GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ B ak
>2 

KWQU[GQ[UNW MKQN@BGNW NEOVKANANW

DOUCK KHUB^[K EKUHN@ ZNKT

DLOHNQNH DNVBKU GBF[KHQKW ORNCN

TNRAN ZNO@N HOVON M[UGBN

FNEBNH ZKÞN LKUUKÞO

GOUZOUNGB×H [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN-[HBMKQN

FNG[@QNA AK BHCKHBKUBN GBVB@

KWQ[ABNHQKW AK HOVKHO WKMKWQUK

VB@@NVBGKHGBO

5:5:
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ BB ak
>2 

KWQU[GQ[UNW MKQN@BGNW NEOVKANANW

DOUCK KHUB^[K EKUHN@ ZNKT

DLOHNQNH DNVBKU GBF[KHQKW ORNCN

TNRAN ZNO@N HOVON M[UGBN

FNEBNH ZKÞN LKUUKÞO

AOGKHQK4

BHC. ANHBK@ N@KDNHAUO MOHUOR E[WQOW

GOUZOUNGB×H [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN-[HBMKQN

FNG[@QNA AK BHCKHBKUBN GBVB@

KWQ[ABNHQKW AK HOVKHO WKMKWQUK

VB@@NVBGKHGBO

5:5:
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 3 ak
>2 

BHQUOA[GGB×H

Kh k` sbcubkhtk trnendo sk lne`nrî soerk k` tbpo ak kstrugturn mktî`bgn neovkanan kh gunhto n sus

gnrngtkrístbgns mkgîhbgns pnrn trnendnr n tkhsb÷h y gomprksb÷h y `os ekhkfbgbos quk pukak tkhkr sb

sk rkn`bznh kabfbgngbohks goh kstk tbpo ak ckomktrín, sus aksvkhtndns y `ns rkgomkhangbohks quk sk

akekh tkhkr kh gukhtn pnrn quk `n kabfbgngb÷h skn g÷moan kh toans sus bhstn`ngbohks duhto goh su

kmek``kgbmbkhto nrqubtkgt÷hbgo.

Wk gnrngtkrbznrî ak mnhkrn aktn``nan toan `n gomposbgb÷h ak `os k`kmkhtos quk gohstbtuykh uhn

kstrugturn neovkanan, `ns `ugks mîxbmns quk sk pukakh sn`vnr y quk sk p`nhtkn kh uh futuro

aksnrro``nr goh kstk sbstkmn kstrugturn`. Wk tkharî kh gukhtn `n formngb÷h ak su prbhgbpn` mntkrbn`

quk ks k` ngkro y gomo akek skr `n uhb÷h kh gnan k`kmkhto pnrn quk tkhcn uh mnyor rkhabmbkhto

kh k` momkhto quk ogurrn uh sbsmo.

 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ < ak
>2 

D[WQBFBGNGB×H

Kstk trnendo sk rkn`bzn goh k` fbh ak aktkrmbhnr k` gomportnmbkhto físbgo mkgîhbgo ak `ns

kstrugturns neovkanans, sus gnrngtkrístbgns y ekhkfbgbos quk sk tkharî kh `n bmp`kmkhtngb÷h ak kstk

tbpo ak kstrugturns gunhao sk usnh pnrn guerbr crnhaks kspngbos.

Qnmebâh sk qubkrk quk hosotros gomo Bhckhbkros kh formngb÷h gohozgnmos mîs n fohao kstk tbpo

ak kstrugturn mktî`bgn pnrn tkhkr `n gnpngbana ak bmp`kmkhtnr`n kh hukstrn vban profksbohn`

 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 2 ak
>2 

OEDKQBVOW

Gohogkr aktn``nanmkhtk `ns gnrngtkrístbgns ak `ns kstrugturns neovkanans, su prbhgbpn` formn ak

uso, `os k`kmkhtos quk `n gompohkh, k` gomportnmbkhto quk tbkhkh sus k`kmkhtos n trnggb÷h y

gomprksb÷h, `os pnrîmktros quk akek tkhkr uhn oern pnrn quk sk tkhcn kh gukhtn `n gohstruggb÷h

ak kstk tbpo ak kstrugturn pnrn k` ÷ptbmo fuhgbohnmbkhto gunhao ogurrn uh kvkhto sísmbgo o

nhomn`íns hnturn`ks kh su khtorho.

KWZKGBFBGOW

✗  Aktkrmbhnr k` gomportnmbkhto gun`btntbvo ak `os k`kmkhtos quk gompohkh `n kstrugturn

gunhao kstîh somktbaos n crnhaks ksfukrzos ak tkhsb÷h y gomprksb÷h.

