Gktrjcu`tgjk6 Qjrt
QJGKSP
•
GK@YCIC6
Euo nkc spjhi mjcib ( smnbb pjrts n`t ns trnkssegpmikt pjgkts jr diicir
diicirs)
s)
• \ey sit C@ kinr pjrts rnteir gkbnkc: (sbgci 3 nkc 9)
• Pinpjrts
• Gmpjrtnk`i jd pjrt
• \ent enppiks nt pjrt
•
Josirvnjks jd pjrt6 pjrts kjw envi tj `jmpiti djr `nrlj (>9)
• Srnksgjks
Srnksgjks jd segp nkc pjrt sgzi (><)
• Mngk duk`jks nkc dn`gbgty nt pjrt
• Qjrt/enrojr/cj`h/bj`hs/ wenrd/ fiy/ cjbpegk/ tul onrrjws
• Sypis jd pjrt (?5)
•

•
tjtnb
Sypis`jst jd cgri`t-`nbb
jd pjrt6 oy duk`jknkcnkc
diicir nbtirknvis (0?)
lijlrnpey 
 

Sei rjbi jd ― s`nbi

 s`nbi‗‗ gk bjlgstg`s nkc P@M
• Gd nbb tei `jktngkirs
`jktngkirs gk tei wjrbc wiri bgkic up, gt wjubc `rinti
n `jktngkir wnbb wgte n biklte jd >15,111 hgbjmitris
• g.i.?.< mis nrjukc tei inrte nt tei iquntjr

•
Sei vjbumi jd driglet tent `nk oi eibc gk jki stnkcnrc djrty
djrty
djjt `jktngkir gs qugti sglkg`nkt6 ?11 cgsewnseirs, 091
og`y`bis jr 9,111 pngrs jd finks
• Sei segppgkl `jst pir ukgt gs teus qugti bjw6 Mnirsh ismnti
djr driglet `jmgkl drjm Nsgn tj Iurjpi gt `jsts £7 pir
cgsewnseir,, £9 pir og`y`bi nkc fust £1.09 pir pngr jd finks
cgsewnseir
 

Sei rjbi jd ―s`nbi‗ gk bjlgstg`s nkc P@M

• Jkby `irtngk pjrts `nk enkcbi ubtrn bnrli vissibs

• Seiri gs lrjwgkl trn` `jk`iktrnjk nt `irtngk jteir pjrts
•
Gk`rinsgklby, mnky mgc-sgzic pjrts nri pbnygkl n diicir rjbi
diicir rjbi tj tei viry bnrli
pjrts ns euo nkc spjhi kitwjrhs
• Gk teisi kitwjrhs, tei bnrlir vissibs pby oitwiik tei mnfjr trnksegpmikt
euos
•

Sei prjspirgty
strntilgis jdmnfjr
jd tei tei smnbbir pjrts
segppgkl gs gk`rinsgklby cipikcikt jk tei rjuti
bgkis
 

Qjrt @iktrg` Bjlgstg`s

•
Pjmi pjrts nri
pjrts nri n`viby ik`jurnlgkl `jmpnkgis tj bj`nti
cgstrgoujk `iktris nt pjrts rnteir tenk gk teigr trncgjknb
bj`njks weg`e tikc tj oi gk lijlrnpeg`nbby `iktrnb, gkbnkc
bj`njks
• @urrikt pnirks jd (gkbnkc) cgstrgoujk `iktri bj`njk
glkjri tei dn`t tent mjst jd tei driglet tent pnssis terjule
teisi cgstrgoujk `iktris rst trnksgts terjule n pjrt
•

Seiridjri
Seirid jri gt gs bjlg`nb (nkc jik insgir gk tirms jd bnkc
`jst, bn`h jd `jklisjk, it`.) tj sgti su`e cgstrgoujk
`iktris nt pjrts
 

Qjrt @iktrg` Bjlgstg`s

• Jki ncvnktnli jd pjrt `iktrg` bjlgs`s gs tent gt `uts cjwk jk tei

kumoir jd impty (riturk) `jktngkirs jk rjncs oy ―strgppgkl‗
―strgppgkl‗ (g.i.

imptygkl) gmpjrtic
ripjsgjkgkl `jktngkir
`jktngkirs
jd `jktngkirs s nt tei pjrt.
tj nkjteir Segs nbsj
pjrt weiri nbbjws
teiy dnstir
nri riqugric
 

Pinpjrts nri nrins weiri teiri nri dn`gbgtgi

dn`gbgtgiss djr oirtegkl jr
nk`ejrgkl segps nkc weiri teiri gs tei iqugpmikt djr tei
trnksdir jd ljjcs drjm segp tj sejri jr segp tj segp.

