^dklol := @rn`khkndtg n`gdðhk`g y acgjockzo`kðd

Ncojgrolg pgr=

Ho`rgn`gdghko
Dgvknhjrn, :6?;
 ?. O portkr lnc nstulkg lnc lg`uhndtg Nc `rn`khkndtg n`gdðhk`g y
nc lnsorrgccg (pïakdos ?91 ‐ ?29), qun cg nd`undtro nd co
rninrnd`ko jkjckgarïik`o= Hg`bðd, I. (:669). Vrkd`kpkgs ln
ho`rgn`gdghèo, H`Arow-Bkcc Nspoÿo. Vrg_unst Njgge @ndtroc.
Zn`upnrolg ln bttps=//njgge`ndtroc-prgqunst-
`gh.jkjckgtn`ovkrtuoc.udol.nlu.`g/ckj/udolsp/rnolnr.o`tkgd7lg`KL
80?;<;69&ppa8?,, `olo nstulkodtn lkckand`ko nc skaukndtn `uolrg=
80?;<;69&ppa8?

\ojco ?. @rn`khkndtg y lnsorrgccg n`gdðhk`g

·_uë lkinrnd`ko ·@uïcns sgd cgs Lnikdo cos lkstkdtos
nxkstn ndtrn ncnhndtgs qun nstrotnakos poro
`rn`khkndtg y `gdlk`kgdod nc sockr lnc
lnsorrgccg7 sujlnsorrgccg7 sujlnsorrgccg.
(hïxkhg 26 (hïxkhg 26 (hïxkhg ?66
pocojros) pocojros) pocojros)
?.Nstolg y
hnr`olg=Vrghg`kðd lnc
`rn`khkndtg n`gdðhk`g y
Nc `rn`khkndtg rnlu``kðd ln co pgjrnzo,
n`gdðhk`g ns `uodlg pgr portn lnc agjknrdg,
tglgs cgs jkndns y -Co oskado`kðd lncgs prghgvkndlg nc
snrvk`kgs prglu`klgs rn`ursgs, iud`kgdohkndtg
iud`kgdohkndtg lncgs
pgr ud poès nd ud oÿgs
hnr`olgs kdvkrtkndlg nd
Pgd hïs qun cgs -Nc nqukckjrkg
kdironstru`turos
kdironstru`turos y
prglu`klgs nc oÿg ho`rgn`gdðhk`g,
osnauror nc o``nsg o cgs
Zgdocl Pnjostkïd odtnrkgr. Nc lnsorrgccg
Zgmos Yoccnmg n`gdðhk`g ns `uodlg -Nc `opktoc ièsk`g, snrvk`kgs nsnd`kocns o cgs
nc `rn`khkndtg sn`tgrns hïs pgjrns.
-Nc `opktoc buhodg
n`gdðhk`g sn
:.Kdvnrskðd nd `opktoc
lkstrkjuyn ndtrn tglo -Cos rnco`kgdns `ghnr`kocns
`ghnr`kocns
buhodg= prgvnnr o
co pgjco`kðd, ln toc ndtrn poèsns
sunrtn qun hnmgrod Nc nstolg lnjn kdvnrtkr nd
cgs dkvncns ln vklo ln cgs hïs pgjrns, lodlg
tglgs nd `gdmudtg udo nlu`o`kðd jïsk`o,
otnd`kðd ln socul y
dutrk`kðd.
 0. Nc `ckho prgpk`kg poro
cos nhprnsos=

Znquknrn kdvnrskðd nd
kdironstru`turo,
kdvnstkao`kðd
kdvnstkao`kðd y lnsorrgccg,
tndkndlg udo n`gdghèo
kdtnrdo nik`kndtn qun
rnquknrn ln jkndns ln udo
`ocklol oln`uolo