✗  Aktn``nr `os abfkrkhtks tbpos ak uhbohks gomo torhb``os, pkrhos y por so`anaurn ak p`ntbhns

quk sk pukakh bmp`kmkhtnr pnrn k` mohtndk

mo htndk ak `os k`kmkhtos kstrugturn`ks.

✗  Nhn`bznr aktn``nanmkhtk k` gomportnmbkhto ak `n kstrugturn kh ckhkrn` gunhao ks

bmp`kmkhtnan pnrn sn`vnr crnhaks `ugks gunhao sk rkqubkrk mnyor kspngbo fuhgbohn` kh su

bhtkrbor.
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >: ak
>2 

Z@NHQKNMBKHQO AK@ ZUOE@KMN

N mk aban quk nvnhzn `n tkgho`ocín kh `n nrqubtkgturn y `n bhckhbkrín gbvb`, gnan aín sk p`nhtkn

hukvos rktos kh gunhto n `ns gohstruggbohks pnrn quk sknh mîs kxtrnorabhnrbns y pukanh ckhkrnr

uh bmpngto nhtk `n poe`ngb÷h y nakmîs ak ksto, goh k` numkhto gohstnhtk ak `n poe`ngb÷h gnan vkz

sk p`nhtknh `n gohstruggb÷h ak hukvns bhstn`ngbohks `o sufrbkhtkmkhtk crnhaks pnrn sntbsfngkr `ns

hkgksbanaks kh `os kvkhtos aohak sk rkqubkrn tkhkr uhn vbsbeb`bana totn` ak `o quk sk kstk rkn`bznhao,

 por kstk motbvo y por `n skcurbana kh gunhto n su gomposbgb÷h kstrugturn` n` skr uhn kabfbgngb÷h

quk trnendn toaos sus k`kmkhtos nhtk gnrcns propbns y `ns ckhkrnans por kvkhtos hnturn`ks lngk quk

kstk tbpo ak kstrugturn mktî`bgn skn mns bmp`kmkhtnan pnrn kstk tbpo ak proe`kmns kh k` gnmpo ak

`n bhckhbkrín.
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >> ak
>2 

NHQKGKAKHQKW

@ns kstrugturns neovkanans lnh sbao utb`bznans aksak mb`ks ak nþos ntrîs kh `ns prbhgbpn`ks oerns,

 pkro sk gnrngtkrbznroh prbhgbpn`mkhtk aksak `n nrqubtkgturn Ebznhtbhn kh `n

` n fnmosn Gruz Crbkcn.
C rbkcn.

Goh k` pnso ak` tbkmpo sk fukroh utb`bznhao kh `ns gohstruggbohks romnhns kh `ns khtrnans

 prbhgbpn`ks, sus vkhtnhns y kh k` bhtkrbor ak `os `ucnrks mns prkstbcbosos ak `n nhtbcun Uomn
Uo mn y `ns

gbvb`bzngbohks sbcubkhtks. Kstns kstrugturns gocbkroh bmpu`so kh gnan ckhkrngb÷h por `n gnpngbana

quk prkskhtnen kh ksn âpogn pnrn soportnr gnrcns nakmîs ak su fîgb` gohstruggb÷h.

Goh `n bmp`kmkhtngb÷h kh `n gohstruggb÷h ak` ngkro y mntkrbn`ks p`îstbgos u otro tbpos ak

mntkrbn`ks goh `os quk sk pukan gohstrubr uhn kstrugturn ak kstk tbpo ak ckomktrín, pnsn n uh

skcuhao p`nho `n bmp`kmkhtngb÷h ak rogns o abfkrkhtks mntkrbn`ks pksnaos quk rksbstbkrnh kh `n

kabfbgngb÷h, ak kstk moao goh k` pnsnr ak `os nþos kstk tbpo ak kstrugturn gnrngtkrbznan por su

ckomktrín sk nrmn goh mntkrbn`ks prbhgbpn`mkhtk gompukstos por ngkro kh mkhor tbkmpo, mnyor

aurneb`bana, mîs rksbstkhgbn y goh `n vkhtndn ak skr rkutb`bznaos gunhao fbhn`bgk k` uso ak kstn.
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >5 ak
>2 

MNUGO QK×UBGO

(lttps4//e`oc.`nmbhnsyngkros.gom/e`oc/quk-hkgksbtns-gohstrubr...-tbpos-ak-kstrugturns-
mkt%G7%N>`bgns-skc%G7%ENh-su-uso, s.f.)

