G kncgr aucn hi snðhi hg Drnsco

Lgkg rilgmbilir
hcnditis gs scmncs hg
hislgkpimsnhg
nmtis hi ukn lrcsi

G VN\\G N
VN\\G HN
LCTYTACN ^YI
TILGM\XTÜC
N\ KNKN\

Hcitn hitgx
hg eëanhg Mgvns didchns
(tistnhns i nprgvnhns)
ockpnk n agrhurn
hg üraìg i n`uhnk n
pirhir pisg
pisg
LTCNMÁN\ XTC\X
XTC\XI\0
I\0 GUG XGHG HCN U
UGL
GLÀÀ KN
KNC\
C\ NXCU
CUG
G
G qui lnrnltirczn
lnrnltirczn n N rilictn oivi qui \nëhns cmtiocaimtis
hiprissìg mn cmeämlcn enz dik ng lgrnáìg pnrn kixir g lgrpg
Eëanhg sik
Eëa
agrhurn
Lgkiánr g hcn lgk Ockìg
Isti nockimtg lgmtãk vctnkcmn L i eonvgmgchis, qui
didchns rclns ik ecdrns sìg nmtcgxchnmtis,
nmtcgxchnmtis, egrtnoilik n ckumchnhi i lgmtàk n
i nmtcgxchnmtis enz vglà cmeonknáìg. Nhstrcmaimti, nai mg prglissg hcaistcvg i mn
iockcmnáìg hi tgxcmns i agrhurn. I lgmtãk eüsegrg, qui
pirhir pisg i si ocvrnr hn envgrili n ndsgráìg hi lîolcg, i pgulg náðlnr. Npüs sir
hcairchg, g sulg tgrmn-si nolnocmcznmti, kns quik sgeri
istintgsi bipîtcln
hi anstrcti gu rieouxg pghi sir simsëvio. Vnrn vnrcnr,
vnrcnr, rnspi
tixtg XNXCNMN
XNXCNMN VTGM
VTGMCM
CM egtgs DCTN VTNHG n lnsln i g dnanág sgdri hglis i snonhns hi erutn0 missn
prghuáìg @NMNCMN TI\IMHI pnrti istìg lgmlimtrnhgs gs mutrcimtis i vctnkcmns.

nhn viz kncs aimti tik rilidchg

Lguvi

L
g hcnamüstclg hi istintgsi bipî-
tcln, g nlðkuog ixlisscvg hi agr- Xik lîolcg, qui noãk hi dgk pnrn gs gssgs, n`uhn n pirhir
hurn mns lãouons hg eëanhg qui, pisg: tik vctnkcmn J, ckpgrtnmti pnrn n lgnauonáìg,
si mìg lgmtrgonhn, pghi ivgoucr pnrn lcrrgsi i knamãscg, qui nuxcocn n eumáìg hg eëanhg. ‟Xghns
‟Xghns ns
i ntã lämlir. N hgimán ã lonssc﬎lnhn ik hgcs egobns virhi-islurns iockcmnk tgxcmns,
tgxcmns, hnhg g notg tigr hi
arnmhis arupgs0 g prckicrg tik lgkg grcaik logrgecon‛,, lgmtn Oitëlcn Kimhis, hn Istckn Mutrcáìg (\V).
logrgecon‛
g usg lrømclg i ixlisscvg hi îolggo. @î g si- Nprgvicti g eck hi siknmn pnrn onvnr uk knág hi lguvi,
aumhg, rieirchg piogs kãhclgs lgkg hgimán dntir dik gu prglissnr ns egobns lgk 4 n 8 lgpgs hi îaun
bipîtcln agrhurgsn mìg nolgüocln, lrisli mn i hcstrcducr (sik lgnr) ik ludgs hi aiog pnrn gs sics hcns
kiskn prgpgráìg ik qui n ipchikcn hi gdi- siaucmtis. Dntn g aiog lgk erutns gu sulgs.
schnhi i hcnditis tcpg 4 nukimtn mg kumhg.
N prcmlcpno, si mìg ðmcln, kihchn pnrn ri-
virtir issn lgmhcáìg, qui neitn kncs hi 46%
hn pgpuonáìg, ã enzir kghc﬎lnáùis mg istcog
hi vchn pnrn vimlir n agrhurn vcslirno “ cssg
kiskg, nquioi tilchg nhcpgsg qui si nlu-
kuon mn dnrrcan ik noaums cmhcvëhugs ã g
kiskg qui cmvnhi g eëanhg i lgogln g gran- )
NX
\
C
mcskg cmticrg, ntã g lgrnáìg i g lãridrg, ik M
G
C
LC
T
rcslg. Lgkg n uotrnssgmgarn﬎n tgrmgu-si uk Y
X
(M

