Z^DZD]BO 

S]BFB
GCMKO @CECABF 
S]BFB Z^DHSG ‟@[ ZSHHKEA‐ 

Hk susue docf < 

2.  Gcvkehb [dab. ] 

>.   Ekswk Eur ]ybnbeb 
=.  Dgtbikbeb ]fbetk 
8.  ^ksgy Cgb Luokb 
3.  Xrkbeb Dgtbikb

]@G XB^SEB ECAB^B QDED]DND 

Bob`bt < Lo. ]dcfbrtd G`. 2> ]bwbeabe
Qdedsdnd Xcop. (:6>9)==;;:=; C-`bko
< s`gtbruebecabrbJa`bko.md` 
2 
 GBXB ZCEABEXB^ 

Zulk syugur gcfbhkrbt Boobf ]QX btbs rbf`bt hbe fkhbybf- Eyb scfkeaab

gb`k hbpbt `ceycocsbkgbe prdpdsbo Zrdhug ‟ @[ ZSHHKEA   scsubk hceabe lbhwbo

‐

ybea hktcetugbe.

]cob`b pceyusuebe prdpdsbo kek tkhbg tcrocpbs hbrk hugueabe ncrnbabk pkfbg,

 nbkg `drko `bupue `btcrko scfkeaab gb`k hbpbt `ceycocsbkgbe prdpdsbo kek hceabe

 nbkg. Docf gbrceb ktu, hceabe gcrcehbfbe fbtk, pcrgcebegbe gb`k `ceyb`pbkgbe

 pceafbrabbe hbe umbpbe tcrk`b gbskf ybea scncsbr - ncsbreyb gcpbhb sc`ub pkfbg

ybea tcobf `c`nbetu hbob` prdscs prdhugsk hbob` `ceycocsbkgbe prdpdsbo kek
Gb`k sbeabt `ceybhbrk nbfwb prdpdsbo prdhug @[ ZSHHKEA   kek `bskf
‟ ‐

 lbuf hbrk gcsc`purebbe bgbe tctbpk hceabe scabob gcrcehbfbe fbtk, gb`k

`c`ncrbekgbe hkrk hceabe scabob gctcrnbtbsbe gc`b`pube ybea gb`k `kokgk. Docf

gbrceb ktu, gdrcgsk, sbrbe hbe grktkgbe ybea skibteyb sbeabt `c`nbetu hc`k

gcsc`purebbe prdpdsbo prdhug kek.

Bgfkr gbtb, sc`dab nbetube ybea tcobf hkncrkgbe docf sc`ub pkfbg,

`cehbpbtgbe k`nbobe ybea sctk`pbo hbrk Boobf ]QX.

Qdedsdnd, >; Baustus >:2; 

Zceuoks 

> 
 OC@NB^ ZCEAC]BFBE 

Z^DHSG @BGBEBE ‟@[ ZSHHKEA‐ 

2.   Eb`b Zrdhug  < ‟@[ ZSHHKEA‐ 

>.  Gcod`pdg  < 2 
b.  Gctub  < Gcvkehb [dab ]ybfputrb 
 n.  @dhcrbtdr  < Dgtbikbeb ]
fbetk m.  ]cgrctbrks  < ^ksgy
Cgb Luokb 
h.  Beaadtb  < - Ekswk Eur ]ybnbeb 
- Xrkbeb Dgtbvkb 
=.  Auru Zc`nk`nkea 
b.   Eb`b  < ]ob`ct Nuhk`be, B.@h Gcp 
 n.   EKZ  <-

Qdedsdnd, Baustus >:2; 

Hksbfgbe Docf < 

Auru Zc`nk`nkea Gcwkrbusbfbbe

Gcpbob ]@G Xbrueb Ecabrb

]ob`ct Nuhk`be B`h,Gcp.