^[K WOH @NW KWQU[GQ[UNW NEOVKANANW4  Woh `ns kstrugturns formnans por nrgos y e÷vkans, kstîh

gompukstns por uhn skrbk ak aovk`ns pnrn quk pukanh rksbstbr `ugks mîs n`tns, kstns kstrugturns kstîh

abskþnans pnrn trnendnr prbhgbpn`mkhtk por gomprksb÷h.

^[K WOH @OW NUGOW4 Woh formns kstrugturn`ks quk sk poarín abstbhcubr gomo `n porgb÷h ak uh gírgu`o,

kstns soh usnans kh `n gohstruggb÷h ak kstrugturns por su gnpngbana ak soportnr gnrcns kh crnhaks `ugks

y ``kvnr`ns abrkgtnmkhtk lnstn `os pb`nrks, fukroh utb`bznaos prbhgbpn`mkhtk go`bsko romnho.
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >7 ak
>2 

@ns kstrugturns mktî`bgns soh nquk``ns quk kstîh gohformnans prbhgbpn`mkhtk por k`kmkhtos kh ngkro,

soh utb`bznans kh `n gohstruggb÷h por `os ekhkfbgbos quk erbhanh, kh n`cuhos gnsos uho ak k``os pukak skr

`n kgohomín goh rk`ngb÷h n otrns kstrugturns.

VKHQNDNW4

✗  Woportn crnhaks ksfukrzos o pksos sbh rompkrsk.

✗  Ks f`kxbe`k4 sk pukak aoe`nr sbh rompkrsk lnstn gbkrtns fukrzns, rknggbohnh muy ebkh por fukrzns

kxtkrhns quk kstâ somktban `n kstrugturn yn skn por fukrzns ak` vbkhto o por kvkhtos sísmbgos.

✗ 
Qbkhk p`nstbgbana4 uhn ak sus crnhaks vkhtndns kh gunhto n skcurbana pnrn sus ogupnhtks n `n lorn
ak ogurrbr uh kvkhto goh `n gnpngbana ak akrrumenr otrns kstrugturns, kstn kstrugturn sk pukak

akformnr anhao `ucnr n quk sn`cnh sus lnebtnhtks.

AKWVKHQNDNW4

✗  Zbkrak sus propbkanaks kh n`tns tkmpkrnturns, por `o quk ho sk gomportn muy ebkh kh

bhgkhabos. 

GOHABGBOHKW ^[K AKEK G[MZ@BU G[N@^[BKU KWQU[GQ[UN

✗  ^uk skn rícban4 ^uk `n kstrugturn ho sk akformk n` np`bgnr fukrzns soerk k``n. 

✗  ^uk skn kstne`k4 ^uk skn gnpnz ak pkrmnhkgkr kh pbk aurnhtk y akspuâs ak su gohstruggb÷h. 

✗  ^uk skn rksbstkhtk4 ^uk, n` np`bgnr`k `ns fukrzns, gnan uho ak `os k`kmkhtos quk `n formnh

sknh gnpngks ak soportnr `n fukrzn n `n quk sk vkrîh somktbans sbh rompkrsk o akformnrsk. 

K@KMKHQOW ^[K QBKHK4

Npoyos4 Muros o pb`nrks soerk `os quk aksgnhsn `n e÷vkan.

 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >1 ak
>2 

Zuhtos ak nrrnhquk4 Nrgos quk gompohkh `n e÷vkan.

Aovk`ns4 Zbkzns k`kmkhtn`ks quk gompohkh `n e÷vkan.

G`nvk4 Aovk`n gkhtrn` quk gbkrrn `n e÷vkan.

Wn`mkrks4 Aovk`ns kh `ns `íhkns ak nrrnhquk

nr rnhquk kh `n e÷vkan.

Hkrvbos4 Nrgos ak aovk`ns bhakpkhabkhtks ak `os tâmpnhos kh `ns nrbstns.

OUBCKH4 Antn ak `n âpogn ak `n nhtbcun Uomn aohak kmpkznroh n lngkr `os nrgos ak uh mkabo puhto. K`
kmp`ko ak e÷vkans kh n`cuhns nrqubtkgturns gomo `n ebznhtbhn an `ucnr n absposbgbohks kh p`nhtn gomo

`n akhombhnan gruz crbkcn. N` bcun` quk `os nrgos, `ns e÷vkans, ho fukroh gomprkhabaos gbkhtífbgnmkhtk

lnstn mkabnaos ak` sbc`o \B\. N`cuhos nutorks bhvkstbcnroh `os mkgnhbsmos ak go`npso ak e÷vkans, sbkhao

Sbttmnhh kh ><32 uho ak `os prbmkros kh gomprkhakr`o. Rn kh p`kho sbc`o \\ uho ak `os kstuabos mîs

mkhgbohnaos ks Lkymnh kh >266. K` nrqubtkgto gntn`îh Nhtohbo Cnuaí abskþnen `ns e÷vkans goh moak`os

rkn`bznaos n ksgn`n yn kh p`kho sbc`o \\ `n kvo`ugb÷h gohstrugtorn ak `ns e÷vkans `n `uz n hukvos gohgkptos,

gomo `ns akhombhnans e÷vkans ak gnsgnrn.

