Cdnðs cg

lctrnlkmnk
Ycrjecs jm hus`c dj mujvks
`klprklnsks

Gu`ncmk Gutjrjcu
 Yrðgkok

Gc pcrjec js jg ‗orcm“ prkhgjlc djg snogk VVN. ^c sjc pkr gc

nmjstchngndcd vnm`ugcr quj vcrncs pjrskmcs tjstnlkmncm, k hnjm
pkr gcs kp`nkmjs dj rjgc`nðm quj suronjrkm jm gks õgtnlks cóks
y quj mk sj hcscm jmjm gc pcrjec.
Gc nmjstchngndcd vnm`ugcr, pkr jejlpgk, sj rj`kmk`j jm gc
`rj`njmtj tjmdjm`nc c gc sjdu``nðm snm `klprklnsk, pjrk tcl-
hnîm jm gcs quj dj um tnjlpk c jstc pcrtj sj ggclcm ‗pcrjecs tð-
xn`cs“. Ykr jg gcdk
gcdk dj gcs kp`nkmjs
kp`nkmjs dj pcrjec, mk lj rjffijrk skgk
cg pkgnclkr, k c gcs pcrjecs mklhrcdcs `klk ‗chnjrtcs“, snmk
tclhnîm cg rj`kmk`nlnjmtk djg gczk dj clnstcd `klk jrðtn`k.
Suj fky fchgjlks dj gk ‗sjxk-caj`tnvk“
‗sjxk-caj`tnvk“ djlujstrc quj gc
pcgchrc ‗pcrjec“ js skgk um pjqujók ìtjl k pksnhngndcd dj gk
quj pujdj umnrmks c ktrc pjrskmc. Cfkrc hnjm, »pkr quî dnok

quj gc pcrjec js um ‗orcm“ prkhgjlc,

prkhgjlc, sn lãs hnjm pkdrìc dj`nrsj
quj fky sklks lãs gnhrjs quj `ucmdk gc õmn`c vìc jrc gc djg
lctrnlkmnk jm gc tjlprcmc euvjmtud;
Js quj gc gnhjrtcd snjlprj trcj prkhgjlcs, yc quj mks khgnoc
c tklcr dj`nsnkmjs quj cmtjs jrcm nlpjmschgjs, gk lnslk quj
csjourc mujvcs rjspkmschngndcdjs. Jm umc îpk`c dj trcmsn`nðm
`klk gc mujstrc, `rjk quj vnvnlks cõm jm jg djs`km`njrtk
djs`km`n jrtk y quj
tkdcvìc mk gkorclks jstcr c gc cgturc dj mujstrc mujvc `cpc`n-
dcd dj jxpgkrcr jg clkr.
Jstj gnhrk js umc pjqujóc `kmtrnhu`nðm, djsdj ln pjrspj`-
tnvc `klk psn`kcmcgnstc, pcrc cqujggks quj fky suarjm pkrquj

󰀳󰀰
 CDNÐP CG LCTXNLKMNK
LCTXNLK MNK

qunjrjm jstcr `km cgounjm y mk jm`ujmtrcm quj ktrk qunjrc gk

lnslk quj jggks2 pcrc cqujggks quj mk schjm jstcr skgks, k hnjm
`kmstruyjrkm vìm`ugks djpjmdnjmtjs `uyks jaj`tks djs`uhrnj-
rkm tcrdìcljmtj, c vj`js `km dkgkr2 pcrc
pcr c cqujggks quj, jm pcrjec,

qunsnjrkm prkhcr ktrcs kp`nkmjs y sj jm`kmtrcrkm `km jg jaj`tk

dj tjmjr quj rjskgvjr lcgjmtjmdndks2 pcrc cqujggks quj gcstn-
lcrkm k aujrkm gcstnlcdks y qunjrjm pjmscr cgok dj gk quj gjs
pcsc, pcrc `klprjmdjr(sj) cmtjs quj euzocr(sj) y pcrc lu`fks
lãs, pkrquj jstj gnhrk ‐jm djffimntnvc‐ js pcrc tkdks cqujggks
quj schjlks quj, jm jg clkr dj jstj snogk, yc mk cg`cmzc `km
dj`nr ‗lcrndk“ y ‗jspksc“ mn ‗fcstc quj gc lujrtj mks sjpcrj“.
sj pcrj“.

