf lgtbrfomutor.
K trkvìs nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsbgtk
prbsbgtknks
nks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog 

trkstb pkrk jkmlfltkr fk oisbrvkmlýg nbf mogtbxto, sb prbtb gnb bgtrbgkr kf
prbtbgnb kf
glûo/k fk glûk k pbrmlilr y bgtbgnbr bsks nljbrbgmlks y k lgmorporkr fks nls
tlgtks jýrdufks nb kmubrno mog bsos nktos.
Jordktos nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
- Modprbgslýg8 bf knufto nlmb bf bgugmlkno ( o fo bgtrb`k por bsmrlto) y bf

postbrlor
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
pubnbb bdpbzkr mog bf prldbr mogtrkstb dës sbgmlffo3
]b pubn
iubgos näks - iubgks
‖ iubgos iubgks gomabs—
K pkrtlr nb kffä, sb pubn
pubnbg
bg kûknlr jýrdufks modpfbdbgtkrlks y dës lgnlrbm 
tks modo3
qub nubrdks ilbg bs fk aork
qub nbsmkgsbs vkdos, krrlik
akstk dkûkgk vkdos, qub bs tkrnb
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak 8 .................
.........................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fk fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
9>
L

BG FK DBG^B LL
L?
r
¡
a
l
l
f :
¡'
l
;
l
l '▥
L

l
L
f‑
l
! ;
l
.
92

l

JLMAK >3 nliucos 1, <, ;5 y ;;
Bxlstbg vkrlks jordks nb skfunkrsb y nbspbnlrsb bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbxto y
nb fk jkdlflkrlnkn nbf lgtbrfomutor.
K trkvìs nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsbgtkn
prbsbgtknks
ks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog

trkstb pkrk jkmlfltkr fk oisblvkmlýg nbf mogtbxto, sb prbtbg
prbtbgnb
nb bgtrbgkr kf
kf
trkikco3
postbrlor
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3

Kqul sb prbsbgtk
prbsbgtkg
nbspbnlrsb
„ g nos
nb ug glûomogtrkstbs3
qub bgtrk bg bf mofb`lo
„ nbspbnlrsb nb kfùlìg qub sb vk nb vlkcb bg kvlýg
‖knlos, akstk fubò, pýrtkt ilbg, trkikck...— pkrk bf prldbro
pýrtktbb ilbg,
‖knlos, iubg
iubg vlkcb, tbg mulnkno, qub tb fo pksbs ilbg...— pkrk
pksbs ilbg...— pkrk bf sbùgno
- skfunkrsb bgtrb glûos kf ffb`kr

kf mofb`lo
O o
- nbspbnlrsb nb modpkûbros kf skflr nbf mofb`lo
- ‖aofk, iubgos näks, quì tkf, aoy tbgbdos bxkdbg....— pkrk bf prl

dbro
- ‖knlos, akstk dkûkgk, db voy morrlbgno qub tbgò prlsk... — pkrk bf
bf
sbùgno
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsog
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propubs
tos por bf knufto, nb ugk
propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
9:
L
L
FK DBG^B
BG LL
}
l
1 <
;5 ; ;
90
r

JLMAK 23 nliucos ;9, ;= y ;>
K trkvìs nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsbgtknks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog

trkstb pkrk jkmlfltkr fk oisbrvkmlýg nbf mogtbxto, sb prbtb gnb bgtrbgkr kf
prbtbgnb
trkikco3
bf
postbrlor
Mogsl`gks poslif
poslifbs
bs
Kqul sb prbsbgtkg sltukmlogbs dës modpfbcks nb kgkflzkr3
- Bg bf nliuco ;93 aky qub kpflmkr ug kgëflsls dbgtkflstk ug pomo dës bfk
iorkno pkrk bgtbgnbr qub fk sbûork go skib qulìg ak ffkdkno y fk mog 
sl`gk akiltukf bs3 ‖]ä, ¿ qulìg bs ? ‖
- Bg bf nliuco ;=3 bf mkrtbro nbib gordkfdbgtb kvbrlùkr fk lnbgtlnkn nbf
nbstlgktkrlo3 ‖Iubgos näks, ¿bf sbûor Uìrbz? ‖
Bf sbûor Uìrbz subfb mogtbstkr3 ‖]ä, soy yo
yo——.
Fubò, sl sb qulbrb, sb pubnb nbskrroffkr fk sbmubgmlk
akiltukf bg bstb tlpo nb bgmubgtro3
pkqubtbb pkrk ustbn. ¿[ulbrb jlrdkr kqul,
(‖^bgò ug pkqubt
por jkvor?...)
Dës modpflmkno3 bf nlëfoò poslifb nbspuìs nb ugk
rbspubstk gb`ktlvk3 ‖ Go, go soy yo—.
bf nliuco ;>3 bf knufto (projbsor, mogsbrcb...) skfunk kf glûo pbro pkrb 
- Bg bf

mb mfkro qub nbib kûknlr
kf`óg
‖Zkdos, tlpo qub
nbprlsk, nb knvbrtbgmlk3
ffb`ks tkrnb—.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3 ............
..........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
.........................
...........
Jbmak3 ............
..........................
...........................
...........................
............................
...........................
...........................
............................
.......................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propubst
propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
91
)
FK DBG^B
BG LL
!
l
;
!
;9
;= ;>
9<

JLMAK :3 nliucos ;2 y ;:
K trkvìs nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsbg
prbsbgtknks
tknks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog 

trkstb pkrk jkmlfltkr fk oisbrvkmlýg nbf mogtbxto, sb prbtbg
prbtbgnb
nb bgtrbgkr kf
kf
glûo/k fk glûk k pbrmlilr y bgtbgnbr bsk.s nljbrbgmlks y k lgmorporkr fks nls
trkikco3
„ Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb bf bgugmlkno ( o fo bgtrb`k por bsmrlto) y bf
bf
postbrlor
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs 3
Bstos nos nliucos prbsbg
prbsbgtkg
tkg sltukmlogbs nb skfunos bgtrb pbrsog
pbrsogks
ks go jkdl
flkrbs, nbgtro nb ugk sltukmlýg bgtrb knuftos mplb gordkfdbgtb rbmurrbg k
nlvbrsos jordkflsdos, modo, por bcbdpfo3
- Bf pbsmknbro3 ‖Iubgos näks, sbûork ¿[uì nbsbk?—
- Fos nos aodirbs bg bf trkikco3 ‖Iubgos näks, soy Ckldb Ylvbrk
Ylvbrk——
‖Iubgos näks, sbûor Ylvbrk, bgmkgtkno nb
mogombrfb—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
=5

FK DBG^B
BG LL
;2
;:
=;

DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK 03 nliucos ;0, ;1, ;< y 95
fk jkdlflkrlnkn nbf lgtbrfomutor.
nb trkvìs
K nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsbg
prbsbgtknks
tknks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog 

nb bgtrbgkr kf
prbtbgnb
trkikco3
postbrlo r
Mogsl`gks poslifbs
poslifbs3
3

Fos nliucos ;0 y ;1 prbsbg tkg nos sltukmlogbs nb skfunos ‖rltukflzknos—3 fk
prbsbgtkg
ilbgvbglnk k ugos lgvltknos y fk bgtrknk bg ugk akiltkmlýg nb aospltkf.
Aky vkrlks jýrdufks poslifbs3
u
pksbg,, pksbg
Iubgos gomabs, pksbg pksbg..—
u
Ilbgvbglnos k mksk—
‖Iubgo, ¿quì tkf bstës?—
‖¿Mýdo tb bgmubgtrks?—
Fos nliucos ;< y 95 prbsb
prbsbgtkg
gtkg ug mogtrkstb nb ugk sltukmlýg pkrbmlnk3 nos
kdl`ks sb bgmubgtrkg, sb skfunkg y akmbg modbgtkrlos, fk prldbrk soirb ug
ibiì, fk sbùgnk soirb ug pbrro.
Fks jýrdufks sog vkrlkifbs3 fo ldportkgtb bs akmbr vbr kf glûo/k fk glûk bsk
mostudirb qub tbgbdos nb kûknlr kf skfuno ugos modbgtkrlos sl fk pbrsogk
vk kmodpkûknk.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak..3 ..............
.......................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogk
pbrsogkcb
cb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;79

F
FK DBG^B
BG LL
;0 ;1
;< 95
==

;
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK 13 nliucos 9;, 99 y 9=

Bxlstbg vkrlks jordks
nb fk jkdlflkrlnkn nb skfunkrsb y nbspbnlrsb bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbxto y
nbf lgtbrfomutor.
K trkvìs nb nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs, kfùgks prbsb
prbsbgtknks
gtknks nlrbmtkdbgtb bg mog 

prbtbgnb
nb bgtrbgkr kf
trkikco3


Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
Bstos nliucos prbsbg
prbsbgtkg
tkg fk jordk bspbmlkf nb skfunkr mukgno sb akifk por
tbfìjogo3
- Urldbro mukgno sb rbmlib ugk ffkdknk

(‖¿]ä? - Nl`k - Nä`kdb - ]oy Ubnro, nä`kdb —)
- ]bùgno mukgno fk pbrsog
pbrsogkk ffkdk k otrk
(‖Aofk, soy Ubnro, ¿ponräk akifkr mog Dkrlibf ?—)
- ^brmbro mukgno sb rbmlib ugk ffkdknk bg ugk bdprbsk
( ‖ Ilgilgìss ].K., ¿nä`kdb?—
Ilgilgìss ]. K., iubgo
k
iubgoss näks, ¿bg quì pubno
pubn o kyunkrfb?
‖Ilgilgìss ].K., fb ktlbgnb Mfkunlk, nä`kdb—.... )
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propu
propubstos
bstos por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k otrk.
=>

F
FK DBG^B
BG LL
9;
99
9=
=2

JLMAK <3 nliucos 9>, 92, 9: y 90
Mogtbglno3
]br mkpkz nb knlvlgkr bf fbgùkcb ‖lgtbrlor — nb fks pbrsog
pbrsogks
ks bg jugmlýg nbf

mogtbxto y nb fks proplks mkrkmtbrästlmks nb bstk pbrsogk3 bf glûo/fk glûk
nbib nbsmuirlr fo qub bstë ‖ldk`lgkgno
ldk`lgkgno—— mknk ugo nb fos pbrsogk
pbrsogkcbs
cbs
trkikco3
- ]b rbmortkg fos nliucos 91, 9<, =5, =; y fk glûk/bf glûo nbib ksomlkrfos k
mknk ugo nb fos nliucos nb fk pë`lgk kgtbrlor8 dlbgtrks fo akmb, bf knufto
modbgtk fos nliucos y fb kyunk k vbrikflzkr go sýfo bf rkzogkdlbgto slgo
‖bf fbgùkcb lgtbrlor — nbf pbrsog
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Fubò, ponbd
ponbdos os lgtbgtkr vofvbr k bvomkr fo qub abdos prbsbgtkno
prbsbg tkno bg ugk

sbslýg uftbrlor, prbùg tkgno kf glûo/k fk glûk quì bstë ldk`lgkgno mknk
prbùgtkgno
pbrsogkcb,
pbrsog kcb, slg fk kyunk nb fos nliucos qub rbprbsbgtkg su ‖ proyb
proybmto
mto— o su
2?
‖subûo—.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3 bg bstb mkso sog duy vkrlkifbs pbro fos tìrdlgos y
bxprbslogbs bsbgmlkfbs `lrkg bg torgo k3
ldk`lgkr, qubrbr, qubrbr akmbr, ug proyb
proybmto,
mto, fb ùstkräk, pbgskr, ....
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .........
...................
................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
=:
BG FK DBG^B
LL
L
9> 92
9: 90
=0
l

JLMAK ;53 nliucos 91, 9<, =5 y =;
Mogtbglno3
]br mkpkz bfb knlvlgkr bf fbgùkcb ‖lgtbrlor — bfb fks pbrsog ks bg jugmlýg bfmf
pbrsogks
mogtbxto y bfb fks proplk
proplkss mkrkmtbrästlmks bfb bstk pbrsogk3 bf glûo/fk glûk
nbib nbsmuirlr fo bcub bstë ‖ldk`lgkgno— mknk ugo bfb fos pbrsogkcbs ;
trkikco3
- ]b rbmortkg fos nliucos 91, 9<, =5, =; y fk glûk/bf glûo nbib ksomlkrfos k
mknk ugo nb fos nliucos nb fk pë`lgk kgtbrlor8 dlbgtrks fo akmb, bf knufto
modbgtk fos nliucos y fb kyunk k vbrikflzkr go sýfo bf rkzogkdlbgto slgo
‖bf fbgùkcb lgtbrlor — nbf pbrsogkcb
- Fubò, ponbd
ponbdos os lgtbgtkr vofvbr k bvomkr fo
fo qub abdos prbsbgtkno
prbsbgt kno bg ugk

sbslýg uftbrlor, prbù gtkgno kf glûo/k fk glûk quì bstë ldk`lgkgno mknk
prbùgtkgno
pbrsogkcb, slg fk kyunk nb fos nliucos qub rbprbsbgtkg su ‖ proybmto
proyb mto — o su
‖subûo—.

poslifbs 3 bg bstb mkso sog duy vkrlkifbs pbro fos tìrdlgos y
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
bxprbslogbs bsbgmlkfbs `lrkg bg torgo k3
ldk`lgkr, qubrbr, qubrbr akmbr, ug proybmto, fb ùstkräk, pbgskr, ....
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .................
.........................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
=1
F

BG FK DBG^B LL
L;
91 9<
=5 =;
L
=<
l

JLMAK ;;3 nliucos =9, ==, =>, =2, =:, =0, =1 y =<
Mogtbglno3
]br mkpkz nb knlvlgkr bf fbgùkcb ‖lgtbrlor — nb fks pbrsogks bg jugmlýg nbf

nbib nbsmuirlr fo qub bstë ‖ldk`lgkgno— mknk ugo nb fos pbrsogkcbs.
Jordktos nb
trkikco3
- ]b rbmortkg fos ‖rbmubrnos— qub bstëg bg fk pkrtb nb kikco y nbibg kso
L mlkrsb k fos pbrsogkcbs nb fk pkrtb nb krrlik. Bstk tkrbk bs modbgtknk por

bf knufto qub tkdilìg pubn
pubnbb utlflzkr prbùgtks pkrk qub sbk bf glûo/fk
glûk qulìg nbsmrlik fos ‖rbmubrnos — y fk ksomlkmlýg qub akmb mog mknk ugo
nb fos pbrsogkcbs.
- ]b pubn
pubnbg pbnlrfb k fk glûk /kf
bg utlflzkr óglmkdbgtb fos nliucos nb krrlik y pbnlrfb
glûo qub ‖ldk`lgb pbrsogkcb s, lgtbgtkgno qub sbkg
ldk`lgb—— ug rbmubrno nb bstos pbrsogkcbs,
nljbrbgtbs nb fos qub sb akg prop
propubsto
ubsto bg fk sltukmlýg kgtbrlor
poslifbs3 bg bstb mkso, sog duy vkrlkifbs3 fo dës bstkifb bstk
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
rë proik
proikifbdbg tb bg fk bstrumturk ‖sb kmubrnk nb mukgno....—
ifbdbgtb lä
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...........
.....................
..............
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkc
pbrsogkcbb
L

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
>5
BG FK DBG^B LL

=9 ==
L
l
=> =2
'/
“ 0
la'
o o
o
=: =0
=1 =<
>;
DKYM DOGJOY^ . DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK ;93 nliucos >5, >;, >9, >=, >>, >2, >: y >0
Mogtbglno3
]br mkpkz nb knlvlgkr bf fbgùkcb ‖lgtbrlor — nb fks pbrsog ks bg jugmlýg nbf
pbrsogks

nbib nbsmuirlr fo qub bstë ‖ldk`lgkgno— mknk ugo nb fos pbrsogkcbs
Jordktos nb
trkikco3
- ]b rbmortkg fos ‖subûos nb juturo — qub bstëg bg fk pkrtb nb kikco y nbibg

ksomlkrsb k fos pbrsogkcbs nb fk pkrtb nb krrlik. Bstk tkrbk bs modbgtknk
por bf knufto qub tkdilìg pubnb
pubn b utlflzkr prbùgtks
prbùgtks pkrk
pkrk qub sbk bf glûo/fk
glûk qulìg nbsmrlik fos ‖subûos nb juturo— y k fk ksomlkmlýg qub akmb mog
mknk ugo nb fos pbrsogkcbs.
pbnlrfb k fk glûk /kf
- ]b pubnbg utlflzkr óglmkdbgtb fos nliucos nb krrlik y pbnlrfb
glûo qub ‖ldk`lgb— fo qub fbs ùstkräk sbr nb dkyor k mknk ugo nb fos pbr 
propu bstks nljbrbgtbs k fks qub abdos trkikck
sogkcbs, lgtbgtkgno qub sbkg propubstks
no kgtbs bg iksb k fos nliucos nb kikco.
poslifbs3 bg bstb mkso, sog duy vkrlkifbs3 fo dës bstkifb bstk
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
rë proik
proikifbd bgtb bg bstrumturks modo3 ‖mukgno sbk dkyor...—, ‖ fb ùstkräk
ifbdbgtb
sbr... —

Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
„ Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb
„ Nljlmuftkn pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
>9
L
BG FK DBG^B LL
L
>5 >;
L >9 >=
>> >2
t
>: >0
)
>=

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK ;=3 nliucos >1, >< y 25
Mogtbglno3
Bgtrbgkdlbgto nb fk modprbgslýg y uso nb fos tìrdlgos dbgtkflstks ‖qubrbr-
ponbr-skibr
ponbr -skibr —
Jordktos nb
Jordktos nb trkikco mogsl`gks3
trkikco y mogsl`gks3
„ Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb ugk nb fks prbùgtks poslifb
poslifbss M o fk bgtrb`k
por bsmrlto )3 ¿pubnbs?
¿skibs?
¿qulbrbs?
y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr bf nliuco o mofomkr fk prbùgtk bsmrltk bg bf
fu`kr morrbspognlbgtb.
- Bxprbslýg3 fk glûk/bf glûo nbib rbmupbrkr bg dbdorlk fks prbùgtks trk
ikcknks y ksomlkrfks mog mknk ugo nb fos nliucos
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. ............
........................
..............
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkc
pbrsogkcbb
l - Nljlmuftkn pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
>>

F
;
; BG FK DBG^B LL
L
)
>1
L
L
]sp'WWä
l
><
L
L
b
>
L
b
)
25
L
>2

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK ;>3 nliucos 2;, 29 y 2=
Mogtbglno3
Bgtrbgkdlbgto nb fk modprbgslýg y uso nb fos tìrdlgos dbgtkflstks ‖qubrbr-
ponbr-skibr
ponbr-s kibr —
Jordktos nb nb trkikco
mogsl`gks3
Bg bf ‖ iomknlffo
iomknlff o— nb fk lzqulbrnk, bf knufto nbibrë lgtronumlr, orkfdbgtb o
por bsmrlto fk pbtlmlýg3 ‖ nkdb fk pbfo
pbfotk
tk— o, bg bf óftldo nliuco, fk prbùgtk
‖¿nýgnb bstë fk pbfotk?—
K mogtlgukmlýg, pksk kf bcbrmlmlo3
Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb ugk nb fks rbspubstks poslifb

poslifbss ( o fk bgtrb`k
por bsmrlto )3 go pubn
pubnoo
go qulbro
go sì
y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr bf nliuco o mofomkr fk prbùgt
prbùgtkk bsmrltk bg bf
fu`kr morrbspognlbgtb.
„ Bxprbslýg3 fk glûk/bf glûo nbib rbmupbrkr bg dbdorlk fks prbùgtk

prbùgtkss trk
ikcknks y ksomlkrfks mog mknk ugo nb fos nliucos L
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuffknbs3
Nljlmuffknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
>:

i
BG FK DBG^B LL
2;
29
2=
>0

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK ;23 nliucos 2> y 22
Mogtbglno3
^rktk nb fk jugmlýg moduglmktlvk nb ‖kvlskr —, bs nbmlr nb ffkdkr fk ktbgmlýg
nb kfùlìg y nb nkrfb ugk lgjordkmlýg nb fk qub go nlspogb. Fk jordk bxtbr 
gk pubn
pubnbb vkrlkr bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbglno (sl bs ug pbfl`ro o kfò kgonlgo)
y bg juamlýg nbf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn bgtrb fos lgtbrfomutorbs.
trkikco3
- Modprbgslýg3 mog bf mogcugto bfb nliucos nb fks jlmaks ;2, ;: y ;0 qub trk
tkg nbf dlsdo mogtbglno, rbkflzkr bcbrmlmlos nb ksomlkmlýg bgtrb fks mog 

sl`gks vbrikfbs bdltlnks por bf knufto (o bgtrb`knks por bsmrlto) y fos
nliucos.
postbrlo rbs, rbmupbrkmlýg bg dbdorlk nb fks bxprb
„ Bxprbslýg3 bg sbslogbs postbrlorbs,
pkso lgtbrdbnlo pubnb
slogbs trkikcknks8 ug pkso pub nb mogslstlr bg utlflzkr fk lgnum
mlýg orkf o fk bgtrb`k nb jrksbs bsmrltks k modpfbtkr y nognb sb akg bfl
dlgkgno fks pkfkirks-oicbtlvo.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
- Ubrnogb sbûork, sb fb ak mkäno ug pkqubtb—
- ‖Dlrk, tb aks kiromakno dkf bf kirlò
- ‖Mulnkno, aky ugk tkifk rotk—
- ‖^bg`kg mulnkno mog fk mkibzk—
- ‖¡Mulnkno, qub vlbgb bf projb!
projb!——
- ‖^bg mulnkno, aky albfo— o ‖tbg mulnkno, rbsikfk—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ............
........................
..............
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
>1
L

BG FK DBG^B LL

• u *
2>
l
22
><
f

I
^

L]KIBFFB
L
JLMAK ;:3 nliucos 2: y 20
¸
Mogtbglno3
nb pubn
gk kfùlbg
pubnb y nb nkrfb
b vkrlkr ugk lgjordkmlýg
bg jugmlýg
nb fk qub go nlspogb. Fk jordk bxtbr 
nbf mogtbglno (sl bs ug pbfl`ro
pbfl`ro o kfò kgonlgo)
y bg jugmlýg nbf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn bgtrb fos lgtbrfomutorbs.
trkikco3
- Modprbgslýg3 mog bf mogcugto bfb nliucos nb fks jlmaks ;2, ;: y ;0 qub trk

ä
nliucos.
postbrlorbs, rbmupbrkmlýg bg dbdorlk nb fks bxprb
- Bxprbslýg3 bg sbslogbs postbrlorbs,
ä
slogbs trkikcknks8 ug pkso pubn b mogslstlr bg utlflzkr fk lgnum
pkfkirks-oicbtlvo.

Mogsl`gks poslifbs
poslifbs3
3
- Ubrnogb sbûork, sb fb ak mkäno ug pkqub pkqubtb
tb g
- ‖----
--
Dlrk, kiromakno
aks---------
---- - tb ---
--------------- dkf
--- --- ---
----- bf kirlò—
-- --- L
- ‖^bg`kg mulnkno mog fk mkibzk—
- ‖¡Mulnkno, qub vlbgb bf projb! projb!——
- ‖^bg mulnkno, aky albfo— o ‖tbg mulnkno, rbsikfk—
6
!
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
L
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
(
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk (

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
L
25
BG FK DBG^B LL
2:
20
2;

DKYM DOGJOY^ .
L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS L
(
JLMAK ;03 nliucos 21 y 2<
L
Mogtbglno3
nb kfùlbg y nb nkrfb ugk lgjordkmlýg nb fk qub go nlspogb. Fk jordk bxtbr  t
pubnb vkrlkr bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbglno ( sl bs ug pbfl`ro
gk pubnb pbfl`ro o kfò kgonlgo)
y bg jugmlýg nbf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn bgtrb fos lgtbrfomutorbs.
L
trkikco3
- Modprbgslýg3 mog bf mogcugto nb nliucos nb fks jlmaks ;2, ;: y ;0 qub trk

nliucos.
postbrlorbs, rbmupbrkmlýg bg dbdorlk nb fks bxprb 
- Bxprbslýg3 bg sbslogbs postbrlorbs,
L
slogbs trkikcknks8 ug pkso pubn b mogslstlr bg utlflzkr fk lgnum

;
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs 3
- Ubrnogb sbûork, sb fb ak mkäno ug pkqubt
pkqubtb'
b'
- ‖Dlrk, tb aks kiromakno dkdkff bf kirlò 2? L
- ‖^bg`kg mulnkno mog fk mkibzk
72
- ‖¡Mulnkno, qub vlbgb bf projb!—
- ‖^bg mulnkno, aky albfo— o ‖tbg mulnkno, rbsikfk —
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
¸
29
F

BG FK DBG^B LL
21
2<
2=
*

C

DKYM DOGJOY^ . L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS L
!
JLMAK ;13 nliucos :5 y :;
Mogtbglno3

Nlrl`lrsb k pbrsog
pbrsogks
ks nbsmogomlnks o nb otro bstktus (projbsor, cbjb...) pkrk
L
pbnlr pbrdlso
pbrdlso
trkikco3
- Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg nb fk sltukmlýg3 quì prbtbg nb bf qub akifk (lr kf
prbtbgnb L
ikûo, skflr nbf kgtoiós, ktrkvbskr ugk pfkyk ktbstknk, akifkr ug dodbgto
mog bf cbjb...)

- Kgkflzkr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg bspogtëgbk nbf glûo o fk glûk3 fo dës akiltukf

(
bs qub propog
propog`k`k ugk jýrdufk nbdkslkno nlrbmtk (‖nbckdb pkskr, qulbro
pls...—, por bcbdpfo)8 propog brfb fks jýrdufks somlkfdbgtb knbmuknks (gor 
propogbrfb

dkfdbgtb ikco jordk nb prbùg
prbùgtk
tk o nb pbtlmlýg lgnlrbmtk) pkrk qub fk.s
t
vkyk ksomlkgno k fos nliucos.
- Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdbgtb fks vlûbtks akstk qub fk glûk/bf glûo sbk mkpkz nb
pbrlýnlm kdbgtb fks
rbpronumlr bf donbfo
L
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs 3
Bstks sltukmlogbs nb fk vlnk motlnlkgk sb rbsubfvbg gordkfdbgtb mog bf uso

nb prbùgtks3 ‖¿Uubno lr kf ikûo? —, ‖¿Uubno akifkr mog ustbn?—, ‖¿Uubno L
pkskr?—
- Jýrdufks lgnlrbmtks3 ‖Db ikco bg fk slùlbgtb—
‖ Gbmbslto lr kf ikûo— (
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
L
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
!
NljlmuRknbs33
NljlmuRknbs (
pbrsogkcb
cb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
2>
FK
BG
DBG^B LL
:5
:;
22

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK ;< nliucos :9 y :=
3
Mogtbglno3
Nlrl`lrsb k pbrsog ks nbsmogomlnks o nb otro bstktus ( projbsor, cbjb...) pkrk
pbrsogks
pbnlr pbrdlso
pbrdlso
trkikco3
- Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg nb fk sltukmlýg3 quì prbtbg nb bf qub akifk (lr kf
prbtbgnb
ikûo, skflr nbf kgtoiós, ktrkvbskr ugk pfkyk ktbstknk, akifkr ug dodbgto
mog bf cbjb...)
- Kgkflzkr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg bspogtëgbk nbf glûo o fk glûk3 fo dës akiltukf
bs qub propog
propog`k`k ugk jýrdufk nbdkslkno nlrbmtk (‖nbckdb pkskr, qulbro
pls... —, por bcbdpfo)8 prop
propogbrf
ogbrfbb fks jýrdufks somlkfdbgtb knbmuknks (gor 
dkfdbgtb ikco jordk nb prbù gtk o nb pbtlmlýg lgnlrbmtk) pkrk qub fks
prbùgtk
vkyk ksomlkgno k fos nliucos.
- Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdbgt fks vlûbtks akstk qub fk glûk/bf glûo sbk mkpkz nb
pbrlýn lmkdbgtbb fks
rbpronumlr bf donbfo
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Bstks sltukmlogbs nb fk vlnk motlnlkgk sb rbsubfvbg gordkfdbgtb mog bf uso

nb prbùgtks3 ¿Uubno lr kf ikûo?—, ‖¿Uubno akifkr mog ustbn?—, ‖¿Uubno
pkskr?——
pkskr?
„ Jýrdufks lgnlrbmtks3 ‖Db ikco bg fk slùlbgtb—
‖ Gbmbslto lr kf ikûo—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmu Ltknbs3


propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
2:
BG FK
DBG^B LL
:9
:=
20

L

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 953 nliucos :>, :2 y ::
Mogtbglno3
Nlrl`lrsb k kfùlbg pkrk pbnlr
pbnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg, bg nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs,
vkrlkgno bf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn o mbrmkgäk nbf lgtbrfomutor.
trkikco
- Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg nb fk sltukmlýg porqub supogb ugk mlbrtk akilflnkn
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr bf mogtbxto y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb
dbgtkflstk pkrk pbrsogkcb qub akifk
- Kgkflzkr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg bspogtëgbk nbf glûo o fk glûk3 pbtlmlogbs bxmb

slvkdbgtb nlrbmtks por bcbdpfo3 ‖Nkdb fk pbfotk, ¿nýgnb bstë dl aotbf?
]uib fk dkfbtk. ¿Muëgto mubstk?
- Akmbrfb bgtbgnbr fk gbmbslnkn nb ugk lgtronummlýg, nb ugk pbtlmlýg nb pbr 
dlso, nbf uso nb jýrdufks somlkfbs knbmuknks8 propogbrfb fks jýrdufks knb
pkrk qub fks ksomlb (orkfdbgtb o por
muknks pkrk por bsmrlto) k fks nlstlgtks vlûbtks
- Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdb
pbrlýn lmkdbgtb
gtb fks vlûbtks pkrk ksbùrkr su kprbgnlzkcb
poslifbs 3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk

Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
mlýg rbqulbrbg gordkfdbgtb3

- Rgk lgtronummlýg3 ffkdknk sbgmlffk sl bs ugk pbrsog
pbrsogkk mogomlnk (‖ pkpë,
pkpë,
sbûorltk...—) o jýrdufk somlkf sl sb trktk nb ug nbsmogomlno (‖ pbrnogb pbrnogb— ) 8
bg bf mkso nb fk ffkdknk por tbfìjogo, bs lgmfuso gbmbskrlo skfunkr y nkr
prbvlk3 ‖Iubgos näks. Dlrb, bstoy nbfkgtb nbf g- ;2 nognb
ugk lgjordkmlýg prbvlk3
aky ug plso bg vbgtk—

- Rgk pbtlmlýg bg jordk nb prbùgtk3 ‖¿Db pubn
pubnbb kyunkr mog fk dkfbtk?
¿]kib ustbn nognb bstë fk bstkmlýg? ¿Db pubnb
pubnbss ktkr fos zkpktos? ¿Db ktks
pubnbss nbckr bsto? ¿^lbgb ustbn fk tkffk >1?
bf fkzo? ¿Db pubnb
- O ugk pbtlmlýg ‖sukvlzknk— mog bf uso nbf mognlmlogkf3
‖[ulslbrk skibr bf prbmlo nb bsb plso.
¿Uonräk mo`brgos bf `foio? ¿Db ponräk
¿Uonräk ponräk nbmlr muëgto plnbg
plnbg por
por bf plso?
¿Db ponräk pkskrd
pkskrdbb fk skf?
[ulslbrk skibr muëgto mubstk bstk makqubtk/ bstb ckrrýg
ckrrýg —
- Fk lgmfuslýg nb ugk jýrdufk nb mortbsäk nbf tlpo ¿Uor jkvor?
Godirb y
kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
21
BG FK
DBG^B LL
:> :2
::
2<

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 9;3 nliucos :0, :1 y :<
Mogtbglno3
Nlrl`lrsb k kfùlbg pkrk pbnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg, bg nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs,
trkikco
„ Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg bfb fk sltukmlýg porqub supogb ugk mlbrtk akilflnkn
dbgtkflstk pkrk
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr bf pbrsogkcb qub akifk
bf mogtbxto y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb

slvkdbgtb nlrbmtks por bcbdpfo3 ‖Nkdb fk pbfotk, ¿nýgnb bstë dl aotbf?
]uib fk dkfbtk. ¿Muëgto mubstk?
- Akmbrfb bgtbgnbr fk gbmbslnkn nb ugk lgtronummlýg, nb ugk pbtlmlýg nb pbr pbr 
dlso, nbf uso nb jýrdufks somlkfbs knbmuknks, propogbrfb fks jýrdufks knb
pbrlýnlmkd bgtb fks vlûbtks pkrk ksbùrkr su kprbgnlzkcb
„ Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdbgtb
poslifbs 3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

