DBGBIBM

(Gjsjibdbtbf Ubsljf)

tjftbf` 

’ Ujf`urbf`bf Qjslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf

—

Chsjf Ujdaldalf`?
Jnltrb, [.Gp, D.Gjp

Hijm?

Gjihdphg :
2.Bflib
Iuqdb (15;;25>=1)
1. Btmlnb Djsl Uutrl (15;;25>==)

;.Jiyb Gmblrbtufflsb (15;;25><1)
3.Nbcmlib Gbdli (15;;25><;)
:.@bybtrl Uutrl (15;;25><>)

>.Qbftl Qbmyuilbfl
Uutrl (15;;25050) 0.\bgua
Nbwzy (15;;2502=)

UQH@QBD [SZCL FJQ[ SLF@GBS 1

UHILSJGFLG GJ[JMBSBF GJDJFGJ[
UBCBF@ 1515/1512
2
 GBSB UJF@BFSBQ 

Bimbdcuiliibm gbdl pbfobtgbf puob cbf puol syugur gjmbclrbt Biibm [PS.Btbs sj`bib ildpbm
rbmdbt cbf mlcbybmfyb. [jmlf``b gbdl cbpbt djfyjijsblgbf pjfyusufbf dbgbibm lfl, cbf
smhibwbt sjrtb sbibd sjdh`b sjibiu tjrkurbm ildpbmgbf gjpbcb prhgibdbthr sjcuflb, pjoubf`
tbf``um ybf` tbg `jftbr djf`mbcbpl sj`bib rlftbf`bf cjdl udbt dbfuslb, ybgfl Fbal
Dumbddbc [BP.

Bcbpuf dbgsuc pjfuilsbf dbgbibm lfl bcbibm uftug djdjfuml tu`bs cl Gjsjibdbtbf Ubsljf,
gbdl susuf cbibd ajftug gbolbf lidlbm cjf`bf oucui—Ujf`urbf`bf Qjslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt
Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf““cbf cjf`bf sjijsblfyb pjfyusufbf dbgbibm lfl, gbdl ou`b tlcbg iupb

djfybdpblgbf ukbpbf tjrldb gbslm gjpbcb chsjf ybf` tjibm djdaldalf` gbdl.

Ubcb bgmlrfyb btbs pjfuilsbf dbtjrl lfl gbdl djfybcbrl abmwb sjpjfumfyb ajiud
sjdpurfb.Hijm gbrjfb ltu, gbdl cjf`bf rjfcbm mbtl djf`mbrbp grltlg cbf sbrbf cbrl plmbg
chsjf cbf pbrb bucljf uftug pjrablgbf cbf pjfyjdpurfbbf pbcb dbtjrl dbgbibm lfl.

Ubcbf`, ;2 B`ustus 1512

Gjihdphg :

1
 CBNSBQ L[L

GBSB UJF@BFSBQ..................................................................................................... 1

CBNSBQ L[L .......................................................................................................................................... ;

ABA L UJFCBMZIZBF
B. Ibtbr ajibgbf` .......................................................................................................................... 3
A. Qudusbf dbsbibm……………..............................……………………….…………...:
K. Suoubf ………………..............................…………………………………………….:

ABA LL UJDABMB[BF
B. Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf ..............................................>
A. Qbftbl Ujfuibrbf Lfnjgsl ....................................................................................................... 22
K. Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl ..................................................................................................2;
C. Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Ujrablgl Gjtbmbfbf Suaum ...............................................................2>

ABA LLL UJFZSZU

B.Gjsldpuibf ............................................................................................................................... 20

CBNSBQ UZ[SBGB ......................................................................................................................... 2=