Sj usi n mjri mjcirk fnrljk, gt gs n segp/sejri gktirdn`i jr n

mnrgtgmi gktirmjcnb gktirdn`i. Drjm nk egstjrg`nb pjgkt jd
 vgiw, tei `ustjms dn`g
dn`gbgty
bgty gs gm
gmpjrtnkt
pjrtnkt oi`
oi`nusi
nusi wgteju
wgtejutt gt kj
gktirkntgjknb `jmmir`gnb segpmikt wns bilnbby pjssgobi.
 

Gmpjrtnk`i jd Qjrts djr Srn

Srncgkl
cgkl Kntgjks

– Sei mngk trnkspjrt bgkh wgte teigr trncgkl pnrtkirs nkc

teus n dj`nb pjgkt djr mjtjrwnys nkc rngbwny systims.
systims.
– N mnfjr i`jkjmg` mubpbgir djr tei knjk‗s prjspirgty.

Kjt jkby gs n pjrt n lntiwny

lntiwny djr trnci out mjst pjrts nrn`t
`jmmir`gnb gkdrnstru`
gkdrnstru`turi
turi gk
 gk tei djrm jd onkhs, nlik`gis, it`., ns wibb
ns gkcustrgnb n`vgty.
 

Qjrts nri tei mnrgtgmi trnkspjrt bj`ntgjks

bj`ntgjks66

– \eiri mjst mnrgmi n``gcikts enppik. Segs gs gkivgtnobi,

ns gt gs n dj`nb pjgkt, usunbby gk senbbjw wntir,
wntir, weiri segps
`jkvirli.
– \eiri `nrlj gs cnmnlic jr stjbik. Nlngk tegs gs gkivgtnobi
ns n pjrt gs n pbn`i weiri tei `nrlj gs enkcbic nkc n pbn`i
weiri vnbunobis nri `jk`iktrntic.
`jk`iktrntic.
Jki jd tei gkgnb rinsjks djr ougbcgkl ik`bjsic cj`hs nt tei oilgkkgkl
jd tei bnst `iktury wns tj ricu`i tei. Ejwivir,
Ejwivir, wgte dubb `jktngkir
bjncs ricu`gkl enkcbgkl gk pjrt nkc tei gk`rinsgkl spiic jd
terjuleput tei sglkg`nk`i jd tegs ibimikt sejubc oi ricu`gkl.
 

Qjrts nri tei mnrgtgmi trnkspjrt bj`ntgjks6

– \eiri ripngrs nri `nrrgic jut . Nbtejule n pjrt gs jovgjusby

tei jkby pbn`i weiri mnky ripngrs `nk oi nimptic, tei

mjri mjcirk prn``i jd pbnkkic mngktiknk`i minks tent

segp-jwkirs `nk pbnk nt weg`e pjrt tei ripngrs jr mngktiknk`i
wgbb oi cjki.
– \eiri mjst `jsts nri gk`urric . Nbtejule sjmi jd teisi
`jsts nkc cibnys djrm pnrt jd tei issiknb nkc gkivgtnobi
n`vgis jd n pjrt, jteirs, su`e ns cj`umiktnry `jsts nkc
cibnys, nri sgmpby pnrt jd nk egstjrg`nb trncgjk weg`e

`jubc nkc sejubc oi `enklic.

 

Qjrts nri tei mnrgtgmi trnkspjrt bj`ntgjks6

– \eiri cibnys nri mjst bghiby tj j``ur

j ``ur..
– \eiri surviys tnhi pbn`i.
– \eiri mjst segppgkl sirvg`is nri bj`ntic , i.l. nlikts,
orjhirs, it`. Segs sbb siims tj oi tei `nsi gk spgti jd mjcirk
`jmmukg`njk systims.

– \eiri gkcustrgis nri sgtuntic. Segs ens lrintby n``ibirntic

sgk`i tei
t ei Pi`jkc
Pi `jkc \jrbc \nr.
\nr.
– \eiri `nrljis `jmi drjm.

– \eiri `ustjms nkc ljvirkmikt pjbg`gis nri gmpbimiktic.

 

Cr Irkst Drnkhib, gk egs ojjh Qjrt

ojjh  Qjrt Qbnkkgkl nkc Civibjpmikt
Civibjpmikt (>754),
istgmntis tent ‒… jkby 31‐39% jd nbb trnkspjrt `jsts gk gktirkntgjknb
trnci nri pnynobi djr prjcu`tgvi trnkspjrtntgjk. Djr likirnb `nrlj tei
dgluri gs prjonoby jkby 00%.”

Mu`e jd tei ixtrn `jst nkc cibny j``urs gk pjrts (out gs kjt ki`issnrgby
`nusic oy pjrts).

