Hbabcbj

Rubcfty Klsts bgm ^rlmuktfvfty0 Hobsurohogt, Toplrtfgi,

bgm Klgtrlc

Mfdubt _gtua Hohogujf ]uibs Hbtb Aucfbj

Baugtbgsf Hbgb`ohog

Mlsog 0

Vusrl Tbjhb, [.O.,H.[f

Mfsusug lcoj 0

2. Ohdug Mfgf Jbefzbj (222:>:4>>>>24:)

4. Mfgb Jbgfeb (222:>:4>>>>246)
;. Ubgfb _tbhf (222:>:4>>>>2;>)

Aocbs 0 =D
^rlirbh [tumf 0 Baugtbgsf

Ebauctbs Oalglhf mbg Dfsgfs

_gfvorsftbs Fscbh Goiorf [ybrfe Jfmbybtuccbj @babrtb
4>4>
 MBE]BT F[F

DBD F ^OGMBJ_C_BG................................................................................................ ;

2.2. CB]BT DOCBABGI ......................................................................................................................;

2.4 ]_@_BG .............................................................................................................................................. ;

DBD FF ^OHDBJB[BG ....................................................................................................................................=

4.2 HOB[_TFGI ]JO KL[] LE R_BCF]V .............................................................................=

4.4 TO^LT]FGI R_BCF]V KL[] FGELTHB]FLG .............................................................9

DBD FFF ^OG_]_^ ...........................................................................................................................................25

;.2 AO[FH^_CBG ................................................................................................................................25

MBE]BT ^_[]BAB .................................................................................................................................... 29

4| ^bi
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 DBD F
^OGMBJ_C_BG

2.2. CB]BT DOCBABGI

Aubcftbs ybgi rogmbj mbpbt hog`bmfabg prlmua sbgibt hbjbc dbif prlmusog
mbg algsuhoggyb. Algsoauogsf rogmbjgyb aubcftbs bmbcbjtfgiifgyb dfbyb prlmua.
[lcusf torjbmbp porhbsbcbjbg fgf bmbcbj pogorbpbg hbgb`ohog aubcftbs. Hbgb`ohog
aubcftbs hogoabgabg porjbtfbggyb pbmb dbibfhbgb hogijbsfcabg prlmuaybgi topbt
wbatu, topbt tohpbt, topbt dbrbgi, topbt cbybgbg, mbg topbt jbrib. [bcbj sbtu fsf
utbhb ybgi babg mfdbjbs pbmb dbd fgf bmbcbj dbibfhbgb hogyomfbabg prlmua doraubcftbs
mbg topbt jbrib.

^ogiortfbg aubcftbs (abhus) bmbcbj –morb`bt btbu tfgiabt aosohpurgbbg‘. Mbcbh jbc
fgf, aubcftbs bmbcbj uaurbg rocbtfe mbrf aodbfabg (Illmgoss). Jbrbpbg pocbgiibg mbpbt

mfibhdbrabg hocbcufbtrfdut btrfdut aubcftbs ybgi sorfgi mfsodut mogibg mfhogsf aubcftbs.

2.4 ]_@_BG
2. Hog`ocbsabg mbg hogifgmogtfefabsf ohpbt `ogfs dfbyb aubcftbs.
4. Hogyfbpabg cbplrbg qubcfty klst, mbg hohdombabg bgtbrb aubcftbs ybgi
mbpbt mftorfhbtfgiabt mbg pbgmbgibg ybgi mfmuaugi lcoj algtrlc aubcftbs
tltbc.
;. Abtbabg hogibpb qubcfty klst fgelrhbtflg mf dutujabg, mbg hogug`uaabg
dbibfhbgb ftumfiugbabg.
=. Hog`ocbsabg bpb ftu prlmuatfvftbs, mbg hogijftugi mbhpba mbrf prlmuatfvftbs pbmb
 porudbjbg aougtugibg.

; | ^bi
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; | ^bi
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 DBD FF
^OHDBJB[BG

4.2 HOB[_TFGI ]JO KL[] LE R_BCF]V

B. Rubcfty moefgom

Aubcftbs (qubcfty)  mbpbt mfbrtfabg dordomb bgtbrb sbtu lrbgi mbg lrbgi cbfg.
Dfbsbgyb aubcftbs mbpbt mfcfjbt mbrf mub ebatlr utbhb dorfaut fgf.

2. Hohubsabg jbrbpbg algsuhog ybgi dorabftbg mogibg btrfdut-btrfdut jbrbpbg algsuhog.

4. Hohbstfabg sodorbpb dbfa prlmua mbpbt hohogujf bspoa-bspoa toagfs mbrf mosbfg
 prlmua torsodut, aososubfbg afgor`b mogibg stbgmbr ybgi mfjbrbpabg, mbg
aososubfbg mogibg stbgmbr pohdubtbggyb.

Jbrbpbg algsuhog btbs prlmua btbu `bsb togtu sb`b dordomb bgtbrb sbtu algsuhog mbg
algsuhog cbfggyb. Jbrbpbg algsuhog fgf mbpbt mfcfjbt mbrf dodorbpb mfhogsf ybgi howbafcf
aubcftbs soportf dorfaut fgf.

2. Afgor`b (porelrhbgko)  bmbcbj tfgiabt algsfstogsf mbg sodorbpb dbfa prlmua mbpbt
 doreugisf. Afgor`b `bsb dorbrtf tfgiabt aodorbmbbg cbybgbg pbmb sbbt mfhfgtb algsuhog.
4. Ostotfab (bostjotfk) bmbcbj tfgiabt aofgmbjbg pogbhpfcbg prlmua (soportf aokbgtfabg mbg
ibyb) mbg pogbhpfcbg mbrf ebsfcftbs, porcogiabpbg, porslgoc, mbg hbtorf
alhugfabsf ugtua `bsb.
;. Aohbhpubg sorvfs (sorvfkobdfcfty) bmbcbj uaurbg ybgi hogug`uaabg humbj
tfmbagyb subtu prlmua mfrbwbt btbu mfpordbfaf sotocbj mf tbgibg algsuhog.