;
 ABA L

UJFCBMZIZBF

B. IBSBQ AJIBGBF@

Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf djrupbgbf subtu slstjd cldbfb rudbm sbglt djdajrlgbf bsumbf gjpbcb
 pbsljf sjkbrb bdbf sjrtb djfkj`bm tjrobclfyb klcjrb bglabt gjsbibmbf gbrjfb djibgsbfbgbf
subtu tlfcbgbf btbu tlcbg djibgsbfbgbf subtu tlfcbgbf ybf` sjmbrusfyb clbdali. [lstjd
tjrsjaut djilputl pjf`jfbibf rjslgh, lcjftlnlgbsl cbf pjf`jihibbf mbi ybf` ajrmuauf`bf
cjf`bf rjslgh pbsljf, pjibphrbf cbf bfbilsls lfslcjf, gjdbdpubf ajibobr cbrl lfslcjf,
tlfcbg ibfout cbf ldpijdjftbsl shiusl uftug djdlfldbigbf rjslgh. Phric Mjbitm
Hr`bflzbtlhf (PMH) djf`btbgbf abmwb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf bcbibm subtu dbsbibm
gjsjmbtbf dbsybrbgbt
`ihabi ybf` sjrlus. Gjsbibmbf djcls cbpbt clsjabagbf hijm nbgthr slstjd cbf nbgthr dbfuslb.
Lfslcjf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybf` djru`lgbf bcbibm tjrgblt cjf`bf prhsjcur ajcbm (10%),
gjsbibmbf pjf`habtbf (2=,;%) cbf gjsjmbtbf lfnjgsl tjrgblt pjrbwbtbf (21,1%). Ujfjrbpbf
 aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybf` bcjgubt bgbf djf`mbsligbf pjibybfbf gjpjrbwbtbf ybf`
 ajrdutu. Ujibybfbf gjsjmbtbf ybf` ajrdutu tlcbg kugup clflibl cbrl gjijf`gbpbf tjgfhih`l,
sbrbfb prbsbrbfb ybf` kbf``lm cbf pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf ybf` prhnjslhfbi, fbduf ou`b cltlfobu
cbrl prhsjs cbf mbsli pjibybfbf ybf` clajrlgbf (Liybs, 1553). Qudbm sbglt mbrus alsb
djdbstlgbf pjfjrldb pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf tjrajabs cbrl rjslgh pbcb prhsjs pjdajrlbf
ibybfbf gjsjmbtbf (Kbmyhfh, 155=7 Nijdlf` & Pjftzji, 155=). Ujfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf
 pbsljf cl rudbm sbglt cbpbt djfcjtjgsl rjslgh ybf` bgbf tjrobcl cbf djdlfldbigbf
cbdpbgfyb tjrmbcbp pbsljf cbf pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf gmususfyb pjrbwbt. Ujfjrbpbf
gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf clmbrbpgbf cbpbt djduf`glfgbf pjrbwbt djfkj`bm tjrobclfyb gjsbibmbf
gjpbcb pbsljf sbbt pjdajrlbf ibybfbf gjsjmbtbf cl rudbm sbglt. Mbi tjrsjaut cbpbt
djflf`gbtgbf rbsb bdbf cbf fybdbf pbsljf ybf` clrbwbt cl rudbm sbglt (Brdjiilfh, @rlnnlf,
& Nltzpbtrlkg, 1525). Ujfkj`bmbf gjsbibmbf ybf` bgbf tjrobcl tjrsjaut ou`b cbpbt
djfurufgbf albyb ybf` clgjiubrgbf pbsljf bglabt pjrpbfobf`bf dbsb rbwbt ybf` duf`glf
tjrobcl (Gbundbf & DkKu`mbf, 152;). Ujibybfbf ybf` bdbf cbf fybdbf sjrtb ajralbyb
rjfcbm djrupbgbf klrl cbrl pjrablgbf dutu pjibybfbf. Ujrablgbf dutu pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf
cbpbt clibgugbf cjf`bf djdpjrgjkli tjrobclfyb gjsbibmbf cbibd pjdajrlbf ibybfbf
gjsjmbtbf. Ujfjrbpbf aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf bgbf djfcjtjgsl gjsbibmbf ybf` bgbf cbf
tjibm tjrobcl (Nuoltb jt bi., 152;7 Mbdcbf & [bijjd, 152;). Aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf
tjrsjaut bgbf djflf`gbtgbf gjsbcbrbf uftug djfkj`bm jrrhr cbf djibphrgbf olgb bcb
gjsbibmbf (Ojnns, Ibw, & Abgjr, 1550). Mbi lfl cbpbt djdpjrablgl hutkhdj ybf` clmbsligbf
hijm rudbm sbglt tjrsjaut. Hutkhdj ybf` ablg cbpbt tjrkbpbl olgb tjrobcl pjflf`gbtbf aucbyb
gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf cl ilf`guf`bf rudbm sbglt. Ujflf`gbtbf tjrsjaut mbrus clpbftbu cbf
cbpbt clugur. Ajajrbpb pjfjiltl tjibm djibgugbf pjf`ugurbf tjrmbcbp aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf
pbsljf
 pbcb ajajrbpb rudbm sbglt cl cuflb. [urvjy ybf` clibgugbf pbcb rudbm sbglt pjfclclgbf
Gblrh Djslr clcbpbtgbf abmwb cldjfsl ybf` pbilf` chdlfbf tjrmbcbp pjflf`gbtbf aucbyb
gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf bcbibm pjdajibobrbf hr`bflsbsl/ pjrablgbf tjrus ‛ djfjrus sjabfybg 0=,
1% (Bahui-Nhthum, Lsdbli, JzJibrba, & Pbssln, 1521). Aucbyb Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf
djrupbgbf mbi ybf` djfcbsbr cl cbibd pjibgsbfbbf gjsjibdbtbf cl rudbm sbglt.  Aucbyb
Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf djrupbgbf mbi ybf` djfcbsbr cl cbibd pjibgsbfbbf gjsjibdbtbf cl
3
rudbm sbglt. Qudbm sbglt mbrus djfobdlf pjfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf pbcb pjibybfbf

3
 gjsjmbtbf ybf` clajrlgbffyb gjpbcb pbsljf (Nijdlf` & Pjftzji, 155=). Zpbyb cbibd
 pjibgsbfbbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf clbwbil cjf`bf pjfjrbpbf aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf
(GGU-Q[, 155=). Mbi tjrsjaut clgbrjfbgbf ajrnhgus pbcb aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf bgbf
djf`mbsligbf pjfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybf` ijalm ablg clabfclf`gbf mbfyb
ajrnhgus
 pbcb prh`rbd gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf sbob (Ji-Obrcbil, Cldbssl, Obdbi, Obbnbr, & Mjdbcjm,
1522). Aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf djrupbgbf phfcbsl cbibd usbmb pjfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf
 pbsljf ybf` djrupbgbf prlhrltbs utbdb cbibd pjdajrlbf ibybfbf gjsjmbtbf (Clskm, Crjmjr,
Cbvlcshf, [lflhrls, & Pblflh, 15227 FU[B, 155<). Uhfcbsl gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybf` ablg
bgbf djflf`gbtgbf dutu pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf gmususfyb bsumbf gjpjrbwbtbf.

A. QZDZ[BF DB[BIBM

2. Cbpbt djfojibsgbf pjf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf8

1. Cbpbt djfojibsgbf Qbftbl Ujfuibrbf Lfnjgsl8
;. Cbpbt djfojibsgbf Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl8
3. Cbpbt djfojibsgbf Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Ujrablgl Gjtbmbfbf Suaum8

K. SZOZBF

2. Zftug djf`jtbmul pjf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf

1. Zftug djf`jtbmul Qbftbl Ujfuibrbf Lfnjgsl
;. Zftug djf`jtbmul Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl
3. Zftug djf`jtbmul Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Ujrablgl Gjtbmbfbf Suaum

:
 ABA LL
UJDABMB[BF

B. Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl Sjrgblt Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf

  Ujfkj`bmbf cbf pjf`jfcbilbf lfnjgsl djrupbgbf tbftbf`bf prbgtlsl cbibd gjabfybgbf

tbtbfbf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf, cbf pjflf`gbtbf albyb uftug djf`btbsl lfnjgsl ybf`
 ajrmuauf`bf cjf`bf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf djrupbgbf gjprlmbtlfbf ajsbr ab`l pbsljf dbupuf
 pbrb prhnjslhfbi pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf. Lfnjgsl ududfyb cloudpbl cbibd sjdub ajftug
 pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf tjrdbsug lfnjgsl sbiurbf gjdlm- tjrgblt gbtjtjr, lfnjgsl bilrbf cbrbm
 aihhc strjbd lfnjktlhfs cbf pfjudhflb sjrlf` gbil clmuauf`gbf cjf`bf vjftlibsl djgbfls.
Uhghg cbrl jildlfbsl lfnjgsl lfl dbupuf lfnjgsl iblf bcbibm kukl tbf`bf mbfc my`ljfj ybf`
tjpbt. Ujchdbf mbfc my`ljfj ybf` ajribgu sjkbrb lftjrfbslhfbi alsb clpjrhijm cbrl PMH,
Uusbt Ujf`jfcbilbf cbf Ujfkj`bmbf Ujfybglt Bdjrlgb [jrlgbt Z[ KCK ajrab`bl hr`bflsbsl
fbslhfbi cbf lftjdbslhfbi. Qudbm sbglt djdpufybl prhsjs ghibahrbtln uftug
djf`jdabf`gbf gjalobgbf cbfbtbu prhsjcur ybf` djfyjsublgbf btbu djf`bchpsl pjchdbf
mbfc my`ljfj ybf` cltjrldb sjkbrb udud uftug ldpijdjftbsl pjchdbf ltu cl rudbm sbglt.

  Sbftbf`bf tjrajsbr ybf` clmbcbpl cbibd djdajrlgbf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf bcbibm

 pjfkj`bmbf cbf pjf`jfcbilbf lfnjgsl. Dbmbifyb albyb ybf` clpjriugbf cbibd djf`btbsl
lfnjgsl ybf` ajrgbltbf cjf`bf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf djfobcl dbsbibm tjrsjfclrl ab`l pbsljf
dbupuf stbgjmhicjr ybf` ajrgjkldpuf` cbibd cuflb gjsjmbtbf. Ajrab`bl dbkbd lfnjgsl
sjpjrtl lfnjgsl sbiurbf gjdlm, lfnjgsl pbcb bilrbf cbrbm (aihhc strjbd lfnjktlhfs) cbf
 pfjudhflb ybf` ajrgbltbf cjf`bf vjftlibsl djgbfls ou`b sjrlf` cltjdugbf cbibd pjdajrlbf
 pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf. [udajr cbrl tldauifyb lfnjgsl clsjabagbf gbrjfb gurbf`fyb gjsbcbrbf
btbu pjdbmbdbf pjrbwbt cbibd djfkukl tbf`bf (mbfc my`ljfj) ybf` tjpbt. Abmgbf
djf`lf`bt pjftlf`fyb djfkukl tbf`bf dbgb djfkukl tbf`bf djdbgbl sbauf btbu kblrbf bftl
sjptlg, cbf cl rubf` hpjrbsl sjajiud clibgugbf tlfcbgbf pjdajcbmbf pjrbwbt uftug
djfurufgbf bf`gb lfnjgsl pjrbwbt mbrus djibgugbf kukl tbf`bf stjrli (Ujrdjfgjs, 1520).
Clibgugbf cjf`bf jfbd ibf`gb ybf` djfobcl stbfcbr hijm PMH ybltu?

2. Ubcb sbbt sjajiud cbf sjtjibm djfyjftum pbsljf

1. [jajiud cbf sjtjibm djibgugbf tlfcbgbf bsjptlg
;. [jtjibm tjrpbpbr kblrbf tuaum pbsljf
3. [jajiud cbf sjtjibm djibgugbf tlfcbgbf lfvbslv
:. [jtjibm djfyjftum brjb sjgltbr pbsljf/ilf`guf`bf cbf
>. Djdbgbl bibt pjilfcuf` clrl (BUC) sjpjrtl sbruf` tbf`bf, dbsgjr, tutup
gjpbib, gbkbdbtb pjilfcuf`, bprhf/obs cbf sjpbtu pjilfcuf` ybf` cl`ufbgbf
uftug djilfcuf`l pjtu`bs cbrl rlslgh pbobfbf cbrbm, kblrbf tuaum jgsgrjtb, cbf
sjibput ijfclr pbsljf

>
Mbfc my`ljfj

[ubtu prhsjcur tlfcbgbf djdajrslmgbf tbf`bf cjf`bf djf``ufgbfb sbauf/bftlsjptlk

clawbm blr djf`bilr btbu cjf`bf djf``ufbgbf mbfcrua ajrabsls bikhmhi

 My`ljflk mbfcrua
 My`ljflk mbfcwbsm
 [ur`lkbi mbfc bftlsjptls

Suoubf gjajrslmbf tbf`bf

Zftug djf`mlibf`gbf ghthrbf cbrl guilt sjkbrb djbfl cbf djf`urbf`l oudibm
dlgrhhr`bflsdj sjdjftbrb

: dhdjft djdajrslmgbf tbf`bf

2. [jajiud ajrghftbg cjf`bf pbsljf

1. [jajiud tlfcbgbf bsjptlk
;. [jtjibm tjrgjfb kblrbf tuaum pbsljf
3. [jtjibm ghftbg cjf`bf pbsljf
:. [jtjibm ghftbg cjf`bf ilf`guf`bf sjgltbr pbsljf

0
  M\@LJFLK MBFCKQZA

  M\@LJFLK MBFCPB[M

=
> ibf`gbm kukl tbf`bf ybf` ajfbr djfurut PMH ybltu ?