(lttps4//prkzb.gom/loe`s`wg:f`h/kstrugturns-neovkanans/,
(lttps4//prkzb.gom/loe`s`wg:f`h/kstrugturns-neovkanans/, s.f.)

KWQU[GQ[UNW MKQN@BGNW WKCÔH @N HOUMN HUW->:

NC[DKUOW K NGGKWO ZNUN WO@ANA[UN4 Qoaos `os ncudkros ak nggkso rkqukrbaos pnrn fngb`btn

`ns opkrngbohks ak so`naurn, akekh skr aktn``naos

akt n``naos ak tn` formn quk provknh k` kspngbo sufbgbkhtk pnrn
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >; ak
>2 

bhstn`nr uhn p`ntbhn ak rkspn`ao gunhao sk rkqubkrn. K` ncudkro akek tkhkr uhn `ohcbtua, mkaban aksak k`

tn`÷h ak `n prkpnrngb÷h ak `n so`anaurn, ho mkhor quk >/5 vkgks k` kspksor ak` mntkrbn` kh k` gun` sk lngk

k` ncudkro, hb mkhor quk 7<mm. @n n`turn ak` ncudkro ak nggkso skrî gomo míhbmo bcun` n` kspksor ak`

mntkrbn` aohak sk nerk k` ncudkro ak nggkso, tw, pkro ho akek skr mkhor quk >2 mm hb hkgksbtn skr mnyor

quk ;:mm.

Znrn pkrfb`ks `nmbhnaos, o nrmnaos nhtks ak` gortk, k` eorak ak` n`mn akek skcubr uhn `íhkn gurvn o goh

pkhabkhtk aksak `n supkrfbgbk ak `n n`ktn

n`kt n lnstn `n supkrfbgbk khtrnhtk ak` ncudkro ak nggkso. Kh pkrfb`ks

`nmbhnaos kh gn`bkhtk, o nrmnaos goh so`anaurns ngnhn`nans ak pkhktrngb÷h gomp`ktn khtrk k` n`mn y `n

n`ktn, toaos `os aksabdkrks ak vbcns y ncudkros ak nggkso pnrn so`anaurn akekrîh kstnr `berks ak

khtn``naurns y ksqubhns khtrnhtks ncuans. Hbhcôh nrgo ak uh ncudkro ak nggkso pnrn `n so`anaurn akekrî

tkhkr uh rnabo mkhor quk >: mm

Kh pkrfb`ks nrmnaos goh so`anaurns ak fb`ktk o so`anaurns ngnhn`nans ak pkhktrngb÷h pnrgbn` khtrk k` n`mn

y `ns n`ktns, toaos `os aksabdkrks ak vbcns y ncudkros ak nggkso pnrn `n so`anaurn akekrîh kstnr `berks ak

khtn``naurns y ksqubhns khtrnhtks ncuans. Wk pkrmbtk quk `os ncudkros ak nggkso tkrmbhkh

pkrpkhabgu`nrmkhtk n `n n`ktn, sbkmprk y gunhao `n so`anaurn sk bhtkrrumpn n uhn abstnhgbn, mkaban

aksak k` eorak ak` ncudkro ak nggkso, por `o mkhos bcun` n` tnmnþo ak `n so`anaurn

Znrn skggbohks pksnans skcôh sk akfbhk kh F.5.>.7.>.7 y F.5.>.7.>.1. `ns supkrfbgbks gortnans por fusb÷h kh

akstbdkrks ak vbcns y ncudkros ak nggkso pnrn so`anaurn akekrîh pu`brsk lnstn oetkhkr mktn` erb``nhtk y

skr bhspkggbohnans, yn skn por mâtoao ak pnrtígu`ns mnchâtbgns o ak tbhtks pkrmnhkhtks, nhtks ak

akposbtnr `ns so`anaurns ak` kmpn`mk. Gunhao uhn porgb÷h gurvn ak uhn trnhsbgb÷h kh uh ncudkro ak
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >6 ak
>2 

nggkso o aksabdkrk sk ln oetkhbao n pnrtbr ak uh ncudkro prktn`narnao o nskrrnao, abgln porgb÷h ho

hkgksbtn skr pu`ban, `os ncudkros ak nggkso y `os akstbdkrks ak vbcn goh otros pkrfb`ks ho hkgksbtnh skr

pu`baos hb rkqubkrkh tnmpogo bhspkggb÷h goh os mâtoaos ak otrns pkhktrnhtks

pk hktrnhtks o pnrtígu`ns mnchâtbgns.