- Rgk lgtronummlýg3 ffkdknk sbgmlffk sl bs ugk pbrso pbrsogkgk mogomlnk (‖ pkpë,
sbûorltk...—) o jýrdufk somlkf sl sb trktk nb ug nbsmogomlno (‖ pbrnogb
pbrnogb— ) 8
- Rgk pbtlmlýg bg jordk nb prbùgtk3 ‖¿Db pubn pubnbb kyunkr mog fk dkfbtk?
¿]kib ustbn nognb bstë fk bstkmlýg? ¿Db¿Db pubnbs
pubnb s ktkr fos zkpktos? ¿Db
¿Db ktks
bf fkzo? ¿Db pubnb
- O ugk pbtlmlýg ‖sukvlzknk
sukvlzknk—— mog bf uso nbf mognlmlogkf3
¿Uonräk ponräk nbmlr muëgto plnbg por
muëgto plnbg por bf plso?
plso ?
¿Db ponräk pkskrdb fk skf?
[ulslbrk skibr muëgto mubstk bstk makqubtk/ bstb ckrrýg'
ckrrýg'

Godirb
Jbmak y kpbfflnos3
3 ...................
.........................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propubstos por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k otrk.
:5
BG FK DBG^B LL
l
>
:0
L
:1
:<
l
:;

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 993 nliucos 05, 0;
Mogtbglno3
Nlrl`lrsb k kfùlbg pkrk pbnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg, bg nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs,
Jýrdkfos nb nb trkikco
trkikco
- Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg nb fk sltukmlýg porqub supogb ugk mlbrtk akilflnkn
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr bf mogtbxto y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb qub akifk
dbgtkflstk pkrk

slvkdbgtb nlrbmtks por bcbdpfo3 ‖ Nkdb fk pbfotk, ¿mfýgbfb bstë dl aotbf?
]uib fk dkfbtk. ¿Muëgto mubstk? ‖.
- Akmbrfb bgtbgnbr fk gbmbslnkn nb ugk lgtronummlýg, nb ugk pbtlmlýg nb pbr pbr 
muknks pkrk qub fks ksomlb (orkfdbgtb o por
por bsmrlto) k fks nlstlgtks
nlstlgtks vlûbtks
- Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdb
pbrlýn lmkdbgtb pkrk ksbùrkr su kprbgnlzkcb
gtb fks vlûbtks pkrk
poslifb s3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk

Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

- Rgk lgtronummlýg3 ffkdknk sbgmlffk sl bs ugk pbrsog
pbrsogkk mogomlnk (‖ pkpë,
pkpë,
pbrnogb— ) 8
plso bg vbgtk—
aky ug plso

ää

¿]kib ustbn nognb bstë fk bstkmlýg? ¿Db pubn pubnbs
bs ktkr fos zkpktos? ¿Db ktks
bf fkzo? ¿Db pubn
pubnbsbs nbckr bsto? ¿^lbgb ustbn fk tkffk >1?
¿Uonräk mo`brgos bf `foio? ¿Db ponräk plnbg por
ponräk nbmlr muëgto plnbg por bf plso
plso??
¿Db ponräk pkskrd
pkskrdbb fk skf?
ckrrýg—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrso
pbrsogkcb
gkcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
:9
BG FK DBG^B LL

05
0;
Ý=
.
DKYM DOGJOY^ L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
JLMAK 9=3 nliucos 09 y 0=
Mogtbglno3
Nlrl`lrsb k kfùlbg pkrk
pkrk pbnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg, bg nlstlgtks sltukmlogbs,
vkrlkgno bf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn o mbrmkgäk nbf lgtbrfomutor. L
Jordktos nb
Jordktos nb trkikco
trkikco
„ Bgtrbgkr fk modprbgslýg nb fk sltukmlýg porqub supogb ugk mlbrtk akilflnkn
dbgtkflstk pkrk pbrsogkcb qub akifk
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr bf mogtbxto y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb

slvkdbgtb nlrbmtks por bcbdpfo3 ‖ Nkdb fk pbfotk, ¿nýgnb bstë dl aotbf?
]uib fk dkfbtk. ¿Muëgto mubstk? ‖.
„ Akmbrfb bgtbgnbr fk gbmbslnkn nb ugk lgtronummlýg, nb ugk pbtlmlýg nb pbr pbr 
L
- Ybpkskr pbrlýnlmkdbgtb
pbrlýnlmk dbgtb fks vlûbtks pkrk ksbùrkr su kprbgnlzkcb
poslifbs3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

- Rgk lgtronummlýg3 ffkdknk sbgmlffk sl bs ugk pbrsogk mogomlnk (‖ pkpë,
pkpë,
pbrnogb— ) 8

¿]kib ustbn nognb bstë fk bstkmlýg? ¿Db
¿Db pubnb
pubnbss ktkr fos zkpktos? ¿Db
¿Db ktks
bf fkzo? ¿Db pubnb
ponräk nbmlr muëgto plnbg
plnbg por
por bf plso
plso??
¿Db ponräk pkskrdb fk skf?
ckrrýg—
Godirb kpbfflnos3
y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ......................
.........................
...
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

sbslýg k otrk.
L
:>
!
FK DBG^B
BG LL
l
l
09
L
L L
C
0=
:2
L

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 9>3 nliucos 0> y 02
Mogtbglno3
Urbùgtkr pkrk pbnlr lgjordkmlýg. Bf mogtrkstb nb bstks nos vlûbtks prbtb
prbtbg
g
nb ffbvkr kf glûo k donljlmkr fk prbùgtk
prbùg tk nbf protkòglstk
protkòglstk bg jugmlýg nbf mog
tbxto, bg bstb mkso fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf nb fks pbrsogks qub bstëg morrlbgno.
Jordkto nb nb trkikco3
trkikco3
- Akmbr kgkflzkr por bf glûo/fk glûk fks nljbrbgmlks bgtrb fks nos vlûbtks y
kyunkrfb k jordufkr alpýtbsls kmbrmk nbf dotlvo qub bdpuck k bstks pbr 
l
sogks k morrbr.
- Ksomlkr nos prbùgtks orkfbs o bsmrltks nljbrbgtbs k mknk ugo nb fos nliu
cos.
- Ybpkskr postbrlordbgtb.
postbrlordbgtb.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

‖¿[uì pksk?— ¿K nýgnb vkls?
‖¿[uì omurrb? ¿[uì aky por kffä?—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ......................
.........................
...
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
„ Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb
„ Nljlmuftkn pkrk bgmogtrkr ugk jýrdufk vbrikf knbmuknk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
:Ý
BG FK DBG^B
;;
(
0>
}
02
:0

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 923 nliucos 0: y 00
Mogtbglno3
]b rbjlbrb kf kmto moduglmktlvo bfb ‖ojrbmbr kfò—, sbk kfò dktbrlkf ( ugos
nufmbs ), sbk ugk kyunk, ug kslbgto bg bf ius
ius o ugk vubftk turästlmk bg ikrmo.
ikrmo.
Fk jordk nb ojrbmbr kfò k fos nbdës go sýfo nbpbgnb nbf oicbto nb nlmao
ojrbmldlbgto slgo nbf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn qub sb tlbgb mog bf lgtbrfomutor
o, lgmfuso, nb ug nbtbrdlgkno rof somlkf ( bs bf mkso nbf ùäk turästlmo )
Jordkto nb nb trkikco mogsl`gks3

- Ksomlkr fos nlëfoòs bsmrltos mog fos nlstlgtos nliucos

- Bxpflmltkr fk ldportkgmlk nb fks nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs qub sb utlflzkg

(prbùgtks3 ‖¿[ubrìls .... ?—, ‖¿[ulbrb ustbn qub fb kyunb?—, por bcbdpfo

pbro tkdilìg ugk jordk ldpbrktlvk dktlzknk3 ‖]lìgtbsb, por jkvor —8 bf
ojrbmldlbgto lgtbrbskno nbf ùäk nbib lgmfulr kf`óg tlpo nb krùdbgto o

nb nbsmrlpmlýg nb fo qub sb ojrbmb, lgslstlbgno bg su lgtbrìs, su ikco prb 
mlo....)
- Zofvbr k prbsbgt kr vkrlks vbmbs bf dktbrlkf akstk qub bf glûo pubnk
prbsbgtkr pubnk rbmor 
nkr fks nlstlgtks jýrdufks trkikcknks.
;
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. .............
.........................
............
l
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
V
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
:1
l

BG FK DBG^B
LL
;
0:
00
:<

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 9:3 nliucos 01 y 0<
Mogtbglno3 ä
]b rbjlbrb kf kmto moduglmktlvo nb ‖ojrbmbr kfò—, sbk kfò dktbrlkf ( ugos
nufmbs ), sbk ugk kyunk, ug kslbgto bg bf ius o ugk vubftk turästlmk bg ikrmo.
ikrmo.
Fk jordk nb ojrbmbr kfò k fos nbdës go sýfo nbpbgnb nbf oicbto nb nlmao
ojrbmldlbgto slgo nbf `rkno nb jkdlflkrlnkn qub sb tlbgb mog bf lgtbrfomutor
o./ lgmfuso,0 nb ug nbtbrdlgkno rof somlkf (Q bs bf mkso nbf ùäk

¿0) turästlmo z)
Jordkto nb nb trkikco
mogsl`gks3

- Bxpflmltkr fk ldportkgmlk nb fks nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs qub sb utlflzkg

(prbùgtks3 ‖¿[ubrìls ... 0 ‖¿[ulbrb ustbn qub fb kyunb?—, por bcbdpfo

pbro tkdilìg ugk jordk ldpbrktlvk dktlzknk3 ‖]lìgtbsb, por jkvor —8 bf
ojrbmldlbgto lgtbrbskno nbf ùäk nbib lgmfulr kf`óg tlpo nb krùdbgto o
nb nbsmrlpmlýg nb fo qub sb ojrbmb, lgslstlbgno bg su lgtbrìs, su ikco prb prb 
mlo....)
- Zofvbr k prbsbgtk r vkrlks vbmbs bf dktbrlkf akstk qub bf glûo pubnk rbmor-
prbsbgtkr
nkr fks nlstlgtks jýrdufks trkikcknks.
L
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
05
BG FK
DBG^B LL
L
01
0<
L
0;

L]KIBFFB
;
JLMAK 903 nliucos 15, 1; y 19
Mogtbglno3
]b prbsbg tkg trbs sltukmlogbs nb ugk jordk dës bspbmäjlmk nb ojrbmldlbgto
prbsbgtkg

qub bs fk ‖lgvltkmlýg— k pkrtlmlpk
pkrtlmlpkr
r bg kfò qub bstë rbkflzkgno ug `rupo
(cu`kr, todkr ugk mopk)
trkikco3
prbsbgt kr bf dktbrlkf akstk qub bf glûo/fk glûk pubnk
- Zofvbr k prbsbgtkr pubn k rbmornkr fks
jýrdufks trkikcknks
Mogsl`gks3
Bf gómfbo vbrikf nb bstb tlpo nb kmto nb akifk lgmfuyb ugk ffkdknk ( ‖Oyb8
ba, aodirb 8 Jbrgkgno 8...—), ugk jordk lgtbrro`ktlvk ( ‖¿[ulbrbs....?
¿[ulbrbs....?—— ), o ugk
jordk ldpbrktlvk dktlzknk nbf tlpo ‖vbg k cu`k

r, vbg k todkr kfò ...— y bf
cu`kr,
uso nb progod irbs nbf tlpo ‖mogdlò, mog gosotros/ks—. Bf rbsto nbf dbg 
progodirbs
skcb sb rbjbrlrë k fk sltukmlýg mogmrbtk nb mknk vlûbtk.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
09

▥
BG FK
DBG^B LL
15 1;
19
0=

L
JLMAK 913 nliucos 1=, 1>, 12 y 1:
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb, (bgug
mlktlvk-lgtbrro`ktlvk)

trkikco3
„ Bf knufto nlmb fos bgugmlknos y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr fk sltukmlýg
morrbspognlbgtb (sb pubnb
pubn b akmbr por
por bsmrlto y bgtogmbs qubnk vlsukflzknk
fk prbùgtk mog fos sl`gos nb lgtbrro`kmlýg).
„ Ldltkmlýg nljbrlnk3 bs fk glûk /bf glûo qulìg nbib nbmlr fos bgugmlknos y
bf knufto qulbg sbûkfk fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb
Mogsl`gks3
¿[ubnk zudo? [ubnk zudo
^b "Flstk ¿^b ùstk?
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

sbslýg k otrk.
0>
BG FK DBG^B LL
;
1= 1>
O O
(C
12 1:
)
02
L]KIBFFB
Jlmak 9<3 nliucos 10, 11, 1<, <5
L
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb, (bgug-
mlktlvk-lgtbrro`ktlvk)
O
trkikco3
„ Bf knufto nlmb fos bgugmlknos y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr fk sltukmlýg
pubn b akmbr por
fk prbùgt
prbùgtkk mog fos sl`gos nb lgtbrro`kmlýg).
„ Ldltkmlýg nljbrlnk3 bs fk glûk /bf glûo qulìg nbib nbmlr fos bgugmlknos y
Mogsl`gks3

¿Bstë trlstb ? Bstë trlstb
K fo qub sb pubnb bvlnbgtbdbgtb kûknlr otros bgugmlknos nbf tlpo ‖¿quì fb
pksk?—..., btm.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
0:

k
BG FK DBG^B LL
(
10 11
1< <5
00

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK =53 nliucos <;, <9, <=, <>
L
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb,
(lgtbrro`ktlvk - bxmfkdktlvk)
trkikco3
Bf knufto nlmb fos bgugmlknos y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr fk sltukmlýg
„
pubn b akmbr por
- Ldltkmlýg nljbrlnk3 bs fk glûk /bf glûo qulìg nbib nbmlr fos bgugmlknos y
Mogsl`gks3
¡Muëgtks aky! ¿Muëgtks aky?
¿[uì nlmbs? ¡[uì nlmbs!
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuffknbs3
Nljlmuffknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
01
l
BG FK
DBG^B LL
7
• ä
>
l
<; <9
;
c
j
<= <>
ä
;<

JLMAK =;3 nliucos <2k y <2i
(
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb,
(lgtbrro`ktlvk - bxmfkdktlvk)
trkikco3
Bf knufto nlmb fos bgugmlknos y bf glûo/fk glûk nbib sbûkfkr fk sltukmlýg
„
pubn b akmbr por
- Ldltkmlýg nljbrlnk3 bs fk glûk /bf glûo qulìg nbib nbmlr fos bgugmlknos y
Mogsl`gks3
¿ Mýdo vlbgbg? ¡Mýdo vlbgbg!
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo mplb oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
15
BG FK DBG^B
;;
(
<2k
<2i
1;

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK =93 nliucos <:, <0, <1 y <<
(
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb. Bg bstb
mkso, vk tkdilìg fl`knk k fk lgtbgmlýg fltbrkf o lrýglmk bg bf uso nb ugk
dlsdk bxprbslýg
trkikco3
prbsb gtk kf glûo/k fk glûk fk bxprbslýg qub sb vk k trkikckr y sb fb kyunk
- ]b prbsbgtk
k kgkflzkr fks nljbrbgmlks bgtrb fks nos vlûbtks3 ugos bstëg mogtbgtos y fos
otros go.
- ]b dofnbk por ldltkmlýg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf y fk bgtogkmlýg qub morrbs
pognbb kf uso fltbrkf o ‖lrýglmo— nb fk bxprbslýg.
pogn
- ]b vubfvb k prbsb gtkr bf dktbrlkf akstk qub bf glûo pubn
prbsbgtkr pubnkk pronumlr bstks
vkrlkmlogbs nb jordk kutýgodk.
Mogsl`gks3
¡Zkyk vlkcb! ¡ Zkyk gomab!
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
19
t BG FK DBG^B LL
2
';
<: <0
<1 <<
1=
JLMAK ==3 nliucos ;55, ;5;, ;59, ;5=, ;5> y ;52
Mogtbglno3
Jugmlýg nb fk bgtogkmlýg pkrk kvbrlùkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb. Bg bstb
mkso, vk tkdilìg fl`knk k fk lgtbgmlýg fltbrkf o lrýglmk bg bf uso nb ugk
dlsdk bxprbslýg.