2. Subf` kblrbf mbfcrua pbcb tjibpbg tbf`bf gjduclbf usbp cbf `hshg
gjcub tjibpbgtbf`bf sjkbrb ijdaut cjf`bf brbm djdutbr 

1. Zsbp cbf `hshg ou`b gjcub puf``uf` tbf`bf sjkbrb ajr`bftlbf

;. @hshg sjib-sjib obrl tbf`bf mlf``b ajrslm

3. Ajrslmgbf uouf` obrl sjkbrb ajr`bftlbf cjf`bf phslsl sbilf` djf`ufkl

<
:. @hshg cbf putbr gjcub lau obrl sjkbrb ajr`bftlbf

>. Ijtbggbf uouf` obrl gj tjibpbg tbf`bf gjduclbf `hshg pjribmbf

2
 A. Qbftbl Ujfuibrbf Lfnjgsl

Ujf`jtbmubf tjftbf` rbftbl pjfuibrbf lfnjgsl sbf`bt pjftlf` gbrjfb bpbalib sbtu dbtb rbftbl
clmlibf`gbf btbu clrusbg, dbgb lfnjgsl cbpbt clkj`bm btbu clmjftlgbf. Ghdphfjf ybf`
clpjriugbf sjmlf``b tjrobcl pjfuibrbf bcbibm?

2. B`jf lfnjgsl (lfnjktlhus b`jft) bcbibm Dlgrhhr`bflsdj ybf` cbpbt djfyjabagbf

lfnjgsl. Ubcb dbfuslb cbpbt ajrupb abgtjrl , vlrus, rlkgjtslb, obdur cbf pbrbslt.
Clpjf`bruml hijm ; nbgthr, ybltu? pbth`jfltbs, vlruijfsl, cbf oudibm (chsls, btbu
ihbc) 
1. Qjsjrvhlr btbu tjdpbt cldbfb b`jf lfnjgsl cbpbt mlcup, tudaum, ajrgjdabf`
albg cbf slbp cltuibrgbf gjpbcb hrbf`. Qjsjrvhlr ybf` pbilf` ududbcbibm
dbfuslb,
 alfbtbf`, tudaum-tudaumbf, tbfbm, blr cbf abmbf-abmbf hr`bflg iblffyb. Ubcb
dbfuslb? pjrdugbbf guilt, sjibput ijfclr sbiurbf fbnbs btbs, usus cbf vb`lfb
;. Uhrt hn jxlt ( Ulftu gjiubr) bcbibm obibf cbrldbfb b`jf lfnjgsl djflf``bigbf
rjsjrvhlr. Ulftu gjiubr djilputl ? sbiurbf pjrfbnbsbf, sbiurbf pjfkjrfbbf, sbiurbf
gjdlm cbf gjibdlf, guilt cbf djdarbfb dughsb, trbfspibsjftb cbf cbrbm sjrtb
kblrbf tuaum iblf.
3. Srbfsdlsl (kbrb pjfuibrbf) bcbibm djgbflsdj ab`bldbfb trbfsphrt b`jf
lfnjgsl cbrl rjsjrvhlr gj pjfcjrltb (ybf` susjptlaji). Bcb ajajrbpb kbrb pjfuibrbf
ybltu ?
b. Ghftbg (khftbkt trbfsdlsslhf)?
2) Clrjkt/Ibf`suf`? ghftbg abcbf gj abcbf trbfsnjr gudbf pjfyjaba sjkbrb nlslg pbcb
sbbt pjdjrlgsbbf nlslg, djdbfclgbf pbsjf
1) Lfclrjkt/Slcbg ibf`suf` (pbilf` sjrlf` !!!)? ghftbg djibiul haojg (ajfcb/bibt)
 pjrbftbrb? djibiul lfstrudjf, obrud, gbsb, tbf`bf ybf` tlcbg clkukl
a.  Crhpijt ? pbrtlgji crhpijt 6 : ιd djibiul abtug, ajrslf, alkbrb, obrbg sjabr pjfcjg,
tcg ajrtbmbf ibdb cl ucbrb, ’cjphslt— pbcb dughsb ghfouf`tlvb, mlcuf`, duiut
khfthm
? Clntjrlb, Ujrtussls, Dykhpibsdb, Mbjdhpmliius lfniujfzb typj a (Mla), ^lrus
 Lfniujfzb, dudps, ruajiib
k. Blrahrfj ? pbrtlgji gjkli ugurbf 9 : ιd, ajrtbmbf ibdb cl ucbrb, obrbg pjfyjabrbf
 obum, cbpbt tjrlfmbibsl, khfthm? Dykhabktjrlud tuajrkuihsls, vlrus
kbdpbg, ^brlsjib (kbkbr blr), sphrb obdur 

2
c.  Djibiul ^jmlguiud ? Abmbf ybf` cbpbt ajrpjrbf cbibd djdpjrtbmbfgbf
gjmlcupbf gudbf pjfyjaba sbdpbl dbsug (tjrtjibf btbu tjrhguibsl) pbcb pjobdu
ybf` rjftbf. Khfthm? blr, cbrbm, sjrud, pibsdb, tlfob, dbgbfbf

2
 j. Djibiul ^jgthr  ? Brtrhphcb (ududfyb sjrbf``b) btbu alfbtbf` iblf ybf` cbpbt
djfuibrgbf gudbf pjfyjaba kbrb djf``l`lt pjobdu ybf` rjftbf btbu djfldauf
gudbf pjfyjaba pbcb guilt pjobdu btbu dbgbfbf. Khfthm? fybdug, ibibt,
plfobi/gutu,
 alfbtbf` pjf`jrbt

:. Uhrt hn jftry (Ulftu dbsug) bcbibm Sjdpbt cldbfb b`jf lfnjgsl djdbsugl pjobdu
(ybf` susjptlaji). Ulftu dbsug alsb djibiul? sbiurbf pjrfbnbsbf, sbiurbf
pjfkjrfbbf, sbiurbf gjdlm cbf gjibdlf, sjibput ijfclr, sjrtb guilt ybf` tlcbg utum
(iugb).
>. Ujobdu rjftbf (susjptlaji) bcbibm hrbf` ybf` tlcbg djdlilgl cbyb tbmbf tuaum
ybf` kugup uftug djibwbf b`jf lfnjgsl sjrtb djfkj`bm lfnjgsl btbu pjfybglt. Nbgthr
ybf` djdpjf`bruml? udur, stbtus `lzl, stbtus lduflsbsl, pjfybglt grhfls, iugb abgbr
ybf` iubs, trbudb btbu pjdajcbmbf, pjf`habtbf ldufhsuprjsbf. [jcbf`gbf nbgthr
iblf ybf` duf`glf ajrpjf`brum bcbibm ojfls gjibdlf, rbs btbu jtfls tjrtjftu, stbtus
jghfhdl, `byb mlcup, pjgjrobbf cbf mjrjcltjr.