 Ns gkcg`ntic, pjrts nri pbn`is weiri kumirjus

kumirjus `jktrjbs nri gmpjsic,
su`e ns cj`umiktnry `jktrjbs, dgknk`i `jktrjbs, gmpjrt `jktrjbs, it`. Djr
jovgjus rinsjks pjrts envi civibjpic ns nrins jd stjrnli wegbi `nrlj
 wngts djr cgstrgoutgjk, durteir prj`issgkl jr jkwnrc mjvimikt.
mjvimikt.
 

Mubtgpbi _jbis jd n Qjrt gk Fnpnk (>>11 Qjrts6 ?> Mnfjr6

Wjhjenmn, Sjhyj, Hjoi, Knljyn nkc Jsnhn)

– Cgstrgoujk `iktri.
– Gkcustrgnb zjki nkc ikirly suppby onsi.
– Mir`nkbi trncgkl `iktri–nrn`kl onkhs, orjhirs nkc
trncirs.
– Yronkgznjk nkc `gty ricivibjpmikt `iktri.

– Bgdi n`vgty onsi–tegs gs pnr`ubnrby tei `nsi djr tei smnbbir

rurnb pjrts.
– Mnrgmi bigsuri onsi–yn`et mnrgkns, cj`hsgci ri`rinjk

dn`gbgis, `rugsi segp tirmgknb.

 

Dukcnmiktnb josirvntgjks `jk`irkgkl pjrts

– Qjrts tikc tj oi bnrli `gvgb iklgkiirgkl

i klgkiirgkl ukcirtnhgkls wgte euli sukh
`jsts. Seiy nbsj tikc tj bnst mu`e bjklir tenk tei vieg`bis tent usi
teim. Gd n segp-jwkir mnhis n mgstnhi
mgstnhi gk tei typi jr sgzi jd segp ei
ouys ei `nk usunbby ri`jup egs bjssis oy sibbgkl egs mgstnhi. N pjrt
mnknlir wgbb usunbby kc gt mjri cg`ubt nkc `jstby tj cgspjsi jd egs
mgstnhis.
– N segp
segp gs
 gs nk ikty,
ikty, weirins n pjrt gs
pjrt gs sgmpby n `jbbi`jk jd n`vgis.
n`vgis.

Segsmnky
ens mnhisti`ekg`nb
gt mjri cg`ubt
jpitj tnbh nojut
nkc jpirnjknb
rnjknb pjrts
dinturis
dinturis gkgk likirnb.wgte
`jmmjk N smnbb segp
n bnrli
segp out gt gs sjmimis cg`ubt tj sii went n smnbb segkl pjrt gk n
civibjpgkl `juktry ens gk `jmmjk wgte, sny, _jircnm.
 

Dukcnmiktnb josirvntgjks `jk`irkgkl pjrts

– Mjst segps nkc segp jpirnt

jpirntjrs
jrs nri gktirknjknb gk teigr
cisglk nkc wnys jd wjrhgkl, weirins pjrts tikc tj oi mjri
pnrj`egnb gk tent teiy rii`t teigr bj`nb `jmmir`gnb ntucis,
prn``is, bnws nkc wjrhgkl prn``is.

Sei cuis jd, sny, tei segp‗s `nptngk nri sgmgbnr rilnrcbiss jd nl,
weirins tei cuis jdj d tei pjrt enrojurmnstir `nk cgir `jksgcirnoby
oitwiik `juktrgis.
 

Dukcnmiktnb josirvntgjks `jk`irkgkl pjrts

– Pgk`i tei ncvikt jd gktirmjcnbgsm, pjrts kjw envi tj `jmpiti djr `nrlj viry
mu`e mjri tenk gk tei pnst–eik`i tei lrint gktirist gk gk`rinsgkl pjrt i`gik`y
nkc vnbui-nccic n`vgis jvir tei bnst diw yinrs. (Tnbui-nccic n`vgis nri
cis`rgoic oy YK@SNC ns–‒Sei tirm nccic vnbui sglkgis vnbui kiwby nccic jr
`rintic gk tei prjcu`vi prj`iss jd nk iktirprgsi”.

