[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

 Bktdvdhbh hc Bprc`hdzbmc
Bprc`hdzbmc 2=
 Bpjdkbr jbs `grlbs hc scaurdhbh
scaurdhbh c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg
jbfgrbtgrdg scaý` jb `grlb GO[B[
GO[B[ 2?>>2
2?>>2
 B pbrtdr hc jb jckturb hcj hgkulc`tg
hgkulc`tg (‚Auìb
(‚Auìb tbjjcr Jbfgrbtgrdg
Jbfgrbtgrdgs
s [caurgs“),
[caurgs“), quc c`kg`trbrâ
c`kg`trbrâ c` jb kbrpctb
kbrpctb hc
 
hgkulc`tgs
rcbjdzbr u` hc bpgyg, kg`gkcrâ b eg`hg jbs prckbukdg`cs quc sc hcfc` tc`cr c` kuc`tb bj lglc`tg hc
lb`tc`dldc`tg hc kglputbhgrcs g c`sblfjc hcj ^K.
Kg`egrlc cqudpgs hc ; g 8 bprc`hdkcs y rcbjdkc u` lb`ubj  hc usubrdg sgfrc jbfgrbtgrdgs scaurgs c` hg`hc
dhc`tdedquc
jgs rdcsags y prckbukdg`cs b tc`cr c` kuc`tb bj rcbjdzbr u`  lb`tc`dldc`tg g c`sblfjc hcj ^K.
Cj Lb`ubj hc usubrdg hcfc kulpjdr kg` jgs sdaudc`tcs pbrâlctrgs =
- @grlbs Dkg`tck.
- Dlâac`cs bjusdvbs b jgs rdcsags c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg.
- Xdpgs hc rdcsags c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg y su lb`cmg.
^brb cj kdcrrc hc jb bktdvdhbh kbhb u`g hc jgs cqudpgs sgkdbjdzbrâ su lb`ubj hc usubrdg, dhc`tdedkb`hg bsì
kg` jb grdc`tbkdû` hcj d`struktgr jbs `grlbs hc scaurdhbh c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg scaý` jb `grlb GO[B[ 2?>>2.
Hurbkdû`= ? ogrbs
Krdtcrdg hc cvbjubkdû`= Hcsc`sblfjb Cj Cqudpg Hc Kûlputg, Hc Bkucrhg Kg` Jb Brqudtckturb Hcj Cqudpg,
Jbs @grlbs Hc Odadc`c T [caurdhbh, Jgs Lb`ubjcs Hcj Ebfrdkb`tc T Cj Grhc` Hced`dhg.

^rd`kdpdgs fâsdkgs hc scaurdhbh c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg=

Byuhb` b krcbr u` c`tgr`g hc trbfbmg scaurg y cedkdc`tc



  Cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ scr jg suedkdc`tclc`tc arb`hc kglg pbrb hbr juabr b jb u`dhbh hc sdstclb, jbs
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

ocrrbldc`tbs hcj täk`dkg, cj cqudpbldc`tg hc prucfb, y cj cqudpg hc prcvc`kdû` kg`trb hcskbrabs

cjcktrgstâtdkbs (C[H). Jbs sbjdhbs hc c`craìb hcfcrâ` cstbr ufdkbhbs kcrkb hcj fb`kg hc trbfbmg, pbrb hbr
juabr b jb bjdlc`tbkdû` hc jb u`dhbh hc sdstclb y b jbs `ckcsdhbhcs hc c`craìb hc gtrgs hdspgsdtdvgs
cjäktrdkgs.

   Cj `dvcj hc oulchbh ûptdlg c` cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ objjbrsc c`trc cj 6> y cj 3> pgr kdc`tg pbrb
rchukdr jb prgfbfdjdhbh hc quc gkurrb u`b C[H. Jb tclpcrbturb hcj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg ttblfdä`
blfdä` hcfcrâ
kg`trgjbrsc pbrb cvdtbr quc obab hclbsdbhg kbjgr.
   Cj fb`kg hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ scr u`b supcredkdc `g kg`huktgrb, quc scb pjb`b y puchb jdlpdbrsc.
   Cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ hdstbr hc jbs ârcbs hc cqudpg cjäktrdkg pcsbhg g kg`kc`trbkdg`cs hc bpbrbtgs
cjcktrû`dkgs. ^gr cmclpjg, u` cspbkdg hc trbfbmg `g hcfcrâ objjbrsc kcrkb hc jgs kg`trgjcs hc jgs sdstclbs
hc kbjcebkkdû`, vc`tdjbkdû` y bdrc bkg`hdkdg`bhg (OUBK) g hcj sdstclb tcjceû`dkg hcj chdedkdg.

 
 Cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ cstbr jdfrc hc pgjvg. Cj pgjvg puchc kg`tbld`br cj juabr hc trbfbmg,
gkbsdg`b`hg u` hbòg prclbturg b jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc jbs kglputbhgrbs. Cj ârcb hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ tc`cr
u` sdstclb hc edjtrgs hc bdrc pbrb rchukdr cj pgjvg y jgs kg`tbld`b`tcs.
  Jb djuld`bkdû` hcfcrâ scr bhckubhb pbrb pghcr vcr pcqucògs hctbjjcs. Jbs hgs egrlbs hc djuld`bkdû`


prcecrdhbs sg` u`b jâlpbrb bmustbfjc kg` pb`tbjjb y jb juz ejugrcskc`tc.

  Hcfcrâ` lb`tc`crsc tclpcrbturbs bkgrhcs kg` jbs cspckdedkbkdg`cs hc jgs kglpg`c`tcs. Ubrdbkdg`cs


cxtrclbs hc tclpcrbturb puchc` becktbr b jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc jbs kglputbhgrbs.

  Jb kgrrdc`tc cjäktrdkb BK hcfcrâ cstbr bprgpdbhblc`tc kg`cktbhb b tdcrrb. Jb Edaurb lucstrb jgs


kglpg`c`tcs hc u`b sbjdhb. Jbs sbjdhbs hc c`craìb hcfcrâ` prgfbrsc kg` u` prgfbhgr hc sbjdhbs pbrb
bvcrdaubr sd ästbs cstâ` bprgpdbhblc`tc kg`cktbhbs b tdcrrb.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Dhc`tdedkbkdû` hc prgkchdldc`tgs hc scaurdhbh y pgsdfjcs pcjdargs pbrb usubrdgs y täk`dkgs=

^butbs ac`crbjcs hc scaurdhbh 

scaurdhbh 
[dab jbs pbutbs fâsdkbs hc scaurdhbh pbrb prcvc`dr kgrtcs, quclbhurbs, hcskbrabs cjäktrdkbs y jcsdg`cs gkujbrcs.
Kglg prdlcrb lchdhb, bscaýrcsc hc quc obyb u` cxtd`tgr y u` idt hc prdlcrgs buxdjdgs c` kbsg hc d`kc`hdg g
jcsdg`cs. Jb Edaurb kg`tdc`c u`b jdstb hc jbs pbutbs ac`crbjcs hc scaurdhbh.

^VCKBSKDÛ@= 
^VCKBSKDÛ@=  Jbs euc`tcs hc c`craìb y jgs lg`dtgrcs prcsc`tb` bjtgs `dvcjcs hc vgjtbmc. @g usc u`b pujscrb
b`tdcstâtdkb bj rcpbrbr euc`tcs hc c`craìb g lg`dtgrcs.

