RDFONO 73 @E@BD_E 7 - OFQBÞE OB IN

FDZBQ_FKNAFÑD.
 

IN @B@EWFN
In `b`erfn bs nike `îs ae`pibce qub
ud sf`pib preabse `bdtni. N krndobs
rnskes sb peoràn obafr qub sb bdanrkn
ob in aeofjfanafñd,
rbaupbrnafñd ob inni`nabdn`fbdte y
fdjer`nafñd. Qbkód
in pningrn
pningrn ob Jrbuo "in `b`erfn bstî
aedstftufon per ies ofstfdkes
obdtre ob ins jnafiftnafedbs bdtrb ins
dburedns" (Jrbuo, ><623 1??)
Jrbuo ofab qub
rbprbsbdtnon perinin`b`erfn  bstî
ofjbrbdafn bdtrb ins
jnafiftnafedbs, ugfan n in `b`erfn bd ud
bspnafe fdanpturngib b fdvfsfgib.
 

@EOBIE BQ_WRA_RWNI OB IN @B@EWFN

Bi `eobie bstruaturni ob `b`erfn qub `îs ln fdjiufoe jub bi `eobie `uitfni`naæd
prepubste per Nthfdsed y Qlfjjrfd. In fobn prfdafpni bs qub in `b`erfn de bs udn
bdtfono ódfan sfde qub bstî
rbprbsbdtnd jer`non
ob jer`n perae`e
krîjfan vnrfnsofstfdtes
bstruaturns prfdafpnibs qub sb
ni`nabdbs.

Qbkód bi `eobie pindtbnoe per Nthfdsed y Qlfjjrfd, ’in `b`erfn bstî jer`non per
trbs ni`nabdbs ofjbrbdtbs qub jer`nd ins bstruaturns obi sfstb`n ob `b`erfn.
Bstes sed ies rbkfstres sbdserfnibs, bi ni`naæd ob `b`erfn n aerte pinze y bi
ni`naæd ob `b`erfn n inrke pinze‐.
 

AINQFJFANAFÑD E _F]EIEKÀNQ OB IN @B@EWFN

Bi `eobie ob Nthfsed y Qlfjjrfd bstî jer`noe per trbs bstruaturns e ni`nabdbs ob `b`erfn.
In fobn `îs f`pertndtb qub qubrànd sus nuterbs bxprbsnr bs qub ins bstruaturns ob `b`erfn
sed ni`nabdbs jfces pbre ies preabses ob aedtrei qub ofrfkbd bi jiuce ob fdjer`nafñd bdtrb
ofales ni`nabdbs sed sfstb`ns natfves.
 N aedtfdunafñd sb `estrnrnd
`estrnrnd ins trbs tfpeiekàns
tfpeiekàns obin `b`erfn bd ins
ins qubs sb ofvfob bi `eobie
`eobie
ob Nthfsed y Qlfjjrfd.
 

@B@EWFNQ QBDQEWFNIBQ.
Ins `b`erfns sbdserfnibs bstîd `uy rbinafednons aed in pbrabpafñd y tfbdbd
anrnatbràstfans
anrnatbràst fans ofjbrbdtbs sbkód in `eonifono sbdserfni. In `b`erfn fañdfan y in baefan sed
oes ni`nabdbs n `uy aerte pinze bd ies qub sb rbkfstrn in fdjer`nafñd sbdserfni anptnon
per in vfsfñd y in nuofafñd. Qbkód K. Qpbrifdk >61? (<: nþes ob bono) ’in ournafñd ob in
fdjer`nafñd qub des iibkn n trnvæs ob ies sbdtfoes pbr`ndbab bd bstb prf`br ni`naæd
ourndtb `bdes ob ud sbkudoe. Obspuæs, in fdjer`nafñd obanb e aedtfdón preabsîdoesb
bd bi sfstb`n aekdftfve lu`nde‐.
 

@B@EWFN N AEW_E ]INSE

In @A] rbtfbdb in fdjer`nafñd ourndtb ud grbvb tfb`pe lnstn qub æstn sb preabsn y bdtrn n
jer`nr pnrtb ob udn `b`erfn `îs ournobrn, n in qub sb obde`fdn @I]. Bd bi `eobie
bstruaturni in @A] bs ud ni`naæd ob `b`erfn bd in qub sb ni`nabdn udn pbqubþn andtfono
ob fdjer`nafñd ourndtb ud bspnafe ob tfb`pe `uy grbvb. In anpnafono ob ni`nabdn`fbdte ob
in @A] bs `uy if`ftnon. Qbkód Kberkb @fiibr (>62:) bd su nrtfauie tftuinoe _lb @nkfani
Du`gbr Qbvbd, ]ius er @fdus _we, ’sukbràn qub in @A] lu`ndn tfbdb ud spnd (anpnafono)
ob `b`erfn ob nprexf`non`bdtb sfbtb bib`bdtes `îs/`bdes oes.
 

@B@EWFN N INWKE ]INSE.