Bjncgkl nkc cgs`enrlgkl nri `irtngkby vnbui-nccgkl n`vgis,

n`vgis, sj nri tei gkcustrgnb
sirvg`is jd n pjrt. Gk n cgstrgoujk `iktri, nccic vnbui `nk tnhi cgirikt djrms
su`e ns `nrlj-`jksjbgcnjk nkc ci`jksjbgcnjk– prjvgcgkl up-tj-cnti
gkdjrmnjk jk tei gkviktjry nkc `nrlj mjvimikts, stukl/ukstukl
`jktngkirs, `rnkl, pnbbisnjk, sergkh-wrnppgkl, bnoibbgkl, wiglegkl,
ripn`hnlgkl, it`.
it`.”)
”)
 

Dukcnmiktnb josirvntgjks `jk`irkgkl pjrts

– Qjrts prjvgci nk i`jkjmg` mubpbgir djr n rilgjk nkc mnky pjrts

kjw `nrry jut I`jkjmg` Gmpn`t Ptucgis tj citirmgki weg`e nspi`ts jd

teigr wjrh
pjrts sejubc
nri kjt jkby oi i k`jurnlic.
ik`jurnl
‒lntiwnys” ic.`nrlj
djr Gt sejubc
out nbsj
nbsj oi rimimoiric
jovgjus sgtis djr tent
gkcustry,, onkhs, nlikts, stjrnli cipjts nkc cgstrgoujk `iktris. Seiy
gkcustry
envi gk nccgjk oiik bnrli impbjyirs jd bnojur.

– Qjrts nri nbsj nk gmpjrtnkt pnrt jd n knjk‗s

knjk‗s trnkspjrt gkdrnstru`turi
gkdrnstru`turi
nkc must oi pnrt jd knjknb trnkspjrt pbnkkgkl, weg`e gs wey nky
knjknb ljvirkmikt jr bj`nb ljvirkmikt wgbb wgse tj envi sjmi gkput
gktj tei likirnb pjrt strntilg` pbnkkgkl.
 

Dukcnmiktnb josirvntgjks `jk`irkgkl pjrts

– Yp tj
`riihs teiistunrgis.
nkc mgc-kgkitiikte
istunrgis `iktury
. Pgk`i teik segps wiri
envi wiri
teiy segps lrjwksmnbb nkc
smnbb nkcukb
stincgby `jubctei
npprjn`e
npprjn`e mjst
>791s,  mjst
nir
weg`e segp sgzi gk`rinsic rnpgcby.
rnpgcby. Segs gk`rinsi gk segp sgzi `rintic prjobims djr
mjst pjrts, pnr`ubnrby ns rilnrcs wntir cipte, tei wgcte jd cj`h iktrnk`is nkc
oirte biklte. Mnky tirmgknbs oi`nmi josjbiti.
– Sei gk`rinsi gk segp sgzi `nusic `enklis gk trncgkl pnirks gk jrcir tj lngk tei
ncvnktnlis jd i`jkjmgis jd s`nbi. Bnrli segps must trnci oitwiik bnrli pjrts, wgte
nmpbi ciip wntir, binvgkl smnbbir segps (diicir vissibs) tj cgstrgouti tei `nrlj tj
smnbbir pjrts. Pegps usic tj lj tj tei `nrlj–kjw `nrlj ljis tj tei segp. Seisi
bnrli
spjhipjrts
. nri kjw ridirric tj ns `iktri pjrts nkc tei trncgkl pnirk ns euo nkc

Gt gs nbsj gmpjrtnkt tj kjti tent gt gs tei bnrli pjwirdub bgkir segp-jwkirs wej
ubmntiby ci`gci weiteir jr kjt n pjrt oi`jmis n `iktri pjrt, kjt tei pjrt
mnknlimikt. Sei pjrt mnknlimikt `nk ejwivir `rinti n mgbgiu tent gs nrn`vi
tj tei ogl mubknjknb `jktngkir `nrrgirs.
 

Sei mngk duk`tgjks nkc dinturis jd n pjrt

@gvgb iklgkiirgkl dinturis

– Pin nkc bnkc n``iss.
– Gkdrnstru`turis djr segps‗ oirtegkl.
– _jnc nkc rngb kitwjrh.
– Gkcustrgnb nrin mnknlimikt.
 

Sei mngk duk`tgjks nkc dinturis jd n pjrt

 Ncmgkgstrnvi
 Ncmgkgstrnvi duk`jks
– @jktrjb jd vieg`bis, nbb mjcis,
mjci s, iktirgkl nkc binvgkl tei
pjrt.
– Ikvgrjkmiktnb `jktrjb.
– @jktrjb jd cnklirjus `nrlj.
– Pndity nkc si`urgty wgtegk tei pjrt nrin.
– Gmmglrnjk, einbte, `ustjms nkc `jmmir`gnb cj`umiktnry
`jktrjb.
 

Sei mngk duk`tgjks nkc dinturis jd n pjrt

Jpirnjknb duk`jks
– Qgbjtnli, tullgkl nkc mjjrgkl n`vgis.
– Ysi jd oirtes, seics, it`.
– Bjncgkl, cgs`enrlgkl, stjrnli nkc cgstrgoujk jd `nrlj.
 