Jordkto nb
Jordkto nb trkikco3
trkikco3
prbsbgt k kf glûo/k fk glûk fk bxprbslýg qub sb vk k trkikckr y sb fb kyunk
]b prbsbgtk
- ]b
k kgkflzkr fks nljbrbgmlks bgtrb fks nos vlûbtks3 ugos bstëg mogtbgtos y fos
otros go.
- ]b dofnbk por ldltkmlýg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf y fk bgtogkmlýg qub morrbs
pognbb kf uso fltbrkf o ‖lrýglmo— nb fk bxprbslýg.
pogn
- ]b vubfvb k prbsbg tkr bf dktbrlkf akstk qub bf glûo pubnk pronumlr bstks
prbsbgtkr
vkrlkmlogbs nb jordk kutýgodk.
Mogsl`gks3
¡Bstkrës mogtbgto! (;55 y ;5;)
Fo slbgto (;59 y ;5=)
¡[uì tlbdpo dës iubgo!
o
Akmb ug tlbdpo bstupbgno (;5> y ;52)
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
1>
ä BG FK
DBG^B LL
;
L
L
L
;55 ;5;
;59 ;5=
;5> ;52
;.
12
DKYM DOGJOY^
• DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK =>3 nliucos ;5:, ;50, ;51 y ;5<
Mogtbglno3
]b rbjlbrb k fk jugmlýg nb modpkrtlr ug bstkno dbgtkf mog otro, modo por
bcbdpfo akmbr modbgtkrlos, nkr ugk oplglýg... nb jordk ‖nbslgtbrbsknk—, bs
mog nb bxprbskr ug sbgtldlbgto, ugk bdomlýg, ugk
nbmlr
lnbk slg bf óglmo
pbnlr gknk oicbtlvo
k mkdilo y slg qub sbk rbkfdbgtb gbmbskrlo.
Jordkto3
- ]b pubnb
pubn b pkrtlr pbrsog kf nb fks vlûbtks por
pkrtlr nb ug lgtbgto nb lgtbrprbtkmlýg pbrsogkf por

pkrtb nbf glûo/ nb fk glûk pbro,
dëtlmos, bstk jugmlýg bxprbslvk ‖`rktultk
pbro, bg glûos/ks qub prbsbgtkg

prbsbgtkg trkstorgos prk`
prk` 
`rktultk—— bs bspbmlkfdbgtb fldltknk
(dumaos sb fldltkrëg k ugk dbrk nbsmrlpmlýg nb fk sltukmlýg). Mog kfù
gos, kfùgk jordk nb lgnummlýg pubn pubnbb sbr bjlmkz.

- Bg fk dkyoräk nb fos mksos, ugk ‖nbdostrkmlýg— bxpfämltk nb bstb tlpo nb
mognumtk sbrë gbmbskrlk3 sb rbmurrb bgtogmbs k fk tkrbk nb ksomlkr donb
fos vbrikfbs ( orkfbs y/o bsmrltos ) prbsbg
prbsbgtknos
tknos por bf knufto mog fks nls
tlgtks sltukmlogbs rbprbsbgtknks bg fks vlûbtks.
- Fubò, sb prbsbgtkg vkrlks vbmbs fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs akstk jlckr
bf kprbgnlzkcb.
- K pkrtlr nbf donbfo trkikckno, yk qub sb trktk nb sltukmlogbs kilbrtks, sb

lgtbgtk qub fk glûk/bf glûo pubn
pubnkk propog
propogbr br otrks vkrlkgtbs pkrk akmbrfb
vbr prbmlskdbg tb qub bs poslifb ‖sbgtlr — nlstlgtks bdomlogbs jrbgtb k ug
prbmlskdbgtb
dlsdo bstädufo y ‖bxprbskrfks— nb duy nlstlgtks dkgbrks.
ikstkgtbb kilbrtos y bf knufto ponrë lr kcustëgno
poslifbs3 ]og ikstkgt
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
fos k fk mkpkmlnkn nb mknk glûo. Fks prldbrks vlûbtks prbsbgt
prbsbgtkg
kg sltukmlogbs

nb mogtrkstb pkrk lgnumlr nljbrbgtbs modbgtkrlos bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbxto.
Fks otrks prbsbgtkg glvbfbs nb rbjbrbgtb pro`rbslv
pro`rbslvkdbgtb
kdbgtb dës modpfbcos.
¡Bs lgmrbäifb!
▥••l8..
— , ‖¡[ub ilbg tomk!— ‖¡[uì iogltk! — o ¡[uì bxtrkûk!—,
8«z,roählol¸
8«z,roählol¸

‖¡[uì maufo! — o ‖¡Bs jkgtëstlmo! —, ‑‖Dlrk quì ioglt
os sog—, ‖K dä db
iogltos

pkrbmb ug pomo bxtrkûo, fk vbrnkn —, ‖¡Bs bstupbgno, db kpkslogk!—,
‖Mrbo qub bstë pbor —
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsog kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
1:
BG FK DBG^B
LL
L
;
;5: ;50
;51 ;5<
10

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK =23 nliucos ;;5, ;;;, ;;9 y ;;=
Mogtbglno3
]b rbjlbrb k fk jugmlýg nb modpkrtlr ug bstkno dbgtkf mog otro, modo por
bcbdpfo akmbr modbgtkrlos, nkr ugk oplglýg... nb jordk ‖nbslgtbrbsknk—, bs

nbmlr mog bf óglmo
lnbk slg pbnlr gknk oicbtlvo
k mkdilonb
y bxprbskr ug rbkfdbgtb
slg qub sbk sbgtldlbgto, ugk
gbmbskrlo.bdomlýg, ugk
Jordkto3
Jordkto3
- ]b pubnb
pubn b pkrtlr
pkrtlr nb ug lgtbgto nb lgtbrprbtkmlýg pbrsogkf
pbrsog kf nb fks vlûbtks por
por

pbro, bg glûos/ks qub prbsbgtkg
pkrtb nbf glûo/ nb fk glûk pbro, prbsbgtk g trkstorgos prk`
prk` 
dëtlmos, bstk jugmlýg bxprbslvk ‖`rktultk`rktultk—— bs bspbmlkfdbgtb fldltknk
(dumaos sb fldltkrëg k ugk dbrk nbsmrlpmlýg nb fk sltukmlýg). Mog kfù
gos, kfùgk jordk nb lgnummlýg pubn pubnbb sbr bjlmkz.
- Bg fk dkyoräk nb fos mksos, ugk ‖nbdostrkmlýg— bxpfämltk nb bstb tlpo nb
mognumtk sbrë gbmbskrlk3 sb rbmurrb bgtogmbs k fk tkrbk nb ksomlkr donb
fos vbrikfbs ( orkfbs y/o bsmrltos ) prbsbg
prbsbgtknos
tknos por bf knufto mog fks nls
tlgtks sltukmlogbs rbprbsbgtknks bg fks vlûbtks.
- Fubò, sb prbsbgtk
prbsbgtkg g vkrlks vbmbs fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorb
postbrlorbss akstk jlckr
bf kprbgnlzkcb
- K pkrtlr nbf donbfo trkikckno, yk qub sb trktk nb sltukmlogbs kilbrtks, sb
lgtbgtk qub fk glûk/bf glûo pubn
pubnkk propo
propogbr
gbr otrks vkrlkgtbs pkrk akmbrfb

vbr prbmlskdbgtb qub bs poslifb ‖sbgtlr — nlstlgtks bdomlogbs jrbgtb k ug
dlsdo bstädufo y ‖bxprbskrfks— nb duy nlstlgtks dkgbrks.
poslifbs 3 ]og ikstkg
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3 ikstkgtb
tb kilbrtos y bf knufto ponrë lr kcustëgno
fos k fk mkpkmlnkn nb mknk glûo. Fks prldbrks vlûbtks prbsbg
prbsbgtkg
tkg sltukmlogbs

nb mogtrkstb pkrk lgnumlr nljbrbgtbs modbgtkrlos bg jugmlýg nbf mogtbxto.
Fks otrks prbsbg tkg glvbfbs nb rbjbrbgtb pro`rbslv
prbsbgtkg pro`rbslvkdbgtb
kdbgtb dës modpfbcos.
iogltk!—— o ¡[uì bxtrkûk!—,
‖¡Bs lgmrbäifb!—, ‖¡[uì ilbg tomk!—, ‖¡[uì iogltk!

‖¡[uì maufo! — o ‖¡Bs jkgtëstlmo! —, ‖Dlrk quì iogltos sog—, ‖K dä db

pkrbmb ug pomo bxtrkûo, fk vbrnkn —, ¡Bs bstupbgno, db kpkslogk!—,
k

‖Mrbo qub bstë pbor —
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. .........................
.........................
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo qub oyb (o fbb) mog fkfk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
11
FK
BG
DBG^B LL
f
flo ;;;
;;9
;;=
1<

<
L

JLMAK =:3 nliucos ;;> y ;;2
Mogtbglno3
]b trktk nbf kmto nb ‖nlsmufpkrsb—, tkgto bg fo qub sb rbjlbrb k kmtltun dbg 
prk`dëtlmos ) modo k
tkf ( k dbguno kusbgtb bg glûks/glûos mog trkstorgos prk`dëtlmos
fks jordks vbrikfbs täplmks nb bstk sltukmlýg, qub pubnbg
pubn bg vkrlkr sb`óg bf mog 
tbxto y bf lgtbrfomutor.
Jordkto nbnb trkikco3
trkikco3

- Modprbgslýg bfb fk kmtltun nbf qub sb nlsmufpk, jlckgno fk ktbgmlýg nbf
glûo/nb fk glûk bg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf nbf pbrsogkcb8
glûo/nb pbrsogkcb8 ksomlkmlýg nb fks jýr 
dufks vbrikfbs ( orkfbs y/o bsmrltks ) propu
propubstks
bstks por bf knufto k sus vlûb
tks morrbspognlbgtbs.
- Bgtrbgkdlbgto por prbsbg tkmlýg rbpbtlnk nb fks vlûbtks bg näks postbr
prbsbgtkmlýg postbrlo
lo
rbs.
Mogsl`gks3
]b`óg bf mogtbxto, sb rbmurrlrë k nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs mfëslmks qub, bg
bstb mkso, sog ikstkgtb bstkifbs bg bf modportkdlbgto somlkf akiltukf3
‖Nlsmufpk ug dodbgto—
‖Fo
Fo slbgto—
Ubrnogk
‖Ak slno slg qubrbr “
¿^b aks abmao nkûo?—
((
‖¡[uì pbgk!—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. .........................
.........................
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
<5
BG FK DBG^B
LL
L
L
;;>
;;2
<;

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK =03 nliucos ;;: y ;;0
Mogtbglno3
]b trktk nbf kmto nb ‖nlsmufpkrsb —, tkgto bg fo qub sb rbjlbrb k kmtltun dbg 
tkf ( k dbguno kusbgtb bg glûks/glûos mog trkstorgos prk`dëtlmos
prk`dëtlmos ) modo k
fks jordks vbrikfbs täplmks nb bstk sltukmlýg, qub pubnbg
pub nbg vkrlkr sb`óg bf mog
tbxto y bf lgtbrfomutor.
trkikco3

- Modprbgslýg nb fk kmtltun nbf qub sb nlsmufpk, jlckgno fk ktbgmlýg nbf
glûo/nb fk glûk bg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf nbf pbrsogkcb8
pbrsogkcb8 ksomlkmlýg nb fks jýr 
dufks vbrikfbs ( orkfbs y/o bsmrltks ) propu
propubstks
bstks por bf knufto k sus vlûb
tks morrbspognlbgtbs.
- Bgtrbgkdlbgto por prbsbgtkml ýg rbpbtlnk nb fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlo 
prbsbgtkmlýg
rbs.
Mogsl`gks3
]b`óg bf mogtbxto, sb rbmurrlrë k nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs mfëslmks qub, bg
bstb mkso, sog ikstkgtb
ikstkgtb bstkifbs bg bf modportkdlbgto somlkf akiltukf3
‖Nlsmufpk ug dodbgto— '
‖Fo slbgto—
Ubrnogk—
k
'Ak slno slg qubrbr
k
¿^b aks abmao nkûo?—
‖¡[uì pbgk!
pbgk!—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...................
.........................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
<9
FK DBG^B
BG LL
;
L
c
;;: ;;0
<=

JLMAK =13 nliuco ;;1, ;;< y ;95
Mogtbglno3
]b prbsb
prbsbgtkg pbrsogkcb tlbgb qub ffkdkr fk ktbgmlýg k
gtkg sltukmlogbs nognb ug pbrsogkcb
otro pkrk sofumlogkr ug proifb dk 8 fk mostudirb somlkf bxl`b qub ‖sb plnk
proifbdk
nlsmufpk — pkrk lgtronumlr bstb tlpo nb pbtlmlýg 8 bsto supogb ug proifbdk
porqub bg rbkflnkn, bf qub akifk go ak abmao gknk por fo qub tbg`k qub
nlsmufpkrsb. Bg rbkflnkn, sb nlsmufpk por
por lgtbrrudplr fo qub bstë akmlbgno bf
Bs ugk vkrlkgtb nbf kmto vbrikf nb ‖ pbnlr
otro. Bs pbnlr nlsmufpks— rbspbmto k fks sltuk
mlogbs nb vlûbtks kgtbrlorbs.
Jordkto nb trkikco
- Aky qub ksbùrkrsb qub fk glûk/bf glûo lnbgtljlmk morrbmtkdbgtb muëf bs bf
proifbdk qub sb pfkgtbk
pfkgtbk ( bf mkcbro kutodëtlmo qub go jugmlogk, fk iujkg
iujkg 
nk qub go sb pubn
pubnbb skmkr, bf kslbgto bqulvomkno )
- Bxpflmltkr fks jýrdufks somlkfbs nb lgtronummlýg nb fks pbtlmlogbs (orkf
dbgtb y/o por bsmrlto).
- Bgtrbgkr bf kprbgnlzkcb mog prbsbgtkmlogbs rbpbtlnks bg näks postbrlorbs
postbrlorbs
Mogsl`gks3
Lgtronummlýg-, ‖ol`k..— ‖nlsmufpb ..—
Lgtronummlýg-,
Ubtlmlýg mogjordk lgtbrro`ktlvk y mognlmlogkf3 ‖ ponräk....
uso nbf mognlmlogkf3 ponräk....—
‖ pbtlm lýg mrbo qub sb ak bqulvomkno...—
Bxpflmkmlýg dktlzknk nb fk pbtlmlýg
—
äl

db pkrbmb qub go jugmlogk bf
k

mkcbro—
äl
mrbo qub bstë ustbn sbgtknk bg
dl iujkg
iujkgnk
nk —
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
<>
BG FK DBG^B LL
L
;;1
L
)
;;< ;95
<2


JLMAK =<3 nliuco ;9;
Mogtbglno3
]b rbjlbrb k fk jugmlýg nb ‖qubckrsb nb kfò k kfùlbg go jkdlflkr —. ]upogb uskr
ugk jordk nb vomktlvo pkrk ffkdkr fk fk ktbgmlýg y bxprbskr fk qubck. Bg fk vlnk
vlnk rbkf,

bxlstbg dumaks vkrlkgtbs bxprbslvks pkrk bstk sltukmlýg, mog dkyor o dbgor
‖bnumkmlýg—3 ugo nb fos oicbtlvos, sl bf glvbf nbfnbf glûo/nb fk glûk fo pbrdltb
pbrdltb,, bs
pogbr nb rbflbvb
rbflbvb bstks nlstlgtks poslilflnknbs kpflmkrfbs ug culmlo
poslilflnknbs y kpflmkrfbs culmlo dorkf.
trkikco3
- Modproikr fk morrbmtk lgtbrprbtkmlýg nb fk sltukmlýg por pkrtb nb fk glûk / bf
glûo.
- Ksomlkr donbfos vbrikfbs ( orkfdbgtb y/o por
por bsmrlto ) prbsbgtkn os por
prbsbgtknos por bf
knufto k fks nlstlgtks vlûbtks 8 sl prbtbg
prbtbgnbdos
nbdos trkikckr bf oicbtlvo nb nljb
rbgmlkr jordks bnumknks o dkfbnumknks, fks nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs bsmrl
tks pubn
pubnbg
bg prbsb
prbsbgtkrsb
gtkrsb soirb soportbs nb nlstlgto mofor.
prbsbgtkmlogbs rbpbtlnks nb fks vlûbtks bg näks
bf kprbgnlzkcb mog prbsbgtkmlogbs
- Bgtrbgkr bf
postbrlorbs
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

]b pubnbg
]b pubn bg kpflmkr donbfos ikstkgtb
ikstkgtb vkrlknos bg rbkflnkn bg mknk ugo nb fks
nlstlgtks pkrtbs nbf dbgskcb3
ýg3 ‖ol`k, ..., dlrb ...—
Lgtronummlýg3
Lgtronumml ...—

proplk3 ‖soy bf vbmlgo nb kikco, ab modprkno bstk fëdpkrk
Urbsbgtkmlýg proplk3
kybr... 22
Bxposlmlýg nb nb fk qubck3 ‖¡[ub bstë tlrkgno kùk!—
‖Bstb pbsmkno aubfb duy dkf
dkf——
‖]og fks trbs nb fk dkûkgk—
‖]b ak skflno y go aky jordk nb vofvbr k mofo
mkrfo—
Modbgtkrlo3 ‖¡Bs ug bsmëgnkfo! 22
‖¡^bg`k mulnkno!—
‖¡Bsto go sb pubnb
pubn b modbr —
¡Modo sl`k ksä, voy k ffkdkr k fk pof
ää
poflmäk
lmäk!! 22
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .....................
.........................
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
<:
FK DBG^B
BG LL
;9;
<0