***

Pn `kmsugtãrclks gnhrks `gãsn`ks dj tjrcpnc dj pcrjec (dj lj-

dncdks djg snogk VV), vjrìclks quj jm jsj jmtkm`js gk lãs `k-
lõm jrc quj `kmsugtcrcm lctrnlkmnks quj gujok dj vcrnks cóks
(¡dî`cdcs!) sj prjoumtchcm5
prj oumtchcm5 »`ðlk sjounr eumtks; Fky jm dìc, gc
prjoumtc js5 »pkdjlks jstcr eumtks; Gk djlujstrcm gks `csks
`cdc vjz lãs fchntucgjs dj pjrskmcs quj ggjocm c gc `kmsugtc `km
cpjmcs umks pk`ks cóks eumtks, k cpjmcs umks ljsjs… sn mk
umks dìcs, `klk jm gc k`csnðm jm quj rj`nhì jm ln `kmsugtkrnk
c umc pcrjec dj um fklhrj y umc luejr quj sj fchìcm `kmk`ndk

jm umcs vc`c`nkmjs
vc`c`nkmj s y,
y, `klk vnvìcm jm dnajrjmtjs pcìsjs, nmn`ncrkm
umc rjgc`nðm c dnstcm`nc quj, cg pk`k tnjlpk sj jmtkrpj`nð pkr
gks `jgks y gcs pjgjcs `kmstcmtjs c trcvîs dj ggclcdks tjgjaðmn`ks
`klpugsnvks. Jm ln `kmsugtkrnk, djspuîs dj gcs dks sjlcmcs
quj fchìcm `klpcrtndk jm um pcìs quj mk jrc jg dj mnmoumk dj
gks dks y gcs trjs vj`js quj fchìcm vncecdk pcrc vnsntcrsj, auj gc
`ucrtc k`csnðm jm quj sj jm`kmtrcrkm.
Jm gc c`tucgndcd mk skgk sj `kmsugtc `cdc vjz lãs tjlprc-
mk, snmk quj tclhnîm ggjocm `kmsugtcs quj skm fnecs dj mujstrc
îpk`c, snomcdc pkr jg nlpc`tk djg ajlnmnslk. Ykr jejlpgk, fc`j
um tnjlpk rj`nhì c umc luejr quj `kmsugtð pkrquj tuvk umc

󰀳󰀴
 YXÐGKOK

nlpkrtcmtj kajrtc dj trchcek y su mkvnk

mkv nk mk sj gk hcm`ð. Cg prnm-
`npnk jggc sj jmkeð, snmtnð quj îg mk gc c`klpcóchc, nm`gusk auj
c vjr c umc rjajrjmtj djg jspc`nk dj luejrjs djg quj pcrtn`npc
yy,, `urnkscljmtj, jstc gj rjspkmdnð5 ‗Mk ljtcs cg ajlnmnslk jm
jstj qungklhk
sugtcsj quj mkqunzãs
c um cmcgnstc, tnjmj mcdc qujmktð
pkrquj vj r“quj
vjr“ y gjfchìc
suonrnð quj ndk
rj`urr `km-c
rj`urrndk
jggc pcrc quj ktrc luejr gc eustnffi`csj. Djspuîs dj js`u`fcrgc,
pjmsî quj jg suyk, fcstc fc`j um tnjlpk, jrc um `km﬈n`tk tì-
pn`k dj gks vcrkmjs5 gc tjmsnðm jmtrj gc rjcgnzc`nðm põhgn`c y jg
djsjk jm gc vndc prnvcdc. Jsc pcgchrc usð jggc ‐‗djsjk“‐ pcrc
rjajrnrsj c quj mum`c fchìc pjmscdk jg clkr `klk cgok quj
pudnjrc jstcr dj ktrc akrlc quj supjdntcdk c su vk`c`nðm. Lj
prjoumtî5 »sjrãm lu`fcs (k `cdc vjz lãs) gcs luejrjs quj fky
vnvjm `km﬈n`tks quj cmtjs pjmsãhclks `klk ‗lcs`ugnmks
‗lcs`ugnmks““ pkr-
quj gks vnvìcm prnm`npcgljmtj vcrkmjs; ^ sn jg `km﬈n`tk mk js
lcs`ugnmk, sì gk js rjspkmdjr jm tîrlnmks dj rjmum`nc5 tnjmj
quj gnlntcr su vndc gchkrcg sn mk qunjrj
q unjrj pjrdjr su clkr. Nm`gusk
`kmtchc jstc luejr gk tkmtc quj sj snmtnð pkr snqunjrc pjmscr
cgok csì, jm um `kmtjxtk jm quj ktrcs luejrjs gj dj`ìcm quj îg
jrc um jokìstc ‐yk pjmsî5 gc jmvndnc mum`c tuvk oîmjrk‐. Ykr
sujrtj, su rjajrjmtj auj lãs nmtjgnojmtj y sjmsnhgj2 js `klk sn
gj fuhnjsj dn`fk5 mk usjs jg ajlnmnslk pcrc fc`jrtj
fc`jr tj umc vnsnðm
`kmakrlnstc djg ktrk y ffiectj quî djsjk sj tj eujoc. Jm jsk js-
tclks, pkrquj`km
c gc `kmsugtc su su
cmãgnsns `kmtnmõc
pcrjec. Cprjmdky, jvjmtucgljmtj,
lu`fk djg dkgkrfccgvjmndk
js`u-
`fcrgc, dj `uãmtk `ujstc fc`jrgj guocr c um ‗mksktrks“ `ucmdk
‐pcrc `njrtk sj`tkr sk`ncg‐ js lãs jstchgj gc `crrjrc nmdnvnducg
c gc quj jg ktrk sj c`klkdc k... cdnðs.
Ykr ktrk gcdk, tclhnîm jm jstc gìmjc dj rczðm dj îpk`c, `rjk
quj fcy ktrc `kkrdjmcdc jm gc quj pkdjlks jstcr dj c`ujrdk5
jm jg snogk VVN jg djsjk dj fnek mk suroj snjlprj jm umc pcrjec.
Jm lu`fìsnlks `csks, k`urrj quj gcs luejrjs, djspuîs dj gks
09 cóks, sj jm`ujmtrcm `km quj tnjmjm quj vjr quî fc`jm `km
jsk. »Lj jqunvk`k; Fc`j `ucrjmtc cóks (sjoõm jstcdìstn`cs quj
󰀳󰀺
 CDNÐP CG LCTXNLKMNK
LCTXNLK MNK