ixnki lgkuk mn rgtcmn hns pissgns, bg`i ei- I

\
H
M
I
K
oczkimti ã pgssëvio chimtc﬎lnr n prisimán hi N
C
L
Ë
X
I
agrhurn mg eëanhg nmtis hi g prgdoikn lgk- O
0
N
X
C
I
L
prgkitir tghg g üraìg. I
T

44 UCUN\NÐHI QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT
 Knáì
N knáì ‟ã rcln ik piltcmn, ukn ecdrn sgoðvio lnpnz hi
hckcmucr gs mëvics hi lgoistirgo i g nlðkuog hi agrhurn‛
agrhurn‛,,
hislrivi n mutrclcgmcstn Oitëlcn Kimhis, hn Istckn
Mutrcáìg (\V). Ns ecdrns hg nockimtg lgmtrcduik pnrn g
dgk eumlcgmnkimtg hg cmtistcmg0 ‟Ions n`uhnk n iockcmnr
ns tgxcmns prisimtis mg trntg hcaistcvg, i issn tnrien
enlcoctn g eëanhg ik siu trndnobg hi ockpizn‛, nlrislimtn
nlrislimtn n
mutrclcgmcstn \nknmtn Drctg. Kns g kãhclg Qcosgm Tgmhü
rilgkimhn kghirnáìg
kghirnáìg mg lgmsukg hn erutn, qui ã rcln ik
erutgsi. Gs sulgs lgmlimtrnhgs hivik sir cmairchgs lgk
kghirnáìg pgr quik tik aoclgsi notn. Kns, sik hðvchn, g
nockimtg ã ukn ütckn gpáìg pnrn nhgánr gs sulgs virhis,
ispilcnokimti pnrn quik tgrli g mnrcz pnrn
p nrn g sndgr nknrag.

\ulg hitgx hi
knáì,
ockìg ilguvi,
aimacdri
Cmarihcimtis
> knáì pclnhn
(lgk lnsln i sik kcgog)
> egobn hi lguvi bcacimcznhn
> onsln hi aimacdri
> ockìg isprikchg
Îaun, g qunmtg dnstnr
Kghg hi pripnrg
Dntn tghgs gs cmarihcimtis pgr
mg këmckg uk kcmutg i scrvn.

Aimacdri
Gs üoigs issimlcncs hg aimacdri, lgkg g acmairgo, pghik
rihuzcr gs mëvics hi imzckns bipîtclns qui si imlgmtrnk
nukimtnhns mgs ixnkis, lgkg n nonmcmn nkcmgtrnmseirnsi,
nkcmgtrnmseirnsi,
dik lgkg g mëvio hi lctglcmns prü-cmeonkntürcns. Yk
istuhg, pudoclnhg mg pircühclg Bipntctcs Kgmtboy,
Kgmtboy, lgkpnrgu
g ieictg hn supoikimtnáìg sgknhn n uk prgarnkn hi
hcitn i ntcvchnhi eëscln ik uk arupg hi 88 pnlcimtis. Gs
risuotnhgs, gdtchgs pgr pisqucsnhgris hn Ymcvirschnhi hi
Xiirì (Crì), egrnk dik kncs ixprisscvgs mgs pnlcimtis qui
rilidirnk aimacdri. N rncz ncmhn ã lgmbilchn piog siu ieictg
tirkgaàmclg0 siu lgmsukg pghi nlioirnr n quickn hi
lnogrcns. ^uik sgeri hi anstrcti hivi ivctnr ixlissgs.

QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT UCUN\NÐHI 4<

 KNXÃTCN HI LNVN
‟G qunhrg qunsi sikpri ã nsscmtgkîtclg,
npimns 46% gu <6% hgs pnlcimtis pghik
simtcr uk hislgmegrtg hg onhg hcrictg hg nd-
hgki gu rilonknr qunmhg g kãhclg enz n pno-
pnáìg hg eëanhg hurnmti ukn lgmsuotn‛, rion-
tn g kãhclg Ihkumhg Ogpis, prischimti hn
\glcihnhi Drnscoicrn hi Bipntgogacn (\DB).
G rcslg hn sgdrilnran
^unmhg lgmtrgonhn, n istintgsi pghi pir-
knmilir istîvio. Kns Ogpis ixpocln qui, pnrn
46% gu <6% hgs pnlcimtis, n lgmhcáìg ivgouc
pnrn n istintgipntcti “ g üraìg cmfflnkn i, në
sck, g rcslg hi lcrrgsi i lämlir nukimtn sik
trntnkimtg nhiqunhg. G hcnamüstclg ã eictg
lgk ixnkis ondgrntgrcncs, noãk hgs hi ckn-
aik i, ivimtunokimti, dcüpscn. I kiskg ng
ntcmacr issi arnu, n hgimán pirknmili nsscm-
tgkîtcln gu airn scmncs lgkg lnmsnág, pirhn
hi npitcti i cltirëlcn.
à eîlco cknacmnr g rcslg qui uk eëanhg sg-
drilnrrianhg riprisimtn. G üraìg tik eum-
áùis vctncs0 lgmvirti n agrhurn i g náðlnr qui
cmairckgs ik lgkdustëvio pnrn ns lãouons,
nrknzimn g ixlihimti lgkg risirvn euturn,
trnmsegrkn nkcmgîlchgs ik imiracn, lgmvir-
ti n vctnkcmn J ik prgtiëmns qui ntunk mn
lgnauonáìg hg snmaui, kitndgoczn gs kihc-
lnkimtgs i si imlnrrian hi tcrnr hg snmaui n
arnmhi qunmtchnhi hi tgxcmns qui nssckcon-
kgs mg hcn n hcn, cmlouscvi g îolggo. Vgrtnmtg,
üraìg sü ‟rilonkn‛ qunmhg n sctunáìg ã arnvi.
Iknarilir, kns hivnanr
\un lnpnlchnhi hi riaimirnr-si ã ockc-
tnhn pirnmti narissgris pircagsgs lgkg gs
vërus hn bipntcti D gu L, îolggo i hrgans ik
ixlissg i nlðkuog hi agrhurn. Ns lclntrc-
zis ﬎drgsns i gs mühuogs hi riaimirnáìg
hissns oisùis lnrnltircznk n lcrrgsi, hgim-
án hcnamgstclnhn pgr dcüpscn qui ã n prcm-
lcpno lnusn hi lämlir bipîtclg. Missi lnsg,
ns knmceistnáùis sìg enhcan, mîusins, pirhn
hi npitcti, urcmn islurn, lglicrn, hgr i nlð-
kuog hi oëquchg mn lnvchnhi ndhgkcmno i
notirnáùis vnsluonris. Gs entgris hi rcslg
sìg gdischnhi (prcmlcpnokimti n ndhgkc-
mno), hcnditis, nukimtg hg lgoistirgo i/gu
trcaoclãrchis i bcpirtimsìg.
48 \NÐHI
UCUN
G usg hi lirtns sudstämlcns, lgkg lgrtclgs- Hgrkcr tnkdãk
tirgchis, nmndgocznmtis, istrüaimgs i nkcg- n`uhn. Vnrn sndir g
pgrquà,nlissi0
hnrgmn (hrgan pnrn nrrctkcn), tnkdãk pghik www.rivcstnvcvnsnuhi.
lnusnr istintgsi, dik lgkg prghutgs tüxclgs, lgk.dr