^VCKBSKDÛ@=
^VCKBSKDÛ@= Bjau`bs
 Bjau`bs pdczbs hc jb dlprcsgrb puchc` kbjc`tbrsc lukog ldc`trbs cstâ` c` usg, c` tb`tg gtrbs
puchc` kg`tc`cr `dvcjcs hc vgjtbmc luy cjcvbhgs. B`tcs hc cecktubr kubjqudcr rcpbrbkdû`, hcmc quc jb dlprcsgrb sc
c`erìc. Kg`sujtc cj lb`ubj hc jb dlprcsgrb pbrb sbfcr hû`hc sc c`kuc`trb` jgs hdvcrsgs kglpg`c`tcs quc puchc`
kg`tc`cr `dvcjcs bjtgs hc vgjtbmc. Bjau`gs kglpg`c`tcs puchc` kg`scrvbr `dvcjcs bjtgs hc vgjtbmc
vgjt bmc d`kjusg hcspuäs
hc quc sc bpbauc jb dlprcsgrb.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

^butbs hc scaurdhbh c` kbsg hc d`kc`hdg

[dab jbs pbutbs hc scaurdhbh c` kbsg hc d`kc`hdg pbrb prgtcacr jb vdhb hc jbs pcrsg`bs y jb d`tcardhbh hc jb
cstrukturb y jgs cqudpgs. ^brb cvdtbr hcskbrabs cjäktrdkbs y hbògs lbtcrdbjcs, bpbauc y hcsc`kouec jb kglputbhgrb
b`tcs hc d`dkdbr jb rcpbrbkdû`.

Cj eucag puchc prgpbabrsc râpdhblc`tc y ac`crbr pärhdhbs kgstgsbs. Cj usg kgrrcktg hc u` cxtd`tgr puchc cvdtbr
quc u` pcqucòg d`kc`hdg sc tgr`c d`kg`trgjbfjc. Bj trbfbmbr kg` kglpg`c`tcs hc kglputbhgrbs, tc`ab c` kuc`tb
sdclprc jb pgsdfdjdhbh hc d`kc`hdgs bkkdhc`tbjcs y scpb kûlg rcbkkdg`br. [d sc prghukc u` d`kc`hdg, sc rckgldc`hb
scaudr cstgs prgkchdldc`tgs=
prgkchdldc`tgs=

  @u`kb trbtc hc bpbabr u` d`kc`hdg quc cstä eucrb hc kg`trgj g quc `g cstä kg`tc`dhg.
  B`tcs hc kglc`zbr kubjqudcr trbfbmg, bscaýrcsc hc kg`tbr kg` u`b sbjdhb hc clcrac`kdb.
  [bjab hc jbs d`stbjbkdg`cs râpdhblc`tc.
  [gjdkdtc byuhb b jgs scrvdkdgs hc clcrac`kdb.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Jcb jbs d`strukkdg`cs hcj cxtd`tgr sdtubhg c` cj juabr hc trbfbmg b`tcs hc usbrjg. Cs pgsdfjc quc c` su gr
grab`dzbkdû`
ab`dzbkdû`
sc frd`hc kbpbkdtbkdû` sgfrc scaurdhbh.

C` jgs Cstbhgs S`dhgs, oby kubtrg kjbscs hc cxtd`tgrcs. Jbs hdvcrsbs kjbscs sc dhc`tdedkb` kg` jctrbs, kgjgrcs y
egrlbs, tbj kglg sc djustrb c` jb Edaurb 6. Kbhb kjbsc hc cxtd`tgr tdc`c quìldkgs cspckìedkgs pbrb kglfbtdr hdstd`tgs
tdpgs hc d`kc`hdg=

  Kjbsc B= pbpcj, lbhcrb, pjâstdkg, kbrtû`.

  Kjbsc F= absgjd`b, qucrgsc`g, sgjvc`tcs graâ`dkgs.
  Kjbsc K= cqudpgs cjäktrdkgs.
  Kjbsc H= lctbjcs kglfustdfjcs.

·Ruä kjbscs hc cxtd`tgrcs oby c` su pbìs7

Cs dlpgrtb`tc sbfcr kûlg utdjdzbr u` cxtd`tgr. Ssc cj rckgrhbtgrdg X-B-B-F pbrb rckgrhbr jbs rcajbs fâsdkbs sgfrc cj
usg hc cxtd`tgrcs=

X= Xdrc hc jb trbfb.
B= Bpu`tc obkdb jb fbsc hcj eucag, `g obkdb jbs jjblbs.
B= Bprdctc jb pbjb`kb.
F= Fbrrb jb supcredkdc hcj eucag hc jbhg b jbhg.

Kjbscs hc Cxtd`tgrcs=
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

^râktdkbs c` cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg quc byuhb` b rchukdr cj pgtc`kdbj hc C[H

S` juabr hc trbfbmg scaurg byuhb b prcvc`dr jcsdg`cs pcrsg`bjcs y hbògs lbtcrdbjcs. ^brb quc cj juabr hc trbfbmg
scb scaurg, hcfc cstbr jdlpdg, grab`dzbhg y kgrrcktblc`tc djuld`bhg. Xghgs hcfc` kglprc`hcr y scaudr jgs
prgkchdldc`tgs hc scaurdhbh.

Cs dlpgrtb`tc scaudr jgs prgkchdldc`tgs bprgpdbhgs pbrb jb lb`dpujbkdû` hc kglputbhgrbs b ed` hc rchukdr cj
rdcsag hc jcsdg`cs pcrsg`bjcs, hbògs lbtcrdbjcs y pärhdhb hc hbtgs. Xghg hbòg g pärhdhb puchc gkbsdg`br
rckjblbkdg`cs d`hcl`dzbtgrdbs
d`hcl`dzbtgrdbs kg`trb cj hucòg hc jgs fdc`cs y jgs hbtgs.

Jgs prgkchdldc`tgs pbrb hcsckobr y rckdkjbr bprgpdbhblc`tc kglpg`c`tcs d`egrlâtdkgs pcjdargsgs sg` u` tclb hc
c`vcrabhurb d`tcr`bkdg`bj. Bscaýrcsc hc scaudr jbs rcajblc`tbkdg`cs quc rdac` kûlg hcsckobr hctcrld`bhgs
brtìkujgs. Xghb grab`dzbkdû` quc vdgjc cstbs rcajblc`tbkdg`cs puchc vcrsc gfjdabhb b bfg`br u`b lujtb g
c`erc`tbr bkkdg`cs muhdkdbjcs kgstgsbs.

Cj juabr hc trbfbmg hcfcrâ cstbr sdtubhg jcmgs hc ârcbs bjeglfrbhbs pgrquc jbs bjeglfrbs puchc` kbusbr jb
egrlbkdû` hc kbrabs cjcktrgstâtdkbs. [d `g cs pgsdfjc bjcmbrsc hc jb bjeglfrb, jb supcredkdc bjeglfrbhb hcfcrâ
kufrdrsc kg` u` tbpctc pjâstdkg b`tdcstâtdkg kglg jgs usbhgs kglý`lc`tc fbmg jbs sdjjbs hc jgs cskrdtgrdgs. Cj usg
hc ocrrbldc`tbs hc prgtckkdû` kg`trb C[H kglg u`b luòcqucrb y u` tbpctc, quc sc vc`hc` ac`crbjlc`tc c` idts,
puchc cjdld`br c` arb` pbrtc cstc tdpg
t dpg hc pcjdarg.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Kub`hg trbfbmc kg` kglpg`c`tcs, cxtdc`hb cj tbpctc sgfrc cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg bj jbhg g bfbmg hcj abfd`ctc. Cj
tbpctc cs jucag kg`cktbhg bj abfd`ctc pbrb prgpgrkdg`br u`b supcredkdc kg`cktbhb b tdcrrb sgfrc jb kubj sc puchc`
kgjgkbr jbs pbrtcs b lchdhb quc sg` qudtbhbs hcj sdstclb. [dclprc lb`dpujc tghgs jgs kglpg`c`tcs pgr sus
fgrhcs. Cvdtc tgkbr pd`cs, kodps, g kubjqudcr gtrb kgsb hc lctbj, bsì jb pgsdfdjdhbh hc prghukdrsc u`b hcskbrab
cjcktrgstâtdkb hbòd`b scrâ rchukdhb. Vchukdc`hg cj pgtc`kdbj hc jbs hcskbrabs cjcktrgstâtdkbs sc rchukc jb
prgfbfdjdhbh hc hbòbr jgs hcjdkbhgs kdrkudtgs g kglpg`c`tcs.