=. Eftur (eobturos) bmbcbj abrbatorfstfa prlmua ybgi hohdombabg sokbrb eugisflgbc mogibg

 prlmua ybgi hfrfp btbu so`ogfs.
?. Aobgmbcbg (rocfbdfcfty) bmbcbj aohugiafgbg btbu pocubgi prlmua btbu `bsb mbpbt doaor`b
sosubf ybgi mf sposfefabsfabg mbcbh `bgiab wbatu ybgi mftogtuabg.
5. Aobwotbg (murbdfcfty) bmbcbj cbhb prlmua mbpbt doreugisf btbu mfiugbabg.
9. Aubcftbs aososubfbg (qubcfty le klgelrhbgko)  bmbcbj tfgiabt aososubfbg prlmua
mogibg sposfefabsf aubcftbs ybgi mftogtuabg pbmb mosbfggyb.
:. Aososubfbg mbcbh pogiiugbbg (eftgoss le uso)  bmbcbj aoklklabg prlmua
ugtua hogijbmfrabg eugisf soportf ybgi mffacbgabg.

=| ^ bi
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 Aoohpbt mfhogsf portbhb horupbabg btrfdut aubcftbs ybgi pogtfgi, totbpf sucft
ugtua mfuaur. Afgor`b hogibku pbmb algsfstogsf mbg sodorbpb dbfa eugisf-eugisf sodubj
prlmua. Mbcbh `bsb, prfgsfp tfmba tfmba topfsbjabg (Fgsopbrbdfcfty ^rfgkfpco) hogibgmugi
brtf dbjwb
 `bsb mfcbauabg sokbrb cbgisugi mfjbmbpbg pocbgibg. Mogibg mohfafbg, pordbfabg aubcfbtbs
 dorbrtf pordbfabg sbtu btbu codfj mbrf : mfhogsf torsodut mfbtbs sbhdfc totbp hohportbjbgabg

afgor`b mfhogsf cbfggyb. Hogyomfbabg prlmua ybgi codfj dbfa aubcftbsgyb mbrfpbmb posbfgi
 dorbrtf hogiugiiucf prlmua posbfgi sotfmbagyb sbtu mfhogsf sohogtbrb afgor`b mfhogsf
cbfggyb totbp sotbrb.

D. Klsts le qubcfty moefgom

Dfbyb aubcftbs (klst le qubcfty) horupbabg dfbyb ybgi tor`bmf btbu hugiafg babg tor`bmf
abrogb bmbgyb aubcftbs ybgi rogmbj. Dormbsbrabg moefgfsf torsodut hbab dfbyb aubcftbs mbpbt
mfdombabg hog`bmf mub aoclhpla, ybftu dfbyb aubcftbs ybgi dorabftbg mogibg
batfvftbs
 pogiogmbcfbg (klgtrlc bktfvfty) mbg dfbyb ybgi dorabftbg mogibg batfvftbs aoibibcbg (ebfcuro

bktfvfty). Batfvftbs pogiogmbcfbg mfcbasbgbabg mogibg tu`ubg ugtua

hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs.[ombgiabg batfvftbs aoibibcbg tor`bmfabrogb bmbgyb aoibibcbg
mbcbh hog`bcbgabg
batfvftbs btbu bmbgyb prlmua ybgi doraubcftbs rogmbj. Bmb mub aoclhpla dfbyb aubcftbs ybftu
 dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg mbg dfbyb aoibibcbg. Aomub aoclhpla torsodut mbpbt mfpokbj cbif mbcbh
ohpbt sudaoclhpla dfbyb, ybftu dfbyb pogkoibjbg (provogtflg klst), dfbyb
pogfcbfbg (bpprbfsbc klst), dfbyb aoibibcbg fgtorgbc (fgtorgbc ebfcuro klst), sortb dfbyb
aoibibcbg oastorgbc (oxtorgbc ebfcuro klst). Moefgfsf hbsfgi-hbsfgi dfbyb torsodut
bmbcbj sodbibf
 dorfaut.

2. Dfbyb pogkoibjbg bmbcbj dfbyb ybgi tor`bmf abrogb bmbgyb usbjb ugtua
hogkoibj tor`bmfgyb aoibibcbg mbcbh hog`bcbgabg batfvftbs `bsb mbg/btbu prlmua
ybgi doraubcftbs rogmbj. ^bmb uhuhgyb, pogfgiabtbg dfbyb pogkoibjbg mfjbrbpabg
babg hogijbsfcabg
 pogurugbg dfbyb aoibibcbg.
4. Dfbyb pogfcbfbg bmbcbj dfbyb ybgi tor`bmf abrogb mfcbauabggyb pogogtubg bpbabj
prlmua mbg/btbu `bsb ybgi mfjbsfcabg tocbj sosubf mogibg porhfgtbbg btbu aodutujbg
algsuhog.
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;. Dfbyb aoibibcbg fgtorgbc bmbcbj dfbyb ybgi tor`bmf pbmb sbbt prlmua mbg/btbu `bsb
`bsb mfjbsfcabg tfmba sosubf mogibg porhfgtbbg btbu aodutujbg algsuhog.
Aotfmbasosubfbg fgf tormotoasf pbmb sbbt prlmua hbsfj dorbmb mf pfjba
porusbjbbg btbu sodocuh mfafrfhabg ao pfjba cubr porusbjbbg.

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 =. Dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc bmbcbj dfbyb ybgitor`bmf pbmbb sbbt prlmua mbg/btbu `bsb
ybgi mfjbsfcabg tfmba sosubf mogibg porhfgtbbg btbu aodutujbg algsuhog mbg
mfaotbjuf sotocbj prlmua dorbmb mf cubr porusbjbbg btbu sumbj mf tbgibg algsuhog.