Mngk dn`gbgtgis nkc sirvg`is prjvgcic oy n pjrt

• Pirvg`is nkc Dn`gbgis djr Pegps6
• cipnrturi , Knvglnjk ngcs nkc TSP (Tissib Srn`hgkl Pirvg`i) , Npprjn`e `enkkib , Qgbjtnli, tuls nkc mjjrgkl
 Nrrgvnb nkc cipnrturi
Lnkls, Bj`hs (gd cnb), Oirtes
• Pirvg`is nkc Dn`gbgis djr @nrlj
• Onsg`
•

@nrlj enkcbgkl jk segp nkc jk quny, Srnkspjrt tj/drjm stjrnli, Ptjrnli/wnriejusgkl

• Snbbygkl, mnrhgkl, wiglegkl, surviygkl, Purvigbbnk`i, prjti`jk, snkgtnry minsuris, Cnklirjus `nrlj silrilnjk, @ustjms
nkc cj`umiktnry @jktrjb, _i`igvgkl nkc cibgviry
• Ncmgkgstrnvi djrmnbgis
• Qjbg`i, gmmglrnjk, `ustjms, einbte, Puppbgis, wntir, oukhirs, Sibipejki, ripngrs, micg`nb, wnsti cgspjsnb, Qjrt stnti

`jktrjb
• Nccgjknb "nccic vnbui‒ sirvg`is
• _ipn`hnlgkl, bnoibbgkl, sjrkl, nssimobgkl, @binkgkl nkc pripnrgkl `nrlj, Pikl
_ipn`hnlgkl, Pikl up n bjlgs` kitwjrh, Pikl up n
mnrhikl
• pn`hnli
•

@nrlj trnksdir Jpikgkl/`bjsgkl jd ent`eis Orinhgkl jut/stj

jut/stjwgkl
wgkl
 

Jpirntgjknb cidgkgtgjks
Jpirntgjknb
 Qjrt. N
 Qjrt. N tjwk wgte
wgte n enr
enrojur
ojur nkc dn`
dn`gbgtgis
gbgtgis djr n segp/sejri
gktirdn`i nkc `ustjms dn`gbgtgis.

 Enrojur.. N seibtir, igteir knturnb jr nrtgdg`gnb, djr segps.

 Enrojur

 Cj`h.. Nk nrtgdg`gnbby `jkstru`tic seibtir djr segppgkl.

 Cj`h

Orinhwntir jr Mjbi. N bjkl sjbgc stru`turi, ougbt jk tei

sinwnrc sgci jd tei enrojur, djr prjti`jk nlngkst tei winteir,
rjule sins nkc swibb.
 

 Bj`h. Gk tgcnb wntirs tei mnfjrgty jd cj`hs envi oiik mngktngkic

 Bj`h. mngktngkic nt
 nt n
wntir oy
dgxic cipte jd wntir  oy mnhgkl tei n``iss tj teim terjule n bj`h,
 weg`e nbbjws tei segp tj oi rngsic jr bjwiric ns gt iktirs jr binvis tei
cj`h.

Sei ncvnktnlis nri6

>. N `jkstnkt cipte jd wntir `nk oi mngktngkic.
?. @nrlj enkcbgkl oitwiik segp nkc sejri gs insgir.
0. Sei segp‗s mjjrgkl bgkis cj kjt kiic `jkstnkt nttiktgjk.

Sei cgsncvnktnlis nri6

>. Gk`rinsi gk `npgtnb `jst. Gt gs nbsj n `jkstru`tgjknb
` jkstru`tgjknb dinturi cgddg`ubt tj
nbtir gd `enklis gk segp cisglk mnhi gt tjj sejrt jr knrrjw. Segs ens
 oiik n prjobim wgte mnky nligkl pjrts gk tgcnb wntirs.wntirs.
?. Ixtrn tgmi nkc pjssgobi cibnys djr tei segp weik nrrgvgkl
nkc binvgkl.
 

\enrd . N stru`turi ougbt nbjkl tei sejri weiri vissibs `nk oirte
nbjklsgci.

 Qgir jr Fitty. N
Fitty. N stru`turi ougbt jut drjm tei sejri jr rgvir onkh jk
mnsjkry, stiib jr wjjcik pgbis djr oirtegkl segps. Gt gs kjt n sjbgc
stru`turi nkc sejubc kjt lrintby gmpici tei dbjw jd tgci jr `urrikt.
Ejwivir ojte teisi tirms nri jdtik usic wgte `jksgcirnobi vnrgntgjks.

 Cjbpegk. Nk gsjbntic gsbit jd pgbis jr mnsjkry tj nssgst gk tei oirtegkl

 Cjbpegk.
jr mnkjiuvrgkl jd segps.

 Ptivicjri. N pirsjk impbjyic gk mjvgkl tei `nrlj jk jr jdd tei segp.