Cvdtc tgkbr jb pb`tbjjb hc jb kglputbhgrb pgr kubjqudcr rbzû` ldc`trbs cstä c`kc`hdhb. D`kjusg u` tgquc frcvc b
u`b pb`tbjjb bktdvb puchc kgjgkbr u`b kbrab cjcktrgstâtdkb c` jb lb`g quc sc puchc hcskbrabr b trbväs hcj tckjbhg.

Jbs hcskbrabs
puchc` cjcktrgstâtdkbs
gkbsdg`br (C[H),
hbògs c` jbs jbs kg`hdkdg`cs
kglputbhgrbs. [dabkjdlâtdkbs
pbutbs hcrdaurgsbs y jbs euc`tcs
lb`dpujbkdû` cjäktrdkbs
bprgpdbhbs, tc`abhcc`
lbjb kbjdhbh
kuc`tb jbs
kucstdg`cs blfdc`tbjcs y usc cqudpgs cstbfdjdzbhgrcs hc c`craìb pbrb prcvc`dr hbògs c` jgs cqudpgs y jbs pärhdhbs
hc hbtgs.

C[H 
C[H 
Jb cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb cs jb bkulujbkdû` hc kbrab cjäktrdkb c` u`b supcredkdc. Cstb bkulujbkdû` puchc hcsd`tcarbr
u` kglpg`c`tc y kbusbr hbògs. Cstg sc kg`gkc kglg hcskbrab cjcktrgstâtdkb (C[H). Jb C[H puchc hcstrudr cj
sdstclb cjcktrû`dkg hc u` sdstclb hc kglputbkdû`.

^brb quc u`b pcrsg`b sdc`tb u`b C[H, cs `ckcsbrdg quc sc bkulujc`, bj lc`gs, ;>>> U hc cjcktrdkdhbh
cjcktrgstâtdkb. ^gr cmclpjg, u`b pcrsg`b sc puchc kbrabr hc cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb bj kbld`br sgfrc u` pdsg
bjeglfrbhg. [d csb pcrsg`b tgkb b gtrb, blfgs rckdfdrâ` u`b hcskbrab. [d jb hcskbrab prghukc hgjgr g rudhg, cs

prgfbfjc quc jb kbrab eucrb supcrdgr b 2> >>> U. B lghg hc kglpbrbkdû`, u` kglpg`c`tc hc jb kglputbhgrb
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

puchc hbòbrsc kg` lc`gs hc ;> U hc cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb.

Vckglc`hbkdg`cs sgfrc jb prgtckkdû` b`tc C[H 

C[H 
Jb C[H puchc kbusbr hbògs drrcvcrsdfjcs c` jgs kglpg`c`tcs cjäktrdkgs. [dab cstbs rckglc`hbkdg`cs pbrb prcvc`dr
hbògs hcrdvbhgs hc C[H=

  Aubrhc tghgs jgs kglpg`c`tcs c` fgjsbs b`tdcstâtdkbs obstb quc `ckcsdtc d`stbjbrjgs.
  Stdjdkc bjeglfrdjjbs kg` kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb c` jbs lcsbs
l csbs hc trbfbmg.
  Stdjdkc bjeglfrdjjbs pbrb pdsg kg` kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb c` jbs ârcbs hc trbfbmg.
  Stdjdkc pujscrbs b`tdcstâtdkbs bj trbfbmbr kg` kglputbhgrbs.

Ssg hc u`b luòcqucrb=

S`b luòcqucrb, kglg jb quc sc lucstrb

l ucstrb c` jb Edaurb

Cs u` hdspgsdtdvg quc sc bmustb b jb luòckb hcj täk`dkg y sc kg`cktb bj abfd`ctc hc lctbj hcj sdstclb c` cj quc sc
cstâ trbfbmb`hg. Jb luòcqucrb cvdtb hbògs hc C[H kb`bjdzb`hg jb cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb hcshc jb pcrsg`b b tdcrrb.

Hcspuäs hc kgjgkbrsc jb luòcqucrb, pcrldtb quc pbsc` 23 scau`hgs b`tcs hc tgkbr kubjqudcr kglpg`c`tc
cjcktrû`dkg sc`sdfjc kg` jbs lb`gs hcskufdcrtbs. Cstb pbusb pcrldtc quc jb luòcqucrb `cutrbjdkc jb cjcktrdkdhbh
cstâtdkb quc yb cxdstc c` cj kucrpg hc u`b pcrsg`b. Cj pgtc`kdbj hc C[H tblfdä` puchc scr rchukdhg `g vdstdc`hg
rgpbs ockobs hc schb, pgjdästcr g jb`b. Cstbs tcjbs tdc`hc` b prghukdr kbrabs cstâtdkbs.

Jb Edaurb lucstrb jb hdspgsdkdû` tìpdkb hc u` fb`kg hc trbfbmg quc sc utdjdzb pbrb jb prgtckkdû` kg`trb jb C[H.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

S`b luòcqucrb, sûjg puchc gerckcr prgtckkdû` kg`trb vgjtbmcs hc C[H trb`spgrtbhgs c` cj kucrpg. Jbs kbrabs C[H
quc sc bkulujb` c` jb rgpb bý` puchc` kbusbr hbòg. ^gr jg tb`tg, cvdtc cj kg`tbktg c`trc jgs kglpg`c`tcs
cjcktrû`dkgs y jb rgpb. [d bý` sc cxpcrdlc`tb` kogqucs cstâtdkgs c` cj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg ldc`trbs sc trbfbmb kcrkb
hc u`b kglputbhgrb, prucfc utdjdzbr u` subvdzb`tc hc tcjbs g u` sprby b`td-cstâtdkb c` jb rgpb. Bscaýrcsc hc rgkdbr
jb rgpb y `g jb kglputbhgrb. S`b luòcqucrb hc kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb `g hcskbrab jbs kbrabs cjcktrgstâtdkbs quc sc
ob` bkulujbhg c` cj pcjg. Xc`ab kudhbhg hc bscaurbrsc hc quc cj pcjg `g sc rgkc kg` `d`au`g hc jgs
kglpg`c`tcs.

·Kuâ`hg `g hcfcrâ utdjdzbrsc u`b luòcqucrb pbrb jb hcskbrab b tdcrrb7 

tdcrrb7 
Cxdstc` bjau`bs cxkcpkdg`cs bj usg hc u`b luòcqucrb pbrb prgpgrkdg`br u`b kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb scaurb. S`b
luòcqucrb `u`kb sc utdjdzb bj trbfbmbr c` u` lg`dtgr g c` jb euc`tc hc bjdlc`tbkdû` hc u`b kglputbhgrb. Jgs
lg`dtgrcs y jbs euc`tcs hc bjdlc`tbkdû` sc kg`sdhcrb` kglpg`c`tcs rcclpjbzbfjcs.

Jgs kglpg`c`tcs quc sc c`kuc`trb` hc`trg hc u` lg`dtgr puchc` lb`tc`cr u`b kbrab hurb`tc jbrag tdclpg,
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

d`kjusg hcspuäs hc quc cj lg`dtgr obyb sdhg hcskg`cktbhg hc su euc`tc hc bjdlc`tbkdû` cxtcr`b. Jb kb`tdhbh hc
vgjtbmc quc puchc kg`tc`cr u` lg`dtgr, d`kjusg bpbabhg y hcsc`kouebhg, cs suedkdc`tc kglg pbrb prghukdr jb
lucrtc. Cj rdcsag hc c`trbr c` kg`tbktg kg` jb pcjdargsb kbrab cjäktrdkb hcj lg`dtgr bulc`tb sd sc utdjdzb u`b
luòcqucrb. Cj tufg hc rbygs kbtûhdkgs (KVX) hcj lg`dtgr cstâ kbrabhg kg` 6>.>>> vgjts g lâs. Cstb kbrab puchc
pcrlb`ckcr hurb`tc sclb`bs hcspuäs hc obfcr bpbabhg cj lg`dtgr.