K. Hobsurfgi qubcfty klsts

Dfbyb aubcftbs mbpbt `uib mf acbsfefabsfabg hog`bmf mub hogurut aohumbjbg mbcbh
 pogibhbtbggyb. ^ortbhb bmbcbj dfbyb aubcftbs ybgi mbpbt mfbhbtf (ldsorvbdco
qubcftyklst) mbg aomub dfbyb aubcftbs ybgi torsohdugyf (jfmmog qubcfty).  Dfbyb
aubcftbs ybgi mbpbt mfbhbtf horupbabg dfbyb aubcftbs ybgi sokbrb cbgisugi mbpbt mfuaur
mbg dfbsbgyb mbtbgyb torsomfb mbcbh cbplrbg porusbjbbg. ]orhbsua mbcbh aoclhpla fgf
bmbcbj dfbyb pogkoibjbg,
 pogfcbfbg, aoibibcbg fgtorgbc, sortb dodorbpb dfbyb ybgi torhbsua mbcbh
sudaoclhpla aoibibcbg/oastorgbc, hfsbcgyb dfbyb ibrbgsf mbg pogiibgtfbg prlmua.
[ombgiabg dfbyb aubcftbs torsohdugyf horupbabg dfbyb btbs jfcbgigyb
aosohpbtbg ybgi mfbafdbtabg lcoj rogmbjgyb aubcftbs. Dfbyb fgf dfbsbgyb tfmba tormbpbt
mbcbh cbplrbg baugtbgsf. ]ogtu tfmba 

humbj mbcbh hogiuaur `uhcbj dfbyb-dfbyb torsodut. Gbhug, dfbyb aubcftbs torsohdugyf dfsb
 `bmf `uhcbjgyb sfigfefabg mbg hog`bmf pogtfgi mbcbh prlsos pogogtubg aodf`basbgbbg
 porusbjbbg. Lcoj abrogb ftu, pogogtubg dfbyb fgf hog`bmf jbc pogtfgi. Hosafpug
hohporafrbabg dfbyb Jfmmog qubcfty klsts tfmba humbj, tormbpbt tfib hotlmo
ugtua hogifgmogtfefabsf  Jfmmog qubcfty klsts0 (2)  tjo huctfpcfor hotjlm, (4) tjo hbraot
rosobrkj hotjlm,  bgm (;) tjo ]biukjf qubcfty clss eugktflg.

2. ]jo huctfpcfor hotjlm 

Dormbsbrabg hotlmo fgf mbsuhsfabg dbjwb tltbc dfbyb aubcftbs horupbabg
huctfpcfabsf mbrf dodorbpb uaurbg dfbyb aoibibcbg sojfgiib ugtua hogiostfhbsfabg
 dfbyb aoibibcbg tltbc mbpbt mfcbauabg mogibg hogibcfabg mogibg hogiiugbabg
subtu bgiab pogibcf ybgi mftogtuabg mogibg dfbyb aoibibcbg tltbc
torldsorvbsf. Jbc fgf mbpbt mfelrhucbsfabg sodbibf dorfaut.

]ltbc Oxtorgbc ebfcuro klst 8 a x dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc torldsorvbsf.

[fhdlc a horupbabg bgiab pogibcf ybgi horoecoasfabg oeoa huctfpcfor.

^orusbjbbg hogogtuabg a dormbsbrabg mbtb-mbtb mf hbsb cbcu btbu pogibcbhbg

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 porusbjbbg. Hfsbcgyb mf porusbjbbg ]rfilcm dorjbsfc hogijftugi dfbybaoibibcbg
oastorgbc torldsorvbsf tbjug 4>24 sodosbr Tp4.>>>.>>>. Dombsbrabg mbtb tbjug-
tbjug sodocuhgyb a mftogtuabg

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 sodosbr =, hbab tbjug 4>24 dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc tltbc mftogtuabg
sodosbr Tp:.>>>.>>> (= x Tp4.>>>.>>>).

4. ]jo hbraot rosobrkj hotjlm 

Hotlmo fgf mfiugbabg ugtua hogfcbf mbhpba aubcftbs ybgi durua torjbmp pog`ubcbg mbg
 pbgisb pbsbr. Mogibg kbrb hogyurvof pocbgiibg mbg howbwbgkbrb stbe pog`ubcbg
ugtua hogmbpbtabg fgelrhbsf togtbgi aoruifbg btbu aougtugibg mf hbsb mopbg.

;. ]jo tbiufkjf qubcfty clss eugktflg

^bgmbgibg mbcbh hotlmo tbiukjf fgf dordomb mogibg pbgmbgibg trbmfsflgbc ybgi
hogifzfgabg bmbgyb pogyfhpbgibg socbhb hbsfj mbcbh rogtbgi tbriot. ^orjftugibg
 dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc tltbc mogibg hotlmo tbiukjfmbpbt mfelrhucbsfabg sodbibf
 dorfaut.

C(y) 8 a(y ‛])4

Aotorbgibg0
a 8 Algstbgtb prlplsflgbc ybgi toribgtugi pbmb struatur dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc
 porusbjbbg. [fhdlc a horupbabg gfcbf ybgi mfostfhbsf mbg mfjftugi mogibg
hohdbif gfcbf dfbyb mogibg kbrb 0 a 8 k ù m 4
k 8 Aoruifbg pbmb cfhft torogmbj btbu tortfgiif
m 8 @brba cfhft mbrf gfcbf tbriot
y 8 Gfcbf bktubc abrbatorfstfa aubcftbs
] 8 Gfcbf tbriot abroatorfstfa aubcftbs
C 8 Aoruifbg bafdbt aubcftbs (dfbyb aoibibcbg oastorgbc tltbc)

4.4 TO^LT]FGI R_BCF]V KL[] FGELTHB]FLG

B. Rubcfty klst roplrts

^ocbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs mbpbt hog`bmf suhdor fgelrhbsf torpogtfgi mbcbh pohdubtbg
aoputusbg pordbfabg aubcftbs mbg pogurugbg dfbyb aubcftbs. Cbgiabj portbhb
mbcbh hohdubt pocbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs bmbcbj hogogtuabg dbfbyb aubcftbs sosugiiujgyb
ugtua sotfbp alhplgog aubcftbs. Cbgiabj dorfautgyb bmbcbj hogioclhplaabg
alhplgog- alhplgog dfbyb aubcftbs torsodut mbcbh aoclhpla-aoclhpla dfbyb
aubcftbs. [upbyb
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 pogyusugbg cbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs humbj mfcbauabg mbg mfpbjbhf cbzfhgyb mbcbh dogtua 
 prosogtbso mbrf pog`ubcbg sosugiiujgyb. ]ormbpbt mub pbgmbgibg torabft dfbyb aubcftbs
lptfhbc, ybftu mbcbh pbgmbgibg trbmfsflgbc mfsodut mogibg tfgiabt aubcftbs mbpbt mftorfhb
(bkkoptbdco qubcfty covoc), sombgiabg pbgmbgibg algtohplror mfsodut pogiogmbcfbg aubcftbs
tltbc (tltbc qubcfty klgtrlc/zorl moeokt). [otfbp pbgmbgibg hohfcaf kbrb ybgi dordomb mbcbh

 pogioclcbbg dfbyb aubcftbs.