`ucgqunjrc pujdj `fjqujcr jm Nmtjrmjt) gc jdcd prkljdnk pcrc

tjmjr fneks jrc dj 80 cóks. Jstk `clhnð. Fky skm lu`fcs gcs
luejrjs quj, pkst-09, mk jstãm jm pcrjec y sj prjoumtcm quî
fc`jr. Jm pcrtn`ugcr, pjmsjlks cgoumks js`jmcrnks5

3. Gc luejr quj sj dj`ndnð c cvcmzcr `km jsj djsjk y

djspuîs `kmk`nð c cgounjm, »pkr quî fcrìc dj jsj ktrk
um pcdrj; Yujdj sjr quj `km jg tnjlpk gk sjc, qunzãs
mk qunjrc îg, tclpk`k jggc2 qunzãs qunjrcm sjr pcrjec y
mk pcdrjs eumtks.
8. Gc pcrjec rj`njmtj quj sj dj`ndj c cvcmzcr `km jsj
djsjk2 snm jlhcrok, mk ggjocrkm eumtks c gc dj`nsnðm y,
pkr gk tcmtk, vnvjm `kscs dnstnmtcs, `km gc cmsnjdcd dj
qujrjr gk lnslk, pjrk quj mk sjc dj gks dks.
0. Gc luejr quj jstã jm umc rjgc`nðm y dj`ndj `kmtnmucr
jm jggc djhndk cg prkyj`tk dj um fnek2 cmtjs quj jg pkr
jg djsjk jm gc pcrjec, pkr gk quj c vj`js cgounjm ggclc
‗gc ffic`c dj vkgvjr c `kmk`jr c cgounjm c jstc cgturc“ k jg
lnjdk c ‗jlpjzcr dj mujvk“.

Jstks skm js`jmcrnks quj pcrc Pnolumd Arjud fuhnjrcm

sndk nlpjmschgjs, quj mk sj tnjmjm jm `ujmtc jm su jgchkrc`nðm
djg krnojm djg djsjk dj fnek, quj lkdnffi`cm nm`gusk mujstrc

ndjc dj ffignc`nðm (`ucmdk,

(`uc mdk, pkr jejlpgk, fky js pksnhgj pgcmnffi`cr
jlhcrczks). Js um tjlc quj rjsugtc nlpkrtcmtj pjmscr hnjm5 jm
gcs pãonmcs dj jstj gnhrk tclhnîm djdn`crî cgoumcs khsjrvc`nk-
mjs c gcs aum`nkmjs pcrjmtcgjs. Jm tkdk `csk, cquì lj nlpkrtc
djstc`cr quj um djsjk nlpgn`c ctrcvjscr dj`jp`nkmjs. Sunjm
mk qunjrj dj`jp`nkmcrsj, mk cvcmzc `km jg djsjk. Xjcgnzcr um
djsjk js gk `kmtrcrnk dj quj sj `ulpgc y, pcrc jxpgn`cr jstj
pumtk, qunjrk dj`nr c `kmtnmuc`nðm cgoumcs pcgchrcs skhrj gks
‗fj`fks“, gc rjcgndcd y rjspj`tk dj quj jg psn`kcmãgnsns js umc
jxpjrnjm`nc pcrc pjmscrmks c mksktrks lnslks dj lcmjrc `rì-
tn`c y rj﬈jxnvc.