Ujfkj`bmbf cbf Ujf`jfcbilbf Lfnjgsl

Urhsjs tjrobclfyb lfnjgsl ajr`bftuf` gjpbcb lftjrbgsl bftbrb susjptlaliltbs pjfobdu, b`jf
lfnjgsl (pbtmh`jfjsls, vlruijfsl cbf chsls) sjrtb kbrb pjfuibrbf. Lcjftlnlgbsl nbkthr rjslgh pbcb
 pjfobdu cbf pjf`jfcbilbf tjrmbcbp lfnjgsl tjrtjftu cbpbt djf`urbf`l lfslcjf tjrobclfyb
lfnjgsl (MBLs), ablg pbcb pbsljf btbupuf pbcb pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf.

[trbtj`l pjfkj`bmbf cbf pjf`jfcbilbf lfnjgsl tjrclrl cbrl?

2. Ujflf`gbtbf cbyb tbmbf pjfobdu, cbpbt pjdajrlbf lduflsbsl bgtln (khfthm vbgslfbsl

mjpbtltls A), btbu pjdajrlbf lduflsbsl pbsln (ldufh`ihauilf). Urhdhsl gjsjmbtbf

sjkbrb udud tjrdbsug futrlsl ybf` bcjgubt bgbf djflf`gbtgbf cbyb tbmbf tuaum.
1. Lfbgtlvbsl b`jf pjfyjaba lfnjgsl, cbpbt clibgugbf djthcj nlslg dbupuf
gldlbwl. Khfthm djthcj nlslg bcbibm pjdbfbsbf (pbstjurlsbsl btbu stjrlilsbsl) cbf
djdbsbg dbgbfbf sjpjriufyb. Djthcj gldlbwl tjrdbsug gihrlfbsl blr, clslfnjgsl.
;. Djdutus dbtb rbftbl pjfuibrbf. Djrupbgbf mbi ybf` pbilf` ducbm uftug djfkj`bm
 pjfuibrbf pjfybglt lfnjgsl, tjtbpl mbslifyb ajr`bftuf` gjpjcb gjtbbtbf pjtu`bs cbibd
djibgsbfbgbf prhsjcur ybf` tjibm cltjtbpgbf.
Slfcbgbf pjfkj`bmbf lfl tjibm clsusuf cbibd subtu ’ Lshibtlhf Urjkbutlhfs— (Gjwbspbcbbf

2
Lshibsl) ybf` tjrclrl cbrl 1 plibr/tlf`gbtbf, ybltu ’[tbfcbrc Urjkbutlhfs— (Gjwbspbcbbf
[tbfcbr) cbf ’Srbfsdlsslhf absjc Urjkbutlhfs— (Gjwbspbcbbf ajrcbsbrgbf kbrb pjfuibrbf)

2
 3. Slfcbgbf pjfkj`bmbf pbsgb pbobfbf (’Uhst Jxphsurj Urhpmyibxls—/UJU ) tjrmbcbp
 pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf. Ajrgbltbf pjfkj`bmbf b`jf lfnjgsl ybf` cltuibrgbf djibiul cbrbm
btbu kblrbf tuaum iblffyb, ybf` sjrlf` tjrobcl gbrjfb iugb tusug obrud ajgbs pbgbl
btbu pbobfbf iblffyb. Ujfybglt ybf` pjriu djfcbpbtgbf pjrmbtlbf bcbibm mjpbtltls A,
Mjpbtltls K, cbf ML^.