QBZOW AK [HBOHKW KH @NW KWQU[GQ[UNW MKQN@BGNW

Znrn quk toaos `oks k`kmkhtos ak `n kstrugturn mktî`bgn sk gomportkh pkrfkgtnmkhtk skcôh sk ln

abskþnao ks hkgksnrbo quk kstâh khsnme`naos o uhbaos ak n`cuhn mnhkrn. Znrn ksgockr k` tbpo ak uhb÷h

lny quk tkhkr kh gukhtn g÷mo sk gomportn `n gohkxb÷h quk sk vn lngkr y g÷mo sk vn n mohtnr ksn

gohkxb÷h. Kxbstkh gohkxbohks rícbans, skmbrrícbans y f`kxbe`ks. N`cuhns ak ksns gohkxbohks n vkgks
hkgksbtnh quk sknh aksmohtne`ks, quk cbrkh, quk sk aks`bgkh, ktg. Akpkhabkhao ak k``o tkharkmos aos

tbpos ak uhbohks fuhanmkhtn`ks.

ZOU WO@ANA[UN4 Ks `n mîs gomôh kh kstrugturns mktî`bgns ak ngkro y ho ks mîs quk `n uhb÷h ak aos

pbkzns mktî`bgns mkabnhtk k` gn`or. Np`bgîhao`k gn`or gohskcubrkmos quk sk fusbohkh `ns supkrfbgbks ak `ns

aos pbkzns, n vkgks hkgksbtnhao uh mntkrbn`

m ntkrbn` kxtrn pnrn so`anr `ns aos pbkzns.

QBZOW AK WO@ANA[UN4

Lomocâhkn4 Gunhao ho sk utb`bzn mntkrbn` ak nportngb÷h o gunhao sk utb`bzn, pkro ks ak `n mbsmn

hnturn`kzn quk `ns pbkzns quk sk vnh n uhbr. Kh kstk gnso `os mktn`ks quk uhbmos y k` mntkrbn` ak

nportngb÷h tbkhk quk skr ak `n mbsmn hnturn`kzn.

Lktkrocâhkn4 Wk kfkgtôn khtrk mntkrbn`ks ak abstbhtn hnturn`kzn, goh o sbh mktn` ak nportngb÷h. Qnmebâh

pukak skr khtrk mktn`ks

mkt n`ks bcun`ks, pkro goh abstbhto mktn` ak nportngb÷h.
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >3 ak
>2 

ZOU QOUHB@@O4 @os torhb``os soh gohkxbohks rîpbans quk hormn`mkhtk sk np`bgnh n kstrugturns ak ngkro

`bckrns, gomo por kdkmp`o pnrn fbdnr glnpns o vbcns `bckrns.

FOUMNW AK@ NGKUO

@n bhaustrbn ak `n gohstruggb÷h ln kstnhanrbznao gbkrtos k`kmkhtos ak ngkro goh formns y propbkanaks

gohogbans pnrn fngb`btnr n gn`gu`bstns, proaugtorks y gohstrugtorks lne`nr uh `khcundk gomôh. 

(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf,
(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf, s.f.)

@os pkrfb`ks quk npnrkgkh goh aoe`k trnzo pukakh skr `nmbhnaos kh gn`bkhtk o khsnme`naos. @os prbmkros

sk oetbkhkh n` gn`khtnr `n mntkrbn prbmn, akhombhnan pn`nhqub``n, y quk gohsbstk kh crnhaks e`oquks ak

ngkro, lnstn lngkr`n f`ubr pnrn anr`k `n formn gorrkspohabkhtk. @os skcuhaos, ks akgbr `os pkrfb`ks

khsnme`naos, sk oetbkhkh n pnrtbr ak `îmbhns quk sk suk`anh khtrk sí. Ak kstn ô`tbmn formn sk lnh
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >< ak
>2 

proaugbao kh k` pnís `os pkrfb`ks mîs pksnaos, anao quk `n proauggb÷h ak pkrfb`ks `nmbhnaos kh gn`bkhtk

sk ln `bmbtnao prbhgbpn`mkhtk n îhcu`os y n otros ak endo pkso.