Bjeglfrdjjb b`tdcstâtdkb

Jb bjeglfrdjjb b`tdcstâtdkb cs jdacrblc`tc kg`huktgrb. Bjcmb jb cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb hc u` kglpg`c`tc y jb

trb`sedcrc hc egrlb scaurb bj pu`tg hc kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb, tbj kglg sc lucstrb c` jb Edaurb=

2.  Kgjgquc jb bjeglfrdjjb c` cj juabr hc trbfbmg bj jbhg g hcfbmg hc jb kbrkbsb hc jb kglputbhgrb.

6.  [umctc jb bjeglfrdjjb b jb kbrkbsb pbrb prgpgrkdg`br u`b supcredkdc kg` kg`cxdû` b tdcrrb sgfrc jb kubj pghrâ
kgjgkbr tghbs jbs pbrtcs quc rctdrc hc jb kglputbhgrb.

Bj rchukdr jbs prgfbfdjdhbhcs hc C[H, sc rchukc` jbs prgfbfdjdhbhcs hc hbògs hc kdrkudtgs g kglpg`c`tcs hcjdkbhgs.

@GXB= [dclprc
@GXB= [dclprc tglc jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc jgs fgrhcs.

Lcsb hc trbfbmg 
trbfbmg 
[d rcbjdzb jbs bktdvdhbhcs c` u`b lcsb hc trbfbmg, kg`cktc b tdcrrb jb lcsb y jb bjeglfrdjjb hc pdsg b`tdcstâtdkb. [d sc
pbrb c` jb bjeglfrdjjb y usb jb pujscrb b`tdcstâtdkb, su kucrpg tc`hrâ jb ldslb kbrab quc cj cqudpg y sc rchukdrâ` jbs
prgfbfdjdhbhcs hc hcskbrab cjcktrgstâtdkb.

Bjlbkc`bldc`tg hcj cqudpg

Jgs kglpg`c`tcs cjcktrû`dkgs g pjbkbs hc kdrkudtgs hcfcrâ` bjlbkc`brsc c` fgjsbs b`tdcstâtdkbs fjd`hbhbs, quc
sg` eâkdjlc`tc rckg`gkdfjcs pgr su kbrbktcrìstdkb hc fjd`hbmc. Cstbs fgjsbs pgr jg ac`crbj sg` hc kgjgr pjbtcbhg y
tdc`c` u`b bpbrdc`kdb frdjjgsb y trb`spbrc`tc. Jbs fgjsbs b`tdcstâtdkbs fjd`hbhbs sg` dlpgrtb`tcs pgrquc prgtcac`
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

b jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc jb cjcktrdkdhbh cstâtdkb. Cs `ckcsbrdg quc jbs fgjsbs b`tdcstâtdkbs fjd`hbhbs cstä` c` fuc`bs
kg`hdkdg`cs, sd` brruabs `d grdedkdgs. D`kjusg jbs pcqucòbs bfcrturbs hc jbs brruabs jdldtbrâ` jb kbpbkdhbh hc jb fgjsb
pbrb prgpgrkdg`br prgtckkdû` kg`trb jbs hcskbrabs cjcktrgstâtdkbs.

Kub`hg `g sc hdspg`c hcj clpbquc grdad`bj, jbs pjbkbs hc kdrkudtgs y jgs pcrdeärdkgs hcfcrâ` trb`spgrtbrsc c` u`b
fgjsb b`tdcstâtdkb fjd`hbhb. @g gfstb`tc, `u`kb kgjgquc u`b fgjsb b`tdcstâtdkb fjd`hbhb hc`trg hc u`b ^K.
Bhclâs, `u`kb c`kouec u`b pjbkb lbhrc ldc`trbs ästb sc c`kuc`trb c`kdlb hc u`b fgjsb b`tdcstâtdkb. Vckucrhc
quc jbs fgjsbs b`tdcstâtdkbs sg` pbrkdbjlc`tc kg`huktgrbs. S`b pjbkb lbhrc pghrìb c`trbr c` kgrtg eâkdjlc`tc sd
vbrdgs kdc`tgs hc pd`cs hc sus kglpg`c`tcs cstuvdcrb` tgkb`hg jb fgjsb kg`huktgrb.

[d jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc u`b kglputbhgrb sc bjlbkc`b` c` rckdpdc`tcs pjâstdkgs, ästgs hcfcrâ` cstbr ockogs hc
pjâstdkg kg`huktgr. S` rckdpdc`tc hc pjâstdkg `g kg`huktgr tc`hcrâ b bkulujbr u`b kbrab cjcktrgstâtdkb. Oâabsc cj
oâfdtg hc tgkbr jgs rckdpdc`tcs pbrb daubjbr jb kbrab hc jgs ldslgs bj kucrpg b`tcs hc tgkbr jgs kglpg`c`tcs quc sc
c`kuc`trb` c` cj rckdpdc`tc. Vckucrhc tblfdä` tgkbr jb pdcj hc jbs lb`gs hc gtrb pcrsg`b b`tcs hc pbsbrjc u`
kglpg`c`tc.

Kjdlb 
Kjdlb 

Cj kjdlb puchc becktbr jbs kglputbhgrbs hc hdvcrsbs lb`crbs=

  [d jb tclpcrbturb hcj c`tgr`g cs hclbsdbhg bjtb, jbs kglputbhgrbs sc puchc` sgfrckbjc`tbr.

  [d cj `dvcj hc oulchbh cs hclbsdbhg fbmg, jb prgfbfdjdhbh hc quc sc prghuzkb u`b C[H cs lbygr.
  [d cj `dvcj hc oulchbh cs hclbsdbhg bjtg, jbs kglputbhgrbs puchc` suerdr hbògs pgr oulchbh.

Jb Edaurb djustrb kûlg jbs kg`hdkdg`cs blfdc`tbjcs

blfdc`tbjcs bulc`tb` g rchukc` cj rdcsag hc C[H.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Xdpgs hc vbrdbkdg`cs hc c`craìb

Cj vgjtbmc cs jb eucrzb quc hcspjbzb cjcktrg`cs b trbväs hc u` kdrkudtg. Cj hcspjbzbldc`tg hc jgs cjcktrg`cs sc
hc`gld`b kgrrdc`tc. Jgs kdrkudtgs hc jbs kglputbhgrbs `ckcsdtb` vgjtbmc y kgrrdc`tc pbrb cj eu`kdg`bldc`tg hc jgs
kglpg`c`tcs cjcktrû`dkgs. [d cj vgjtbmc `g cs cxbktg g cstbfjc, cs prgfbfjc quc jgs kglpg`c`tcs `g eu`kdg`c`
kgrrcktblc`tc. Jgs vgjtbmcs d`cstbfjcs sc hc`gld`b` vbrdbkdg`cs hc c`craìb.