K. Ujf`urbf`bf Qlslgh Lfnjgsl

Ujibybfbf gjsjmbtbf ybf` fybdbf cbpbt clldpijdjftbslgbf djibiul gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf,
gbrjfb nhgus pjibybfbf tlcbg sbob pbcb gjpubsbf pbsljf tjtbpl ijalm pjftlf` ib`l bcbibm
gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf. Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf cl Lfchfjslb clldpijdjftbslgbf hijm sjiurum
nbsliltbs pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf, sjsubl gjalobgbf Ujrbturbf Djftjrl Gjsjmbtbf Qjpuailg
Lfchfjslb tjrtubf` sbibm sbtufyb ybltu sbsbrbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybltu gjtjpbtbf
lcjftlnlgbsl, pjflf`gbtbf ghduflgbsl ybf` jnjgtln, pjflf`gbtbf gjbdbfbf habt ybf` pjriu
clwbspbcbl, gjpbstlbf tjpbt-ihgbsl tjpbt-prhsjcur tjpbt- pbsljf hpjrbsl, pjf`urbf`bf rjslgh
lfnjgsl tjrgblt pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf cbf pjf`urbf`bf rjslgh obtum pbsljf (UJQDJFGJ[ Fh
22, 1520). Qudbm sbglt cbpbt djfobcl sudajr lfnjgsl ablg lfnjgsl ybf` ajrbsbi cbrl pbsljf
dbupuf lfnjgsl bglabt pjrbwbtbf cl rudbm sbglt ybf` clsjaut Lfnjgsl fhshghdlbi btbu
Mjbitmkbrj Bsshklbtjc Lfnjktlhfs (MBLs). Mbsli prjvbijfsl survjl Kjftjr nhr Clsjbsj Khftrhi
bfc Urjvjftlhf (KCK) cl Bdjrlgb [jrlgbt, djfybtbgbf abmwb pbcb tbmuf 1522 tjrcbpbt
011.555 gbsus Mjbitmkbrj Bsshklbtjc Lfnjktlhfs (MBLs). Ujfjiltlbf squjrl (152>), cl Ltbilb
gjobclbf MBLs djfkbpbl 3:5.555- 055.555 pjrtbmuf, cbf ijalm cbrl 2% pbsljf djflf``bi
gbrjfb MBLs. Cl Lfchfjslb cbtb cbrl 25 Q[Z pjfclclgbf, MBLs kugup tlf``l ybltu >-2>%
cjf`bf rbtb-rbtb <,=% pbcb tbmuf 1525 (Obybdhmbf.1525). PMH (155<) djibiul `ihabi
 pbtljft sbnjty b whric Biilbfkj nhr sbnj mjbitmy kbrj djfybtbgbf sbvj ilvj kijbf yhur mbfcs,
ybltu djrudusgbf strbtj`l lfhvbsl pjfjrbpbf mbfc my`ljfj uftug pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf cjf`bf
dy nlvj dhdjft nhr mbfc my`ljfj bcbibm djibgugbf mbfc my`ljfj sjajiud ajrsjftumbf
cjf`bf pbsljf, sjajiud djibgugbf prhsjcur ajrslm/stjrli, sjtjibm ajrsjftumbf cjf`bf kblrbf
tuaum pbsljf rjslgh tlf``l, sjtjibm ajrsjftumbf cjf`bf pbsljf, sjtjibm ajrsjftumbf cjf`bf
ilf`guf`bf pbsljf. Cl Lfchfjslb pjfjrbpbf pjfkj`bmbf rjslgh lfnjgsl cldpijdjftbslgbf
djibiul prh`rbd pjfkj`bmbf cbf pjf`jfcbilbf lfnjgsl (UUL), cjf`bf cltjrbpgbffyb
gjwbspbcbbf stbfcbr sbibm sbtufyb mbfc my`ljfj (gjajrslmbf tbf`bf) lfclgbslfyb ybltu
sjajiud ghftbg cjf`bf pbsljf, sjajiud tlfcbgbf bsjptlg, sjajiud ghftbg cbrbm cbf kblrbf
tuaum pbsljf, sjtjibm ghftbg cjf`bf pbsljf, sjrtb sjtjibm ghftbg cjf`bf ilf`guf`bf sjgltbr
 pbsljf (UJQDJFGJ[ Fh 10, 1520).

2
Ujf`jrtlbf

Ujfkj`bmbf lfnjgsl djrupbgbf prhsjs nlslgbi, djkmbflkbi, btbu gldlbwl ybf`

cbpbt djdabftu djfkj`bm pjfyjabrbf dlgrhhr`bflsdj lfnjgsl cbrl hrbf` gj hrbf`
(pbsljf, giljf
 pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf btbu pjtu`bs gjsjmbtbf) cbf btbu pjrbibtbf, lfstrudjft, cbf
pjrdugbbf sjgltbr dbfuslb. Sl`b gbtj`hrl rlslgh phtjfslbi lfnjgsl ybf` djfobcl cbsbr
pjdlilmbf prbgtlg btbu prhsjs pjfkj`bmbf ybf` bgbf cl`ufbgbf (udpbdbfyb stjrlilsbsl
lfstrudjft djcls,
sbruf` tbf`bf cbf ajfcb-ajfcb iblffyb) sjwbgtu djrbwbt pbsljf. Grltjrlb tjrsjaut ybltu
2. Grltlgbi ybltu abmbf cbf prbgtlg lfl albsbfyb djfybf`gut obrlf`bf stjrli btbu
systjd cbrbm cbf djrupbgbf rlslgh lfnjgsl tjrtlf``l. Gj`b`bibf uftug djibgugbf
dbfbojdjf stjrlilsbsl, btbu ijalm tjpbtfyb, djibiugbf clslfnjgsl tlf`gbt
tlf``l pjrbibtbf (udpbdbfyb lfstrudjft ajcbm cbf sbruf` tbf`bf)
ajrgjduf`glfbf ajsbr cbpbt djf`bglabtgbf lfnjgsl sjrlus.
1. [jdlgrltlgbi ybltu abmbf cbf prbgtlg lfl bcbibm tjrpjftlf` gjcub djfybf`gut
sjibput ijfcjr cbf brjb gjkli guilt ybf` tlcbg utum. Ujf`jihibbf djdjriugbf
pjf`jtbmubf cbf gjtrbdplibf ybf` iubs sjpjrtl pjfbf`bfbf bibt-bibt lfvbslvj
(udpbdbfyb jfchsghp
`bstrhlftjstlfbi, cbf spjkuib vb`lfb), djibgugbf cjghftbdlfbsl, pjdajrslmbf
cbf clslfnjgsl tlf`gbt tlf``l cbf pjdbgblbf sbruf` tbf`bf uftug pjtu`bs ybf`
djfyjftum sjibput ijfcjr btbu guilt ybf` tlcbg utum.
;. Fhfgrltlgbi ybltu pjf`jihibbf pjrbibtbf/abmbf cbf prbgtlg ybf` ajrmuauf`bf
cjf`bf guilt ybf` utum, djrupbgbf rlslgh rjfcbm. Ajajrbpb mbi sjpjrtl
gjajrslmbf tbf`bf
ijalm pjftlf` cbrlpbcb ybf` iblf. Ujf`jihibbf ybf` aurug abrbf` grltlgbi sjpjrtl
 pjf``ufbbf sbruf` tbf`bf ajruibf`-uibf` sjrlf`gbil djf`mbalsgbf sjab`lbf
ajsbr sudajr sjcbf`gbf pjdbdnbbtbffyb tjrabtbs.

Suoubf

2. Djfklptbgbf aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf cl rudbm sbglt

1. Djfkj`bm Sjrobclfyb lfnjgsl fhshghdlbi
;. Djdajrslmgbf tbf`bf cbrl ghthrbf
3. Djfkj`bm tjrobclfyb lfnjgsl slibf`

Lfnjgsl fhshghdlbi btbu lfnjgsl ybf` clpjrhijm cbrl rudbm sbglt bcbibm lfnjgsl ybf` tlcbg 
clcjrltb pbsljf sbbt dbsug gj rudbm sbglt djiblfgbf sjtjibm ² 01 obd ajrbcb cl tjdpbt
tjrsjaut.