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >53 nliucos ;99, ;9= y ;9>
Mogtbglno3
]b rbjlbrb k fk jugmlýg nb ‖qubckrsb nb kfò k kfùlìg go jkdlflkr —. ]upogb uskr
ugk jordk nb vomktlvo pkrk ffkdkr fk ktbgmlýg y bxprbskr fk
fk qubck. Bg fk
fk vlnk rbkf,

bxlstbg dumaks
‖bnumkmlýg —3 ugovkrlkgtbs bxprbslvks
nb fos oicbtlvos, sl pkrk nbfsltukmlýg,
bstk
bf glvbf mog
glûo/mfb fk dkyor
glûk o dbgor
fo pbrdltb, bs
pbrdltb,
pogbr nb rbflbvb bstks nlstlgtks poslilflnknbs
poslilflnknbs y kpflmkrfbs ug culmlo
culmlo dorkf.
trkikco3
- Modproikr fk morrbmtk lgtbrprbtkmlýg nb fk sltukmlýg por
por pkrtb
pkrtb nb fk glûk / bf
bf
glûo.
- Ksomlkr donbfos vbrikfbs ( orkfdbgtb y/o por por bsmrlto ) prbsbgtknos
prbsbgtkn os por
por bf
knufto k fks nlstlgtks vlûbtks 8 sl prbtbg
prbtbgnbdos
nbdos trkikckr bf oicbtlvo nb nljb
rbgmlkr jordks bnumknks o dkfbnumknks, fks nlstlgtks jordks vbrikfbs bsmrl
tks pub
pubnbg
nbg prbsbgtkr
prbsbgtkrsb
sb soirb soportbs nb nlstlgto mofor.
prbsbgtkmlog bs rbpbtlnks nb fks vlûbtks bg näks
- Bgtrbgkr bf kprbgnlzkcb mog prbsbgtkmlogbs
postbrlorbs

L
l .
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

]b pubnbg
]b pub nbg kpflmkr donbfos ikstkgtb
ikstkgtb vkrlknos bg rbkflnkn bg mknk ugo nb fks
nlstlgtks pkrtbs nbf dbgskcb3
Lgtronummlý g3 ‖ol`k, ..., dlrb ...
Lgtronummlýg3

proplk3 ‖soy bf vbmlgo nb kikco, ab modprkno bstk fëdpkrk
Urbsbgtkmlýg proplk3
kybr...——
kybr...
BxposlmlÝrg nb fk qubck3 ‖¡[ub bstë tlrkgno kùk!
kùk!——
‖Bstb pbsmkno aubfb duy dkf—
‖]og fks trbs nb fk dkûkgk ‖
]b ak skflno y go aky jordk nb vofvbr k mofo
((
Z) ^
mkrfo—
Modbgtkrlo3 ‖¡Bs ug bsmëgnkfo!
‖¡^bg`k mulnkno!
mulnkno!——
‖¡Bsto go sb pub
pubnb
nb modbr —
‖¡Modo sl`k ksä, voy k ffkdkr k fk poflmäk!
poflmäk!——
L
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .........................
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubsto
ubstoss por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k
otrk.
<1
L BG FK DBG^B LL
L
L
;99
(
;9=
xZyW
äy '
;
L.
Y?
tä
L
;9>
<<
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
l
JLMAK >;3 nliucos ;92, ;9: y ;90

L
Mogtbglno3
Rgo nb fos sägtodks täplmos nb fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks bs bf ‖bxmbso nb

slgmbrlnkn bg fk bxprbslýg nb qub
bstknos vlûbtks
nbgmlkr fk —nljbrbgmlk bgtrb fo ugo plbgsk y Bstks
lgtbrgos. fo qub ugo prbtbgnbg
prbtbgn
nlmb, bg bvl
fk mogvb 
glbgmlk o go nb nbmlr fo qub ugo plbgsk
plbg sk y bf sl`gljlmkno nb mogmbptos modo
‖jkftk nb tkmto—, ‖dbgtlrks plkn osks —...
plknosks
trkikco3
- Bf prldbr pkso bs qub fk vlûbtk sb usb pkrk
prldbr pkso pkrk bstkifbmbr ug nlëfoò mog bf glûo/fk
glûk qub slrvk pkrk
pkrk bxpflmltkr fk gbmbslnkn nb go bxprbskr slbdprb fo qub ugo
porqub bsto pubnb
plbgsk porqub pubnb dofbstkr k fos nbdës3 bs fk tkrbk prlgmlpkf
prlg mlpkf..
- Bf sbùgno pkso
pkso mogslstb bg bxprbskr, orkfdbgtb o por por bsmrlto, fo qub ugo
plbgsk
plbg sk ( bg fk ‖guib—) y fo qub ugo nlmb (bg bf ‖ iomknlffo
iomk nlffo —)8 bs ugk jordk
vlsukf mfkrk nb nljbrbgmlkr bgtrb pbgskdlbgto
pbgskd lbgto y fbgùkcb bxprbskno.
Mogsl`gks3 Bg bstb mkso, bf oicbtlvo nb fk tkrbk bs bcbrmbr fk akilflnkn dbg-

tkflstk morrbspognlbgtb y por fo tkgto fks mogsl`gks vbrikfbs pubn
pubnbg
bg sbr

vkrlkifbs y sb kcsustkrëg k mknk mkso.
Ulbgsk Nlmb
¡[uì òrno! Iubgos näks, sbûor Uìrbz
¡[uì aorror! [uì ioglto
¡[uì pbrro dës jbo! Oa, quì dogo
¡Dknrb däk, ug tkdior! [uì rb`kfo dës ioglto,
näfb `rkmlks kf kiubfo L
Mukgno sb vkyk, db modo ugo Zkfb, dkdë. !
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .........................
Oisbrvkmlorlbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
V

propubsto
sbslýg k otrk.
;55
BG FK DBG^B ;;
;92
;9:
;90
t
;5;

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >93 nliucos ;91 y ;9<
Mogtbglno3
Rgo nb fos sägtodks täplmos nb fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks bs bf ‖bxmbso nb
slgmbrlnkn — bg fk bxprbslýg nb bstknos lgtbrgos. Bstks vlûbtks prbtbgnbg
prbtb gnbg bvl
nbgmlkr fk nljbrbgmlk bgtrb fo qub ugo plbgsk y fo qub ugo nlmb, fk mogvb
glbgmlk o go nb nbmlr fo qub ugo plbgsk y bf sl`gljlmkno nb mogmbptos
plbgsk modo
plknosks —...
‖jkftk nb tkmto—, ‖dbgtlrks plknosks
trkikco3
- Bf prldbr pkrk bstkifbmbr ug nlëfoò mog bf glûo/fk
pkso bs qub fk vlûbtk sb usb pkrk
prldbr pkso
glûk qub sl lvk
glûk slbdprb fo qub ugo
pkrk bxpflmltkr fk gbmbslnkn nb go bxprbskr slbdprb
lvk pkrk
porqub bsto pubnb
plbgsk porqub pubnb dofbstkr k fos nbdës3 bs fk tkrbk prlgm
prlgmlpkf.
lpkf.
- Bf sbùgno pkso
pkso mogslstb bg bxprbskr, orkfdbgtb o por por bsmrlto, fo qub ugo
plbgskk ( bg fk ‖guib—) y fo
plbgs fo qub ugo nlmb ( bg bf ‖ iomknlffo
iomknlffo —) 8 bs ugk jordk
vlsukf mfkrk nb nljbrbgmlkr bgtrb pbgskdlbgto
pbgskdlb gto y fbgùkcb bxprbskno.
Mogsl`gks3 Bg bstb mkso, bf oicbtlvo nb fk tkrbk bs bcbrmbr fk akilflnkn dbg-

tkflstk morrbspognlbgtb
vkrlkifbs y sb kcsustkrëg yk por fo tkgto fks mogsl`gks vbrikfbs pub
mknk mkso.
nbg sbr
pubnbg
Ulbgsk Nlmb
¡[uì òrno! Iubgos näks, sbûor Uìrbz
¡[uì aorror! [uì ioglto
ioglto
¡[uì pbrro dës jbo! Oa, quì dogo
¡Dknrb däk, ug tkdior! [uì rb`kfo dës ioglto,
näfb `rkmlks kf kiubfo
Mukgno sb vkyk, db modo ugo Zkfb, dkdë.
kpbfflnos3
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ........
.................
.................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
cb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;59
BG FK DBG^B LL
!
;91
L
L
;9<
;5=

<

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >=3 nliucos ;=5 y ;=;
Mogtbglno3
]b trktk nb ugk pbqubûk
pbqu bûk vkrlkgtb nb fks sltukmlogbs kgtbrlorbs pbro,
pbro, bg bstks
pbrsogkk rbmurrb k ugk ‖dbgtlrk plkno
nos sltukmlogbs, fk pbrsog plknosk
sk— pkrk mogsbùlr
fb ùstk slg ojbgnbr kf lgtbrfomutor. Fk nljlmuftkn kffä go bs
bvltkr kfò qub go fb
plbgsk slgo lgvbgtkr ugk bxmusk ‖ pfkuslifb
sýfo mkffkr fo qub sb plbgsk pfkusli fb —
trkikco3
- Bf prldbr pkrk bstkifbmbr ug nlëfoò mog bf
prldbr pkso bf glûo/fk
glûk qub slrvk pkrk
glûk pkrk bxpflmltkr fk gbmbslnkn nb go bxprbskr slbdprb fo qub ugo
plbgsk porqub
plbgsk porqub bsto pubnb
pubnb dofbstkr k fos nbdës3 bs fk tkrbk prlgm
prlgmlpkf.
lpkf.
- Bf sbùgno pkso
pkso mogslstb bg bxprbskr, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto, fk jýrdufk
somlkfdbgtb knbmuknk.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Fo prldbro gordkfdbgtb bs k`rknbmbr fo qub sb ojrbmb y fubò jordufkr fk
bxmusk pkrk rbmakzkrfo.
Bxmusks poslifbs3 ‖`rkmlks, go tbgò akdirb —
‖dumaks `rkmlks pbro yk ab modlno
‖`rkmlks pbro go bstoy mkgsknk—
‖`rkmlks, prbjlbro qubnkrdb nb plb—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg otrk.
k
;5>
BG FK
DBG^B LL
;=5
;=;
;52

JLMAK >>3 nliucos ;=9, ;== y ;=>

Mogtbglno3
]b trktk nb otrk vkrlkgtb nb go ‖nbmlr fk vbrnkn —, bg bstb mkso pkrk
pkrk ug nbtbr 
dlgkno oicbtlvo qub, dës o dbgos, custljlmk bf abmao nb dbgtlr. Bf oicbtlvo
bs qub fk glûk/bf glûo bgtlbgnk por quì dlbgtbg fos pbrsogkcbs.
trkikco3
„ Bf prldbr pkrk bstkifbmbr ug nlëfoò mog bf glûo/fk
prldbr pkso
glûk qub sllvk pkrk
glûk pkrk bxpflmltkr fk gbmbslnkn nb go bxprbskr slbdprb fo qub ugo
plbgsk porqub
porqub bsto
bsto pubnb
pubnb dofbstkr k fos nbdës3 bs fk tkrbk prlgmlpk
prlgmlpkf.
f.
- Bf sbùgno pkso mogslstb bg bxprbskr, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto, fk bxmusk
nb ugk jordk somlkfdbgtb knbmuknk.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
¡[ulbro dës mkrkdbfos!—
lä
‖\k go qubnk glgùgo ää
‖Dkräk, ¿pubnbs skmkr fk iksurk? Go pubno. Bstoy akmlbgno fos nbibrbs —

ää
‖¿Bstë Fkurk ?—
‖¿Fkurk?... go, go, go bstë.Ak skflno ug
dodbgto .—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
L

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;5:
FK DBG^B
BG ;;
t
L
L
;=9
)
;== ;=>
ä
;50

l

JLMAK >23 nliucos ;=2
Mogtbglnos3
]b prbsbgtkg
prbsb gtkg sltukmlogbs nognb ak jkffkno fk moduglmkmlýg y nognb kfùlbg
nbib sbûkfkr bf jkffo y bf lgtbrfomutor ‖rbpkrkr — nlmao jkffo.
trkikco3
„ ]b kgkflzk mog bf glûo/fk glûk fk sltukmlýg rbprbsbgtknk, fk mkusk nbf jkffo
- ]b mogsbgsók mog fk glûk/bf glûo bf mogtbglno vbrikf nb fo qub sb nlmb
Mogsl`gks poslifb

poslifbs3

s3
Bg bstb mkso, bf mogtbglno bs flirb ( nbf tlpo ‖¿[ulbrbs vbglr mogdlò?—

bf jkffo bstë bg qub go sb fb ak bgtbgnlno y qub nbib vofvbr k nbmlr fo
8
pbro dës jubrtb (bstrktb`lk, por
dlsdo pbro por mlbrto, k vbmbs kusbgtb bg mlbrtks kftb
rkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks bg fks qub bf sucbto go subfb kcustkr fk potbgml
potbgmlkk nb su
voz k fk nlstkgmlk nb su lgtbrfomutor).
]b ponrë rbprbsbgtkr bsmrlilbgno bf tbxto mog fbtrks duy `rkgnbs.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 .................
.........................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;51
L BG FK
DBG^B LL
;
)
,;
L
;=2
)
;5<
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >:3 nliuco ;=:
Mogtbglno3
]b prbsbgtkg
prbsbg tkg sltukmlogbs nognb ak jkffkno fk moduglmkmlýg y nognb kfùlbg
trkikco3
Bg bstb mkso, bf jkffo qub vkdos k trkikckr bs fk lgjordkmlýg lgsujlmlbgtb. Bf
knufto, cNor fo tkgto, nbib nkr fk prldbrk mogsl`gk3 ‖mo`b bf momab—, ‖mfkdb
bf fliro, por jkvor —.
- ]b kgkflzk por quì bf lgtbrfomutor go pubnb
pubn b rbspognbr k fk pbtlmlýg
pbtlm lýg o rbs
pognb nb jordk bqulvomknk
- ]b mogstruyb mog fk glûk/bf glûo fk rbspubstk ‖rbpkrknork — qub mogtlbgb fk
lgjordkmlýg pbrtlg
pbrtlgbgtb
bgtb
- ]b vubfvb k bgtrbgkr bg näks postbrlorbs.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
posli fbs3
‖Nkdb bsb momab— ‖¿Muëf?—
bf momab `rkgnb nb krrlik—,
u
‖bf momab pbqu bûo, kikco k fk nbrbmak—
pbqubûo,

(bf knufto pubnb jlckr nb kgtbdkgo muëf bs bf momab qub nbsbk bf pbrsogkcb,
fo qub oifl`krë k ug bsjubrzo supfbdbgtkrlo nb kgëflsls nb fk sltukmlýg)
uso nb nbämtlmos3 ‖go, bstb fliro, bf otro
uso nb kncbtlvos3 ‖go, qulbro bf òrno—.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...........
.....................
..............
....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrso
pbrsogkcb
gkcb

propubsto
sbslýg k otrk.
;;5
FK DBG^B
BG LL
l
;=:
;;;

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >03 nliuco ;=0
Mogtbglno3
prbsbgt kg sltukmlogbs nognb ak jkffkno fk moduglmkmlýg y nognb kfùlbg
]b prbsbgtkg
nbib sbûkfkr bf jkffo y bf lgtbrfomutor rbpkrkr nlmao jkffo.
trkikco3
Bg bstb mkso, bf jkffo qub vkdos k trkikckr bs fk lgjordkmlýg lgsujlmlbgtb. Bf
knufto, por fo tkgto, nbib nkr fk prldbrk mogsl`gk3 ‖mo`b bf momab—, ‖nkdb
bf fliro, por jkvor —.
- ]b kgkflzk por
por quì bf lgtbrfomutor go pubnb
pubnb rbspognbr k fk pbtlmlýg
pbtlmlýg o rbs
pogn b nb jordk bqulvomknk
pognb
fk rbspubstk ‖rbpkrknork— qub mogtlbgb fk
- ]b mogstruyb mog fk glûk/bf glûo fk fk
lgjordkmlýg pbrtlgbgtb
- ]b vubfvb k bgtrbgkr bg näks postbrlor
postbrlorbs.
bs.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

Nkdb bsb momab —
Ä.Ä
‖¿Muëf?—

k
bf momab `rkgnb nb krrlik—, ‖bf momab pbqubûo,
k
pbqub ûo, kikco k fk nbrbmak—
(bf knufto pubnb
pubn b jlckr nb kgtbdkgo muëf bs bf momab qub nbsbk bf pbrsogkc
pbrsogkcb,
b,
fo qub oifl`krë k ug bsjubrzo supfbdbgtkrlo nb kgëflsls nb fk sltukmlýg )
uso nb nbämtlmos3 ‖go, bstb fliro, bf otro—
uso nb kncbtlvos3 ‖go, qulbro bf òrno—.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;;9
BG FK DBG^B LL
L
;=0
;;=
DKYM DOGJOY^ • DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK >13 nliucos ;=1 y ;=<
Mogtbglno3
]b prbsbgtkg
prbsbg tkg sltukmlogbs nognb ak jkffkno fk moduglmkmlýg y nognb kfùlbg
trkikco3
Bg bstb mkso, bf jkffo sb nbib k ug nbsmogomldlbgto por por pkrtb
pkrtb nbf lgtbrfomu 
tor3 fk ‖rbpkrkmlýg— mogslstb por
por fo tkgto bg kûknlr lgjordkmlýg o rbjordufkr
fk pbtlmlýg Bf knufto nbib por fo tkgto jlckr fk prldbrk mogsl`gk3
‖nkdb bf dkrtlffo, por jkvor —
‖ nliuck ug kgldkf nodìstlmo'
- ]b kgkflzk mog fk glûk/bf glûo por quì jkffk bf pbrsogkcb.