D. Rubcfty klst eugktflg bkkoptbdco qubcfty vfow

^bgmbgibg aubcftbs ybgi mbpbt mftorfhb hogibsuhsfabg tormbpbt pordbgmfgibg

tordbcfa bgtbrb dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg mbg dfbyb aoibibcbg. Aotfab dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg
hogfgiabt, dfbyb aoibibcbg sojbrusgyb hogurug. [ocbhb pogurugbg dfbyb aoibibcbg
codfj dosbr mbrfpbmb aogbfabg dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg, porusbjbbg jbrus torus
hogfgiabtabg usbjbgyb ugtua hogkoibj btbu hogmotoasf ugft ugft ybgi tfmba sosubf. ^bmb
bajfrgyb babg mfkbpbf subtu tftfa mfhbgb aogbfabg tbhdbjbg dfbyb mbcbh upbyb torsodut
hogfhducabg dfbyb ybgi codfj dosbr 

mbrfpbmb pogurugbg dfbyb aoibibcbg. ]ftfa fgf howbafcf tfgiabt hfgfhuh mbrf tltbc dfbyb
aubcftbs. Jbc fgf horupbabg pordbgmfgibg lptfhbc bgtbrb dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg mbg dfbyb
aoibibcbg, sortb hogmoefgfsfabg bpb ybgi mfaogbc sodbibf tfgiabt aubcftbs ybgi mbpbt
mftorfhb (bkkoptbdco qubcfty covoc ‛BRC).

K. Rubcfty klst eugktflg zorl moeokts vfow

Mbcbh pogiortfbg acbsfa, prlmua mfabtbabg kbkbt, dfcb aubcftbsgyb mf cubr dbtbs tlcorbgsf
abrbtorfstfa aubcftbs. Dfbyb aoibibcbg tfhduc jbgyb `fab prlmua tfmba sosubf
sposfefabsf. [ocbfg ftu, tormbpbt pordbgmfgibg tordbcfa lptfhbc bgtbrb dfbyb
aoibibcbg mbg dfbyb

 pogiogmbcfbg. ^bmb bajfr tbjug 269>-bg, hlmoc kbkbt glc (zorl- moeokts hlmoc) 
hogogtbgi hlmoc BRC abrogb hlmoc kbkbt glc hogybtbabg dbjwb mogibg hogiurbgif ugft
kbkbt jfgiib glc hbab babg mfporlcoj aougiiucbg dfbyb. ^orusbjbbg mogibg sohbafg somfaft
prlmua kbkbt
babg codfj alhpotftfe rocbtfe mbrfpbmb porusbjbbg mogibg hlmoc BRC trbmfsflgbc.
^ortogibjbg tbjug 26:>-bg, hlmoc kbkbt glc mfsohpurgbabg mogibg hlmoc aubcftbs alalj
(rldust qubcfty hlmoc), ybgi hogogtbgi BRC. Hogurut pbgmbgibg fgf pogyfhpbgibg mbrf
sposfefabsf fmobc bmbcbj horuifabg mbg dbtbs tlcorbgsf sposfefabsf tfmba hogbwbrabg hbgebbt
bpbpug, dbjabg hogfpu.
: | ^bi
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 Hlmoc kbkbt glc hogoabgabg pbmb dfbyb aubcftbs mbg pltogsf pogijohbtbg mbrf upbyb
ybgi codfj dosbr ugtua hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs. Hlmoc aubcftbs alalj hogogtbgi moefgfsf ugft

: | ^bi
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kbkbt, hogyohpurgbabg pbgmbgibg torjbmbp dfbyb aubcftbs, hogifgtogsfeabg upbyb
 pordbfabg aubcftbs. ^orusbjbbg ybgi dorupbyb hogkbpbf algmfsf kbkbt glc btbs
prlmua horoab (algmfsf mogibg tlcorbgsf glc), mbpbt hogiabpftbcfsbsf aubcftbs mogibg
hogurugabg
 `uhcbj ugft kbkbt sbhdfc hogoabg tltbc dfbyb aubcftbs. ]fgiabt lptfhbc mbrf dfbyb
aubcftbs fbcbj aobmbbg mf hbgb prlmua-prlmua ybgi mfprlmuasf hohogujf gfcbf tbriot.
_pbyb ugtua 

hogkbpbf gfcbf tbriot hogkfptbabg sodubj mugfb abcftbs mfgbhfs, dorcbwbgbg mogibg mugfb
aubcftbs stbtfs BRC.

M. Bktfvfty dbsom hbgbiohogt bgm lptfhbc qubcfty klsts

Hbgb`ohog dordbsfs batfvftbs (BDH) hogiacbsfefabsfabg dordbibf aoifbtbg sodbibf

 dorgfcbf tbhdbj, sortb tfmba dorgfcbf tbhdbj, mbg jbgyb hohportbjbgabg aoifbtbg ybgi
 dorgfcbf tbhdbj. ^rfgsfp fgf mfbpcfabsfabg pbmb aoifbtbg dorabftbg mogibg aubcftbs.
Dfbyb aoibibcbg, pogfcbfbg, mbg dfbyb-dfbyb ybgi tumba hogijbsfcabg gfcbf
tbhdbj jbrus mfjfcbgiabg. BDH hogmuaugi pbgmbgibg kbkbt glc rldust, mf hbgb tfmba
bmb pordbgmfgibg

tordbcfa lptfhbc bgtbrb dfbyb aoibibcbg mbg dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg1 dfbyb aoibibcbg
tfmba hogijbsfcabg gfcbf tbhdbj, sojfgiib jbrus mfaurbgif jfgiib glc. Dodorbpb
dfbyb
 pogiogmbcfbg `uib tfmba hohdorfabg gfcbf tbhdbj, sojfgiib `uib jbrus
mfjfcbgiabg. [ombgiabg ugtua dfbyb pogiogmbcfbg ybgi hohdorfabg gfcbf tbhdbj
hugiafg mf`bcbgabg gbhug tfmba oefsfog, mbg dfbyb ugtua aoifbtbg tfmba oefsfog mfbgiibp
tfmba dorgfcbf tbhdbj, sojfgiib dfbyb ugtua abtoilrf fgf `uib mbpbt mfaurbgif hog`bmf codfj
rogmbj.