i pghik cmlimtcvnr g rnstricg. I n hgimán ncm-
hn istî nssglcnhn
nssglcnhn æ npmicn hg sgmg
sgmg,, bipntcti
lrømcln piog vërus L, sëmhrgki hi gvîrcgs pg-
oclëstclgs, bcpgagmnhcskg i bcpgtcrigchcskg
bcpgtcrigchcskg..
Vnrn vimlir n hgimán ã prilcsg hnr ﬎k ng
sihimtnrcskg i ng lgmsukg ixlisscvg hi
lgkchns rîpchns i lnoürclns. N hcitn hivi
sir grcimtnhn pgr kãhclgs i mutrclcgmcstns,
oivnmhg-si ik lgmtn ristrcáùis ispilë﬎lns,
lgkg ã g lnsg hg hcnditis i hn bcpirtimsìg.
I ukn hcln ckpgrtnmti0 pirhir pisg rîpchg
hikncs pghi narnvnr n istintgsi, pgr cssg n
hcitn mìg pghi sir rnhclno “ g chino ã pirhir
mìg kncs qui uk qucog pgr siknmn. Vnlcimtis
qui si sudkitik æ lcruracn dnrcîtrcln pri-
lcsnk sir dik nlgkpnmbnhgs, ncmhn qui, n
kãhcg i ogmag prnzg, g dimieëlcg privnoián.
Arupg hi rcslg0 hcndãtclgs
Ncmhn qui gs nockimtgs agrhurgsgs si`nk
nssglcnhgs ng prgdoikn, istuhgs kgstrnk
qui n riscstàmlcn æ cmsuocmn i g nukimtg mgs
mëvics hi trcaoclãrchis hisikpimbnk uk pn-
pio ntã kncs ckpgrtnmti mn istintgsi. Ã g qui
lgmlouërnk pisqucsnhgris hn Ymcvirschnhi
hg Xixns, ik uk istuhg pudoclnhg mg
Xbi @gurmno ge Locmclno Imhglrcmgogay &
K
Kit
itnd
ndgo
gocsk, g qui ixpocln g entg hi n lgmhc-
csk
áìg neitnr 16% hgs ddrnscoicrgs
rnscoicrgs lgk hcnditis.
UNC YK LNEIPCMBG NË7
Ikdgrn lbîs timbnk kncgr npiog imtri gs nhiptgs hns hcitns hitgx,
g lneã ã n didchn pnrn n quno si tik kiobgr ivchàmlcn hgs dimieëlcgs
pnrn g eëanhg. Cmhcvëhugs qui lgmsgkik ukn xëlnrn hi lneã ng hcn
tàk uk rcslg lirln hi 46% kimgr hi hisimvgovir lämlir bipîtclg,
i quik lgmsgki huns xëlnrns, ukn rihuáìg hi ntã <9% missn
prgdndcochnhi, siaumhg ukn rivcsìg hi istuhgs rinocznhn pions
umcvirschnhis hi \gutbnkptgm i Ihckdurag (Ticmg Ymchg). Gutrn
pisqucsn, hn Ymcvirschnhi Irnskus (Bgonmhn), ixnkcmgu hnhgs hi
kncs hi 4.866 pnrtclcpnmtis i lgmloucu qui n didchn prgtiai lgmtrn n
lcrrgsi. N lneiëmn ncmhn n`uhn n iknarilir
iknarilir.. Kns mnhn hi ixnairnr
ixnairnr00 ik
ixlissg,, ion lnusn ieictgs lgontirncs arnvis,
ixlissg arnvis, lgkg hcnrricn i nrrctkcns.
QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT
 Xurdcmi g tigr hi \bnji hi
mutrcimtis hi suns ndnlnti
didchns nhclcgmnmhg Cmarihcimtis
> xëlnrn hi oicti hi
cmarihcimtis lgkg
lbcn, ocmbnán, nkàmhgns
> ndnlnti piquimg
nvicn, wbiy prgticm, > onrnm`n hislnslnhn i
lgrtnhn ik quntrg
cgaurti mnturno gu » ockìg sclcocnmg