Hbstb` ],Zh @@

= 
 HBIXB^ K]K 

GBXB ZCEABEXB^...........................................................................> 

OC@NB^ ZCEAC]BFBE..................................................................= 

HBIXB^ K]K .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 

NBN K. ZCEHBFSOSBE 

B.  Obtbr Ncobgbea ........................................................................................................ 3 

N.  Xulube.......................................................................................................... 9 
M.  @beibbt..............................................................................................................9 

NBN KK. K]K 

B.  Zrdarb` .................................................................................................................... 1 

N.  Qbgtu...........................................................................................................6 
M.  Odgbsk.......................................................................................................................6 
H.  ]bsbrbe ..................................................................................................................... 6 

NBN KKK. Z^D]C] ZC@NSBXBE 

B.  Mbrb Zc`nubtbe ...................................................................................................... ; 

N.  @ctdhc Zc`bsbrbe .................................................................................................. ; 
M.  Odad ........................................................................................................................ 2: 

NBN KY. ZCESXSZ 

B.  Gcsk`puobe ........................................................................................................... 22 

N.  Grktkg......................................................................................................................22 
M.  ]brbe ....................................................................................................................... 22 

HBIXB^ ZS]XBGB .......................................................................................................................................... 2> 

OB@ZK^BE ” OB@ZK^BE 

B.  Zcelubobe ................................................................................................................ 2= 

N.  Qbgtu..........................................................................................................2= 
M.  Zrdscs Zc`nubtbe ................................................................................................. 2= 

8 
 NBN K 
ZCEHBFSOSBE 
B.  OBXB^
NCOBGBEA 
Hk crb aodnboksbsk ybea sc`bgke `blu nbeybg scgbok nbrbea- nbrbea btbu
prdhug obke scrnb `bfbo, gbrceb scocrb `beuskb ybea sc`bgke tkeaak hbe ncrunbf-
unbf, sbobf sbtueyb ybktu scocrb `bgbebe. ]bbt kek nbeybg scgbok `bgbebe-
`bgbebe nbru ybea
 ncr`uemuobe hbe rbsb ybea ncrvbrkbsk hbe `bgbebe ybea oczbt scobou khcetkg hceabe
fbrab ybea `bfbo. Eb`ue bhb puob `bgbebe ybea oczbt ybea hbpbt hkpcrdocf hceabe
`c`nubt scehkrk hbe `c`ncok hceabe fbrab ybea sbeabt `urbf, sbobf sbtueyb puhkea
(Zuhkeagu.nodaspdt.md` >:29). 

Qbobupue pcrsbkeabe ybea mugup gctbt hbob` pbsbr `bgbebe tkhbg

`ceyurutgbe obeagbf gb`k uetug `cemdnb `c`prdhugsk `bgbebe puhkea kek
hkgbrcebgbe schkgkteyb pcrsbkeabe hbob` prdhugsk `bgbebe puhkea
(Zuhkeagu.nodaspdt.md`
>:29). 

Zuhkea `crupbgbe sbobf sbtu lceks fkhbeabe pceutup btbu scnbabk `bgbebe
 pcemumk `uout (hcsscrt) ybea pbhb u`u`eyb hksblkgbe pbhb bgfkr subtu lb`ube
`bgbe. ]cnbabk `bgbebe pceutup,puhkea nbeybg hk`kebtk gbrceb rbsbeyb ybea
`beks hbe tcgstureyb ybea oc`nut (Hbr`bwbe, Zcrbeakebeake, ]ybrkci,
Gusu`bekearu`, & Irbesksgb, >:28). 

Zbhb gcs`pbtbe kek, gb`k ncrusbfb `crblut usbfb nbru hbob` rbeagb prbgtkgu`
gcwkrbusbfbbe hceabe `c`nugb usbfb nbru ybea hkgcebo hceabe eb`b puhkea.
 pbstkeyb hceabe fbrab ybea ocnkf tcrlbeagbu uetug gbobeabe bebg scgdobf. 