O. ]rogm bgbcysfs

Cbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs hogug`uaabg `uhcbj mbg mfstrdusf dfbyb aubcfbs mfbgtbrb
= abtoilrf ybfu, dfbyb pogkoibjbg, pogfcbfbg, aoibibcbg fgtorgbc mbg aoibibcbg
oastorgbc sojfgiib hogug`uaagb pocubgi ugtua pordbfabg aubcftbs. ^orudbjbg dfbyb
aubcftbs mbrf wbatu ao wbatu mbpbt mfibhdbrabg lcoj irbefa trog btbu dfbsbgyb
mfsodut cbplrbg trog aubcftbs huctf-porflmo. ^ordbgmfgibg mfcbauabg ugtua sohub
alhplgog dfbyb aubcftbs, dbfa sokbrb tltbc hbupug sokbrb alhplgog. Aohumfbg, mogibg
hocbauabg pordbgmfgibg bgbr alhplgog aubcftbs babg mfaotbjuf judugibg mbg pogibruj
bgtbr alhplgog.
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4.; _[FGI R_BCF]V KL[] FGELTHB]FLG

]u`ubg utbhb pocbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs bmbcbj ugtua hogfgiabtabg mbg hohebsfcftbsf
 porogkbgbbg hbgb`orfbc, algtrlc, mbg pogibhdfcbg aoputusbg. Hfsbcgyb, mbcbh hohutusabg
ugtua hocbasbgbabg prlirbh pohfcfjbg suppcfor ugtua hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs fgput hbtorfbc,
hbgb`orfbc babg hohdutujabg pogfcbfbg dfbyb aubcftbs sbbt fgf mogibg dbrbgi mbg

 dormbsbrabg abtoilrf, pogfcbfbg torjbmbp dfbyb tbhdbjbg ybgi torabft mogibg prlirbh fgf,
mbg pogfcbfbg torjbmbp pogijohbtbg prlyoa lcoj ftoh mbg dormbsbrabg abtoilrf. Aotfab
dfbyb mbg pogijohbtbg babg tor`bmf `uib jbrus mfprlyoasfabg. [otocbj oeoa tugbf fgf
mfprlyoasfabg ,bgbcfsfs pogibgiibrbg hlmbc mbpbt mfcbauabg ugtua hogfcbf hbgebbt mbrf
 prlirbh ybgi mfusucabg. @fab jbsfcgyb hogiugtugiabg mbg prlirbh fgf mfhucbf, hbab
hog`bmf pogtfgi ugtua hohbgtbu prlirbh hocbcuf pocbplrbg afgor`b ybgi kuaup stbgmbrt.

Hogiiugbabg fgelrhbsf dfbyb aubcftbs ugtua aoputusbg pocbasbgbbg prlirbh aubcftbs

mbg ugtua hogiovbcubsf oeoatfvftbs prlirbh fgf, soabcf mftorbpabg, bmbcbj sbcbj sbtu pltogsf
 pogiiugbbg sfstoh dfbyb aubcftbs. aoiugbbg pogtfgi cbfggyb `uib mbpbt mffmogtfefabsf.Bmb
mub saogbrfl ybgi mbpbt hog`ocbsabg codfj `ocbsgyb ugtua hogiotbjuf pocbplrbg dfbyb
aubcftbs ftu sogmfrf .

[aogbrfl B hogiibhdbrabg dbfa fgelrhbsf dfbyb aubcftbs mbg pocbasbgbbg prlirbh

 pogiogmbcfbg aubcftbs tltbc algtrfdusf aopbmb aoputusbg strbtoifs ybgi sfigfefabg. Ftu
 `uibhogug`uaabg dbjwb hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs duabgcbj ldbt hu`brbd, pogiurbgibg tfmba
kuaup dosbr ugtua hogbgiiugi pogurugbg jbrib poguj. Aougtugibg torjbmbp prlmuatfeftbs
cbfggyb, soportf ybgimf`bg`fabg lcoj toagfsf, babg mfporcuabg ugtua hohbstfabg aocbgisugibg
jfmup `bgiab pbg`bgi mbrf cfgf prlmua.

[aogbrfl D hogiibhdbrabg pogtfgigyb dfbyb aubcftbs pogiacbsfefabsfbg codfj cbg`ut lcoj

 porfcbau. [aogbrfl fgf `uib hohporaubt pogtfgigyb hogifmogtfefabsf mbg hocbplrabg dfbyb
aubcftbs sokbrb torpfsbj. ^rlmua dbru fgf mfrbgkbgi ugtua hogiurbgif dfbyb aubcftbs, mbg
jbgyb mogibg hogiotbjuf dfbyb aubcftbs ybgi mftotbpabg Drfttbgy mbg ]brb tocbj hogohuabg
aosbcbjbg mbcbh bgbcfsfs pogmbpbtbg sfacus jfmup.

4.= ^TLM_K]FUF]V HOB[_TOHOG] BGM KLG]TLC

^rlmuatfvftbs dorabftbg mogibg hohprlmuasf lutput sokbrb oefsfog mbg ajusus,

ybgi hbgb lutput mbg fgput sbcfgi dorjudugibg ugtua hogijbsfcabg btbu hohprlmuasf
lutput.

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Mbcbh prlmuatfvftbs fgf tormbpbt fstfcbj hogiogbf oefsfogsf prlmuasf tltbc, brtfgyb
bmbcbj subtu tftfa mfhbgb mub algmfsf torpogujf, ybftu 0

(2) ugtua sohub porpbmubg (dburbg) fgput ybgi babg hogijbsfcabg lutput pbmb
tfgiabt mftogtuabg, tfmba bmb sbtu alhplgog fgput-pug ybgi mfiugbabg hocodfjf
ybgi tocbj mftogtuabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput tortogtu, (4) pbmb dordbibf porpbmubg
ugtua hohogujf algmfsf portbhb ybgi mfpfcfj porpbmubg mogibg tfgiabt dfbyb torogmbj.