󰀳󰀱
 YXÐGKOK

***

Fcy um lkdk hãsn`k dj pjmscr gc rjgc`nðm `km gc rjcgndcd5 gks

fj`fks k`urrjm y skgk sj trctc dj pjr`nhnrgks. Csì js quj fcy
qunjm
quj jstcdn`j ‗Gks
arcsj fj`fks
gc dnoc skm gksCrnstðtjgjs
jg ffigðskak fj`fks“, pjrk »js gk um
k gc utngn`j lnslk
tnrc-
mk `klk Ptcgnm; Jm jstj pumtk, jg rj`ursk c gks fj`fks pujdj
rjvjgcr mk skgk nmtjm`nkmjs dnajrjmtjs, snmk quj jsks lnslks
fj`fks sj pujdjm lkdnffi`cr jm aum`nðm dj qunjm fchgj.
Gks psn`kcmcgnstcs pcsclks umc hujmc pcrtj djg dìc js`u-
`fcmdk fj`fks2 pjrk »quî js`u`fclks jm jg rjgctk dj gks fj-
`fks; C qunjm fchgc, skhrj tkdk pcrc sntucr gc rjgc`nðm ìmtnlc
quj tnjmj `km gc jvndjm`nc5 »mj`jsntc gks fj`fks pcrc eustnffi`cr
cgoumc c``nðm; K, tcg vjz, »gks rjqunjrj pcrc quj sj rj`kmkz`c
um dkgkr quj cõm mk sj pujdj mklhrcr dj ktrk lkdk; Jstk
mk qunjrj dj`nr djs`kmk`jr gc rjcgndcd dj gks fj`fks, pkrquj
nm`gusk um tnpk dj rjgc`nðm `km gc jvndjm`nc
jvndj m`nc js gc jxpj`tctnvc dj
quj jsks fj`fks sjcm
sj cm nmduhntchgjs. Jstk js gk quj, pkr gk ojmj-
rcg, ggclclks ‗vjrdcd“. Fchgcr pcrc dj`nr gc vjrdcd tclhnîm
js um tnpk dj jmum`nc`nðm y um lkdk dj fchgcr. Jm jaj`tk, gks
‗dns`ursks dj gc vjrdcd“ krocmnzcm umc pcrtj nlpkrtcmtj dj
mujstrks dns`ursks
dns`ursks `ktndncmks
`ktndncmks y,
y, pkr `njrtk,
`njrtk, `km jstj tnpk dj prj-
tjmsnðm js quj fn`njrkm dj gc rjcgndcd cgok hcstcmtj cpgcstcmtj
y `cdc
Jm vjz lãs jmgkquj`ndk.
`ucgqunjr guocr, snjlprj fcy cgounjm dnspujstk c fchgcr
fch gcr
pcrc dj`nr `ðlk skm
s km gcs `kscs, sn mk `ðlk djhjrìcm sjr. Jg pjm-
sclnjmtk djvjmndk `kmsnomc, jsgkocm k tunt quj hcec gìmjc js
jg pcm dj `cdc dìc jm mujstrc sk`njdcd. ^ jm jstj `km`njrtk dj
vjrdcdjs quj sj vk`najrcm, sj pnjrdj gc dnljmsnðm dj gc pcgchrc,
gc prjoumtc pkr qunîm fchgc, pkr `uãg js su pksn`nðm rjspj`tk dj
gk quj dn`j2 fky jm dìc sj fchgc y sj fchgc, sj rjpntjm arcsjs lãs
k ljmks nmojmnkscs, pjrk mcdnj js`u`fc. @cdc qunjm sj prk-
mum`nc `km vjrdcd y jspjrc cdfjsnkmjs, quj sj mks `rjc pkr jg
skgk fj`fk dj fchgcr,
fc hgcr, lu`fk lãs sn jsc vjrdcd
vjrdcd sj `klumn`c
`klumn` c `km
󰀳󰀿
 CDNÐP CG LCTXNLKMNK
LCTXNLK MNK

nmdnomc`nðm2 pjrk c mcdnj sj gj k`urrj pjmscr quj gc vjrdcd sj

pujdj dj`nr pcrc sjdu`nr, pcrc gcstnlcr k, nm`gusk, pcrc ljmtnr.
Pn js`u`fcr js jg prnljr pcsk djg pjmsclnjmtk, pcrc rjstntunr
jg `crã`tjr dj dnãgkok dj gc pcgchrc ‐pcrc mk kgvndcr quj fcstc gc

vjrdcd supkm
vjrdcd supkmjj c cgoun
cgounjm
jm quj gc dn`j‐, pnjms
pnjmsk
k quj jg psn`kc
psn`kcmãgnsns
mãgnsns
js umc prã`tn`c jm gc quj mk sj pujdj cffirlcr gnvncmcljmtj quj
‗gks fj`fks skm gks fj`fks“. C vj`js sj dn`j quj jg psn`kcmãgnsns
hus`c rjspkmschngnzcr ‗dj lãs“ c gcs pjrskmcs, quj sj ‗fcocm
`crok“ dj gks fj`fks (pkr jejlpgk, sus arc`csks jm jg clkr)2
pjrk mk `rjk quj jstk sjc csì, pkrquj jstc c`tntud sjrìc jqun-
vcgjmtj c dj`nr5 ‗Jstks
‗ Jstks skm tus fj`fks“ ‐ktrc vjrsnðm dj ‗gks
fj`fks skm gks fj`fks“‐. Lãs hnjm `rjk quj jg psn`kcmãgnsns
nmtjrrkoc gks fj`fks, mk pcrc pkmjrgks jm `ujstnðm, snmk pcrc
hus`cr c qunjm fchgc.
Ykr jejlpgk, fc`j umcs sjlcmcs um clnok tuvk umc jmtrj-
vnstc gchkrcg. Jstchc cgok dj`jp`nkmcdk, pkrquj gj dnejrkm qujquj
jspjrchc `khrcr lu`fk y mk jstchc tcm `cpc`ntcdk.
`cpc` ntcdk. @ucmdk lj
gk `kmtð, `km trnstjzc, sj lj k`urrnð dj`nrgj quj dj gc lnslc
lcmjrc pkdrìc dj`nrsj quj gks jlpgjcdkrjs fchìcm dn`fk quj
qujrìcm pcocr ljmks pkr um jspj`ncgnstc, js dj`nr, quj su prk-
pujstc dj`ìc cgok skhrj jggks y mk skgk skhrj îg. Jm jstj pumtk,
îg lj `kljmtð quj mk gk fchìc pjmscdk. Ykr `njrtk, sn gk jstã-
hclks fchgcmdk jrc pkrquj `kmstntuìc jg prnm`npnk dj jlpjzcr