3 
N.  XSLSBE 
b.  Xulube u`u` < 
Xulube prdpdsbo kek bhbobf `c`nubt scnubf prdhug ybea hbpbt hkekg`btk tbepb
fbrus `ceacoubrgbe nkbyb ybea `bfbo, ybktu puhkea ybea hbpbt hk nubt scehkrk

hkru`bf hbe nbfbe-  nbfbe ybea `uhbf hkhbpbtgbe. @celbhkgbe puhkea `celbhk
`bgbebe ibvdrkt hbe `bgbebe ybea scfbt uetug hkgdesu`sk hbob` gdehksk hbe wbgtu
gbpbepue scrtb bmbrb-bmbrb. 
 n.  Xulube gfusus < 
Zrdpdsbo kek hknubt hceabe tulube ybktu< 
2)  @cehbpbtgbe gcuetueabe. 
>)  @cebrkg `kebt gdesu`ce uetug `crbsbgbe prdhug ybea pceuoks nubt, babr
`cembpbk tbract pcelubobe.

M.  @BEIBBX 

Gcod`pdg gb`k `c`nubt prdhug sebmg kek bhbobf gbrceb puhkea `c`kokgk `beibbt
scnbabk< 
2. @cobembrgbe pcemcrebbe 
Gbehueabe puhkea ybea `cembgup scrbt, sbeabt ncr`beibbt nbak pcemcrebbe, ybktu
`c`nbetu gktb `c`ncrskfgbe usus scrtb `c`pcrobembr pcemcrebbe. Lkgb usus ncrskf
hbe pcemcrebbe obembr, tcetu gktb tcrncnbs hbrk sc`ncokt hbe luab pceybgkt pcemcrebbe
obkeeyb (Obhy Kvdeec, >:23). 
>. @bgbebe hkct 
Lkgb gktb `crbsb obpbr eb`ue `crbsb "tcrobou ncrbt" lkgb fbrus `bgbe ebsk, mdnbobf
 puhkea. Zuhkea `crupbgbe `bgbebe ybea mdmdg uetug `cebfbe rbsb obpbr
gbrceb gbehueabe scrbteyb ncrskibt `ceaceybeagbe eb`ue tkhbg `c`nubt
ac`ug.(Obhy kvdeec, >:23) 
=. Betkdgskhbe 
Zuhkea ybea `ceabehuea cgstrbg ru`put obut hbpbt ncriueask scnbabk betkdgskhbe,
gbrceb godrdiko pbhb abeaabea obut hbpbt `c`ncrskfgbe tunuf hbrk rcbgsk rbhkgbo
 ncnbs ybea `c`nbfbybgbe tunuf. 
Hc`kgkbe ncncrbpb `beibbt puhkea nbak gcscfbtbe. Lbhk, tkhbg bhb sbobfeyb gktb
`cemdnb `c`bsuggbe puhkea hbob` hbitbr `bgbebe scfbrk-fbrk (Obhy Kvdeec >:23). 

9 
 NBN KK 

B.  Z^DA^B@ 
Zrdhug `bgbebe kek hknubt hceabe nbfbe ybea `uhbf hkhbpbt hbe hbpbt
hktc`uk hknbeybg tdgd ybktu puhkea. ]cobke ktu gb`k luab `ceb`nbf nbfbe scpcrtk
nksgukt hbe mdgobt uetug ocnkf `cebrkg nbak bebg -bebg uskb scgdobf. 
b.  Bobt hbe nbfbe < 
2)  Mup gcmko 
>)  Zbemk schbea 
=)  ]cehdg 8) 
@beagdg 3) 
Acobs 
9)  > sbmfct Babr babr
ncekea 1)  = sbmfct susu
gcetbo `beks 6)  > acobs bkr
`btbea 
;)  3 scehdg `bgbe auob 
2:)  2 scehdg `bgbe tcpuea `bkzceb 
22)  Nksgukt (hkfbemurgbe), mdgobt, wbicr bstdr 
 n.  Mbrb pc`nubtbe < 
2)  Xubeagbe > acobs bkr `kecrbo gcpbemk 
>)  Xubeagbe susu gcetbo `beks 
=)  @bsugbe > sbmfct babr babr ncekea hbe bhug fkeaab rbtb 
 