Algmfsf portbhb mfsodut oefsfogsf toagfs (tokjgfkbc oeefkfogky) abrogb mfpfku

lcoj judugibg toagfs, sombgiabg algmfsf aomub mfsodut oefsfogsf portuabrbg (trbmo-lee
oeefkfogky). Vbgi hbgb, algmfsf aomub mfpfku lcoj judugibg jbrib fgput sokbrb rocbtfe.
[ojugiib pbmb algmfsf aomub, jbrib fgput mftogtuabg lcoj prlplrsf rocbtfe mbrf sotfbp
alhplgog fgput ybgi mfiugbabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput.

- Oefsfogsf ]oagfs (]okjgfkbc Oeefokfogky), upbyb pogfgiabtbg prlmuatfvftbs mbpbt

mfkbpbf hocbcuf tfib kbrb dorfaut fgf 0
2. Hogijbsfcabg lutput ybgi sbhb mogibg fgput codfj somfaft.
4. Hogijbsfcabg lutput ybgi codfj dbgyba mogibg fgput ybgi sbhb.
;. Hogijbsfcabg lutput codfj dbgyba mogibg fgput ybgi codfj somfaft.
- Oefsfogsf ^ortuabrbg (]rbmo lee Oeefkfogky) , pogfgiabtbg oefsfogsf `uib mbpbt
mfkbpbf mogibg hocbauabg portuabrbg bgtbrb fgput ybgi codfj hbjbc mogibg
fgputybgi codfj hurbj. [odbibf klgtlj, mfbsuhsfabg dbjwb fgput togbib aor`b
cbgisugi codfj hbjbc mbrfpbmb fgput porbcbtbg (hlmbc) sojfgiib hogiurbgif
fgput porbcbtbg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput ybgi sbhb mbpbt hogfgiabtabg oefsfogsf.

  ^brtfbc ^rlmuktfvfty Hobsurohogt (^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs pbrsfbc)

^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs dorbrtf hogiaubgtftbtfeabg porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs.
]u`ubggyb bmbcbj ugtua hohumbjabg hbgb`ohog mbcbh hohlgftlr gbfa turuggyb
 prlmuatfvftbs. ^ogiuaurbg batubc mfporiugbabg lcoj hbgb`or ugtua hogiotbjuf
 poraohdbgibg prlirbh pogfgiabtbg prlmuatfvftbs, hogogtuabg pordbfabg ybgi
mfporcuabg, mbg hogiogmbcfabg porudbjbg.
Mfhbgb, ^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs pbrsfbc bmbcbj ^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs
fgput mohf fgput sbtu porsbtu. Vbgi hbgb, ^ogiuaurbg mfcbauabg mogibg
hohdbgmfgiabg
 dbgybagyb lutput tugiibc ybgi mfjbsfcabg mogibg fgput ybgi mfiugbabg . Elrhucbsf
 pogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs pbrsfbc sodbibf dorfaut 0

22 | ^ b i Tbsfl prlmuatfvftbs 8 Lutput ù Fgput

o
 Aocodfjbg ^ogiuaurbg ^rlmuatfvftbs ^brsfbc 0 ^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs
pbrsfbc babg hogibrbjabg hbgb`ohog codfj elaus pbmb fgput tortogtu, jbsfc
pogiuaurbg lporbsflgbc kopbt mfaotbjuf, humbj mffhpcohogtbsfabg lcoj jbhpfr sohub
dbifbg.

Aoaurbgibg ^ogiuaurbg ^rlmuatfvftbs ^brsfbc 0 ^ogiuaurbg pbrsfbc

ybgi mfcbauabg mogibg kbrb sbtu por sbtu fgput mfuaur sokbrb torpfsbj mbpbt
hohdorfabg subtu ibhdbrbg ybgi sbcbj togtbgi prlmuatfvftbs. Jbc torsodut mfsodbdabg
abrogb fgput mbcbh hogijbsfcabg lutput tfmba sohubgyb fgmopogmog torjbmbp fgput cbfg.
Afgor`b subtu fgput
 dfsb `bmf mfpogibrujf lcoj afgor`b fgput ybgi cbfg.

  ]ltbc ^rlmuktfvfty Hobsurohogt (^ogiuaurbg ^rlmuatfvftbs ]ltbc)

^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs mbrf socuruj fgput mfsodut pogiuaurbg
prlmuatfvftbs tltbc(tltbc prlmuktfvfty hobsurohogt). Mfhbgb, porusbjbbg jbgyb hogiuaur
prlmuatfvftbs mbrf ebatlr-ebatlr ybgi mfbgiibp sodbibf fgmfabtlr rocovbg dbif
aodorjbsfcbg mbg afgor`b
 porusbjbbg. @bmf, pogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs tltbc mbpbt mfmoefgfsfabg sodbibf pohelausbg

 porjbtfbg pbmb dodorbpb fgput ybgi hogug`uaabg aodorjbsfcbg porusbjbbg sokbrb

tltbc. Vbgi hbgb, ^rlmuatfvftbs tltbc mfmbpbtabg mogibg kbrb hogiuaur prlmuatfvftbs
sohub
fgput ybgi mfiugbabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput.
^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs tltbc hogsybrbtabg pogiohdbgibg mbrf pogmoabtbg
 pogiuaurbg huctfebatlr ybgi uhuh mfsbrbgabg mbcbh cftorbtur prlmuatfvftbs bmbcbj
hogiiugbabg fgmoas prlmuatfvftbs biroibt. Fgmoas biroibt dorsfebt alhpcoas,
sucft mffgtorprotbsfabg mbg docuh mftorfhb sokbrb uhuh. Mub pogmoabtbg
ybgi tocbj hohporlcoj dodorbpb pogibaubg bmbcbj pogiuaurbg prlefc (prlefco
hobsurohogt) mbg
 pogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs ybgi dorabftbg mogibg cbdb (prleft-cfgaom prlmuktfvfty

hobsurohogt).
^ogiuaurbg ^rlefc ^rlmuatfvftbs, horupbabg pogiuaurbg prlefc ybgi hogyomfbabg
sorbgiabfbg btbu sodubj voatlr uaurbg lporbsflgbc pbrsfbc ybgi dordomb mbg torpfsbj.
^ogiuaurbg prlefc mfcbauabg mogibg kbrb hogiuaur dodorbpb fgput utbhb
ybgi mfporiugbabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput ybgi jbsfcgyb dorupb uaurbg
lporbsflgbc. [ombgiabg, ^ogiuaurbg ^rlmuatfvftbs ybgi Dorabftbg mogibg Cbdb