c pjmscrgk. Jmtkm`js, ln clnok lj `kmtð cgok quj ktrcs vj`js

yc fchìclks `fcrgcdk5 quj gc dj`jp`nðm
dj`jp`nðm js um lkdk jm quj quj îg
rj`kmk`j gks fj`fks, quj js `ucmdk sj snjmtj trnstj quj gkorc
tklcr `njrtcs dj`nsnkmjs, mk snjlprj gcs ljekrjs.
Ln clnok mk js gc õmn`c pjrskmc
pjrskmc quj `kmkz`k quj mj`jsntc
sjmtnrsj djsj`fchgj pcrc, gujok, tklcr cgoõm tnpk dj dj`nsnðm.
Ln clnok sj jmkec, pjrk umc luejr quj `kmk`ì fc`j umks cóks,
lj `kmtð ktrc sntuc`nðm. Jggc fchgchc dj su pcrjec, dj quj gj
lkgjstchc quj îg ggjvcrc jg tjgîakmk cg hcók, pkrquj mk pkdìc
djecr dj pjmscr quj gc jstchc ‗`cocmdk“. Jm jstj pumtk, nmdj-
pjmdnjmtjljmtj dj gk quj îg fn`njrc `km jg tjgîakmk, gk `njrtk js

󰀳󰀶
 YXÐGKOK

quj gks `jgks dj jstc luejr jrcm umc hujmc

huj mc lcmjrc dj mk schjr
quj îg ‗`cochc“, cumquj gk supnjsj dj
d j lcmjrc `kms`njmtj, pjrk
jsk mk vcgj mcdc. Cfkrc hnjm, gc
gc prjoumtc jm jstj pumtk js pkr
quî jggc rjspkmdj `km um sìmtklc ‐quj jg ktrk gc djsprj`nc‐
`ucmdk snjmtjskgntcrnks
dj jsks c`tks quj su pcrjec
jm gksjstã
qujjmgc ktrc5 »mk`km
rjgc`nðm js nrktrk
cg hcók umk
mj`jsntc
um `klpãs dj jspjrc;
Jm jstj pumtk, lj nlpkrtc dj`nr quj gcs dks rjajrjm`ncs
cmtjrnkrjs mk vcgjm pkrquj fchgjm dj tcg k `ucg `ksc2 eustc-
ljmtj, mk dn`jm mcdc skhrj fj`fks, mn skhrj gcs pjrskmcs quj
gks mcrrcrkm2 lãs hnjm ctrcvnjscm gks rjgctks pcrc uhn`cr `ðlk
gc pcgchrc, `ucmdk sj prjstc cg dnãgkok, djscorjoc gk su`jdndk
pcrc jstchgj`jr jg lkdk jm quj umc vndc mk sj `ujmtc c pcrtnr
dj djtcggjs ìmtnlks.
Ykdjlks fc`jr dj mujstrks dìcs umc rj﬈jxnðm pjrlcmjmtj
c`jr`c dj ‗fj`fks“, c gks quj pkdjlks `cgnffi`cr
`cgnffi`c r dj ‗khejtnvks“,
tclhnîm `klk ‗ìmtnlks“ y, y, pkr jejlpgk, dcrgjs jg
jg vcgkr dj jxpgn-
`c`nðm dj qunîmjs
qunîm js sklks y quî vnvnlks. Pnm jlhcrok, sn mujstrc
ndjmtndcd js cgok lãs quj um `kmeumtk dj prjsum`nkmjs c`jr`c
dj qunîmjs `rjjlks quj sklks, js pkrquj ‐dj vjz jm `ucmdk,
jg psn`kcmãgnsns js umc dj jscs kpkrtumndcdjs‐
kpkrtumndcdjs ‐ pkdjlks dcr um
pcsk lãs cggã dj gks fj`fks y rj`upjrcr umc vkz quj, `klk jm
gc `cm`nðm dj Ekcquìm Pchnmc, js `cpcz dj dj`nr5 ‗Jstc hk`c js
lìc“.
Jm jstj gnhrk, dj`ndì nm`krpkrcr gcs vk`js dj lu`fcs pjr-
skmcs quj lj js`rnhnjrkm jm jstj tnjlpk skhrj `ujstnkmjs dj
pcrjec. Mk skgk `kljmtcrî `csks dj ln prã`tn`c, snmk quj nm-
`gunrî gks tjstnlkmnks dj cgoumcs pjrskmcs
pjr skmcs quj, jm jstj tnjlpk
(c trcvîs dj gc rcdnk, gc tjgjvnsnðm k lns `kgulmcs jm dnajrjmtjs
dncrnks y rjvnstcs) sj `klumn`crkm `kmlnok pcrc quj gjs dnoc
cgok k utngn`j su jxpjrnjm`nc `klk pumtk dj pcrtndc pcrc rj-
﬈jxnkmcr,, dcdk quj c vj`js gk quj gj k`urrj
﬈jxnkmcr k `urrj c cgounjm js `klõm
`k lõm
`km gc vndc dj ktrks. Csì js quj `cdc `cpìtugk `kmtcrã `km umc
prnljrc pcrtj dj jxpksn`nðm tjðrn`c y, gujok, vjmdrã gc pcrtj
󰀳󰀾
 CDNÐP CG LCTXNLKMNK
LCTXNLK MNK