8) B`nko `beagdg hbe tubeagbe 2 sh` tcpuea `bkzceb 
3)  Xb`nbfgbe bkr hbe bhug fkeaab `crbtb 
9)  Xb`nbfgbe auob pbskr pbhb bhdebe babr
babr 1)  Bhug fkeaab `crbtb 
6)  @bsbg hceabe bpk ybea schbea 
;)  Xubeabeagbe obrutbe tcpuea `bkzceb gchbob` pbemk 2:) 
Bhug fkeaab `cehkhkf
22)  Hkeake gbe bhdebe pbhb sufu rubea babr ubp `ceafkobea 

1 
 2>)  B`nko mup hbe octbgbe rc`bfbe nksgukt 2-> scehdg 2=) 
Xubeagbe puhkea gchbob` mup fkeaab 2/> mup 
28)  Hkb`gbe fkeaab puhkea `ceacrbs sctcobf `ceacrbs tb`nbfgbe nksgukt hbe
wbicr bstdr 
23)  Xb`nbfgbe tdpkea gbke scsubk scocrb, scpcrtk mdgobt 
(Okputbe 9.md`, >:29) 
m.  Zrdscs prdhugsk< Xcrob`pkr h. 
Fbsko < 
Hbrk prdscs tcrscnut `ceafbskogbe puhkea hceabe tb`pkobe nchb hbe
`ceycfbtgbe pbstkeyb gbreb tkhbg `ceb`nbfbegbe nbfbe ybea `c`nbfbybgbe
nbak tunuf. Setug sbrbe pceyblkbe puhkea ocnkf cebg lkgb hk`bgbe hbob` gdehksk
hkeake. c.  Zcelubobe< Xcrob`pkr 

N.  QBGXS 

Xcrob`pkr 

M.  ODGB]K 
Zcelubobe ybea bgbe hkobgugbe bhbobf `cobouk gbetke-gbetke scgdobf gbreb tbract
utb`b hbrk pc`nubtbe prdhug kek bhbobf uetug bebg -bebg uskb scgdobf. Gb`k
luab
`c`nugb `cobouk deokec vkb kestbarb`, ibmcnddg hbe wbtsbpp. 

H.  ]B]B^BE 
Gb`k bgbe `celubo prdhug kek uetug bebg -bebg uskb scgdobf gbreb
ncrtulube uetug `cekeagbtgbe sebmg ybea `ceycfbtgbe hbe b`be hkgdesu`sk uetug
bebg -bebg uskb scgdobf hceabe fbrab ybea ocnkf tcrlbeagbu. 

6 
 NBN
KKK Z^D]C]
ZC@NSBXBE 
Fb`pkr sc`ub gbobeabe `ceyugbk puhhkea, puhhkea luab sbeabt nbaus uetug
gcscfbtbe. Zcoubea kekobf ybea gb`k `beibbtgbe `celbhk botcrebtkvc tcpbt uetug