- ]b mogtruyb mog bf glûo/fk glûk fk rbspubstk qub pbrdltlrë morrb`lr bf
dkfbgtbgnlno.
- ]b vubfvb k bgtrbgkr bg näks postbrlorbs

Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs
‖ Go, bsto go bs ug dkrtlffo, bs ug nbstorglffknor. Bf dkrtlffo bs pkrk mfkvkr,
pkrk nkr òfpbs. B.s bsto, kf fkno, mog ug dkgò nb dknbrk y ugk mkibzk nb
albrro—
‖Bf fbýg go bs ug kgldkf nodìstlmo, Ubnro. Bs ug kgldkf skfvkcb. Fos nodìs
tlmos sog fos kgldkfbs qub vlvbg mog fos aodirbs, bg ugk `rkgck o bg ugk
mksk—.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;;>
BG FK DBG^B LL
(
'l
;=1
ä t
;=<
;;2
A <

DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK ><3 nliucos ;>5 y ;>;
Mogtbglno3
pkrk ‖lr dës kffë'
prk`dëtlmks, aky slbdprb ugk nljlmuftkn pkrk
Bg fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks,
nb fks pkfkirks 8 slg bdikrò, bg bf uso akiltukf nbf fbgùkcb, go tono bstë
slbdprb nlmao nb jordk bxpfämltk. Bstks vlûbtks prbsbgtkg sltukmlogbs nb

‖jordufkmlogbs lgnlrbmtks nbf lgtbrfomutor
— nognb fk lgtbgmlýg go sb rbjfbck

nlrbmtkdbgtb bg sus pkfkirks.
Bg bstb mkso, fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg nb nlmak lgtbgmlýg nbib bxtrkbrsb nbf kgëfl
sls nb fk sltukmlýg y sb iksk bg ug mogomldlbgto prbvlo nb nbtbrdlgknks
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
Bf oicbtlvo mog bstb dktbrlkf bs bf nb trkikckr jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb fk mod
prbgslýg, bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
fk sltukmlýg.
- Bf glûo/fk glûk nbib ksomlkr fk jýrdufk propubstk
propu bstk por
por bf knufto (orkfdbg
tb y/o por bsmrlto) k fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb.
- Mog kyunk nbf knufto, kgkflzk tkgto fk sltukmlýg modo bf bgugmlkno y

bxpfämltk fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb ( ‖qulbrb qub.... —).
Mogsl`gks posl
poslifbs
ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg
‖¡Uubrtk!— qulbrb qub mlbrrb fk pubrtk

‖¡]odirbro!— qulbrb qub fk sbûork sb qultb bf
sodirbro porqu
porqubb fb tkpk fk pkgtkffk
Godirb y
Godirb kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ......................
.........................
...
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fo.s bcbdpfos propub
propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
flý
; BG FK DBG^B
;;
t
L
( ;>5
;>;
;;0
L
!

L]KIBFFB
253 nliucos ;>9, ;>= y ;>>
JLMAK
Mogtbglno3
Bg fks
fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks, pkrk ‖lr dës kffë—

jordufkmlogbs lgnlrbmtks— nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
ää
rb`fks somlkfbs.
prbgslýg, bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos
fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
fk sltukmlýg.

Mogsl`gks posl ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg
poslifbs

^lbgbs ustbn aork?
aork?—— [ulbrb skibr quì aork bs
‖¿ ^lbgb ustbn ug dlguto?— [ulbrb akifkr mog ìf
‖¿ Ak ffkdkno kfùlbg?
kfùlbg?—— [ulbrb qub fk sbmrbtkrlk fb nl`k qulìg ak
ffkdkno
(tkdilìg sb pubn
pubnbb lgnumlr fk rbspubstk nb fk sbmrbtkrlk)
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;;1
t BG FK DBG^B
;;
!
L
( ;>9
;>= ;>>
;;<

JLMAK 2;3 nliucos ;>2, ;>: y ;>0
Mogtbglno3
pkrk lr dës kffë
slbdprb nlmao nb jordk bxpfämltk. Bstks vlûbtks prbsbg
tkg sltukmlogbs nb
prbsbgtkg
‖jordufkmlogbs lgnlrbmtks — nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb trkikco3
Jordkto nb trkikco3
bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
prbgslý g, bs
prbgslýg,
fk sltukmlýg.
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg
- ‖Fk dbsk bstë sbrvlnk— qulbrb qub vkyk kf modbr
- ‖Ukifo, qub ffbvks ropk fldplk, ba qulbrb qub tbg`k mulnkno nb
go dkgmakrsb
- ‖\k skibs nognb bstë fk jrbbogk— qulbrb qub fldplb bf subfo
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;95
BG FK DBG^B LL
t
( ;>2
;>: ;>0
;9;

L
JLMAK 2;3 nliucos ;>1, ;>< y ;25
Mogtbglno3
pkrk ‖lr dës kffë—
slbdprb nlmao nb jordk bxpfämltk. Bstks vlûbtks prbsb
gtkg sltukmlogbs nb
prbsbgtkg
‖jordufkmlogbs lgnlrbmtks— nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
Bf oicbtlvo mog bstb dktbrlkf bs bf bfb trkikckr jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb fk mod
bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos
prbgslýg, bs
fk sltukmlýg.
poslifbs

-‖¿Nlsmufpb, bstë flirb bstk slffk?
-‖Ubrnogb, ¿bstë omupknk? — qulbrb ffbvkrsb fk slffk
-‖]bûorltk, sýfo tbgò nos — qulbrb tbgbr trbs fëplmbs, modo fos
nbdës
-‖l Dl ducbr vk tbgbr ug ibiì!
ibiì! —
„ ‖Dl
‖Dl ducbr vk nkr k fuz—
qulbrb qub fos otros momabs sb
kpkrtbg porqub
porq ub tlbgb prlsk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...................
.........................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;99
BG FK DBG^B LL
)
ä
L ;>1
;>< ;25
)
;9=
L

K
DKYM DOGJOY^ • DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 293 nliucos ;2;, ;29, ;2= y ;2>
Mogtbglno3
Bg fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks, pkrk ‖lr dës kffë—
slbdprb nlmao nb jordk bxpfämltk. Bstks vlûbtks prbsbg tkg sltukmlogbs nb
prbsbgtkg
k
jordufkmlogbs lgnlrbmtks
lgnlrbmtks—— nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
rb`fks somlkfbs.
nb trkikco3
Jordkto nb trkikco3
Bf oicbtlvo mog bstb dktbrlkf bs bf nb trkikckr jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb fk mod 
bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
prbgslýg, bs
fk sltukmlýg.

poslifbs
„ ‖¿Go
¿Go tlbgbs gknk qub akmbr?— qulbrb qub bf otro malmo sb vkyk
y nbcb nb dlrkr
- ‖Ry, db nubfb fk `kr`kgtk— qulbrb qub fk otrk malmk go judb
-‖Oyb, qub bstoy bstunlkgno qulbrb qub bf otro malmo kpkùb fk
g
fk
rknlo
- ‖Kqul go sb pubnb
pubn b akifkr qulbrb lr k otro sltlo porqu
porqubb aky
L
nbdkslkno rulno
Godirb y
Godirb kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ................
.........................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;9>
)
BG FK DBG^B LL
L
;2; ;29
ä
l
}
;2= ;2>
;92

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 2>3 nliucos ;22, ;2:, ;20 y ;21
Mogtbglno3
pkrk ‖lr dës kffë
kffë —

prbsbgtkg
gtkg sltukmlogbs nb

‖jordufkmlogbs
nlrbmtkdbgtb bglgnlrbmtks
sus pkfkirks.
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
prbgslý g, bs
prbgslýg, fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
fk sltukmlýg.
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg3
-
‖û iomknlffo bstë duy rlmo ¿vbrnkn?—
modbr
pomo otro malmo
qulbrb qub

fb nbcb

ug bf
pomo
\k ab tbrdlgkno. ¿K tl go tb ùstk?o?
lM
qulbrb qub fk otrk malmk fb nì su
ibilnk
- ‖^lbgbs dumaks jforbs. Dlrk, yo sýfo
tbgò ugks pomks — qulbrb qub bf otro malmo fb nì
kfùgks nb sus jforbs
-‖Jäcktb. ]ýfo db jkftkg 95 mìgtldos
pkrk ponbr
ponbr modprkrdb ug abfkno— qulbrb qub bf otro malmo fb nì bf
nlgbro qub fb jkftk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. .........................
.........................
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;9:
FK DBG^B
BG ;;
;
;22 ;2:
l
;20 ;21
r
;90

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 223 nliucos ;2<, ;:5 y ;:;
Mogtbglno3
pkrk ‖lr dës kffë

prbsbgtkg
gtkg sltukmlogbs nb
k

jordufkmlogbs
nlrbmtkdbgtb bglgnlrbmtks
sus pkfkirks.
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
prbgslý g, bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos bgugmlknos bg jugmlýg nb
prbgslýg,
fk sltukmlýg.
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg
- ‖¿^b vks k modbr tu pkg?— qulbrb qub bf otro malmo fb nì su

pkg ( sb pubn
pubnbb bgtogmbs sbùlr
sb`óg fk rbspubstk sbk sä o go)
-‖¿^lbgbs kf`óg iuzýg mbrmk
nb tu mksk?
mksk?—— qulbrb qub fk sbûorltk bmab su mkr 
tk kf iuzýg
Bg dl dkfbtk go db mkib tono. qulbrb qub su kdl`k fb nbcb pogbr
pogb r
mosks bg su dkfbtk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..................
.........................
.......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb cb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;91
BG FK DBG^B ;;

;2<
;:5
L ä
;:;
ä ;9<

K
JLMAK 2:3 nliucos ;:9, ;:= y ;:>
Mogtbglno3
Bg fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks, pkrk ‖lr dës kffë—


jordufkmlogbs
‖nlrbmtkdbgtb bglgnlrbmtks — nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
sus pkfkirks.
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
prbgslýg, bs
fk sltukmlýg.
Mogsl`gks posl ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg3
poslifbs

-
;2?
‖¿Aks abmao bf sbùgno proifbdk?' qulbrb

fk qub (su
sofumlýg modpkûbro
prbùgtk
prbùgtk fb nl`k
supfbdbgtk
rlk3 ¿por quì akifk ikc
ikclto?
lto?))
- ‖¿ Aks modlno yk ?— fb ojrbmb modpkrtlr su kfdubrzo
- ‖¿ Aks tbrdlgkno fos nbibrbs?' qulbrb qub fb kyunb k jrb`kr
l2?
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...................
.........................
......
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;=5
BG FK DBG^B ;;
;:9
;:=
;:>
;=;
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 203 nliucos ;:2, ;:: y ;:0
Mogtbglno3
Bg fks kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks, pkrk ‖lr dës kffë

äl

jordufkmlogbs
nlrbmtkdbgtb bglgnlrbmtks — nognb fk lgtbgmlýg nbf lgtbrfomutor go sb rbjfbck
sus pkfkirks.
rb`fks somlkfbs.
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
prbgslýg, bs nbmlr fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg morrbmtk nb fos
fk sltukmlýg.
Mogsl`gks pos lifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlogbs3
poslifbs

u

¿Go tb aks ofvlnkno gknk? qulbrb qub
ofvlnkno sb nì
pogbrs
pogbrsb iotks nb qub sb ak
mubgtk
b fks
- ‖¿^b ùstk bf mlgb?
o (dës nlrbmto )
-‖¿ ^b ùstkräk lr kf mlgb ?— bf malmo qulbrb qub fk malmk vkyk mog ìf
kf mlgb
-—\k bs duy tkrnb, ¿go?“ qulbrb dkrmakrsb k su mksk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;=9
FK DBG^B
BG ;;
;:2
;::
;:0
;==

L

JLMAK 213 nliucos ;:1, ;:< y ;05
Mogtbglnos3
iksknk bg bf uso nb ugk jordk gb`k
]b trktk nb ugk vkrlkgtb nb fo kgtbrlor iksknk

tlvk mukgno, bg rbkflnkn, bf akifkgtb qulbrb qub su lgtbrfomutor ak`k kfò.
trkikco3
- Ksomlkr bf donbfo vbrikf knufto ( orkf y/o bsmrlto ) mog fks
fks vlûbtks morrbs 
pognlbg tbs.
pognlbgtbs.
- Kyunkr kf glûo/k fk glûk k lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb.
- Urbsbgtkr fks dlsdks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk modproikr sl fk glûk
postbrlorbs pkrk
/bf glûo bs mkpkz nb rbmupbrkr bstos donbfos bg dbdorlk
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlogbs
‖¿ K qub go db plffks?—
„ qulbrb qub bf pknrb fk pbrsl`k pkrk cu`kr
cu`kr
-‖¿K qub go tb ktrbvbs k suilr?
suilr?—— qulbrb qub su kdlò suik modo ìf
-
‖¿K qub go db `kgks? qulbrb akmbr ugk mkrrbrk bg ilmlmfbtk mog
su kdlò
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb cb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;=>
BG FK DBG^B
;;
;:1
;:<
!
;05
L
;=2
L
l

L

L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 2<3 nliucos ;0;, ;09, ;0= y ;0>
Mogtbglno3
Fk tbgnbgmlk k fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg fltbrkf nb fos glûos y glûks qub prbsbgtkg
kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks sb bvlnbgmlk nb jordk duy mfkrk mukgno nbibg
bgjrbgtkrsb mog modpkrkmlogbs, usos dbtkjýrlmos o bxprbslogbs lnlodëtlmks.
Bstks vlûbtks prbsbgt
prbsbgtkg
kg sltukmlogbs bg fks qub su uso bs duy akiltukf pkrk
kyunkrfbs k nbsbgtrkûkr su
su sl`gljlmkno k pkrtlr
pkrtlr nb ug mogtbxto prbsbgtkno
prbsbg tkno nb
jordk bstkifb dbnlkgtb bf nliuco.
Jordkto3
Nb gubvo sb trktk bfb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbg 
slýg.
- Bf glûo o fk glûk nbib ksomlkr k fks vlûbtks morrbspognlbgtbs fos donbfos
tknos por bf knufto, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto.
prbsbgtknos
prbsbg

- Bf knufto fb kyunk k bgtbgnbr fk rbfkmlýg dbtkjýrlmk o bf sbgtlno ‖bsmog
nlno— qub bxlstb bgtrb fk jordk vbrikf y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb y nbib
rë akmbrfo k dbguno nb jordk duy bxpfämltk.
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbgtkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
bf
kprbgnlzkcb.
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs
pë`lgk,, sb trkikck bf mogtrkstb bgtrb bf uso fltbrkf nb ugks pkfkirks
Bg bstk pë`lgk
(tbsoro - modbr ) y su uso dbtkjýrlmo pkrk
pkrk kpoykr fk bxpflmltkmlýg qub nbib
rë akmbr bf knufto.
¡ [uì tbsoro ! (ug glûo iubgo

iubgo)) ¡[uì tbsoro! (coyks...)
¡]b fo bstë modlbgno ! pkrk modìrsbfo !
¡Bstë pkrk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsog kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;=:
BG FK DBG^B LL
;0;
;09
;
!
;0=
;0>
!
;=0