jm quj gj fcrjlks guocr c gc js`u`fc, `klk sn jstuvnîrclks jm

um `kmsugtkrnk chnjrtk. @kmaìk
@kmaìk jm quj jstc sjrã gc vìc pcrc quj
`kmsnoclks `klprjmsnðm `kmeumtc (cutkr y gj`tkrjs) y vcyclks
lãs cggã dj gc nmtjgj`tucgnzc`nðm, pcrc nlconmcr fkrnzkmtjs vn-

tcgjs `klpcrtndks.
Jstj prðgkok mk js`cpc c jstc dnmãln`c2 pkr jsk, pcrc `km-
`gunrgk `kljmtcrî um `csk quj hrnmdc umc rj﬈jxnðm skhrj jg
clkr jm jg lcr`k dj gc pcmdjlnc quj cskgð cg lumdk jm gks
dks õgtnlks cóks.

***

Jgìcs (40 cóks)5 Jstky jm umc rjgc`nðm fc`j um cók, mks `kmk`nlks
jm gc pcmdjlnc y, durcmtj gks prnljrks ljsjs, gc pcsclks sõpjr. Auj
`klk djspjocr jm um cvnðm, cg pk`k tnjlpk jlpjzclks c vnvnr eumtks,
pkr gcs rjstrn``nk
rjstrn``nkmjs
mjs y pkrquj fchìc cgok dj rjsnstnr jm cpkstcr cg clkr
clkr,,
fn`nlks dj gc `clc umc trnm`fjrc. Gk quj tj qunjrk `kmsugtcr js cgok
luy pumtucg5 »`kmk`îs `csks jm quj djspuîs dj um prnljr lkljmtk
luy crrnhc,
crrnhc, gc `ksc sj jlpnjzc c pnm`fcr; ^k^k lj snjmtk
snjmtk um tnpk
tnp k orcmdj,
mk `rjk quj mujstrk `csk sjc `klk jg dj um jmclkrcdk quj dj okgpj
sj djspnjrtc y vj gc rjcgndcd, pkrquj cdjlãs jstclks hnjm, hnj m, vjmnlks
fchgcmdk `km jggc
jg gc dj jstj csumtk,
csum tk, pjrk fcy cgok quj `clhnð. Ykr
Ykr jejl-
pgk, mks prjoumtclks
prjoumtclks sn sjounr
sjounr `kmvnvnjmdk, sn mk aunlks jaj`tk dj gcs
gcs

`nr`umstcm`ncs y, cfkrc quj fcy quj nr rjtklcmdk gc vndc ‗mkrlcg“,

qujrjlks `undcr gk quj tjmjlks y mk sjr mjocdkrjs, mks acgtc `kmk-
`jrmks um lkmtðm y yc tuvnlks `njrtcs pjgjcs quj lujstrcm quj cgok
tjmjlks quj fc`jr y mk akrzcr. Orc`ncs pkr gk quj pujdcs dj`nrmks .

Js um pgc`jr rj`nhnr um ljmscej `klk jg dj Jgìcs. Yrnljrk,

pkrquj djmktc umc orcm lcdurjz jm jg lkdk dj pgcmtjcr cquj-
ggk quj gk cqujec2 mk dnok quj sjc lcdurk pkr gk quj gj pcsc,
snmk pkr gc c`tntud rj﬈jxnvc quj pujdj tjmjr cmtj gks ‗fj`fks“.
Jm sjoumdk guocr, lj oustc quj su tjxtk mk fchgc skgk pkr îg,
snmk quj mks nmtrkdu`j jm jg dnãgkok quj tnjmj `km su pcrjec