Jgs sdaudc`tcs tdpgs hc vbrdbkdg`cs hc c`craìb hc KB puchc` prgvgkbr pärhdhb hc hbtgs g ebjjbs hc obrhwbrc=

  Bpbaû` tgtbj=
tgtbj= pärhdhb kglpjctb hc c`craìb hc KB. Jgs bpbag`cs puchc` prghukdrsc pgr eusdfjcs
quclbhgs, trb`segrlbhgrcs hbòbhgs g tc`hdhgs cjäktrdkgs hcrrdfbhgs.
  Bpbaû` pbrkdbj=
pbrkdbj= hdsld`ukdû` hcj `dvcj hc vgjtbmc hc c`craìb hc KB hurb`tc u` pcrìghg hc tdclpg. Jgs
bpbag`cs pbrkdbjcs sc prghukc` kub`hg cj vgjtbmc hc jb jì`cb cjäktrdkb kbc pgr hcfbmg hcj ?>% hcj `dvcj
`grlbj hc vgjtbmc. Jb sgfrckbrab hc jgs kdrkudtgs cjäktrdkgs tblfdä` puchc gkbsdg`br u` bpbaû` pbrkdbj.
  Vudhg== d`tcrecrc`kdb prgvc`dc`tc hc ac`crbhgrcs c djuld`bkdû`. Cj rudhg prghukc c`craìb sukdb, jb kubj
Vudhg
puchc hbr juabr b crrgrcs c` jgs sdstclbs hc kglputbkdû`.
  ^dkg hc vgjtbmc=
vgjtbmc= bulc`tg rcpc`td`g hc vgjtbmc quc hurb u` frcvc pcrìghg hc tdclpg y supcrb c` u` 2>>%
cj vgjtbmc `grlbj hc jb jì`cb. Jgs pdkgs hc vgjtbmc puchc` grdad`brsc tb`tg b kbusb hc rbygs kglg bj rcarcsbr
cj sdstclb cjäktrdkg hcspuäs hc u` bpbaû`.
  [gfrcvgjtbmc== bulc`tg cxtrbgrhd`brdg hc vgjtbmc pgr c`kdlb hc jgs `dvcjcs `grlbjcs hc kdrkujbkdû` hc
[gfrcvgjtbmc
kgrrdc`tc cjäktrdkb. Cj sgfrcvgjtbmc hurb pgkgs `b`gscau`hgs g u` fdjjg`äsdlg hc scau`hg.

Hdspgsdtdvgs hc prgtckkdû` cjäktrdkb 

cjäktrdkb 
Stdjdkc hdspgsdtdvgs hc prgtckkdû` cjäktrdkb pbrb prgtcacrsc b`tc jbs vbrdbkdg`cs hc c`craìb y bsì cvdtbr hbògs c` jbs
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

kglputbhgrbs g pärhdhb hc hbtgs=

  [uprcsgr hc sgfrcvgjtbmc=
sgfrcvgjtbmc= byuhb b prgtcacr jb d`tcardhbh hc jgs cqudpgs c` kbsg hc sgfrcvgjtbmc g pdkgs hc
vgjtbmc. Cj suprcsgr hc sgfrcvgjtbmc hcsvìb obkdb jb tdcrrb tghg vgjtbmc cjäktrdkg cxkchc`tc c` jb jì`cb.
  Euc`tc hc c`craìb d`d`tcrrulpdfjc (S^[)=
(S^[) = frd`hb prgtckkdû` erc`tc b pgsdfjcs prgfjclbs cjäktrdkgs, yb quc
suld`dstrb c`craìb cjäktrdkb b u`b kglputbhgrb u gtrg hdspgsdtdvg. Ldc`trbs jb S^[ sc c`kuc`trb c` usg, jb
fbtcrìb sc rckbrab kg`stb`tclc`tc. Jb S^[ cs kbpbz hc suld`dstrbr c`craìb hc kbjdhbh u`degrlc c` kbsg hc
bpbag`cs tgtbjcs g pbrkdbjcs. Lukobs S^[ puchc` kglu`dkbrsc hdrcktblc`tc kg` cj sdstclb gpcrbtdvg hc
jb kglputbhgrb. Cstb kglu`dkbkdû` pcrldtc b jb S^[ bpbabr jb kglputbhgrb hc lb`crb scaurb y aubrhbr
jgs hbtgs b`tcs hc quc sc kg`sulb jb c`craìb cjäktrdkb hc jb S^[ pgr kglpjctg.
  Euc`tc hc c`craìb hc rcscrvb ([^[)=
([^[)= frd`hb prgtckkdû` erc`tc b pgsdfjcs prgfjclbs cjäktrdkgs, yb quc
d`kjuyc u`b fbtcrìb hc rcscrvb quc sc c`kbrab hc suld`dstrbr c`craìb kub`hg cj vgjtbmc hc c`trbhb kbc pgr
hcfbmg hcj `dvcj `grlbj. Jb fbtcrìb pcrlb`ckc d`bktdvb hurb`tc cj eu`kdg`bldc`tg `grlbj. Bj hdsld`udr cj
vgjtbmc, jb fbtcrìb suld`dstrb c`craìb hc KK b u` d`vcrsgr quc jb kg`vdcrtc c` c`craìb hc KB pbrb jb
kglputbhgrb. Cstc hdspgsdtdvg `g cs tb` kg`edbfjc kglg u`b S^[ hcfdhg bj tdclpg quc hclgrb c` pbsbr bj
lghg hc fbtcrìb. [d cj hdspgsdtdvg hc kg`lutbkdû` ebjjb, jb fbtcrìb `g pghrâ suld`dstrbr c`craìb b jb
kglputbhgrb. Jb Edaurb lucstrb bjau`gs cmclpjgs
cmclpjgs hc suprcsgrcs hc sgfrcv
sgfrcvgjtbmc,
gjtbmc, S^[ y [^[.

^VCKBSKDÛ@= @u`kb kg`cktc u`b dlprcsgrb b u` hdspgsdtdvg S^[. Jgs ebfrdkb`tcs hc S^[ rckgldc`hb` `g
kg`cktbr jb dlprcsgrb b jb S^[ pbrb cvdtbr rdcsags hc quc sc quclc cj lgtgr hc jb dlprcsgrb.

k g`tbld`bkdû` hcj
Dhc`tdedkbkdû` hc jgs prgkchdldc`tgs hc scaurdhbh pbrb cvdtbr jb kg`tbld`bkdû`
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Dhc`tdedkbkdû` hc jgs prgkchdldc`tgs hc scaurdhbh pbrb cvdtbr jb kg`tbld`bkdû` hcj lchdg blfdc`tc

Jbs kglputbhgrbs y jgs pcrdeärdkgs, kglg sc djustrb c` jb Edaurb

Kg`tdc`c` lbtcrdbjcs quc puchc` rcsujtbr pcrmuhdkdbjcs pbrb cj lchdg blfdc`tc. Jgs lbtcrdbjcs pcjdargsgs sucjc`
hc`gld`brsc hcsckogs tûxdkgs. Cstgs lbtcrdbjcs kg`tdc`c` bjtbs kg`kc`trbkdg`cs hc lctbjcs pcsbhgs, kglg
kbhldg, pjglg g lcrkurdg. Jbs `grlbs pbrb hcsckobr lbtcrdbjcs pcjdargsgs vbrìb` scaý` jgs hdvcrsgs cstbhgs g
pbìscs. ^brb gftc`cr d`egrlbkdû` bkcrkb hc jgs prgkchdldc`tgs y scrvdkdgs pbrb hcsckobr lbtcrdbjcs pcjdargsgs,
kglu`ìqucsc kg` jbs butgrdhbhcs jgkbjcs c` lbtcrdb hc rckdkjbhg g cjdld`bkdû` hc rcsdhugs hc su kglu`dhbh