] INSE.
Dubstrn @I] aedtfbdb fdjer`nafñd de seie segrb dubstrns bxpbrfbdafns pbrsednibs sfde
tn`gfæd segrb udn bder`b andtfono ob ontes, lbales y suabses ofjbrbdtbs ob dubstrns
prepfns bxpbrfbdafns. Rdn ainsfjfanafñd ob in @I]
@ I] aedsfstb bd ofvfofrin bd `b`erfn
obainrntfvn y `b`erfn preabof`bdtni. Ies aedtbdfoes ob in obainrntfvn pubobd sbr
trnàoes veiudtnrfn`bdtb n in aedsafbdafn. Qb trntn ob udn `b`erfn ob lbales. In
`b`erfn preabof`bdtni de bstî sucbtn ni aedabpte ob anpnafono, rbpbtfafñd y ofstrnaafñd.
ofs trnaafñd.
Bs udn `b`erfn ob lngfifonobs rbinafednon aed bi sngbr
s ngbr lnabr aesns.
 

]N_EIEKFN E _WNQ_EWDE OB IN
@B@EWFN.
Ies trnsterdes
qub ofjfauitn biob in `b`erfn  sed
ni`nabdn`fbdte,
ni`nabdn`fbdt e, inbirbtbdafñd
rbsuitnoeyobi
in onþe n ins bstruaturns
rb`b`ernafñd dburendnte`àns
ob ies rbaubroes. Ies
trnsterdes ob in `b`erfn pubobd sbr prekrbsfves,
prekrbsfves, ae`e bd in bdjbr`bono ob Nizlbf`br , e
pubobd sbr fd`bofntes, ae`e ies trnsterdes qub rbsuitnd ob udn ibsfñd bd in angbzn.angbzn.
 ibsfñd bd in angbzn
angbzn  In ibsfñd abrbgrni noqufrfon bs udn ibsfñd ob ins aæiuins obi
abrbgre qub sb preouab obspuæs obi dnaf`fbdte e pubob sbr noqufrfon aed bi pnse ob ies
nþes. ]ubobnjbatnoes
bdaedtrnrîd obgbrsb nudes
ofvbrsns anusns
u etres y,
y, sbkód oedob bstæ ieanifznoe bi onþe, sb
preabses.
 bdjbr`bono ob Nizlbf`br 
ob Nizlbf`br  bs
 bs udn bdjbr`bono abrbgrni prekrbsfvn, obkbdbrntfvn y jntni,
bd in qub sb pfbrobd ins aedbxfedbs bdtrb aæiuins bd bi abrbgre. In bdjbr`bono ob
 Nizlbf`br bs in jer`n
jer`n `îs ae`ód ob ob`bdafn.
ob`bdafn. Bd teoe bi `udoe, nprexf`non`bdtb
nprexf`non`bdtb >-
2% ob in peginafñd bstî njbatnon per in bdjbr`bono ob Nizlbf`br.
Nizlbf`br. Ins `ucbrbs sed
obspreperafednon`bdtb
obspreperafednon`bd tb ins vàatf`ns ob in bdjbr`bono ob Nizlbf`br,
Nizlbf`br, aed bvfobdafn qub
sukfbrb qub ins `ucbrbs aed BN `ubstrnd
`ubstrnd obtbrfere aekdftfve `îs sbvbre bd
ae`pnrnafñd aed ies vnredbs ob in `fs`n bono aed BN, nsà ae`e udn tnsn `îs rîpfon
ob obtbrfere aekdftfve.
 

BI IBDKRNCB
bs ud sfstb`n ob ae`udfanafñd bstruaturnoe
ae`udfanafñd bstruaturnoe pnrn bi qub bxfstb ud aedtbxte
aedtbxte ob
 ob use
y afbrtes prfdafpfes ae`gfdnterfes jer`nibs.

 Bi ibdkuncb lu`nde sb npeyn bd in anpnafono ob ae`udfanrsb per `bofe ob

sfkdes ifdkùàstfaes (usuni`bdtb
ifdkùàstfaes (usuni`bdtb sbaubdafns sederns y sfkdes krîjfaes,
krîjfaes, pbre tn`gfæd aed
kbstes
pudtes yobsbþns). Bd aundte n su obsnrreiie,
vfstn ae`pib`bdtnrfes3 bi ibdkuncb
in edtekbdfn y
edtekbdfn lu`nde
 y in jfiekbdfn.
jfiekbdfn pubob bstuofnrsb
. In prf`brn ndnifzn bi obsob oes
preabse per
bi auni bi sbr lu`nde noqufbrb bi ibdkuncb, `fbdtrns qub in sbkudon sb bdanrkn ob bstuofnr in
bveiuafñd lfstñrfan ob udn ibdkun.
 In ae`udfanafñd ndf`ni sb gnsn bd bi use ob sbþnibs vfsunibs, sederns y eijntfvns, n `eoe
ob sfkdes, pnrn sbþninr n ud rbjbrbdtb e ud sfkdfjfanoe ofjbrbdtb ob ofalns sbþnibs. Obdtre ob
ins jer`ns
krftes ob ae`udfanafñd
ob ninr`n, bi ibdkuncb ndf`ni (pepuinr`bdtb
ngbcns
ob ins ngbcns,, bta. obde`fdnons ’ibdkuncb ndf`ni‐) bstîd ies
 Ies ibdkuncbs jer`nibs sed aedstruaafedbs nrtfjfafnibs lu`ndns qub sb usnd bd `ntb`îtfan
 y etrns ofsafpifdns jer`nibs, fdaiuybdoe ibdkuncbs ob prekrn`nafñd. Bstns aedstruaafedbs
tfbdbd bstruaturns fdtbrdns qub ae`pnrtbd aed bi ibdkuncb lu`nde dnturni, per ie qub pubobd
sbr bd pnrtb ndnifznoes aed ies `fs`es aedabptes qub bstb.
 _e`noe ob3
lttps3//bs.wfhfpbofn.erk/wfhf/Ibdkuncb#3~3tbxt0Rd%7=ibdkuncb%7=(obi%7=prevbdzni%7=ibdk
untkb,aedtbxtes%7=tndte%7=dnturnibs%7=ae`e%7=nrtfjfafnibs
 .
 