-Oskado`kðd ln
rn`ursgs=cgs
rn`ursgs sgd hoc
kdvnrtklgs, `uodlg
dg sn pnrhktn co
Hkndtros nc gpnro`kðd lnc
-nstolg y
lnsorrgccg ln hnr`olg poro
hnr`olg=su`nln
`olo poès ns co oskador cgs `uodlg nc nstolg
jrn`bo qun rn`ursgs. prghunvn nc
snporo cgs -lnsnqukckjrkgs iud`kgdohkndtg ln
dkvncns ln vklo y ho`rgn`gdðhk`gs hnr`olgs, `uodlg
sgd cgs prg`nsgs rn`urrndtns= cos nstn dg kdtnrvkndn
Odanco qun ncnvod nstgs octos y vorkojcns nd co gpnro`kðd ln
@bocporpunl dkvncns pgr nc tosos ln kdico`kðd, nstgs y sn
Gmnlo `gdtrorkg nc nstgs prglu`nd `gd`ndtrod nd
`rn`khkndtg ns nc prgjcnhos nd co kdtnrvndkr ïrnos huy
ouhndtg ln co jocodzo. prn`ksos qun tkndnd
khpnrin``kgdns.
prglu``kðd -Ns`osns ln `opktoc
pgtnd`koc co `uoc ièsk`g= ns`osns ln
ns co `covn ln co cos iïjrk`os y
ncnvo`kðd lnc hoqukdorkos
dkvnc ln vklo hglnrdos y
lnjkcklol ln co
kdironstru`turo
bo`nd qun boyo ud
lëik`kt
?. Nc tnho Cgs tkpgs ln `ohjkg (poakdos
`ohjkg (poakdos 0< ‐ 0;) qun cg nd`undtro
nd nc ndtgrdg ln `gdg`khkndtg nd nc ndco`n Jundovndturo, A.
(:6?9). Ikdodzos kdtnrdo`kgdocns opck`olos o co tgho ln
ln`kskgdns. Zn`upnrolg
ln bttp=//njgge`ndtroc.prgqunst.`gh/ckj/udolsp/rnolnr.o`tkgd7pp
a8?&lg`KL8<216>02&th8?>:1212>:20;<
prnsndto udo nxpck`o`kðd lnc `ghpgrtohkndtg ln co toso
rnprnsndtotkvo lnc hnr`olg y ln sus omustns.

Co \oso Znprnsndtotkvo lnc Hnr`olg (\ZH) ns ud kdlk`olgr

n`gdðhk`g qun nxprnso nc vocgr prghnlkg lkorkg ln co toso ln `ohjkg ndtrn
nc pnsg `gcghjkodg y nc lðcor dgrtnohnrk`odg. Ns utkckzolg `ghg rninrnd`ko
poro ocaudos trodso``kgdns y vocgro`kgdns ln o`tkvgs, todtg nd nc sn`tgr
pýjck`g `ghg nd nc sn`tgr prkvolg.

Co Pupnrkdtndlnd`ko Ikdod`knro ln @gcghjko tkndn co gjckao`kðd ln `oc`ucor

y `nrtkik`or co \ZH y lkvucaorco oc hnr`olg y oc pýjck`g nd andnroc, `gdigrhn
o cg lkspunstg nd nc ortè`ucg <6 ln co Znsgcu`kðd Nxtnrdo Dg. ? ln :6?2,
nxpnlklo pgr co Mudto Lkrn`tkvo lnc Jod`g ln co Znpýjck`o, co hntglgcgaèo
nstojcn`klo pgr nc Jod`g ln co Znpýjck`o hnlkodtn @kr`ucor Znacohndtorko
LGLH  ‐ ?<9, nc ortè`ucg ??.:.?.<.?> lnc Ln`rntg :>>> ln :6?6 y co
Znsgcu`kðd Dg.6<?9 ln :669 ln co Pupnrkdtndlnd`ko Ikdod`knro ln
@gcghjko

Pktuo`kðd ln hnr`olg ?= \kpg ln `ohjkg nc :6 ln oagstg= ::66 pgr

ud lðcor
Pktuo`kðd ln hnr`olg := \kpg ln `ohjkg nc ?> ln snptknhjrn=
?;>6 pnsgs pgr lðcor
Pktuo`kðd ln hnr`olg 0= \kpg ln `ohjkg nc 06 ln snptknhjrn=
:066 pnsgs pgr lðcor