^jb`djjb hc hbtgs sgfrc scaurdhbh hc lbtcrdbjcs 

lbtcrdbjcs  
Jb pjb`djjb hc hbtgs sgfrc scaurdhbh hc lbtcrdbjcs (L[H[-
(L[H[- lbtcrdbj
 lbtcrdbj sbecty hbtb socct)
socct) cs u`b pjb`djjb hc hbtgs quc
rcý`c d`egrlbkdû` bkcrkb hc jb dhc`tdedkbkdû` hc lbtcrdbjcs, tbjcs kglg cjclc`tgs pcjdargsgs quc puchc` becktbr
jb sbjuh hc jbs pcrsg`bs, pcjdargs hc d`kc`hdg y rcqudsdtgs hc prdlcrgs buxdjdgs.
Jb L[H[ kg`tdc`c d`egrlbkdû` sgfrc rcbktdvdhbh c d`kglpbtdfdjdhbh quìldkb, quc kglprc`hc prgkchdldc`tgs
sgfrc hcrrblcs, pärhdhbs y hcsckogs. Xblfdä` kg`tdc`c lchdhbs hc prgtckkdû` pbrb u`b lb`dpujbkdû` y u`
bjlbkc`bldc`tg scaurgs hc jgs lbtcrdbjcs
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

^brb hctcrld`br sd u` lbtcrdbj sc c`kuc`trb kjbsdedkbhg kglg pcjdargsg, kg`sujtc jb L[H[ hcj ebfrdkb`tc. C` jgs
Cstbhgs S`dhgs, jb Bhld`dstrbkdû` hc [caurdhbh y [bjuh Gkupbkdg`bjcs (G[OB) cxdac quc jgs lbtcrdbjcs pcjdargsgs
d`kjuyb` u`b L[H[ bj scr trb`secrdhgs b gtrg hucòg. Jb d`egrlbkdû` hc jb L[H[ d`kjudhb kg` prghuktgs bhqudrdhgs

pbrb jb rcpbrbkdû`
rcqudcrc tblfdä` qucg cj
sc lb`tc`dldc`tg hc kglputbhgrbs
d`egrlc b jgs clpjcbhgs bkcrkb hc puchc rcsujtbrkg`
jgs lbtcrdbjcs dlpgrtb`tc pbrb cj ytäk`dkg.
jgs quc trbfbmb` Jb frd`hc
quc sc jcs G[OB
d`egrlbkdû` c` rcjbkdû` kg` jb scaurdhbh hc tbjcs lbtcrdbjcs. C` cj Vcd`g S`dhg, jgs Vcajblc`tgs hc D`egrlbkdû`
bkcrkb hc jgs Vdcsags hc ^rghuktgs Ruìldkgs y Clfbjbmc pbrb [uld`dstrg hcj bòg 6>>6 (KOD^;) tdc`c` c` kuc`tb jb
lb`dpujbkdû` hc lbtcrdbjcs pcjdargsgs. Cstgs rcajblc`tgs cxdac` b jgs prgvcchgrcs clfbjbr y trb`spgrtbr
quìldkgs pcjdargsgs hc egrlb scaurb c d`kjudr u`b pjb`djjb hc hbtgs kg` jgs prghuktgs.

@GXB=  Jb L[H[ cs dlpgrtb`tc c` cj lglc`tg hc hckdhdr kûlg hcsckobr bqucjjgs lbtcrdbjcs pgtc`kdbjlc`tc
@GXB= 
pcjdargsgs hc jb lb`crb lâs scaurb. B`tcs hc hcsckobr kubjqudcr kglpg`c`tc cjcktrû`dkg, kg`sujtc sdclprc jbs
rcajblc`tbkdg`cs jgkbjcs rcjbtdvbs b jgs lätghgs bkcptbfjcs.

·Ruä grab`dslg rdac cj usg hc prghuktgs quìldkgs pcjdargsgs c` su pbìs7 ·[g` gfjdabtgrdbs jbs pjb`djjbs L[H[7
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Jb L[H[ kg`tdc`c d`egrlbkdû` dlpgrtb`tc=

  Cj `glfrc hcj lbtcrdbj.

  Jbs prgpdchbhcs eìsdkbs hcj lbtcrdbj.
  Jgs d`archdc`tcs pcjdargsgs quc kg`tdc`c cj lbtcrdbj.
  Hbtgs sgfrc rcbktdvdhbh, kglg d`kc`hdg y cxpjgsdû`.
  ^rgkchdldc`tgs c` kbsg hc euab g hcrrblc.
  ^rckbukdg`cs cspckdbjcs.
  Vdcsags pbrb jb sbjuh.
  Vcqudsdtgs hc prgtckkdû` cspckdbjcs.

Kg` cj tdclpg, jbs kglputbhgrbs y gtrgs hdspgsdtdvgs d`egrlâtdkgs sc hcsckob` pgr bjau`g hc jgs sdaudc`tcs
lgtdvgs=

  B lchdhb quc pbsb cj tdclpg, jbs pdczbs y jgs kglpg`c`tcs kgldc`zb` b ebjjbr kg` lbygr erckuc`kdb.
  Jb kglputbhgrb sc vucjvc gfsgjctb pbrb cj usg quc sc jc hcscbfb hbr grdad`bjlc`tc.
  Jgs lghcjgs lâs `ucvgs tdc`c` lcmgrcs kbrbktcrìstdkbs.

B`tcs hc hcsckobr u`b kglputbhgrb g kubjqudcrb hc sus kglpg`c`tcs, cs csc`kdbj kg`sdhcrbr jb pgsdfdjdhbh hc
hcsckobr d`hdvdhubjlc`tc kbhb u`g hc cjjgs.

Kûlg hcsckobr bprgpdbhg hc fbtcrìbs=

^gr jg ac`crbj, jbs fbtcrìbs kg`tdc`c` lctbjcs hc tdcrrbs rbrbs quc puchc` scr pcrmuhdkdbjcs pbrb cj lchdg
blfdc`tc. Jbs fbtcrìbs hc jbs kglputbhgrbs pgrtâtdjcs puchc` kg`tc`cr pjglg, kbhldg, jdtdg, lb`ab`csg bjkbjd`g y
lcrkurdg. Cstgs lctbjcs `g sc hcsd`tcarb` y pcrlb`ckc` c` cj lchdg blfdc`tc hurb`tc lukogs bògs. Jbs fbtcrìbs
sucjc` kg`tc`cr lcrkurdg, quc cs cxtrclbhblc`tc tûxdkg y `gkdvg pbrb jb sbjuh oulb`b.

^brb cj täk`dkg, cj rckdkjbhg hc fbtcrìbs hcfcrìb scr u`b prâktdkb cstâ`hbr. Xghbs jbs fbtcrìbs, d`kjudhbs jbs hc dg`cs
hc jdtdg, `ìqucj-kbhldg, odhrurg hc lctbj hc `ìqucj y pjglg-âkdhg cstâ` sumctbs b prgkchdldc`tgs pbrb hcsckobr
quc kulpjc` jbs rcajblc`tbkdg`cs blfdc`tbjcs jgkbjcs.

Kûlg hcsckobr lg`dtgrcs g pb`tbjjbs KVX

Jgs lg`dtgrcs y jbs pb`tbjjbs KVX hcfc` lb`dpujbrsc kg` kudhbhg. Cs pgsdfjc quc c` cstgs hdspgsdtdvgs sc bjlbkc`c
u` `dvcj hc vgjtbmc cxtrclbhblc`tc bjtg, d`kjusg sd cstâ` hcskg`cktbhgs hc jb euc`tc hc c`craìb. Jbs pb`tbjjbs KVX
kg`tdc`c` krdstbj, lctbj, pjâstdkg, pjglg, fbrdg y lctbjcs hc tdcrrbs rbrbs. Kg`egrlc b jb Bac`kdb hc ^rgtckkdû`
Blfdc`tbj (C^B) hc jgs Cstbhgs S`dhgs, jbs pb`tbjjbs KVX puchc` kg`tc`cr bprgxdlbhblc`tc 2,? ia (8 jf) hc
pjglg. Jgs lg`dtgrcs hcfc` hcsckobrsc hc bkucrhg kg` jg hdspucstg pgr jbs rcajblc`tbkdg`
rcajblc`tbkdg`cs
cs blfdc`tbjcs