Qudbm sbgl mbrus djf`jdabf`gbf subtu pjfcjgbtbf uftug djf`urbf`l rlslgh lfnjgsl ybf`
tjrgblt pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf. Djf`urbf`l Qlslgh Lfnjgsl bglabt Ujrbwbtbf
Gjsjmbtbf djrpbgbf sbibm sbtu cbrl > (jfbd) [bsbrbf Gjsjibdbtbf Ubsljf cl Qudbm [bglt.

Ujfkj`bmbf cbf pjf`jfcbilbf lfnjgsl djrupbgbf tbftbf`bf prbgtlsl cbibd gjabfybgbf

tbtbfbf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf, cbf pjflf`gbtbf albyb uftug djf`btbsl lfnjgsl
ybf`
 ajrmuauf`bf cjf`bf pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf djrupbgbf gjprlmbtlfbf ajsbr ab`l pbsljf dbupuf
 pbrb prhnjslhfbi pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf.

2
Sldauifyb Lfnjgsl

Lfnjgsl ududfyb
lfnjgsl sbiurbf cloudpbl gbtjtjr,
gjdlm-tjrgblt cbibd lfnjgsl
sjdub bilrbf
ajftug pjibybfbf
cbrbm gjsjmbtbf
(aihhc strjbd tjrdbsug
lfnjktlhfs) cbf
pfjudhflb

2
(sjrlf` gbil clmuauf`gbf cjf`bf vjftlibsl djgbfls). Uhghg cbrl jildlfbsl lfnjgsl lfl dbupuf
lfnjgsl iblf bcbibm kukl tbf`bf (mbfc my`ljfj) ybf` tjpbt.

Ujfkj`bmbf Lfnjgsl

Ujdajrslmbf ybf` rutlf sbf`bt pjftlf` uftug djybglfgbf abmwb rudbm sbglt sbf`bt ajrslm
cbf ajfbr-ajfbr ajrslm cbrl cjau, dlfybg cbf ghthrbf. Ujriu cllf`bt abmwb sjgltbr <5 pjrsjf
cbrl ghthrbf ybf` tjrilmbt pbstl djf`bfcuf` gudbf. Mbrus bcb wbgtu ybf` tjrbtur
uftug djdajrslmgbf clfclf`, ibftbl, tjdpbt tlcur, plftu, ojfcjib, tlrbl, gbdbr dbfcl, cbf
bibt-bibt djcls ybf` tjibm clpbgbl ajrgbil-gbil.

Ujf`bturbf ucbrb ybf` ablg sugbr clibgugbf cl abfybg nbsliltbs gjsjmbtbf. Zsbmbgbf bcbfyb
 pjdbgblbf pjfybrlf` ucbrb, tjrutbdb ab`l pjfcjrltb cjf`bf stbtus lduf ybf` rjfcbm
btbu
 ab`l pjfcjrltb ybf` cbpbt djfyjabrgbf pjfybglt djibiul ucbrb. Gbdbr cjf`bf
pjf`bturbf ucbrb ybf` ablg bgbf ijalm abfybg djfurufgbf rjslgh tjrobclfyb pjfuibrbf
tuajrguihsls.

[jiblf ltu, rudbm sbglt mbrus djdabf`uf subtu nbsliltbs pjfybrlf` blr cbf
djfob`b gjajrslmbf pjdrhsjsbf sjrtb nlitjrfyb uftug djfkj`bmbf tjrobclfyb pjrtudaumbf
abgtjrl. [tjrlilsbsl blr pbcb rudbm sbglt cjf`bf prbsbrbfb ybf` tjrabtbs cbpbt
djf``ufbgbf pbfbs dbtbmbrl.

Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Ujrablgl Gjtbmbfbf Suaum

Cl cbibd tuaum dbfuslb, sjiblf bcb abgtjrl ybf` pbth`jf hphrtufls, bcb puib abgtjrl ybf`
sjkbrb dutubilstlg ybf` lgut djdabftu cbibd prhsjs nlslhih`ls tuaum, cbf
djdabftu gjtbmbfbf tuaum djibwbf lfvbsl obsbc rjflg pbth`jf sjrtb djfob`b
gjsjldabf`bf cl bftbrb
 phpuibsl obsbc rjflg ghdjfsbi pbcb ududfyb, dlsbifyb sjpjrtl bpb ybf` tjrobcl cl
cbibd sbiurbf kjrfb dbfuslb.

Ujf`jtbmubf tjftbf` djgbflsdj gjtbmbfbf tuaum hrbf` sjmbt ybf` cbpbt djf`jfcbilgbf
 obsbc rjflg hphrtufls pjriu cllcjftlnlgbsl sjkbrb tuftbs, sjmlf``b cbpbt clpbgbl cbibd
djdpjrtbmbfgbf gjtbmbfbf tuaum tjrsjaut pbcb pjfcjrltb pjfybglt ajrbt.

Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Qubf`bf Lshibsl

Ujfyjabrbf cbrl lfnjgsl fhshghdlbi ou`b cbpbt clkj`bm cjf`bf djdaubt subtu pjdlsbmbf
 pbsljf. Qubf` lshibsl sbf`bt clpjriugbf tjrutbdb uftug pjfybglt ybf` pjfuibrbffyb
djibiul ucbrb, khfthmfyb tuajrguihsls, cbf [BQ[, ybf` djf`bglabtgbf ghftbdlfbsl ajrbt.
Ujfuibrbf ybf` djilabtgbf vlrus, khfthmfyb CMN cbf ML^.

Albsbfyb, pbsljf ybf` djdpufybl rjslstjfsl rjfcbm jpjrtl ijugldlb cbf pjf``ufb
habt lddufhsuprjsbf ou`b pjriu cllshibsl b`br tjrmlfcbr cbrl lfnjgsl. Sjtbpl djfob`b
gjajrslmbf tbf`bf cbf dbgbfbf, pjrbibtbf gjsjmbtbf cl cbibd rubf` lshibsl ou`b sbf`bt
pjftlf`.