 Ptivicjri.
Segs gs nlngk n tirm wgte mnky bj`nb vnrgntgjks. Djr gkstnk`i, gk Bjkcjk
gt wns tei tirm djr jki jd tei shgbbic tinm wej stjwic tei `nrlj jk
 ojnrc tei segp out ndtir Bjrc Civbgk‗s
Civbgk‗s ripjrt tei mnky trncgtgjknb
duk`tgjknb tirms usic gk tegs nrin wiri nonkcjkic gk dnvjur jd tei nbb-
imorn`gkl tirm ‒cj`hir”.
 

Sul. N
Sul. N smnbb pjwir-crgvik vissib usic
usic gk pjrts nkc enrojurs tj6
– Sjw onrlis nkc jteir ukpjwiric `rndt oitwiik riqugric bj`ntgjks wgtegk
tei enrojur. Gk tei inrby cnys jd sngb teiy wiri nmjkl tei dgrst stinm vissibs
tj oi civibjpic ns teiy wiri viry usidub gk eibpgkl sngbgkl `rndt gk nkc jut jd
pjrt.
– Eibp bnrli vissibs tj mnkjiuvri gk nkc jut jd bj`hs nkc jk nkc jdd teigr
 oirtes.

– Eibp gk
dgletgkl snbvnli
nkc nkc `jktrjb
pjbbutgjk ris`ui sgtuntgjks.
iqugpmikt.Mnky wgbb oi iqugppic wgte dgri

 N mjcirk enrojur tul wgbb prjonoby envi n ojbbnrc pubb jd sjmiweiri

sjmiweiri
 oitwiik ?1 tj <1 tjks.
 

 Bilnb cidgkgtgjks
cidgkgtgjks

 Qjrt minksjd
cgs`enrlic nk`nrlj
nrin nkc
wgtegk weg`e tei
gk`bucis segps nri pbn`is
usunb bjncicweiri
wgte nkc/jr
segps wngt
djr teigr turk jr nri jrciric jr jobglic tj wngt djr teigr turk kj
mnttir tei cgstnk`i drjm tent nrin.

Gd tei wjrc pjrt
wjrc pjrt gs kjt usic, out tei pjrt gs (jr gs tj oi) gciktgdgic
 oy gts knmi,
knmi, tegs cidgkgtgjk
cidgkgtgjk senbb sstgbb
tgbb nppb
nppby.
y. 
 

 Pndi Qjrt minks n pjrt weg`e, curgkl tei ribivnkt pirgjc jd tgmi, tei segp
`nk rin`e, iktir, rimngk nt nkc cipnrt drjm wgtejut, gk tei nosik`i jd sjmi

nokjrmnb j``urrik`i,
ljjc knvglntgjk oigkl ixpjsic tj cnklir weg`e `nkkjt oi nvjgcic oy
nkc sinmnksegp.

 Oirte minks tei spi`gdg` pbn`i weiri tei segp gs tj bjnc nkc/jr cgs`enrli. Gd

tei wjrc oirte

gts knmi, gs kjt usic,
tegs cidgkgtgjk outstgbb
senbb teinppby.
spi`gdg` pbn`i gs (jr gs tj oi) gciktgdgic oy

 Pndi Oirte minks n oirte weg`e, curgkl tei ribivnkt pirgjc jd tgmi, tei segp
`nk rin`e, rimngk nt nkc cipnrt drjm wgtejut, gk tei nosik`i jd sjmi
nokjrmnb j``urrik`i, oigkl ixpjsic tj cnklir weg`e `nkkjt oi nvjgcic oy
ljjc knvglntgjk nkc sinmnksegp.
 

Cgddirikt typis jd pjrts6 Oy duk`tgjk

(N) N `nrlj gktirdn`i

(>) Euo jr @iktri pjrt 
(?) Diicir pjrt –tj
–tj diic nkc cgstrgouti `nrlj drjm >.
(0) Iktripjt jr trnksgt pjrt .
(3) Cjmis` pjrt , g.i. n knturnb jutbit djr surrjukcgkl egktirbnkc.
 

 Euo jr @iktri pjrt , nbsj sjmitgmis ridirric tj ns n miln pjrt,

pjrt, cgri`t-
`nbb pjrt, euo nkc bjnc `iktri pjrt, milneuo (lrintir tenk 3mk SIYs
pir nkkum weiri n SIY = Swikty-djjt Iqugvnbikt Ykgt), supireuo
(lrintir tenk > mgbbgjk SIYs pir nkkum), bjnc `iktri pjrt, pgvjt pjrt,
it`.