󰀸󰀹
 YXÐGKOK

y jstj js um ac`t
ac`tkr
kr nlpk
nlpkrtcmt
rtcmtìsnlk
ìsnlk55 c vj`
vj`js,
js, `ucm
`ucmdk
dk cgou
cgounjm
njm
fchgc dj su pcrjec, pujdj sjr quj gk fcoc `km gc lãs `klpgjtc
cejmndcd y cfì umk sj prjoumtc fcstc quîq uî pumtk fcy umc pcrjec
jm eujok jm jsc rjgc`nðm,
r jgc`nðm, k mk. Jg lcykr nmdn`cdkr pcrc jvcgucr
jv cgucr
gc `kmdn`nðm
c ktrc vnm`ugcr
pjrskmc, snmk sndjjscgounjm mkdj
pkrtcvkz js jg
umtnjlpk
dns`urskqujdncgðon`k.
pcsð eumtk
^
jstk, jm jg `csk dj Jgìcs, js `gcrk2 cumquj îg mks dnoc quj jstã
jm pcrjec fc`j um cók (»js lu`fk k pk`k;) gk nlpkrtcmtj js
quj jm jsc rjgc`nðm fcy umc vkz `kgj`tnvc.
Dn`fk jstk, vcyclks c `kmsndjrc`nkmjs lãs jspj`ìffi`cs dj
su `kmsugtc. Ykr um gcdk, js nmtjrjscmtj mktcr quj gc prjoumtc
quj akrlugc mk js gc quj îg qunjrj quj rjspkmdclks. @ucm-
dk pgcmtjc sn `kmkz`k `csks jm quj, djspuîs dj um ‗prnljr
tnjlpk luy crrnhc“, gc `ksc djspuîs sj pnm`fc, îg yc tnjmj umc
rjspujstc. Jg prkhgjlc js quj mk pujdj djecr dj pgcmtjcr jstc
nmqunjtud snm `ugpc. C`tk sjoundk dn`j5
dn`j5 ‗^k
‗^k sky um tnpk
tn pk orcmdj“,
orcmdj“,
js dj`nr, jg djs`uhrnlnjmtk dj jsk quj k`urrj jm jg clkr gj
prkdu`j lcgjstcr. Dj cgoumc lcmjrc, Jgìcs mk qunjrj qunjr j quj jstk
gj pcsj ‐k quj gj pcsj dj jsj lkdk‐. Sunzãs snjmtj quj gks cóks
tjmdrìcm quj fchjrgk pujstk c scgvk djg djsjmocók2 js gnmdc gc
nlcojm quj prkpkmj djg nmn`nk dj su rjgc`nðm `klk jg djspjouj
dj um cvnðm, c tkdc vjgk`ndcd, quj gujok c`klpcóc `km umc
rj﬈jxnðm5 jg sjr jaj`tk dj gcs `nr`umstcm`ncs. Djtjmoãlkmks
jm jstc
@rjkjxprjsnðm.
quj js pcrtj tclhnîm dj umc lcdurjz snomnffi`ctnvc
pkdjr djs`uhrnr
djs`uhrnr quj lu`fk dj gk quj mks pcsc
pcsc js um ‗jaj`tk“, js
dj`nr,, quj mks prkdu`j um `km﬈n`tk2 lj pcrj`j
dj`nr pc rj`j quj jstc c`tntud
js gc prnkrntcrnc pcrc mk mcturcgnzcr mujstrks sjmtnlnjmtks mn
dcrgks pkr fj`fk y fc`jrgj guocr c umc nmstcm`nc dj jgchkrc`nðm.
Gk quj mks `ujmtc Jgìcs js jg pcscej jm umc pcrjec c cgok lãs
quj umc ljrc dj`gcrc`nðm sjmtnljmtcg (djg jstngk ‗^k tj clk,
»vks lj clãs;“), pcrc pkdjr csulnr gc fjrndc quj nlpgn`c pjm-
scr quj um vìm`ugk js umc rjgc`nðm jm quj dks sj snjmtjm lãs
hnjm ‗ctrcpcdks“. Fc`jr vcgjr gc rj`tnffi`c`nðm clkrksc js tkdk
󰀸󰀳
 CDNÐP CG LCTXNLKMNK
LCTXNLK MNK

gk `kmtrcrnk dj `kmstntunr jg ‗mksktrks“ quj umc pcrjec supk-

mj. Ycrc dcr jstj pcsk yc mk cg`cmzc `km fc`jr dj gc `clc umc
‗trnm`fjrc“, rjsnstjm`nc quj aum`nkmc pcrc kpkmjrgj cg lumdk
(`km k snm pcmdjlnc) jg lngcork djg clkr
clkr,, snmk quj js prj`nsk

fc`jr ktrk tnpk dj cpujstc.