BQ_WRA_RWN OBI
IBDKRNCB
In bstruaturn obi ibdkuncb bs sb`îdtfan
sb`îdtfan,,
sb erfkfdn bd su sfkdfjfanoe. In Krn`îtfan
bstuofn nspbates jer`nibs obi ibdkuncb,
ae`e in aerrbatn bsarfturn ob ins pningrns
(Ertekrnjàn),
aedaerondafns susobjudafedbs
kædbre y ydó`bre
ins bdtrb
biins, ins aedcuknafedbs ob ies vbrges y
etres tb`ns sf`finrbs. Nquà, bd an`gfe sb
ndnifznrî in dnturnibzn ob ins pningrns
obsob bi pudte ob vfstn ob su sfkdfjfanoe, y
ins epbrnafedbs bdtrb biins qub pubobd
lnabrsb ae`e aedsbaubdafn ob in `fs`n.
Ies prfdafpnibs npertbs ni tb`n lnd sfoe
lbales per bstuofeses ae`e bi `ntb`îtfae
Kberkb Geeib,
Geeib, bi ifdkùfstn Den` Ale`shy,
Ale`shy,
bi gfñieke Cbnd ]fnkbt y
]fnkbt y du`breses
psfañiekes aekdftfves.
aekdftfves.
 

AINQFJFANAFED OBI IBDKRNCB

IEQ IBDKRNCBQ QB ]RBOBD AINQFJFANW BD ZNWFNQ AN_BKEWÀNQ

  Qbkód bi dfvbi ob ae`pibcfono3 Nite dfvbi, `bofe dfvbi,

dfvbi, gnce dfvbi
 Qbkód bi tfpe ob bcbauafñd3 Ae`pfinoes, fdtbrprbtnoes y `fxtes.
 Qbkód bi tfpe ob npifanafedbs qub pbr`ftbd3 Zfsunibs, ob sarfpt, wbg.
 Qbkód bi ]nrnofk`n3 F`pbrntfves, erfbdtnoes n egcbtes, kufnoes per bvbdtes,
judafednibs, iñkfaes, aedaurrbdtbs, erfbdtnoes n nspbates, `uitfpnrnofk`n
 

_WNQ_EWDE OBI IBDKRNCB

Ies trnsterdes obi ibdkuncb e obi lngin
pubobd prbsbdtnrsb aed etres trnsterdes
obi nprbdofzncb qub njbatnd in ibaturn y
bsarfturn. ]ubob qub ies dfþes aed
trnsterdes obi ibdkuncb sb sfbdtnd
jrustrnoes ni de peobr bdtbdobr n etrns
pbrsedns
y peorànd eae`pertnrsb
ni de peobr `ni,
lnabrsb bdtbdobr,
bdtbdobr,
sbdtfrsb
fdobjbdses e bdabrrnrsb bd sà `fs`es.  
Bi trnsterde obi ibdkuncb bd bi OQ@-2
(Ifgre ob Nseafnafñd Bstnoeudfobdsb ob
]sfqufntràn)) ’bstî rbjbrfoe n ins
]sfqufntràn
ofjfauitnobs pbrsfstbdtbs pnrn in
noqufsfafñd y use obi ibdkuncb bd teons
sus `eonifonobs3 lnginoe,
bsarfte, ibdkuncb ob sfkdes u etre. Bstns
ofjfauitnobs bstîd obgfons n objfafbdafns,
gfbd bd in ae`prbdsfñd e gfbd bd in
preouaafñd‐.
 

WBJBWBDAFNQ [fttkbdstbfd88 bd su  
Ajr.3 Iuowfk [fttkbdstbfd
_rnatntus iekfae-plfieseplfaus
 ae`bdtn qub bi ibdkuncbbs ud
`npn ob in rbnifono.
rbnifono.
Gniibstbres, Q. (7=>?) Lngfifonobs
aekdftfvns gîsfans3 Jer`nafñd y
obtbrfere. @norfo3 RDBO. _e`noe
ob3
lttps3//bifgre-
dbt.gfgifetbanvfrtuni.udno.bou.ae/bs/brbn
obr/udno/?<;2:5pnkb01