ABFKUKHGBN K\BWQK KH K@ GOMZOUQNMBKHQO KWQU[GQ[UN@ KHQUK @OW ZKUFB@KW @NMBHNAOW KH

GN@BKHQK R @OW KHWNME@NAOW.

@n abfkrkhgbn sk an kh `os ksfukrzos rksbaun`ks,

rk sbaun`ks, rksu`tnhtks ak` progkso ak khfrbnmbkhto. Kh `ns zohns mîs

bhtkrhns ak `n skggb÷h k` mntkrbn` tnranrî mîs kh khfrbnrsk. Gunhao ksto fbhn`mkhtk ogurrn y por `o tnhto

tbkhan n gohtrnkrsk, otrns zohns ak `n skggb÷h prkvbnmkhtk khfrbnans y khaurkgbans sk opoharîh n ksn

gohtrnggb÷h, ckhkrnhao nsí ksfukrzos bhtkrhos, akhombhnaos

ak hombhnaos ksfukrzos rksbaun`ks. Kstk fkh÷mkho nfkgtn
mîs n `os pkrfb`ks khsnme`naos, por `o quk kh `n HWU->:, sk kstbpu`n uh vn`or mnyor ak ksfukrzos rksbaun`ks

pnrn `os pkrfb`ks khsnme`naos goh so`anaurn quk pnrn `os pkrfb`ks `nmbhnaos. 

Kstos pkrfb`ks kh uh so`o trnzo crukso, soh pkrfb`ks oetkhbaos n pnrtbr ak `îmbhn ak`cnan, quk sk aoe`n kh

frío. Wus kspksorks kstîh khtrk `os :,2 y `os 7 mm. @os kspksorks mkhorks sk oetbkhkh kh progksos ak

`nmbhnao kh frío, quk gohsbstkh kh rkaugbr su kspksor por mkabos mkgîhbgos quk ks eîsbgnmkhtk pnsnr `n

`îmbhn por khtrk crnhaks roab``os quk `k np`bgnh crnh prksb÷h lnstn oetkhkr k` aksknao. @n `îmbhn pukak

skr cn`vnhbznan, `o quk `k an crnh rksbstkhgbn n `n gorrosb÷h, o ho tkhkr hbhcôh trntnmbkhto supkrfbgbn`

("`îmbhn hkcrn"), gnso kh k` gun` sk rkqubkrk protkckr`n goh pbhturn nhtbgorrosbvn. @ns propbkanaks

ckomâtrbgns ak `os pkrfb`ks pukakh oetkhkrsk

o etkhkrsk ak `ns tne`ns quk sumbhbstrnh `os fnerbgnhtks. @os pkrfb`ks S

o sbmb`nrks, `os pkrfb`ks SQ y `ns gnhn`ks suk`kh akhombhnrsk goh aos hômkros9 k` prbmkro bhabgn su n`turn

y k` skcuhao su pkso por uhbana ak `ohcbtua. Kh k` gnso ak` S >: \ 1; bhabgn quk sk trntn ak uh pkrfb` S

1 ; `e/pbk akpkhabkhao ak `n uhbana quk sk qubkrn aktkrmbhnr. 

ak n`turn nproxbmnan >:" y ak pkso 1;
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ >2 ak
>2 

Kh k` abskþo kstrugturn` sk akek cnrnhtbznr toans `ns gnrngtkrístbgns ak skcurbana y fuhgbohn`bana quk

gunhao `n kstrugturn sk vkn somktban n fukrzns kxtkrhns y propbnmkhtk `ns quk ckhkrn su propbo pkso

mnhtkhcn sb kxbstkhgbn, `o quk sk pukak cnrnhtbznr por mkabo ak uh sbstkmn ak rksbstkhgbn ba÷hko.

Wk cnrnhtbzn quk uhn kstrugturn ks skcurn gunhao sk prkvkr kh su abskþo abvkrsns gnrcns por vbkhtos n

n`tns vk`ogbanaks, sbsmos o gunhao `n kstrugturn sk vk somktban n gnrcns muy k`kvnans n `n quk fuk

abskþnan, por `o nhtkrbor toans sus gohkxbohks

g ohkxbohks y mbkmeros akekh gohsbakrnr toans k
kstns
stns kvkhtun`banaks.