Lj rjsugtc
rjsugtc luy vcgnksk
vcgnksk quj
quj jm jstj pcscej
pcscej,, jm gc `kmskgn
`kmskgndc-
dc-
`nðm dj jstj vìm`ugk, Jgìcs pujdc sjr vcgnjmtj `klk pcrc dj`nr
`uãmtk gjs acgtc `kmk`jrsj `km su pcrjec. ^ `rjk quj jstj jxtrc-
óclnjmtk js jg quj c vj`js cgoumcs pcrjecspcrjecs mk tkgjrcm, `ucmdk sj
qujdcm c mnvjg dj gc pcsnðm `klk rczðm õgtnlc, `ucmdk jspjrcm
quj gc pcsnðm dj`ndc quî pcsc jmtrj jggks. Js prj`nsk sjr vcgnjmtj
pcrc pjmscr quj tcg vjz cfkrc tnjmjm quj rjtklcr ktrks nmtjrjsjs
yy,, pkr jejl
jejlpgk,
pgk, djec
djecrr dj `kmv
`kmvnvnr
nvnr,, snm pkr jsk nmtj
nmtjrpr
rprjtcr
jtcr jsj pcsk
`klk um rjtrk`jsk2 js prjajrnhgj dcrsj `ujmtc dj jsc arustrc`nðm
(y csulnrgc) quj ‗akrzcr“. Gk `njrtk js quj mujstrc `ugturc fky
jm dìc vnvj jg clkr dj umc lcmjrc luy akrzcdc5 qunjm clc tkdk
jg tnjlpk tnjmj quj dcr prujhcs dj su clkr, rj`kmk`jrsj `klk
jmclkrcdk2 jstk ctjmtc mk skgk `kmtrc clkrjs lãs rjcgjs, snmk
tclhnîm `kmtrc umc îtn`c djg clkr, quj sj hcsj jm jg `undcdk.
Ynjmsk quj gc `ugpc quj jxprjsc jg ljmscej dj Jgìcs js pkrquj
sj dc `ujmtc dj quj gj jstã acggcmdk c jsc lkrcg clkrksc quj
`kmvnjrtj gcs rjgc`nkmjs jm um nr pcrc cdjgcmtj `kmstcmtj2 csì js
quj lu`fks sj gc tjrlnmcm pjocmdk k jstrjggcmdk.

Gc mujstrc yc mk js gc îpk`c dj gks clkrjs vnvndks, snmk gc dj

gks clkrjs quj mk aujrkm, gks quj qujdcrkm c lntcd dj `cln-
mk, pkrquj sj aumdnjrkm, pkrquj `fk`crkm `km nmsjourndcdjs,
pkrquj mk pudnjrkm fc`jr dj gks khstã`ugks mujvks lktkrjs.
@rjk, Jgìcs, quj jm jstj pumtk mum`c sj js orcmdj `klk pcrc
djspjrtcrsj2 pkrquj pnjmsk quj mk tj jstãs djspjrtcmdk dj um
jmclkrclnjmtk, snmk dj um lkdjgk vnm`ugcr quj pjmsð jg clkr
`klk ausnðm y, cfkrc, sj tj prjsjmtc gc `fcm`j dj um mujvk
clkr, lãs dncgðon`k y `klprjmsnvk.
Ycrc `km`gunr jstj prðgkok, qunjrk dj`nr quj tcg vjz jsc
‗vndc mkrlcg“ c gc quj pgcmtjãs rjorjscr mk js gc prjpcmdî-

󰀸󰀸
 YXÐGKOK

ln`c, snmk um tnpk dj vndc quj fky gjs tk`c vnvnr `km tu pcrjec2
mkrlcg, mk pkrquj sjc ‗scgudchgj“, snmk `klk pcrc mk funr dj
gks `km﬈n`tks, snm quj jstks sj trcmsakrljm jm pjgjcs. Lj pc-
rj`j quj jstc js umc jx`jgjmtj lcmjrc dj jmtjmdjr quî qunjrj
dj`nr
jstk kmkgksjr ‗mjocdkrjs“,
ktrk, snmk qunjm pkrquj
sj mnjocjgcmjocdkr
sì lnslkmkgcjs`cpc`ndcd
qunjm mnjoc
dj
pjmscr cqujggk quj gk nm`klkdc. Jm umc pcrjec, jg `rj`nlnjmtk
mk jstã jm tjmjr pcrjecs quj
quj durjm, quj mk nlpgnqujm tjmsnkmjs,
jm gcs quj jstî tkdk hnjm. Zmc pcrjec quj `rj`j `klk tcg js
cqujggc jm quj `cdc umk gj `km`jdj cg ktrk umc pcgchrc `cpcz
dj lkdnffi`crgk, rj`jptnvc y, c vj`js, dkgkrksc, pkrquj mk tkdk
sj skgu`nkmc `km clkr, pjrk mk pkrquj jg clkr mk cg`cm`j,
snmk pkrquj jg clkr js cqujggk `km quj jmarjmtclks gk quj mk
tnjmj skgu`nðm.

@km jg rjgctk dj Jgìcs gjs dky gc hnjmvjmndc c jstj gnhrk, quj

qunsnjrc sjc gjìdk dj c`ujrdk `km um cakrnslk quj cgoumc vjz
pjmsî y quj, pcrc lì, rjsulj gk `jmtrcg dj gc prã`tn`c tjrcpîu-
tn`c djg psn`kcmãgnsns5 ‗Gk lãs snlpgj ‐y dnaì`ng‐ mk js jmtjmdjr
gk quj mks pcsc, snmk pkdjr vnvnrgk“.

󰀸󰀰