` c ` u ob k s c n u b f u sb f b g c m k o. S s b f b
 n b e yb g e y b p c e a a c ` b r ` b b e b e gc m ko sc h
` bg be b e ke k m u g u p l bel kg be gb r c e b
c rf e , o c zb t , h b e t kh b g `ce a h u a n e y b g gbrndfkhrbt
tctbpk `c`kokgk nbeybg scrbt scfkeaab nbkg uetug gcscfbtbe. Gb`k fbhkr uetug
`c`ncrk sdousk `c`uemuogbe scnubf prdhug `bgbebe scfbt ncrupb puhhkea
hceabe gd`nkebsk mdgobt gbrceb rbsbeyb ybea cebg hbe `uhbf hktcrk`b docf sc`ub
gbobeabe. Gb`k `c`nubt puhhkea `ceaauebgbe babr ” babr putkf wbooct gbrceb
`ceabehuea nbeybg scrbt scfkeaab nbaus uetug
pcemcrebbe. b.  Mbrb Zc`nubtbe 
2)  Xubeagbe > acobs bkr `kecrbo gcpbemk 
>)  Xubeagbe susu gcetbo `beks 
=)  @bsugbe > sbmfct babr babr ncekea hbe bhug fkeaab rbtb  
8)   B`nko `beagdg hbe tubeagbe 2 sh` tcpuea
`bkzceb 3)  Xb`nbfgbe bkr hbe bhug fkeaab `crbtb 
9)   Xb`nbfgbe auob pbskr pbhb bhdebe babr
babr  1)  Bhug fkeaab `crbtb 
6)  @bsbg hceabe bpk ybea schbea 
;)  Xubeabeagbe obrutbe tcpuea `bkzceb gchbob`
pbemk 2:) Bhug fkeaab `cehkhkf 
22) Hkeake gbe bhdebe pbhb sufu rubea babr ubp
`ceafkobea 2>) B`nko mup hbe octbgbe rc`bfbe nksgukt 2->
scehdg  2=) Xubeagbe puhkea gchbob` mup fkeaab 2/> mup  

28) Hkb`gbe fkeaab puhkea `ceacrbs sctcobf `ceacrbs tb`nbfgbe nksgukt

hbe wbicr bstdr  
23) Xb`nbfgbe tdpkea gbke scsubk scocrb, scpcrtk mdgobt 
(Okputbe 9.md`, >:29) 
 n.  @ctdhc Zc`bsbrbe 
@ctdhc Zc`bsbrbe ybea bgbe gktb obgugbe bhbobf hceabe mbrb `celubo
prdhug hktdgd-tdgd hbe gbetke scgdobf gbrceb gb`k `cebractgbe prdhug
pcelubobe gcpbhb bebg uskb scgdobf, sctcobf ktu gb`k luab `c`nubt gc`bsbe
prdhug babr tcrokfbt ocnkf `cebrkg hceabe hkncrk tb`nbfbe odad pbhb ncrnbabk
tc`pbt. 

; 
m.  Odad 

2: 
 NBN
KY ZCESX
SZ 
K.  Gcsk`puobe 
Gcobybgbe susbtu usbfb hbpbt hkokfbt hbrk ncrnbabk bspcg. [bea ocnkf
 pcetkea bhbobf hugueabe nkbyb dpcrbskdebo uetug `celbobegbe subtu
usbfb tcrscnut. Ssbfb ‟@[ ZSHHKEA‐ ybea gb`k nubt kek `crupbgbe
kedvbsk
 prdhug hceabe `c`nubt puhhkea hbrk nbfbe ybea nbeybg hksugbk
docf
 ncrnbabk gbobeabe hbe `c`ncrkgbe `beibbt nbak gcscfbtbe pbrb
gdesu`ce. Fbo kek tcetueyb hbpbt `cebrkg gdesu`ce gbrceb prdhug
puhhkea ybea gb`k fbskogbe tkhbg fbeyb cebg hk`bgbe tctbpk luab
`c`ncrkgbe nbeybg `beibbt
 nbak gcscfbtbe
tunuf. KK. 
Grktkg < 
2)  ]cfbruseyb pcebgbrbe nbfbe tcrutb`b susu pcrou hkpcrfbtkgbe babr
 puhhkea tkhbg tcrobou `beks ebetkeyb. 
>)  ]cfbruseyb tctbp `celbab gcrceybfbe wbicr babr tctbp rceybf 