Ho so`o sk akek abskþnr pnrn kvbtnr k` go`npso sbho tnmebâh pnrn kvbtnr `ns akformngbohks nrqubtkgt÷hbgns,

bhstn`ngbohks bhtkrhns gomo, snhbtnrbns, k`âgtrbgns ak rkaks khtrk otrns quk n` momkhto ak skr

rkgohstrubans poarính rkprkskhtnr k` 3;% ak` totn` ak `n oern, nakmîs sk poarín gohsbakrnr uh mn` abskþo

kstrugturn` sb kh k` momkhto ak uh sbsmo `os k`kmkhtos kstrugturn`ks qukakh kh pbk y `ns bhstn`ngbohks

ak rkaks o pnrtks nrqubtkgt÷hbgns sk go`npskh. Khtohgks sk pukak gohsbakrnr quk uhn kstrugturn ks skcurn

gunhao ogurrk akformngb÷h kh sus k`kmkhtos, pkro ks gnpnz ak pkrmnhkgkr kh pbk pnrn anr tbkmpo n sus

ogupnhtks ak su kvngungb÷h.

@ns kstrugturns kh ngkro goh k` tbkmpo sk ln snebao quk kh momkhtos sísmbgos o kh ttbkmpos
bkmpos ak k`kvnans

tkmpkrnturns tbkhakh lngkr rubaos muy n`tos `o gun` mo`kstn n sus ogupnhtks `o quk ks fuhanmkhtn`

prkvkr pnrn gun`qubkr kstrugturn goh kstk mntkrbn` pnrn cnrnhtbznr gomoabana n sus ogupnhtks.

K@KMKHQOW WOMKQBAOW N QUNGGBOH

k` abskþo por k` mâtoao ak gokfbgbkhtks ak gnrcn y rksbstkhgbn sk ensn kh lngkr `ns provbsbohks hkgksnrbns

pnrn sntbsfngkr, pnrn toaos `os kstnaos `bmbtk np`bgne`ks n` abskþo por k` mâtoao ak gokfbgbkhtks ak gnrcn

y rksbstkhgbn sk ensn kh lngkr `ns provbsbohks hkgksnrbns pnrn sntbsfngkr toaos `os kstnaos `bmbtk np`bgne`ks4
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 5: ak
>2 

✗  F`ukhgbn kh k` îrkn erutn

✗  Frngturn kh k` îrkn hktn kfkgtbvn

K` prbmkr kstnao `ímbtk ak f`ukhgbn kh k`

k ` îrkn erutn np`bgn n `n posbeb`bana ak quk `n gnrcn nxbn` skn tn` quk

k` ksfukrzo proaugbao kh `ns fberns ak `n skggb÷h totn` bcun`k n` ak f`ukhgbn, goh `o gun` `ns akformngbohks

skrîh kxgksbvns y poarîh prkskhtnr k` go`npso ak `n kstrugturn. Gunhao sk n`gnhgk k` puhto ak f`ukhgbn kh

`ns fberns ak uhn skggb÷h rkaugban por kfkgto ak lnekrsk prngtbgnao kh k``n uhn o vnrbns pkrforngbohks ho

rkprkskhtn uh kstnao `ímbtk ak abskþo nuh gunhao k` mntkrbn` f`uykrn y ``kcnrn n `n zohn ak khaurkgbmbkhto

por akformngb÷h, k` n`nrcnmbkhto totn` proaugbao skrî bhsbchbfbgnhtk. Ak bcun` formn lny quk vkrbfbgnr `n

posbeb`bana ak frngturn kh ksn zohn y kso sk trntn kh k` skcuhao kstnao `ímbtk.

K` `ímbtk ak frngturn kh k` îrkn hktn kfkgtbvn ak uh mbkmero k

kss `n sumn ak `os proaugtos ak `os kspksorks

por k` nhglo hkto ak gnan k`kmkhto. K` nhglo hkto ks k` rksu`tnao ak aksgohtnr ak` nhglo totn` `os

abîmktros ak `ns pkrforngbohks quk sk ln``kh kh `n skggb÷h grítbgn, o mîs aâeb`, bhgrkmkhtîhao`os kh 5 mm

pnrn kfkgtos ak tkhkr kh gukhtn k` akeb`btnmbkhto quk kvkhtun`mkhtk puao lnekr sufrbao k` mntkrbn` n`

momkhto ak prngtbgnrsk `n pkrforngb÷h. Qnmebâh sk akek tkhkr kh gukhtn quk `n posbgb÷h o bhg`bhngb÷h

goh `n quk sk lngkh kstns

k stns pkrforngbohks kh abncohn` o zbcznc.