Gk tei pnst pjrts tikcic tj oi igteir sgmpby bnrli mnfjr pjrts cinbgkl wgte
gktirknjknb trnci jr smnbbir bj`nb pjrts sirvgkl tei kiics jd teigr jwk
egktirbnkc wgte mngkby `jnstnb jr sejrt-sin segppgkl. Ns gkbnkc trnkspjrt

civibjpic, bnrlir pjrts oi`nmi bnrlir nkc smnbbir pjrts smnbbir. Sei ncvikt jd
gktirmjcnb trnkspjrt nkc bnrlir segps minkt n `enkli gk tei i`jkjmg`s jd
gktirknjknb trnkspjrt.
trnkspjrt. @nrlj oilnk tj mjvi oy diicir segps jr gkbnkc
trnkspjrt mjcis tj bnrli euo jr `iktri pjrts weiri bnrli dnst `jktngkir segps
mjvic tei `jktngkirs tj jteir strntilg`nbby bj`ntic euo pjrts nrjukc tei
wjrbc.
 

Sei `jk`ipt jd euo pjrts ens civibjpic sgk`i gt wns dgrst

gktrjcu`ic n `jupbi jd ci`ncis nlj. Jrglgknbby tei likirnb
`jksiksus siimic tj oi tent tei euo pjrt wjubc knturnbby oi
djrmic oy tei bnrlist `jktngkir pjrt gk tei rilgjk jr tei pjrt
djr weg`e segps enc tei mjst `nrlj.

Ejwivir, gcins nri `enklgkl, nkc wi nri kjw siigkl euos

bj`ntic nt nk gktirmicgnti pjgkt nbjkl n pikcubum rjuti wgte
zirj bj`nb `nrlj tj jddir, i.l. Mnbtn (Mnrsnxbjhh), Driipjrt
Onenmns nkc Pnbnbne. Pu`e pjrts ns teisi tikc tj oi
gktir`enkli pjrts djr bnrli vissibs rnteir tenk euo nkc spjhi
pjrts djr bnrli vissibs nkc diicirs.
 

N``jrcgkl tj nk E. Q. Criwry _ipjrt gk >77<, <5% jd `jktngkir terjuleput nt tei

Qjrt jd Pgklnpjri gk >774 `jksgstic jd trnks-segpmikt `jktngkirs, wegbi nt
Nbli`grns gt wns 71%. Sei snmi ripjrt ismntic tent twj-tegrcs jd tei rgsi nt tei
?1 mnfjr euo pjrts wns kjt cui tj lbjonb trn` lrjwte out `nusic oy nk
gk`rinsi gk trnks-segpmikt. Gt wns nbsj ismntic tent oitwiik >751 nkc >771
tei kumoir jd trnks-segpmikt `jktngkirs enc oiik lrjwgkl nt nk nvirnli jd >3%
pir nkkum. Gk ?110 gt wns ismntic tent 5?% jd nbb `jktngkirs nri trnks-segppic.

Ns tei bnrli gktirknjknb bgkir `jmpnkgis nri tei mnfjr ci`gsgjk-mnhirs weik gt

`jmis tj cisglknkl n euo pjrt, teiy wgbb kjt wnkt jki pjrt tj n`egivi
mjkjpjby stntus gk n rilgjk. Jki wjubc nk`gpnti teiridjri tent teiy wgbb
ikcinvjr tj iksuri tent nt binst twj pjrts jd euo pjrt stntus nri `jmpikl gk n
rilgjk tj sndilunrc teigr onrlngkgkl pjsgjk.
 

 _ibntgjksegp oitwiik tjtnb `jst

`jst jd cgri`t-`nbb
cgri`t-`nbb nkc 
 diicir nbtirkntgvis

Jki jd tei mnfjr pjgkts jd cgs`ussgjk `jk`irkgkl pjrts gs weiteir tegs cgvgsgjk jd pjrts gktj
`iktri pjrts nkc diicir pjrts wgbb `jkkui gkcikgtiby. Gt mny oi tent gt gs n pnssgkl pensi jd
civibjpmikt gk tei inrby stnlis jd tei lrjwte jd `jktngkirgznjk, tjliteir wgte ukonbnk`ic
lbjonb trnci nt tei ikc jd tei twikite `iktury.
Gd tei vjbumi jd trnci gs bnrli ikjule, cgstrgoujk vgn diicir vissibs gs jovgjusby kjt tei
jpmum sjbujk.
sjbujk. Jk tei jki enkc, trncgkl oitwiik `iktri pjrts iknobis tei `nrrgir tj tnhi
ncvnktnli jd tei i`jkjmgis jd s`nbi jiric oy bnrli `jktngkir segps.
segps . Jk tei jteir enkc,
teiri nri tei ixtrn `jsts nkc pjtiknb cibnys `nusic oy envgkl tj ri-segp
ri-segp tei
 tei `jktngkirs jk tj
n smnbbir diicir segp djr cgstrgoujk.
Sei. Sei vjbumi gk tegs `jktixt gs, djr n pnr`ubnr pjrt, vjbumi jd trn` teiridjri oi`jmis
tei ci`gsgvi dn`tjrtei
dn`tjrtei kumoir jd jotngknobi SIYs pir wiih oy n segppgkl bgki gk ribnjk tj n
spi`gic mnrgmi rjuti. Seus n segppgkl bgki sejubc usi diicir sirvg`is ns bjkl ns tei trn`
nt gts cgspjsnb jk n mnrgmi rjuti gs diwir
diwir tenk ‒x”SIYs pir wiih (ojte gmpjrt nkc ixpjrt).
Qrjdissjr Peuj Mn sullistic gk tei inrby >771s tent oitwiik nk Nsgnk nkc n Iurjpink pjrt, x
= 951.
 