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 (^rleft-cfgaom
 prlmuktfvfty) hogiuaur `uhcbj porudbjbg cbdb ybgi mfbafdbtabg lcoj porudbjbg
 prlmuatfvftbs.
^ogogtubg pogibruj porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs torjbmbp cbdb horupbabg sbcbj sbtu

kbrb ugtua hocfjbt gfcbf porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs. [odbifbg porudbjbg cbdb torsodut
horupbabg jbsfc porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs. Mogibg hogiotbjuf mbhpba porudbjbg cbdb

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 ybgi mfbafdbtabg porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs, hbgb`or babg tordbgtu mbcbh hohbjbhf brtf
 pogtfgi porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs sokbrb oalglhfs. Mbhpba prleft-cfgaom prlmuktfvfty
mbpbt mfjftugi mogibg ruhus dorfaut 0

Mbhpba ^rleft-Cfgaom 8 Dfbyb ^R tltbc ‛ Dfbyb porflmo bhbtbg tltbc

Aotorbgibg 0
^R bmbcbj `uhcbj fgput ybgi mfdutujabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput pbmb wbatu ybgi
mfbhbtf `fab prlmuatfvftbs sbhb mogibg tbjug mbsbr ybgi mfjftugi. Vbgi hbgb, fgput
ybgi sojbrusgyb mfiugbabg socbhb porflmo dor`bcbg mbcbh aobmbbg tbgpb
porudbjbg
 prlmuatfvftbs jbrus mfjftugi torcodfj mbjucu. Bmbpug kbrb hogkbrfgyb mogibg kbrb
sodbibf dorfaut 0

^R 8 Lutput porflmo bhbtbg ù Tbsfl prlmuatfvftbs tbjug mbsbr 

[ombgiabg ugtua hogkbrf `uhcbj dfbyb ybgi sojbrusgyb mfaocubrabg, ybftu mogibg

kbrb sodbibf dorfaut 0

@uhcbj dfbyb ybgi sojbrusgyb mfaocubrabg 8 −  ^R x ^

Aotorbgibg 0
^R 8 @uhcbj hbsfgi-hbsfgi fgput
^ 8 Jbrib porflmo dor`bcbg
[ombgiabg, ugtua hogkbrf dfbyb fgput batubc, mogibg kbrb sodbibf dorfaut 0

Dfbyb fgput batubc 8 −  BR x ^

Aotorbgibg 0
BR 8 @uhcbj fgput batubc
^ 8 Jbrib porflmo dor`bcbg

_aurbg prlmuatfvftbs tltbc torabft mogibg cbdb horupbabg pog`uhcbjbg mbrf

hbsfgi- hbsfgi uaurbg pbrsfbc. [febt fgf hohdubt uaurbg torabft mogibg cbdb fmobc
ugtuahogfcbf trbmo lee.

[oportfgyb ybgi sumbj mf`ocbsabg sodocuhgyb ]jo ^rleft-Cfgaom Hobsuro hogijftugi

 porudbjbg aougtugibg mbrf porflmo mbsbr ao porflmo tortogtu ybgi hogiibhdbrabg
 porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs. pordombbg bgtbrb tltbc  prleft kjbgio  mbg  prleft-cfgaom 
 prlmuktfvfty kjbgio  mfsodut `uib tjo  prfko-roklvory klhplgogt.  Alhplgog fgf bmbcbj
 porudbjbg mbcbh aougtugibg torogmbj mbcbh dfbyb mbrf fgput, mogibg bsuhsf tfmba bmb
 porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs.
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  ^rfko Toklvory Klhplgogt (Alhplgog ^ohucfjbg Jbrib)
Alhplgog pohucfjbg jbrib ( prfko roklvory klhplgogt ) bmbcbj socfsfj bgtbrb porudbjbg
cbdb tltbc mbg porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs torabft mogibg jbrib. Alhplgog fgf
bmbcbj
 porudbjbg pogmbpbtbg mfaurbgif porudbjbg dfbyb fgput, mogibg bsuhsf tfmba bmb
 porudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs. Lcoj abrogb ftu, alhplgog pohucfjbg jbrib hogiuaur 

aohbhpubg porudbjbg pogmbpbtbg ugtua hogutupf porudbjbg dfbyb fgput, mogibg

bsuhsf tfmba bmb porudbjbg batfvftbs.

^ohucfjbg jbrib 8 ^orudbjbg jbrib ‛ ^orudbjbg prlmuatfvftbs torabft

mogibg cbdb

Aogbfabg pogmbpbtbg tfmba babg kuaup ugtua hogutupf aogbfabg dfbyb fgput. ^ogurugbg
 prlmuatfvftbs jbgyb babg hohpordurua hbsbcbj pohucfjbg jbrib. ]otbpf

  Rubcfty bgm prlmuktfvfty (Aubcftbs mbg ^rlmuatfvftbs)

^ogfgiabtbg aubcftbs mbpbt hogfgiabtabg prlmuatfvftbs mbg `uib sodbcfagyb. [odbibf

klgtlj, `fab pogior`bbg ucbgi doraurbgi abrogb hoguruggyb ugft prlmua kbkbt
hbab codfj somfaft togbib aor`b mbg dbjbg ybgi mfiugbabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg lutput
ybgi
sbhb. ^ogurugbg `uhcbj ugft kbkbt hohpordbfaf aubcftbs, sohogtbrb pogiurbgibg `uhcbj
lutput ybgi mfiugbabg hogfgiabtabg prlmuatfvftbs.
Lcoj abrogb sodbifbg dosbr pogfgiabtbg aubcftbs hogiurbgif `uhcbj suhdor mbyb
ybgi mfiugbabg ugtua hohprlmuasf mbg hog`ubc lutput porusbjbbg, hbab
aodbgybabg
 pogfgiabtbg aubcftbs sokbrb uhuh babg torkorhfg pbmb uaurbg ‛ uaurbg prlmuatfvftbs.
 Gbhug, bmb `uib kbrb ‛ kbrb cbfg ugtua hogfgiabtabg prlmuatfvftbs. [odubj porusbjbbg
hugiafg sb`b hohprlmuasf dbrbgi mogibg somfaft btbu tbgpb kbkbt babg totbpf hbsfj

hog`bcbgabg prlsos ybgi tfmba oefsfog.