=)  ]cfbruseyb tbgbrbe puhhkea ocnkf hkpcrnbeybg gctk`nbea nksmukt btbu

tdpkea obkeeyb. 
KKK.  ]brbe < 
2)  Hbob` ncrwkrbusbfb hkpcrougbe gcybgkebe hbe pcrmbyb hkrk ybea ocnkf 
>)  ]cdrbea wkrbusbfb fbrusobf scobou grcbtki hbe kedvbtki scrtb scobou
`ceakgutk trceh hbe scocrb gdesu`ce babr pcobeaabe tkhbg `uhbf ndsbe 
=)  Lbeabe `uhbf `ceycrbf hbob` `ceafbhbpk ncrnbabk fb`nbtbe hbe
`bsbobf 
8)  ]cobou ncrbek `cecrk`b grktkgbe hbrk drbea obke hbe tctbp ncrusbfb
`c`nubt prdhug supbyb `celbhk prdhug ybea ocnkf ueaauo hbe ocnkf nbkg
hbrk prdhug obkeeyb. 

22 
 HBIXB^ ZS]XBGB 

fttps<//=.9p.nodaspdt.md`/- nwsmxz--
 

Irbesksmb, Hbr`bwbe, Zcrbeakerbeake, ]ybrkiGusu`bekearu`

>:28 fttps<//ketksbrk-arcbt-khc- lhe.b`prdlcmt.dra/v/s/ketksbrk-
arcbt.md` 
 

2> 
 OB@ZK^BE ” OB@ZK^BE 
 Ob`pkrbe 2 

K.  Zcelubobe< 
 
b. @dhbo  <^p. >>.3::,. 
Gctcrbeabe< 
b)  > babr babr nceke  < >Ñ^p. =,::: 0 ^p. 9,:::,. 
 n)  = susu gcetbo `beks  < =Ñ^p. 2,3:: 0 ^p.
8,3::,. m)  2/8 auob pbskr  < 2Ñ^p. =,::: 0 ^p.
=,:::,. h)  mup ncrugurbe schbea  < 2Ñ^p. >,::: 0 ^p.
>,:::,. c)  2/> `code  < ^p. 1,::: 
i)  Nksmukt  < ^p. 3,::: 
 n.  @ceafbskogbe ncrbpb nbrbea  < 2> mup 
m.  Fbrab lubo  < ^p. 3,:::,./mup 
h.  Obnb  < ^p. =1,3::,. 
KK.  Qbgtu< 

Qbgtu  Gcakbtbe 
9 - 1 Baustus >:2;  @cembrk nbfbe 
1 Baustus >:2; 6 Baustus >:2;  Zrdscs pc`nubtbe Nbrbea lbhk Zcelubobe 
- Baustus >:2; 

2= 
KKK.  Zrdscs
Zc`nubtbe k. Bobt
Bobt @bsbg < 
hbe Nbfbe < 

3)  @bsuggbe Nunug mdgobt hbe

kk. Zrdscs Zc`nubtbe  bhug fkeaab rbtb 
2)  Xubea > acobs bkr `kecrbo 

tueaau fkeaab `cehkhkf obou hkb`gbe 

 
9) @bsuggbe Nksgukt gchbob`
>)  Nubt bhdebe tcpuea `bkzceb  pobstkm obou fbemurgbe 
hbe `bsuggbe pbhb babr -
babr 

1)  @bsuggbe rc`bfbe nksmukt

gchbob` mup 2-> sht 
=)  @bsuggbe > sbmfct babr ” babr 

6)  Xubea puhhkea gchbob` ° mup 

8)  Xubea ]usu Gcetbo @beks 

28 
;)  Hkb`gbe puhhkea pbhb sufu
rubeabe hbe tueaau fkeaab
`ceacrbs obou tb`nbfgbe bstdr hbe
wbicr hkbtbseyb 

2:) Zuhhkea skbp hksblkgbe

23