K` îrkn hktn sk rkfbkrk n `n pnrtk ak` mbkmero quk kstî gompromktban kh aksnrro``nr ksfukrzos kh `ns

gohkxbohks ak kxtrkmo, ks akgbr, kh

k h aohak `n fukrzn sk trnhsmbtk ak uh k`kmkhto kstrugturn` n otro. Gomo

sk snek, uh k`kmkhto kstrugturn` pukak tkhkr uhn o vnrbns pnrtks kh su skggb÷h trnhsvkrsn`. Wb gnan uhn

ak k``ns kstî abrkgtnmkhtk gohkgtnan por mkabo ak torhb``os o so`anaurns, sk gohsbakrnrî quk toans k``ns

kstîh nportnhao n `n rksbstkhgbn y por `o tnhto k` îrkn hktn kfkgtbvn skrî bcun` n` îrkn hktn
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 5> ak
>2 

Gunhao `n gnrcn sk trnhsmbtk por mkabo ak pkrhos n trnvâs ak pnrtk, pkro ho ak toaos `os k`kmkhtos ak

`n skggb÷h trnhsvkrsn` ak` pkrfb`, sk gohsbakrn quk ho kh toans `ns fberns ak `n skggb÷h sk n`gnhznh n

aksnrro``nr ksfukrzos y por `o tnhto ho nportnh n `n rksbstkhgbn, fkh÷mkho akhombhnao rktrnso ak

gortnhtk. Zor tn` rnz÷h k` îrkn hktn kfkgtbvn sk aktkrmbhn ak mnhkrn abstbhtn ak ngukrao goh `n

kxgkhtrbgbana ak `n gohkxb÷h y `n `ohcbtua ak `n gohkxb÷h kh fuhgb÷h ak `n gnrcn.

Qnmebâh sk gn`gu`n ak formn abfkrkhtk gunhao sk trnhsmbtk `n gnrcn por mkabo ak so`anaurns n trnvâs ak

n`cuhos, pkro ho ak toaos `os k`kmkhtos ak `n skggb÷h trnhsvkrsn` ak` pkrfb` gunhao sk usnh so`anaurns k

`n abrkggb÷h ak `n gnrcn so`ns o kh gomebhngb÷h goh so`anaurns trnhsvkrsn`ks, îrkns ak `os k`kmkhtos

gohkgtnaos gunhao sk utb`bznh so`o so`anaurns trnhsvkrsn`ks k` îrkn ak `n p`ntbhn gunhao `n gnrcn n trnggb÷h

sk trnhsmbtk n uhn p`ntbhn por mkabo so`anaurns `ohcbtuabhn`ks n `o `nrco ak nmeos eoraks kh `os kxtrkmos

ak `n mbsmn. Nabgbohn`mkhtk sk akek tkhkr kh gukhtn uhn rk`ngb÷h ak ksek`tkz fnvorne`k pnrn gnan

k`kmkhto ak `n kstrugturn.

(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf,
(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf, s.f.)
 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 55 ak
>2 

GOHG@[WBOHKW

✗  @ns kstrugturns neovkanans soh utb`bznans prbhgbpn`mkhtk por `n gnpngbana quk tbkhkh ak sn`vnr

crnhaks `ugks.

✗  @n ckomktrín ak nrgo quk gnrngtkrbzn kstns gohstruggbohks ks k` prbhgbpn` fngtor pnrn quk `n

kabfbgngb÷h rksbstn gnrcns propbns ak `n mbsmn y `ns quk sk ckhkrnh por bhgbakhgbn ak `n hnturn`kzn.

✗  Goh kstk tbpo ak nrqubtkgturn gunhao `o utb`bznmos gomo ôhbgo sbstkmn kstrugturn` ho poakmos

gohstrubr sbho uhn so`n p`nhtn, por `o quk sk pukak akgbr quk ks utb`bznan kh bhstn`ngbohks aohak

sk rkn`bznrnh kvkhtos pôe`bgos y ho kh gohstruggbohks pnrn uso rksbakhgbn n ho skr quk sk

bmp`kmkhtk kh `os bhtkrborks pnrn anr kmek``kgbmbkhto n `n nrqubtkgturn.

 

  GOUZOUNGBOH [HBVKUWBQNUBN AK@ MKQN

Zîcbhn
BHC GBVB@ 57 ak
>2 

EBE@BOCUNFÍN

(lttps4//prkzb.gom/loe`s`wg:f`h/kstrugturns-neovkanans/,
(lttps4//prkzb.gom/loe`s`wg:f`h/kstrugturns-neovkanans/, s.f.)

(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf,
(lttp4//eabcbtn`.uhn`.kau.go/;257/>/2;<2755<2>.paf, s.f.)

(lttps4//e`oc.`nmbhnsyngkros.gom/e`oc/quk-hkgksbtns-gohstrubr...-tbpos-ak-kstrugturns-

mkt%G7%N>`bgns-skc%G7%ENh-su-uso, s.f.)