JLMAK :53 nliucos ;02, ;0:, ;00 y ;01
Mogtbglno3

Bstks vlûbtks
kyunkrfbs prbsbgtkg
prbsb gtkg sltukmlogb,s
k nbsbgtrkûkr bg kfks
su sl`gljlmkno qub nb
pkrtlr
pkrtlr su ug
uso bs duy prbsbgtkno
mogtbxto
akiltukf pkrk
prbsbg tkno nb
Jordkto3
Nb gubvo sb trktk bfb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbgslýg.
Nb

prbsbgtk nos por bf knufto, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto.
prbsbgtknos
- Bf knufto fb kyunk k bgtbgnbr fk rbfkmlýg dbtkjýrlmk o bf sbgtlno ‖bsmog 
k
nlno—— qub bxlstb bgtrb fk jordk vbrikf y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb y nbib
nlno nbib 
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsb gtkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Kgtbs nb pkskr nlrbmtkdbgtb k fk dbtëjork, sb prbsb
prbsbgtkg
gtkg jýrdufks vbrikfbs
qub sb ikskg bg modpkrkmlogbs dës o dbgos nlrbmtks
- ‖Kgnëls modo tortu`ks—
- ‖Bsmrlibs modo ug mbrno
cc
- ‖Bfb nordlno modo ug trogmo
- ‖ Gknk modo ug pbz
pbz—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fo.s bcbdpfos propu
propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;=1
BG FK DBG^B
LL
L
l
;02
;0: ;00
L
^
/
;
6fm¿7
;01
c
;=<
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK :;3 nliucos ;0<, ;15, ;1; y ;19
Mogtbglno3

Bstks vlûbtks
kyunkrfbs prbsbgtkg
prbsb gtkg sltukmlogbs
k nbsbgtrkûkr bg kfks
su sl`gljlmkno qub nbsu ug
nb
pkrtlr
pkrtlr uso bs duy prbsbgtkno
mogtbxto prbsbgtkno nb
akiltukf pkrk
Jordkto3
Nb gubvo sb trktk bfb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbg
slýg.

prbsbgtkno s por
prbsbgtknos por bf knufto, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto.
-
]b prbsb gtkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
vubfvbg k prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3

]b prbsbgtkg
prbsb gtkg usos dbtkjýrlmos nb uso duy morrlbgtb bg fk mogvbrskmlýg orkf
- ‖Dknrb däk, ¡quì iurro!—
- ‖Bs ug mlbfo—
- ‖Brbs ug sof —
- ‖Bs
Bs ugk dëqulgk
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak 8 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk ksomlkr fo bplb oyb (o fbb) mog fk vlûbtk morrbspognlbgtb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;>5
)
BG FK DBG^B ;;
L
;
;0<
;15 ;1;
L
;19
;>;
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK :93 nliucos ;1=, ;1>, ;12 y ;1:
Mogtbglno3
kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtl mks sb bvlnbgmlk nb jordk duy mfkrk mukgno nbibg
prk`dëtlmks
Bstks vlûbtks prbsbg tkg sltukmlogbs bg fks qub su uso bs duy akiltukf pkrk
prbsbgtkg
kyunkrfbs k nbsbgtrkûkr su pkrtlr nb ug mogtbxto prbsbgtkno
su sl`gljlmkno k pkrtlr prbsbgtk no nb
Jordkto3
Nb gubvo sb trktk nb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbg
slýg.

prbsbgtknos
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsb gtkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlo
prbsbgtkr rbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
postbrlorbs
kprbgnlzkcb
Mogsl`gks poslifbs
poslifbs3
3
]b trktk kqul nb usos dbtkjýrlmos qub akmbg rbjbrbgmlk k mogmbptos somlkfbs
nb dkyor glvbf
‖Bs ugk bstrbffk “
- ‖Bs
- ‖Bs ug tliurýg —
- ‖Bs ugk bspogck
2?
- ‖Bs ug aubso—
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;>9
BG FK DBG^B ;;
L
;1= ;1>
. ;12 ;1:
;>=
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK :=3 nliucos ;10, ;11, ;1< y ;<5
Mogtbglno3
Fk tbgnbgmlk k fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg fltbrkf nb fos glûos y glûks qub prbsbgtk
prbsbgtkgg
Bstks vlûbtks prbsb
prbsbgtkg
gtkg sltukmlogbs bg fks qub su uso bs duy akiltukf pkrk
kyunkrfbs k nbsbgtrkûkr su sl`gljlmkno k pkrtlr prbsbgtk no nb
Jordkto3
sb trktk nb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbgslýg.
Nb gubvo sb
prbsbg tknos por bf knufto, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto.
prbsbgtknos
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbg tkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs 3
]b trktk kqul bfb ugks bxprbslogbs duy akiltukfbs qub sb uskg modbgtkgno
gb`ktlvkdbgtb fk mognumtk nb kfùlbg, soirb tono ug glûo o ugk glûk.
- ‖¿ Bs qub go tlbgbs mkibzk?
- ‖¿Bs qub go tlbgbs ocos?—
- ‖¿Bs qub go tlbgbs fbgùk?
fbgùk?—— (fk sbûork fb prbùgtk mýdo sb ffkdk)
- ‖¿Bs qub go tlbgbs plbrgks?
plbrgks?—— (bf dumakmao fb plnb ug fliro k su
pknrb)
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg otrk.
k
;>>
BG FK DBG^B ;;
;10 ;11
;1< ;<5
;>2
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK :>3 nliucos ;<;, ;<9, ;<= y ;<>
Mogtbglno3
Fk tbgnbgmlk k fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg fltbrkf nb fos glûo.s y glûks qub prbsbgt
prbsbgtkg
kg
Bstks vlûbtks prbsb
prbsbgtkg
gtkg sltukmlogbs bg fks qub su uso b,s duy akiltukf pkrk
kyunkrfbs k nbsbgtrkûkr su sl`gljlmkno k pkrtlr prbsbg tkno nb
Jordkto3
sb trktk nb ug trkikco
Nb gubvo sb trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbgslýg.
prbsbgt knos por bf knufto, orkfdbgtb o por bsmrlto.
prbsbgtknos
- Bf knufto fb kyunk k bgtbgnbr fk rbfkmlýg dbtkjýrlmk o bf sbgtlno ‖bsmog 
u

- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbgtk r fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb
posli fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlogbs3
Mogsl`gks poslifbs
]b prbsbg tkg kquä sltukmlogbs mog ug uso dbtkjýrlmo duy pbmuflkr nb fk
prbsbgtkg fk

pkfkirk ‖dlbno — qub sb opogb modpfbtkdbgtb k su sl`gljlmkno fltbrkf3 bs dës
modpflmkno qub bg vlûbtks kgtbrlorbs porq
porqubub sb pubnb nljämlfdbgtb bxtrkbr
ugk rbfkmlýg fý`lmk bgtrb bf sl`gljlmkno fltbrkf y dbtkjýrlmo.
- ‖^b ak skflno nb dlbno— tb ak skflno duy ilbg
- ‖Bs ug nliuco nb dlbno—
- ‖¡ nb dlbno !— db fo bstoy pkskgno
pkskgn o duy ilbg
ilbg
modo rbspubstk k fk prbùgtk3
‖¿[uì tkf fk jlbstk?—
- ‖Ry, ¡quì dlbno!
kpbfflnos3
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
NljlmuRknbs3
- LNljlmuftkn pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsogkcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;>:
BG FK DBG^B ;;
L
;<;
;<9
;<=
;<>
;>0
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK :23 nliucos ;<2, ;<:, ;<0 y ;<1
Mogtbglno3
kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlm
prk`dëtlmksks sb bvlnbgmlk nb jordk duy mfkrk mukgno nbibg
Bstks vlûbtks prbsb gtkg sltukmlogbs bg fks qub su uso bs duy akiltukf pkrk
prbsbgtkg
kyunkrfbs k nbsbgtrkûkr su pkrtlr nb ug mogtbxto prbsbgtkno
su sl`gljlmkno k pkrtlr prbsbgtk no nb
Jordkto3
sb trktk nb ug trkikco nlrl`lno jugnkdbgtkfdbgtb k fk modprbgslýg.
Nb gubvo sb
prbsbgtknos
({
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbg tkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr bf
prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb
Mogsl`gks posl
poslifbs
ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlogbs
Fks bxprbslogbs lnlodëtlmks sog bxtrbdknkdbgtb gudbrosks bg mukfqulbr fbgùk
y dumaks nb bffks go ùkrnkg kpbgks rbfkmlýg fý`lmk bgtrb bf sl`gljlmkno fltbrkf,
akiltukf, nb fks pkfkirks y su kpflmkmlýg nbgtro nb fk bxprbslýg mofoqulkf3 kqul
sýfo prbsbgtkdos
prbsbgtkdos ugks mukgtks
mukgtks sltukmlogbs pkrk
pkrk dostrkr mýdo uskr fk rbprbsbg
tkmlýg `rëjlmk modo slstbdk nb kyunk k su lgtbrprbtkmlýg k pkrtlr nbf mogtbxto,
mog fos glûos y glûks qub prbsbgtkg
prbsbgtkg kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmk
prk` dëtlmks3
s3
Bf malmo modbgtk k su dknrb3
- ‖¡ Mýdo vk bstk malmk!—
y su dknrb fb mogtbstk3
-‖Dlrk qulìg jub k akifkr — rkro qub bffk
vbstlno lùkf nb rkro
tó vks vbstlno
Bg fks slùlbgtbs vlûbtks, ponbdo
ponbdoss bxpflmltkr bf sl`gljlmkno nb3
- ‖ôdës, ¡bstës bg fk guibs8 bstës nlstrkäno
C?
- ‖ Gl akifkr — go qulbro
- ‖^b bstës pogl
poglbgno
bgno fks iotks bstës modlbgno dumao
?2
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbffln os3 .............
..........................
.............
Jbmak3 .............
............................
...............................
........................
........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
pbrsog kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;>1
BG FK DBG^B ;;
;<2
L
;<:
l ;<0
;<1
;><
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK. ::3 nliuco ;<<
Mogtbglno3
Bf uso lrýglmo nbf fbgùkcb 8 fk lrogäk supogb mksl slbdprb nbmlr fo mogtrkrlo
nb fo qub sb
sb plbgsk, fo qub supogb ugk nljlmuftkn duy `rkgnb pkrk
plbgsk, fo pkrk fos
fos glûos
y fks glûks qub tlbgnbg k fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg fltbrkf nb fks pkfkirks slg jlckrsb
bg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf y fk bgtogkmlýg nbf qub akifk ( qub slrvbg prbmlsk
dbgtb pkrk nlstlgùlr fk lrogäk o fo qub go fo bs ) y slg tbgbr bg mubgtk fos
kgtbmbnbgtbs nb fk sltukmlýg.
trkikco3
]b trktk bsbgmlkfbdbgtb bfb rbkflzkr tkrbks bfb modprbgslýg.
- Bf glûo/fk glûk bfbib ksomlkr o mogtrkstkr fos dobfbfos fb pro
dobfbfos bcub bf kbfufto fb pro 
pormlogk orkfdbgtb. Bg bstb mkso, bf soportb bsmrlto go rbjfbck fk nljbrbg
mlk y bf mogtrkstb sb iksk óglmkdbgtb bg fk bgtogkmlýg.

- Bf kbfufto fb kyunk k lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb, sbûkfkgno sl sl
akmb jkftk fos rksòs bfb su mkrk y fos bfbdbgtos mogtbxtókfbs qub pubnbgpubn bg
kyunkr k bgtbgnbrfk
- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbg
prbsbgtkr
tkr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr su
kprbgnlzkcb

Mogsl`gks posl
poslifbs
ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg3
„ ‖]ä qub aks bstunlkno bstb
jlg nb sbdkgk— ]b`óg fk vlûbtk, sl`gljlmk qub ak skmkno
iubgkk o dkfk gotk.
iubg
prbùgtkr kf glûo bg mknk vlûbtk3
Uonbdos prbùgtkr
- ‖¿Ak abmao ilbg bxkdbg?—— y ‖¿Mýdo fo skibs?—
ilbg bf bxkdbg?
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos 3 ...................
........................................
...........................................
............................................
.............................
.......
Jbmak. ......................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...............................
.........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;25
BG FK
DBG^B LL
;<<
;2;

JLMAK :03 nliucos 955, 95;, 959 y 95=
Mogtbglno3
plbgsk, fo qub supogb ugk nljlmuftkn duy `rkgnb pkrk
nb fo qub sb plbgsk, pkrk fos glûos
bg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf y fk bgtogkmlýg nbf qub akifk ( qub slrvbg prbmlsk
dbgtb pkrk nlstlgùlr fk lrogäk o fo qub go fo bs ) y slg tbgbr bg mubgtk fos
trkikco3
]b trktk bsbgmlkfbdbgtb nb rbkflzkr tkrbks nb modprbgslýg.
- Bf glûo/fk glûk nbib ksomlkr o mogtrkstkr fos donbfos qub bf knufto fb pro
pro 
pormlogk orkfdbgtb. Bg bstb mkso, bf soportb bsmrlto go rbjfbck fk nljbrbg
mlk y bf mogtrkstb sb iksk óglmkdbgtb bg fk bgtogkmlýg.

- Bf knufto fb kyunk k lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb, sbûkfkgno sl
sl
akmb jkftk fos rksòs nb su mkrk y fos bfbdbgtos mogtbxtókfbs qub pubnbg
pubn bg
kyunkr k bgtbgnbrfk.

- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbg
prbsbgtkr
tkr fks vlûbtks bg näk,s postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr su
kprbgnlzkcb.
Mogsl`gks posl
poslifbs
ifbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg3
cub`k kqul mog fks prbùgtks
- ]b cub`k
‖¿Go tlbgbs ugo dës pbqub
pbqubûo?
ûo?—
¿Go tlbgbs ugo dës `rkgnb?—
k
- Rsëgnofks, nb jordk lrýglmk pkrk nbmlr qub
bf kibto bs duy `rkgnb
fk mubrnk bs duy mortk
bf sodirbro bs duy `rkgnb
bf rb`kfo bs duy pbqubûo
pbqu bûo
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ....................
.........................
.....
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;29
l
BG FK DBG^B LL
955 95;
959 95=
;2=
; '
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
DOGJOY^ CRËYBS L
L]KIBFFB
;
JLMAK :13 nliucos 95>, 952 y 95:

Mogtbglno3
plbgsk, fo qub supogb ugk nljlmuftkn duy `rkgnb pkrk
nb fo qub sb plbgsk, pkrk fos
fos glûos
L
bg fk bxprbslýg jkmlkf y fk bgtogkmlýg nbf qub akifk ( qub slrvbg prbmlsk 
dbgtb pkrk nlstlgùlr fk lrogäk o fo qub go fo bs ) y slg tbgbr bg mubgtk fos (
trkikco3
]b trktk bsbgmlkfbdbgtb nb rbkflzkr tkrbks nb modprbgslýg.
- Bf glûo/fk glûk nbib ksomlkr o mogtrkstkr fos donbfos qub bf knufto fb pro
pro 
pormlogk
pormlo gk orkfdbgtb. Bg bstb mkso, bf soportb bsmrlto go rbjfbck fk nljbrbg L
iksk óglmkdbgtb bg fk bgtogkmlýg.
mlk y bf mogtrkstb sb iksk

- Bf knufto fb kyunk k lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb, sbûkfkgno sl sl
akmb jkftk fos rksòs nb su mkrk y fos bfbdbgtos mogtbxtukfb.s qub pubnbg L
kyunkr k bgtbgnbrfk.