Cgddirikt typis jd pjrts6 Oy duk`tgjk

(O) N MGCNP (Mnrgtgmi Gkcustrgnb 
 Civibjpmikt Nrin) (nbsj hk
hkjwk
jwk gk Drnk`i
Drnk`i
ns Vjkis Gkcustrgibbis Qjrtungris (VGQ))

(9) Bnrli gkcustrgnb zjki wgte gts jwk mnrgki trnkspjrt tirmgknb.
(4) @ustjms drii pjrt .
(<) Jgb pjrt .
 

MGCNP

Segs wns n tirm tent oi`nmi pnrt jd pjrt fnrljk gk tei mgc->741s tj
`jvir tei pjrt civibjpmikt weg`e enc oiik tnhgkl pbn`i lrncunbby
sgk`i tei Pi`jkc
rikirgis, \jrbcsnw
stiib wjrhs \nr.
teiGkcustrgis su`e
ncvnktnlis jdns pitrj`eimg`nbs,
bj`nkl teimsibvisjgbgk
pjrt nrins tj tnhi
tnhi ncvnktnli jd `einp trnkspjrt jd oubh rnw mntirgnbs.

Djr tegs tj j``ur teiri enc tj oi ciip-wntir n``iss, nvngbnobi bnkc nkc
cimnkc djr tei prjcu`t.
 

Cgddirikt typis jd pjrts6 Oy duk`tgjk

(@) Ppi`gdg` segp/sejri gktirdn`i

(5) Knvnb pjrt .
(7) Dgsegkl pjrt .
(>1) Ppi`g` @jmmjcgty Ixpjrt Qjrt 
 

Ppi`gdg` @jmmjcgty Ixpjrt Qjrt 

Ppi`g` @jmmjcgty Ixpjrt Qjrt, djr ixnmpbi (qujkl ?111 tjkknlis)6

@jnb 6
^gkeunklcnj (@egkn) 50.5 mgbbgjk tjkkis
_g`enrcs Ony (Pjute Ndrg`n) 45.7 mgbbgjk tjkkis

Eny Qjgkt (Nustrnbgn) 47.3 mgbbgjk tjkkis

Qjrt jd Tgrlgkgn (YPN) ?1.0 mgbbgjk tjkkis

Jri6
Grjk Jri6
Su
Suonrnj
onrnj Qrngn, Mjbi (Ornzgb) 45.0 mgbbgjk tjkkis

Qjrt Eincbnkc (Nustrnbgn) 45.9 mgbbgjk tjkkis

Cnmpgir (Nustrnbgn) 49.7 mgbbgjk tjkkis
Pnbcnken Ony (Pjute Ndrg`n) ?3 mgbbgjk tjkkis
Knrvgh (Kjrwny) >>.5 mgbbgjk tjkkis

 N bnrli pjrt su`e ns _jircnm

_jircnm `nk oi mnky jd teisi.
 

Cgddirikt typis jd pjrts6 Oy lijlrnpeg` typi

ty pi

(>) @jnstnb suomirlik`i–Kiw Wjrh nkc Pjutenmptjk.

(?) _yns (suomirlic istunrgis)–Dnbmjute, _gj.
(0) Sgcnb istunrgis–Orgstjb, Bjkcjk, Nktwirp.
(3) Nr`gnb enrojurs–Cjvir.
(9) _gvirs (kjk-cnb)–Mjktrinb

Sei ri`jlkgjk jd n lijlrnpeg` typi mny lgvi nk gksglet gktj gts jpirnkl
ncvnktnlis jr cgsncvnktnlis, i.l. n cnb istunrgnb pjrt wgbb prjonoby riqugri
mjri ixpiksgvi surviygkl nkc criclgkl tenk n `bjsic cj`h systim.

Sei pjrt jd Bjkcjk gs n ljjc ixnmpbi jd nk istunrgnb pjrt.