Kûlg hcsckobr tû`crcs, kbrtukogs y rcvcjbhgrcs

Jgs tû`crcs y kbrtukogs usbhgs hc dlprcsgrbs hcfc` hcsckobrsc hc egrlb bprgpdbhb y rckdkjbrsc. Bjau`gs
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

vc`hchgrcs y ebfrdkb`tcs hc tû`crcs bkcptb` jb c`trcab hc kbrtukogs vbkìgs pbrb vgjvcr b jjc`brjgs. Xblfdä` oby
clprcsbs quc sc cspckdbjdzb` c` rcjjc`br kbrtukogs vbkìgs. Cxdstc` cqudpgs pbrb rcjjc`br kbrtukogs hc dlprcsgrbs
hc kogrrg hc td`tb pcrg `g sc rckgldc`hb usbrjgs, yb quc cs prgfbfjc quc sc vdcrtb td`tb hc`trg hc jb dlprcsgrb y
sc prghuzkb` hbògs drrcpbrbfjcs. Cstg puchc rcsujtbr pbrtdkujbrlc`tc kgstgsg, yb quc cj usg hc kbrtukogs hc td`tb
quc sc vgjvdcrg` b jjc`br puchc, bhclâs, b`ujbr jb abrb`tìb hc jb dlprcsgrb.

Kûlg hcsckobr sgjvc`tcs quìldkgs y c`vbscs hc bcrgsgj

Kglu`ìqucsc kg` jb c`tdhbh hc sb`cbldc`tg jgkbj pbrb gftc`cr d`egrlbkdû` bkcrkb hc kûlg y hû`hc sc hcfc`
hcsckobr jgs prghuktgs quìldkgs y sgjvc`tcs utdjdzbhgs pbrb jb jdlpdczb hc kglputbhgrbs. @u`kb vdcrtb prghuktgs
quìldkgs g sgjvc`tcs c` u` jbvbfg `d jgs hcsckoc c` kubjqudcr tufcrìb hc hrc`bmc quc cstä kg`cktbhb bj sdstclb hc
hcsbaúc pýfjdkg.

Jgs c`vbscs y jbs fgtcjjbs quc kg`tdc`c` sgjvc`tcs y gtrbs sustb`kdbs hc jdlpdczb sc hcfc` lb`dpujbr kg` kudhbhg.
Bscaýrcsc hc quc cstä` dhc`tdedkbhgs y sc trbtc` kglg rcsdhugs pcjdargsgs cspckdbjcs. ^gr cmclpjg, bjau`bs jbtbs
hc bcrgsgj puchc` cxpjgtbr bj cxpg`crjbs bj kbjgr sd `g cstâ` vbkìbs.

Ocrrbldc`tbs=

Jb lbygrìb hc jbs ocrrbldc`tbs utdjdzbhbs c` cj prgkcsg hc brlbhg hc u`b kglputbhgrb sg` pcqucòbs
ocrrbldc`tbs hc lb`g. Ästbs cstâ` hdspg`dfjcs d`hdvdhubjlc`tc, g sc d`kjuyc` kglg pbrtc hc jgs idts hc
ocrrbldc`tbs hc jb ^K quc puchc` bhqudrdrsc c` tdc`hbs hc kglputbkdû`. [d u` täk`dkg trbfbmb c` jbptgps, scrâ
`ckcsbrdg u` pcqucòg hcstgr`djjbhgr Xgrx. Cstb ocrrbldc`tb `g sc d`kjuyc c` tghgs jgs idts hc ocrrbldc`tbs pbrb
^K. Jb edaurb lucstrb u` kg`mu`tg tìpdkg hc ocrrbldc`tbs utdjdzbhbs pgr u` täk`dkg.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Jbs ocrrbldc`tbs kgrrcktbs puchc` bogrrbr tdclpg y byuhbr bj täk`dkg b cvdtbr gkbsdg`br hbògs bj cqudpg. Jgs idts
hc ocrrbldc`tbs vbrìb` blpjdblc`tc c` tblbòg, kbjdhbh y prckdg. Jgs Xäk`dkgs hc ^K tdc`c` `grlbjlc`tc cstbs
ocrrbldc`tbs=

  Luòcqucrb C[H
  Hcstgr`djjbhgr hc kbfczb pjb`b, arb`hc y pcqucòg
 Hcstgr`djjbhgr hc kbfczb ^odjjdps, arb`hc y pcqucòg
   ^d`zbs g rckupcrbhgr hc pbrtcs
  ^d`zbs hc pu`tb ed`b
  Kgrtbkbfjcs
  Cxtrbktgr hc kodp
  Kg`mu`tg hc jjbvcs d`ajcsbs
  Hcstgr`djjbhgr tgrx
  Hcstgr`djjbhgr hc tucrkb, arb`hc y pcqucòg
   Cxtrbktgr hc trcs pu`tbs
   Lujtìlctrg hdadtbj
   Kbfjcs hc pu`tb
   Cspcmg pcqucòg
   Kcpdjjg pcqucòg pbrb pgjvg
   ^bòg subvc y jdfrc hc pcjusb
   [umctbkbfjcs
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

  Xdmcrbs
  Jd`tcr`b pcqucòb
  Kd`tb bdsjbhgrb
  Kubhcr`g y jâpdz g jbpdkcrb

Cstgs lbtcrdbjcs tblfdä` hcfcrâ` cstbr b lb`g=

  Xgr`djjgs bhdkdg`bjcs
  Hgkulc`tbkdû` sgfrc tbrmctbs hc cxpb`sdû`
  Erc`tcs hc u`dhbhcs hc bjlbkc`bldc`tg
  Idts hc lg`tbmc
  Kbfjcs cxtrb

.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Byuhbs pbrb jb grab`dzbkdû` 

grab`dzbkdû` 
Cstgs cjclc`tgs sg` byuhbs pbrb jb grab`dzbkdû` hcj cspbkdg hc trbfbmg=

  S` grab`dzbhgr hc pbrtcs pbrb pbrtcs pcqucòbs, kglg tgr`djjgs y kg`cktgrcs

  Kd`tb bhocsdvb pbrb obkcr ctdquctbs quc dhc`tdedquc` jbs hdstd`tbs pbrtcs
  S` pcqucòg kubhcr`g pbrb lb`tc`cr u` rcadstrg hc jgs pbsgs hc brlbhg g hctckkdû` hc prgfjclbs
  S` juabr pbrb aubrhbr rcecrc`kdbs râpdhbs y auìbs hctbjjbhbs hc hctckkdû` hc prgfjclbs

  S` pgrtbpbpcjcs pbrb jgs pbpcjcs hc trbfbmg
t rbfbmg
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

^rghuktgs hc jdlpdczb c` cj juabr hc trbfbmg=

Bu`quc u` `ucvg sdstclb `g `ckcsdtbrâ jdlpdbrsc hurb`tc cj prgkcsg hc c`sblfjbmc, jgs sdstclbs hc kglputbhgrb
puchc` mu`tbr pgjvg y gtrgs rcsdhugs kg` cj tdclpg. Jbs pbrtìkujbs hc pgjvg c` sì puchc` kg`tc`cr rcsdhugs
quìldkgs quc puchc` hcarbhbr g obkcr quc jgs kodps, supcredkdcs hc kg`tbktg y kg`tbktgs hc bjblfrcs c`trc` c`
kgrtg kdrkudtg. Jb arbsb hc jgs hchgs oulb`gs puchc kg`tbld`br g kgrrgcr u`b kg`cxdû` cjäktrdkb sc`sdfjc. D`kjusg
jb trb`spdrbkdû` hc jb pdcj kg`tdc`c sbjcs quìldkbs quc puchc` kgrrgcr jbs kg`cxdg`cs cjäktrdkbs. S` täk`dkg
sgstc`hrâ tghbs jbs pjbkbs cjcktrû`dkbs pgr sus fgrhcs, y `g pgr hg`hc sc jgkbjdzb` jgs kg`tbktgs lctâjdkgs.