Qubf` lshibsl lfl mbrus sjibiu tjrtutup cjf`bf vjftlibsl ucbrb sjibiu djfuou gjiubr. [jablgfyb
sbtu pbsljf ajrbcb cbibd sbtu rubf` lshibsl, tjtbpl alib sjcbf` tjrobcl gjobclbf iubr albsb cbf
 pjfcjrltb djijalml gbpbsltbs, ajajrbpb pbsljf cbibd sbtu rubf`bf tlcbgibm bpb-bpb
sjibdb djrjgb djfcjrltb pjfybglt ybf` sbdb.

2
 C. Ujfkj`bmbf cjf`bf Ujrablgl Gjtbmbfbf Suaum

Cl cbibd tuaum dbfuslb, sjiblf bcb abgtjrl ybf` pbth`jf hphrtufls, bcb puib abgtjrl ybf`
sjkbrb dutubilstlg ybf` lgut djdabftu cbibd prhsjs nlslhih`ls tuaum, cbf djdabftu
gjtbmbfbf tuaum djibwbf lfvbsl obsbc rjflg pbth`jf sjrtb djfob`b gjsjldabf`bf cl bftbrb
 phpuibsl obsbc rjflg ghdjfsbi pbcb ududfyb, dlsbifyb sjpjrtl bpb ybf` tjrobcl cl cbibd
sbiurbf kjrfb dbfuslb.
Ujf`jtbmubf tjftbf` djgbflsdj gjtbmbfbf tuaum hrbf` sjmbt ybf` cbpbt djf`jfcbilgbf
 obsbc rjflg hphrtufls pjriu cllcjftlnlgbsl sjkbrb tuftbs, sjmlf``b cbpbt clpbgbl cbibd
djdpjrtbmbfgbf gjtbmbfbf tuaum tjrsjaut pbcb pjfcjrltb pjfybglt ajrbt.

2
 ABA LLL

UJFZSZU

B. GJ[LDUZIBF

Aucbyb Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf djrupbgbf mbi ybf` djfcbsbr cl cbibd pjibgsbfbbf

gjsjibdbtbf cl rudbm sbglt. Qudbm sbglt mbrus djfobdlf pjfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf
pbcb
 pjibybfbf gjsjmbtbf ybf` clajrlgbffyb gjpbcb pbsljf (Nijdlf` & Pjftzji, 155=). Zpbyb
cbibd pjibgsbfbbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf clbwbil cjf`bf pjfjrbpbf aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf
pbsljf (GGU-Q[, 155=). Mbi tjrsjaut clgbrjfbgbf ajrnhgus pbcb aucbyb gjsjibdbtbf bgbf
djf`mbsligbf pjfjrbpbf gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf ybf` ijalm ablg clabfclf`gbf mbfyb ajrnhgus
 pbcb prh`rbd gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf sbob. Gjsjibdbtbf pbsljf djrupbgbf subtu slstjd cldbfb
rudbm sbglt djdajrlgbf bsumbf gjpbcb pbsljf sjkbrb bdbf sjrtb djfkj`bm tjrobclfyb klcjrb
bglabt gjsbibmbf gbrjfb djibgsbfbgbf subtu tlfcbgbf btbu tlcbg djibgsbfbgbf subtu

t l f c b g b f y b f ` s j r u s f y b c lb d a l i. [ l s tj d tj r s j
c b f p j f ` j i h ib b f mb i y b f ` a j rm u a u f ` b f c j f ` b f
a u t d j i lp u t l p j f ` j f b i b f r j s lg h , l c j f t l n lg b s l
rj s l gh p bs l j f , p j i b p h r b f c b f b f b i l sl s l f sl c j f,
gjdbdpubf ajibobr cbrl lfslcjf, tlfcbg ibfout cbf ldpijdjftbsl shiusl uftug djdlfldbigbf
rjslgh.

2
 CBNSBQ UZ[SBGB

Cjpgjs QL ajgjrobsbdb cjf`bf Ujrcbilf. 155<. Ujchdbf Ujfkj`bmbf cbf Ujf`jfcbilbf

Lfnjgsl cl Qudbm [bglt cbf Nbslitbs Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf Iblffyb. [G Djfgjs Fh
;=1/Djfgjs/1550. Obgbrtb? Gjdjfgjs QL

 Cjpgjs QL. 155>. Ujchdbf Ujfbtbibgsbfbbf Niu Auruf` cl Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf. Cjpgjs
QL? Cltojf Alfb \bf Djc

 XXXXX. 1550. Ujchdbf Dbfbojrlbi Ujfkj`bmbf cbf Ujf`jfcbilbf Lfnjgsl cl Qudbm [bglt cbf
Nbslitbs Ujibybfbf Gjsjmbtbf Iblffyb. [G Djfgjs Fh 105/DJFGJ[/1550. Obgbrtb?
Cjpgjs QL

 Fhthbtdhcoh [. 1550. Lidu Gjsjmbtbf Dbsybrbgbt. Obgbrtb ? Qmlfjgb Klptb

[lj`ji OC jt bi. bfc MLKUBK KCK. 1550. @ulcjilfj nhr Lshibtlhf Urjkbutlhf? Urjvjftlf`
Srbfsdlsslhf hn Lfnjktlhus B`jft lf Mjbitmkbrj [jttlf`. KCK mbi 2-<1

nlij?///K?/Zsjrs/usjr/Chwfihbcs/3==-23=1-2-UA.pcn 

mttp?//jprlfts.phitjggjsoh`ob.bk.lc/;:<0/3/KMBUSJQ%151.pcn 
 

mttp?//rjphslthrl.usu.bk.lc/altstrjbd/mbfcij/21;3:>0=</;52=5/2:2555113.pcn8

mttps?//www.jor.stlgjsdumgucus.bk.lc/lfcjx.pmp/lop/brtlkij/chwfihbc/3==/;35