  Ibfgsjbrfgi (Fgsogtfe ^ohdbifbg cbdb)
Fgsogtfe pohdbifbg cbdb (ibfgsjbrfgi) bmbcbj pohdorfbg fgsogtfe ucbgi tugbf
dbif socuruj togbib aor`b porusbjbbg ybgi hog`bmf augkf pogkbpbfbg
aubcftbs mbg
 prlmuatfvftbs. ^ohdbifbg aougtugibg hohdorfabg fgsogtfe mogibg hogbwbrabg
dlgus aopbmb poibwbf sosubf mogibg porsogtbso pogijohbtbg dfbyb. Fgsogtfe
pohdbifbg aougtugibg mbpbt mfiugbabg sodbibf fgsogtfe dbif pbrb hbg`or mbg poaor`b

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 ugtua hogkbrf kbrb ‛ kbrb ugtua hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs mbg prlmuatfvftbs. Dlgus
mbpbt mfdorfabg hfsbcgyb mogibg hocfjbt aubcftbs prlmua aosocurujbg. @uhcbj dlgus
mbpbt dortbhdbj

btbu doraurbgi toribgtugi pbmb sodorbpb dbfa tbriot prlmuatfvftbs mbg aubcftbs mbpbt

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 mfpogujf. [odbibf klgtlj, hfsbcabg subtu porusbjbbg hohfcfaf tbriot ugtua hogiurbgif
 `uhcbj ugft kbkbt jfgiib 2> porsog socbhb aubrtbc dorfautgyb pbmb pbdrfa tortogtu.
@fab tu`ubg torsodut torkbpbf, porusbjbbg hohporafrbabg babg tor`bmf pogijohbtbg
sodosbr T^. 2>>>.>>>,- (Mogibg hogijfgmbrf jbc-jbc soportf pogior`bbg ucbgi mbg
pordbfabg mf hbsb ibrbgsf). Mfhbgb, pohdbifbg aougtugibg hohdorfabg fgsogtfe mogibg
hogbwbrabg

 dlgus aopbmb poibwbf sosubf mogibg pogijohbtbg dfbyb, hfsbcgyb. 4> porsog. [ojfgiib ,
jbc fgf mbpbt hoguhdujabg pbrb poibwbf ugtua sbcfgi dordbif aougtugibg, sortb hfgbt
mbg alhfthog tbhdbjbg.

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2? | ^ b i
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 DBD FFF
^OG_]_^

;.2 AO[FH^_CBG

_gtua hohbjbhf dfbyb aubcftbs, portbhb-tbhb porcu mfpbjbhf bpb ybgi mfhbasum
mogibg aubcftbs. Bmb mub `ogfs aubcftbs0 aubcftbs mosbfg mbg aubcftbs afgor`b. Aubcftbs
mosbfg
hogybgiaut pordombbg aubcftbs ybgi hugkuc ugtua prlmua mogibg eugisf ybgi sbhb totbpf
sposfefabsf ybgi dordomb. Dfbyb aubcftbs mfaocubrabg aotfab prlmua ibibc hohogujf
sposfefabsf mosbfg (mbg abrogb ftu, torabft mogibg aubcftbs aososubfbg). Dfbyb aubcftbs mfdbif
hog`bmf ohpbt abtoilrf0 pogkoibjbg, pogfcbfbg, aoibibcbg fgtorgbc, mbg aoibibcbg oastorgbc.

Cbplrbg dfbyb aubcftbs mfsfbpabg mogibg hohdubt mbetbr dfbyb ugtua sotfbp ftoh mbcbh
hbsfgi-hbsfgi mbrf ohpbt abtoilrf dfbyb aubcftbs utbhb. Bmb mub pbgmbgibg hogiogbf
mfstrfdusf lptfhbc mbrf dfbyb aubcftbs0 tbhpfcbg BRC mbg tbhpfcbg tbgpb kbkbt.

Fgelrhbsf dfbyb aubcftbs mfporcuabg ugtua hohdbgtu hbgb`or hogilgtrlc afgor`b aubcftbs
mbg ugtua doreugisf sodbibf hbsuabg ugtua pogibhdfcbg aoputusbg. Fgf mbpbt mfiugbabg
ugtua hogiovbcubsf afgor`b aosocurujbg mbrf prlirbh pogfgiabtbg aubcftbs mbg ugtua
hohdbgtu hogfgiabtabg dordbibf aoputusbg ybgi tfmba torabft, hfsbcgyb, pogotbpbg jbrib
strbtoifs mbg bgbcfsfs prlmua dbru.

^rlmuatfvftbs hohporjbtfabg sodorbpb oefsfog fgput mfiugbabg ugtua hogijbsfcabg

lutput. ^ogiuaurbg prlmuatfvftbs pbrsfbc hogiovbcubsf oefsfogsf pogiiugbbg fgput tugiibc.
_aurbg tltbc prlmuatfvftbs hogfcbf oefsfogsf ugtua sohub fgput. Ibfgsjbrfgi mbpbt mfiugbabg
ugtua hogfgiabtabg aubcftbs mbg prlmuatfvftbs.

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 MBE]BT ^_[]BAB

jttps0//www.bkbmohfb.omu/6?:66?>/Hbgbiohog\Bkklugtigi\:j\omftilg\[_HHBTV\KJB^]OT\

jttps0//www.bkbmohfb.omu/46>25;2?/BA_G]BG[F\HBGB@OHOG\DFBVB\A_BCF]B[\MBG\^TLM_A]

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