Nd co sktuo`kðd ln hnr`olg ? co n`gdghèo `gcghjkodo nxpgrtg

<666 udklolns lnc prglu`tg OJ@ o ud prn`kg ln ?:6 lðcorns n
khpgrtð ::66 udklolns lnc prglu`tg R[] o ud prn`kg ln 066
lðcorns.
Nd cos sktuo`kgdns ln hnr`olg : y 0 sn hodtkndnd `gdstodtns cos
`odtklolns ln jkndns khpgrtolgs y nxpgrtolgs, pnrg sn prnsndtod
vorko`kgdns lnc tkpg ln `ohjkg, `olo nstulkodtn rnockzo cgs `ïc`ucgs
nd co tojco : y prnsndto sus `gd`cuskgdns nd co tojco 0.
\ojco : @oc`ucg ln cos sktuo`kgdns ln hnr`olg
@odtklol Vrn`kg Yocgr ln \kpg ln Yocgr nd
nd co `ohjkg pnsgs
lðcorns dnag`ko`
kðd
Pktuo`kðd <.666 ?:6 <26.666 :.:66 ?.6>9.666
ln
hnr`olg
?‐
Nxpgrto`k
ðd
Pktuo`kðd <.666 ?:6 <26.666 ?.;>6 ;09.666
ln
hnr`olg
:‐
Nxpgrto`k
ðd
Pktuo`kðd <.666 ?:6 <26.666 :.066 ?.?6<.666
ln
hnr`olg
0‐
Nxpgrto`k
ðd
Pktuo`kðd :.:66 066 996.666 :.:66 ?.<>:.666
ln
hnr`olg
?‐
Khpgrto`k
ðd
Pktuo`kðd :.:66 066 996.666 ?.;>6 ?.:21.666
ln
hnr`olg
:‐
Khpgrto`k
ðd
Pktuo`kðd :.:66 066 996.666 :.066 ?.>?2.666
ln
 hnr`olg
0‐
Khpgrto`k
ðd

O portkr ln co kdigrho`kðd ln co tojco odtnrkgr `olo nstulkodtn

lkckand`ko co tojco 0=
\ojco 0 Khpo`tg lnc tkpg ln `ohjkg sgjrn nc hnr`olg kdtnrdo`kgdoc
Khpgrtolgrn Nxpgrtolgrns @gdsuhklg @ghpntktkvklo
s r kdtnrdg l
kdtnrdo`kgdoc
Znvocuo`kðd Lkrn`tohndtn Oin`to o cgs Pn vnrko Pn vnrko
dg cgs nxpgrtolgrns jndnik`k`olg oin`tolg yo qun
oin`torèo sk dg nd toc sndtklg yo qun nc cos nhprnsos sn
qun sn vnrèod qun qun cgs pglrï vnrèod gjckaolgs
jndnik`kolgs kdarnsgs nd `ghpror tglg o lnspnlkr oc
yo qun sn pnsgs snrkod tkpg ln pnrsgdoc
rnquknrnd hndgs hnr`od`èo o `ousolg pgr co
hndgs pnsgs ud hndgr quknjro ln
poro khpgrtor prn`kg hu`bgs
y poaor nd nxpgrtolgrns
lðcorns
Lnvocuo`kðd Pn vnrèod Voro nstgs snrko Nstn snrko Pnrk jndnik`kgsg
oin`tolgs yo jndnik`kgsg yo oin`tolg pgr nd toc pudtg qun
qun co hgdnlo qun gjtkndnd nc nin`tg ln udo hoygr
poro nccgs hos pnsgs pgr co kdico`kðd y `ghpntktkvklol
nstorèo pgr sus bo`n qun nc `gd gtrgs
lnjomg cg qun nxpgrto`kgdns `gdsuhg hnr`olgs
cgs ccnvo o lkshkduyo
tndnr pnrlklos
nd co
khpgrto`kðd