Jbs supcredkdcs hc jgs kglpg`c`tcs hc u`b kglputbhgrb `ckcsdtb` u`b jdlpdczb pcrdûhdkb. S`b jdlpdczb
rcprcsc`tb lâs quc sgpjbr g bspdrbr cj pgjvg y jb pcjusb. ^rghuktgs hc jdlpdczb utdjdzbhgs kglý`lc`tc d`kjuyc` cj
jdlpdbhgr hc kg`tbktgs c` sprby, bdrc kglprdldhg, sgjvc`tcs, pbògs y bjlgobhdjjbs hc jdlpdczb. Jb lbygrìb hc jgs
ebfrdkb`tcs prgpgrkdg`b` d`strukkdg`cs rcspcktg b jgs prghuktgs hc jdlpdczb quc hcfcrìb` utdjdzbrsc kg` cj cqudpg
quc prghukc`. Ebldjdbrìkcsc kg` cstbs d`strukkdg`cs y gftc`ab jgs prghuktgs rckglc`hbhgs. Jb Edaurb lucstrb jb
dlbac` hc u`b jbtb hc bdrc kglprdldhg.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Cj jdlpdbhgr hc kg`tbktgs c` sprby cs u`b lczkjb hc sgjvc`tc y jufrdkb`tc. [c utdjdzb pbrb pc`ctrbr c` u` ârcb luy
pcqucòb, kglg u` pu`tg hc kg`tbktg. Jb jbtb pgscc pgr jg ac`crbj u`b jbrab y hcjabhb fgqudjjb hc pjâstdkg
d`scrtbhb c` jb kbfczb, quc jc pcrldtc hcskbrabr jb sgjukdû` hc lb`crb prckdsb.

Cj jdlpdbhgr hc kg`tbktgs c` sprby cs ýtdj bj qudtbr kg`tbktgs cjäktrdkgs kgrrgìhgs g pbrb bejgmbr pjbkbs bhbptbhgrbs
quc pgscc` rcsdhugs bhocsdvgs c` jgs pu`tgs hc kg`cxdû`.

Jgs sgjvc`tcs sc utdjdzb` kg` pbògs pbrb qudtbr rcsdhugs quc sc bhodcrc` b jbs pjbkbs hc kdrkudtgs g b jgs kg`tbktgs,
cspckdbjlc`tc kub`hg `g puchc jjcabrsc b cjjgs kg` bjlgobhdjjbs hc jdlpdczb kglu`cs. Cj bjkgogj dsgprgpìjdkg cs
u` sgjvc`tc kg`edbfjc y utdjdzbhg erckuc`tclc`tc, y sc vc`hc pgr jg ac`crbj c` ebrlbkdbs.

^rckbukdû`= 
^rckbukdû`=  @g kg`eu`hb cj bjkgogj dsgprgpìjdkg kg` cj bjkgogj lchdkd`bj. Cj bjkgogj lchdkd`bj cs rcjbtdvblc`tc
dlpurg y puchc kg`tbld`br jbs kg`cxdg`cs cjäktrdkbs. Hcfcrâ` utdjdzbrsc pbògs quc pbrckc` bjaghû` `grlbj, pcrg
tdc`c` u`b cspulb g abluzb c` cj cxtrclg, kg` cj bjkgogj dsgprgpìjdkg. Jgs pbògs hc bjaghû` `g hcfcrâ` utdjdzbrsc
pgrquc sc hcsodjbkob` y hcmb` pcjusb c` jgs kglpg`c`tcs.

Jbs bjlgobhdjjbs hc jdlpdczb prc-clpbquctbhbs sc utdjdzb` c` supcredkdcs bfdcrtbs, pjb`bs y eâkdjlc`tc bkkcsdfjcs.
Cstgs tdpgs hc pbògs y bjlgobhdjjbs hc jdlpdczb puchc` gftc`crsc c` kubjqudcr tdc`hb hc cjcktrû`dkb.

Xc`ab u` kudhbhg cspckdbj bj utdjdzbr jdlpdbhgrcs quìldkgs. Xglc lchdhbs pbrb prgtcacrsc jgs gmgs kg`trb jbs
sgjukdg`cs vgjâtdjcs. Cj täk`dkg tblfdä` hcfc tc`cr kudhbhg bj bjlbkc`br jdlpdbhgrcs quìldkgs vgjâtdjcs pgrquc
ästgs puchc` cskbpbr hcj kg`tc`chgr quc jgs bjlbkc`b.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

Cqudpg hc prucfb c` cj juabr hc trbfbmg= 

trbfbmg= 

Bj brlbr u` sdstclb hc kglputbhgrb, cj täk`dkg puchc tc`cr jb `ckcsdhbh hc prgfbr jbs scòbjcs cjäktrdkbs c` u`b
pjbkb lbhrc g c` sus kglpg`c`tcs. Cj täk`dkg tblfdä` puchc `ckcsdtbr prgfbr cj c`tgr`g hc c`craìb cxtcr`g. S`b
euc`tc hc c`craìb kg` prgfjclbs puchc gkbsdg`br hdedkujtbhcs b jgs sdstclbs hc kglputbhgrb quc sc c`koueb` b
cjjb. Jb Edaurb lucstrb u` Lujtìlctrg Ejuic 22>, quc sc utdjdzb pbrb prgfbr hdspgsdtdvgs hc bjtg vgjtbmc. Bhclâs hcj
prgfbhgr hc sbjdhbs y cj lujtìlctrg hdadtbj, jgs kg`cktgrcs hc pu`tb hcfcrâ` scr pbrtc hcj cqudpg cstâ`hbr quc sc
aubrhb c` cj juabr hc trbfbmg. Cstgs kg`cktgrcs tblfdä` sc hc`gld`b` kg`cktgrcs hc kdkjg hc rctgr`g.

Jgs kg`cktgrcs hc kdkjg hc rctgr`g prucfb` jgs pucrtgs hc scòbjdzbkdû` quc cstâ` ufdkbhgs c` jb pbrtc pgstcrdgr hc
jb kglputbhgrb. Jgs kg`cktgrcs hc kdkjg hc rctgr`g sc bjblfrb` b kbhb kdkjg g c`vìb` jbs scòbjcs `ucvblc`tc b sì
ldslgs. Cstgs kg`cktgrcs sc utdjdzb` c` kg`mu`kdû` kg` u` sgetwbrc hc prucfb bptg pbrb vcrdedkbr jb d`tcardhbh hc
jgs pucrtgs hc jb kglputbhgrb.

Bkucrhgs hc scaurdhbh c` cj jbfgrbtgrdg=

Cj Bkucrhg hc [caurdhbh c` cj Jbfgrbtgrdg hc jb Edaurb hctbjjb jgs prgkchdldc`tgs b scaudr bj trbfbmbr kg`
kglputbhgrbs.

^ucstg quc lukogs cmcrkdkdgs hc jbfgrbtgrdg c` cj bujb `g utdjdzb` bjtgs vgjtbmcs, jb scaurdhbh cjäktrdkb puchc `g
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub

pbrckcr dlpgrtb`tc. ^crg `g sc vucjvb kglpjbkdc`tc rcspcktg b jb scaurdhbh cjäktrdkb. Jb cjcktrdkdhbh puchc hbòbr
g d`kjusg gkbsdg`br jb lucrtc. Vcspctc tghgs jgs prgkchdldc`tgs hc scaurdhbh cjäktrdkgs c` tghg lglc`tg.
 

[crvdkdg @bkdg`bj hc Bprc`hdzbmc

ASDB XBJJCV HC B^VC@HD]BMC G Lghcjg hc jb

^VÂKXDKB HC JBFGVBXGVDG Lcmgrb Kg`td`ub