- ]b vubfvbg k prbsbgt
kr fks vlûbtks bg näks postbrlorbs pkrk ksbùrkr su
prbsbgtkr
kprbgnlzkcb.
L
Mogsl`gks posli fbs b lgtbrprbtkmlýg
poslifbs

—]ä qub sog nlvbrtlnos, ìstos— sog kiurrlnos

„
„ —¿Zks k ugk jlbstk nb mkrgkvkf?

mkrgkvkf?—— tu vbstlno bs rlnlmufo, pkrbmb ug (
nlsjrkz
„ —¡]ä qub bstë krrb`fkno!— bf momab bstë duy dkf
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
ä

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
ä
;2>

lF
BG FK DBG^B ;;
95>
952
95:
;22

w
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK :<3 nliuco 950 l
{
Mogtbglno3
]b trktk nb ug soportb `rëjlmo pkrk bgtrbgkr k fos glûos o glûks mog kftbrkmlo
gbs prk`dëtlmks k trksfknkr pbtlmlogbs
pbtlmlogbs b lgjordkmlogbs nb ugk pbrsogk
pbrsogk k otrk.
l
trkikco3
Bf soportb `rëjlmo sb ksomlk k ugk pbqubû
pbqubûkk sbmubgmlk vbrikf qub sb vk k rbkfl
zkr rbkfdbgtb bgtrb ug knufto y otro, bg mksk o bg bf mofb`lo. ]lrvb pkrk bgtrb
]lrvb pkrk t
gkr prbvlkdbgtb fk mognumtk kgtbs nb qub bf glûo sb vkyk, bgtrbgkgno prb
ùgtks y rbspubstks, sl sl bs poslifb lgmfuso por bsmrlto. Fubò, bf glûo rbkflzk fk
fk
prlgmlplo ffbvëgnosb fk jlmak mog fks mogsl`gks, nbspuìs slg bffk.
tkrbk, kf prlgmlplo
t
Mogsl`gks posli
poslifbs
fbs
Bf dktbrlkf sb prbstk
prbstk k glvbfbs duy nljbrbgtbs 8 nkrbdos kqul kfùgos bcbd
pfos nbsnb ug mogtbglno duy sbgmlffo akstk otros dës modpfbcos
-Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf muëgtos kûos tlbgb.
¿Muëgtos kûos tlbgbs?
=5
Lskibf tlbgb =5 kûos (
- Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf qub ak abmao bf sëikno

¿[uì aks abmao bf sëikno?

lno kf
Ab lno
Ak mlgb mog
kf mlgb mog su govlo yy sus
dl govlo ugos kdlòs
kdlòs

- Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf muëf bs su nbportb jkvorlto btm ...
- Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf sl fb ùstkg fos pbrros y por
por quì btm...
- Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf sl pubn
pubnbb trkikckr mogtlò dkûkgk btm... f
Bg bstk tkrbk, aky ugk nljlmuftkn nb tlpo jordkf3 bf mkdilo nb fos progod 
bs kfò nljämlf pkrk
irbs y nb fk dorjofo`äk nb fos vbrios bs pkrk fos glûos y fks
fos glûos fks glûks l
mog kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks 8 bstk jlmak pubn
pubnbb tkdilìg sbrvlr pkrk
pkrk trkikckr
bstb oicbtlvo.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3 L
Jbmak3 ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3 L
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
- Nljlmuftkn pkrk
pkrk lgtbrprbtkr fk lgtbgmlýg nbf pbrsog
pbrsogkcb
kcb t

propubstos L
sbslýg k otrk.
;2:
BG FK DBG^B ;;
950
;20

l

DKYM DOGJOY^ . L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS f
JLMAK 053 nliucos 951, 95<, 9;5 y 9;;
L
Mogtbglno3
Bstks vlûbtks prbsbg
prbsbgtkg
tkg kfùgks nb fks mognumtks somlkfdbgtb lgknbmuknks L
dës akiltukfbs bg glûos mog kftbrkmlogbs prk`dëtlmks
nb trkikco3
Jordkto nb trkikco3 L
Bstb dktbrlkf pubnb
pubnb sbrvlr nb soportb `rëjlmo pkrk
pkrk bf trkikco nb donljlmkmlýg
mognumtukf qub bstkdos rbkflzkgno mog ug glûo o ugk glûk 8 k dbguno, go
modprbgnbg por quì bstk mognumtk bs lgknbmuknk y go tlbgbg mogmlbgmlk (
nb bffo.
Fk rbprbsbgtkmlýg `rëjlmk pubnb
pubnb jkmlfltkr su kgëflsls y fk dbdorlzkmlýg nb fks

mogsl`gks vbrikfbs qub fb nkdos pkrk kyunkrfb k mogtrofkr o k bfldlgkr L
nlmak mognumtk.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Bg bstb mkso, go sb trktk yk bfb donbfos vbrikfbs pkrk
pkrk uskr bg moduglmkmlýg
slgo mognumtks qub vkdos k lgtbgtkr bcub bf glûo o fk glûk pubnk nlsmrldl
gkr, bgtbgnbr y mogtrofkr3
t
- ldportkgmlk nbf mogtkmto omufkr mukgno sb bsmumak
- ldportkgmlk nbf mogtkmto omufkr mukgno sb akifk
- go akifkr sofo bg voz kftk
- go akifkr tono bf tlbdpo nb mosks qub go lgtbrbskg k fos nbdës
f
Bg fos ‖ iomknlffos
iomknlffo s—, bf knufto pubnb
pub nb lr mofomkgno prbmlskdbgtb kqubffks bstb
mofomkgno prbmlskdbgtb
l
rbotlplks vbrikfbs nbf proplo glûo/glûk o dubstrks nb fos tbdks rbltbrktlvos
nb fos qub subfb akifkr mogtlgukdbgtb
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak. ...............
.........................
..........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3 L
pbrsogkcb
kcb

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;21
FK DBG^B
BG ;;
l
951 95<
9;5 9;;
;2<
DKYM DOGJOY^ .
JLMAK 0;3 nliucos 9;9, 9;= y 9;>
Mogtbglno3
Bstks vlûbtks prbsbgtkg kfùgks nb fks mognumtks somlkfdbgtb lgknbmuknks
prk`dëtlmks
trkikco3
Bstb dktbrlkf pubnb
Bstb pubnb sbrvlr nb soportb `rëjlmo pkrk
pkrk bf
bf trkikco nb donljlmkmlýg
modprbgnbg por quì bstk mognumtk bs lgknbmuknk y go tlbgbg mogmlbgmlk
nb bffo.
pub nb jkmlfltkr su kgëflsls y fk dbdorlzkmlýg nb fks
mogsl`gks vbrikfbs qub fb nkdos pkrk kyunkrfb k mogtrofkr o k bfldlgkr
nlmak mognumtk
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Bg bstb mkso, go sb trktk yk nb donbfos vbrikfbs pkrk
slgo mognumtks qub vkdos k lgtbgtkr qub bf glûo o fk glûk pub
pubnk
nk nlsmrldl
gkr, bgtbgnbr y mogtrofkr.
- Mogtrofkr fk ldpufslvlnkn3 go kvkskffkr k fos nbdës y pbnlr
pbnlr pbrdlso pkrk
pkskr
- Mogtrofkr fk ldpufslvlnkn3 nbckr qub dkdë tbrdlgb nb akifkr.
- Mogtrofkr fk ldpufslvlnkn3 go `rltkr bg fu`krbs póiflmos
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ............
.........................
.............
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljämlf
Ltknbs33
Ltknbs

- Nljlmuftkn pkrk rbtbgbr fos bcbdpfos propubsto
propubstoss por bf knufto, nb ugk
sbslýg k otrk.
;:5
BG
FK DBG^B LL
9;9
9;=
9;>
;:;
L

DKYM DOGJOY^
•
DOGJOY^ CRËYBS
L]KIBFFB
JLMAK 093 nliucos 9;2 y 9;:
Mogtbglno3
Bstks vlûbtks prbsbgtk
prbsbgtkgg kfùgks nb fks mognumtks somlkfdbgtb lgknbmuknks
Jordkto nb
nb trkikco3
trkikco3
Bstb dktbrlkf pubnb
pubnb sbrvlr nb soportb `rëjlmo pkrk
pkrk bf trkikco nb donljlmkmlýg
modprbgnbg por quì bstk mognumtk bs lgknbmuknk y go tlbgbg mogmlbgmlk
nb bffo.
pubn b jkmlfltkr su kgëflsls y fk dbdorlzkmlýg nb fks
mogsl`gks vbrikfbs qub fb nkdos pkrk kyunkrfb k mogtrofkr o k bfldlgkr
nlmak mognumtk.
Mogsl`gks poslifbs3
poslifbs3
Bg bstb mkso, go sb trktk yk bfb donbfos vbrikfbs pkrk
slgo mognumtks qub vkdos k lgtbgtkr qub bf glûo o fk glûk pubnk nlsmrldl
gkr, bgtbgnbr y mogtrofkr.
- Mogtrofkr bf mogtkmto mog nbsmogomlnos, rbnumlr bf bxmbso nb jkdlflkrlnkn
- Fk
Fk jkftk nb ‖tkmto—3 nbmlr kfò nbsk`rknkifb bg voz kftk
Bg fos iomknlff os nb fks vlûbtks, sb pub
iomknlffos pubnbg
nbg lr mofomkgno bcbdpfos bxtrkänos
proplk bxpbrlbgmlk nbf glûo o, por fo dbgos, rbfkmlogkr bstos bcbdpfos
nb fk proplk
mog mognumtks suyks qub, k su vbz, ponbd
ponbdosos rbprbsbgtkr `rëjlmkdbgtb nbf
dlsdo dono.
Godirb y kpbfflnos3
kpbfflnos3
Jbmak3 ..............
.........................
...........
Oisbrvkmlogbs3
Nljlmuftknbs3

propubstos
sbslýg k otrk.
;:9
p
BG
FK DBG^B ;;
9;2
9;:
;:=

L g
ë-
@FO]KYLO
(gódbro nb jlmak)
Ffkdkr pkrk
pkrk modpkrtlr fk ktbgmlýg ;,9
]kfunkr y nbspbnlrsb =, >, 2, :, 0, 1
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor3 ldk`lgkr <, ;5
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor3 rbmornkr ;;
Fbgùkcb lgtbrlor3 ‖mukgno sbk dkyor — ;9
]kibr-qubrbr-ponbr ;=, ;>
Kvlskr ;2, ;:, ;0
Ubnlr pbrdlso
pbrdlso ;1, ;<
Ubnlr kyunk o lgjordkmlýg 95, 9;, 99, 9=, 9>

Ojrbmbr
Lgvltkr 92,^T9:
Zkfor nb fk bgtogkmlýg 91, 9<, =5, =;, =9, ==
Akmbr modbgtkrlos =>, =2
Ubnlr nlsmufpks =:, =0, =1
[ubckrsb =<, >5
Mogtrof nbf bxmbso nb slgmbrlnkn3
‖dbgtlrks plknosks
plkno sks— >;, >9
Ybmakzkr bnumknkdbgtb >=
Bxmusks >>
Ybpkrkr dkfbgtbgnlnos >2, >:, >0, >1
Ubnlr kfò nb jordk lgnlrbmtk ><, 25, 2;, 29, 2=,
2>, 22, 2:, 20, 21

Modprbgslýg
Fk lrogäk
bfb dbtëjorks y bxprbslogbs 2<, :5, :;, :0,
:2,::, :=, :>
:9, :1
^rkgsdltlr lgjordkmlýg nb ugk pbrso
pbrsogk
gk k otrk :<
Mognumtks lgknbmuknks 05,0;,09
;:2
Fks nljlmuftknbs prk`dëtlmks bg fk modprbgslýg y bg
bf uso nbf fbgùkcb orkf kpkrbmbg mog jrbmubgmlk bg

glûos mog kutlsdo, nlsjkslk sbdëgtlmo-prk`dëtlmk o
!
nbjlmlbgmlk dbgtkf.
]b ak nbdostrkno qub ug kpoyo nb tlpo vlsukf y `rë

jlmo ponäk sbr ótlf bg bf nbskrroffo nb akilflnknbs
modo fk lgtbrprbtkmlýg nb bstknos lgtbrgos, kcustb nb
fk lgjordkmlýg kf mogtbxto, modprbgslýg y usos nb
nb jor
dks flg`öästlmks kdilùks, vkrlkmlogbs vbrikfbs bg

rbfkmlýg mog bf mogtbxto..., btm.
Bg fk dbgtb propogb ugk sbrlb nb soportbs `rëjlmos !
lf
pkrk bf bgtrbgkdlbgto nb bstb tlpo nb nbstrbzks3 bs
ug dktbrlkf qub ak slno utlflzkno nurkgtb vkrlos kûos
bg bf ëdilto nb lgtbrvbgmlýg mfäglmk, mog tono tlpo nb
glûos qub prbsbgtkg ldportkgtbs trkstorgos nb fbgùk
cb, pbro bspbmlkfdbgtb mog kqubffos qub sb mkrkmtbrl
zkg por sus nljlmuftknbs prk`dëtlmks.
Bg bstk sbùgnk pkrtb, fks sltukmlogbs rbprbsbgtknks
jomkflzkg usos bspbmäjlmos nbf fbgùkcb bg jugmlýg nbf
mogtbxto y nbf lgtbrfomutor3 skfunos, pbtlmlogbs lgnlrbm
tks, sofumlogbs nb mogjflmto, lgtbrprbtkmlýg nb dbtëjo
rks y nb bxprbslogbs lrýglmks..., btm.
YBMRY]O]

DBG B

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DBG B

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Bvkfukmlýg Dìtonos Jkdlflk Ybmursos

Uor otro fkmfo, mukgno sb akg utlflzkno modo `rupos nb mogtrof glûos mog otro tlpo

bdikr`o, bg otros trkstorgos nbf nbskrroffo dës aodo`ìgbos modo bf rbtrkso dbgtkf, tkd-

\k abdos modbgtkno kgtbs qub fos mkdilos mog bstos glûos rbqulbrbg nb ug trk trk

‖Bg fk dbgtb— prop ogb ugk sbrlb nb jlmaks y kmtlvlnknbs dbnlkgtb fks mukfbs sb

^rktëgnosb nb donbfos vbrikfbs, fk bxprbslýg sb lrë trkikckgno prbsbg

Abdos prbvlsto kf jlgkf bfb mknk jlmak ug bspkmlo pkrk qub bf mfäglmo pubnk kpugtkr

Bf ornbg propubsto nb jugmlogbs y mogtbglnos go sl`ub ugk pro`rbslýg bg nljlmuf

^rbvkrtabg, M. (;<19)3 ^ab prldkly dotlvbs jor moocNbrktlvb ugmfbrstkgmflg`. Bg Iuttbr-

Fk ffkdknk mfëslmk bdplbzk por ‖Dlrk...—, tkdilìg pubnb kûknlrsb bxprbslo

- Modprbgslýg8 bf knufto nlmb bf bgugmlkno ( o fo bgtrb`k por bsmrlto) y bf

- skfunkrsb bgtrb glûos kf ffb`kr

- ‖aofk, iubgos näks, quì tkf, aoy tbgbdos bxkdbg....— pkrk bf prl

JLMAK ;;3 nliucos =9, ==, =>, =2, =:, =0, =1 y =<

BG FK DBG^B LL

Modprbgslýg3 bf knufto nlmb ugk nb fks rbspubstks poslifb

„ Bxprbslýg3 fk glûk/bf glûo nbib rbmupbrkr bg dbdorlk fks prb`ugtk

poslifbs 3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk

poslifb s3 bstks sltukmlogbs nb pbtlmlýg nb kyunk o nb lgjordk

BG FK DBG^B LL

Jordkto nb nb trkikco mogsl`gks3

JLMAK >;3 nliucos ;92, ;9: y ;90

JLMAK >>3 nliucos ;=9, ;== y ;=>

‖Dkräk, ¿pubnbs skmkr fk iksurk? Go pubno. Bstoy akmlbgno fos nbibrbs —

- ]b kgkflzk mog fk glûk/bf glûo por quì jkffk bf pbrsogkcb.

‖¡Uubrtk!— qulbrb qub mlbrrb fk pubrtk

JLMAK 2;3 nliucos ;>2, ;>: y ;>0

- ‖¿^b vks k modbr tu pkg?— qulbrb qub bf otro malmo fb nì su

BG FK DBG^B ;;

DKYM DOGJOY^ . L]KIBFFB DOGJOY^ CRËYBS

‖¿Aks abmao bf sb`ugno proifbdk?' qulbrb

¡ [uì tbsoro ! (ug glûo iubgo

- Bf glûo o fk glûk nbib ksomlkr k fks vlûbtks morrbspognlbgtbs fos donbfos

- Bf glûo o fk glûk nbib ksomlkr k fks vlûbtks morrbspognlbgtbs fos donbfos

- Bf glûo o fk glûk nbib ksomlkr k fks vlûbtks morrbspognlbgtbs fos donbfos

nlno— qub bxlstb bgtrb fk jordk vbrikf y fk lgtbgmlýg nbf akifkgtb y nbib

JLMAK :13 nliucos 95>, 952 y 95:

„ —¿Zks k ugk jlbstk nb mkrgkvkf?

- Urb`ógtkfb k Lskibf qub ak abmao bf sëikno

]b ak nbdostrkno qub ug kpoyo nb tlpo vlsukf y `rë

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