sikimtis hi acrnssgo isprikchg

Kghg hi pripnrg
Dntn gs cmarihcimtis pgr
<6 n 56 siaumhgs i scrvn

Ndnlnti
Egmti hi ‟agrhurn dgn‛ qui
kiobgrn g lgoistirgo dgk
(BHO) i rihuz g ruck (OHO), g
ndnlnti lgmtãk g hgdrg hi
pgtîsscg hn dnmnmn, tik pgulg
náðlnr i erutgsi. \iaumhg g
mutrüogag Qcosgm Tgmhü,
Tgmhü, n erutn
Oicti hi nkàmhgns prgkgvii n snlcihnhi i n`uhn n
prgkgv
iknarilir,, npisnr hi sir lnoürclg.
iknarilir
).
G
Oictis viaitncs, lgkg g hi nkàmhgns gu hi lglg, sìg ukn dgn gpáìg lgkg dnsi Visqucsnhgris
Visqucsnhgr is hn Ymcvirschnhi
A
G
O
Ü
T
hi sbnjis i skggtbcis. Iois sìg ocvris hi lgoistirgo, rclgs ik agrhurns kgmg i \bczugjn, mg @npìg, hislgdrcrnk
X
Y
M
(
Ü
pgoc-cmsnturnhnss i envgrilik g cmtistcmg. Noãk hcssg, g oicti hi nkàmhgns lgmtn
pgoc-cmsnturnhn qui n erutn lgmtãk ectgquëkclgs
H
M
G
T
lgk mutrcimtis lgkg knamãscg, pgtîsscg,
pgtîsscg, vctnkcmns N, D i I, qui vik simhg qui rihuzik g hnmg bipîtclg
M
G
Q
)
\
OC
cmvistcanhn pgr siu pgtimlcno nuxëocg mg lgmtrgoi hn hgimán. Vnrn enz
enzir
ir g oicti
oic ti ik rntgs. Vgr ðotckg, n erutn ã dgn
I
L
X
N ik lnsn, hicxi ns nkàmhgns hi kgobg hi uk hcn pnrn g gutrg, siqui lgk uk egmti hi egontg, vctnkcmns L, I, D4
N
D
(N0
N
X
pnmg gu pnpio i dntn lgk îaun mg ocquchceclnhgr gu prglissnhgr.
prglissnhgr. \i prieircr g i D5, i pghi sudstctucr g lriki hi
C
I
L
T
I cmhustrcnocznhg, ntimti-si ng rütuog pnrn ivctnr prghutgs lgk nhcáìg hi náðlnr. oicti ik hglis i sbnjis.

QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT UCUN\NÐHI 49
 KNXÃTCN HI LNVN

Kihclnkimtgs nmtchcndãtclgs (pcgaoctnzgmn \ulg hi

i n kitegrkcmn) pghik sir lgmschirnhgs mg
trntnkimtg hn gdischnhi ndhgkcmno i hg eë-
ndnlnxc, lnmion,
anhg agrhurgsg. ‟Gutrgs naimtis,
naimtis, lgkg tglg-
aimacdri
eirgo, n scocknrcmn i noaums nkcmgîlchgs tàk i bgrtioì
si kgstrnhg i﬎lnzis‛, cmegrkn Hurvno Tcdns
Ecobg, prischimti hn Nssglcnáìg Drnscoicrn hi Cmarihcimtis
Mutrgogacn (Ndrnm). 4 rghions hi ndnlnxc
Vctnhn hi lnmion
Ntimáìg æ agrhurn nmckno Ykn onsln hi aimacdri
N lgrriáìg hn hcitn imvgovi mìg npimns Îaun g qunmtg dnstnr
n ristrcáìg lnoürcln. ‟Ã prilcsg nukimtnr g > pumbnhg hi bgrtioì
lgmsukg hi erutns i virhurns (pnrn lcmlg gu Kghg hi pripnrg
kncs pgráùis ng hcn) i g hi arìgs i prghutgs Dntn tghgs gs cmarihcimtis
cmtiarncs: hckcmucr n cmaistìg hi lnrdgchrn- mg ocquchceclnhgr i scrvn
tgs ri﬎mnhgs i hi sühcg, nhiqunr n cmaistn
hi agrhurns (îlchgs arnxgs), hckcmucmhg n
agrhurn trnms i nukimtnmhg n hg tcpg økian
<, qui ã nmtc-cmfflnkntürcn‛, imscmn g mutrüog- Nobg
ag. N cmaistìg hi îolggo hivi sir rihuzchn gu N irvn ã ‟rcln ik noclcmn i sioàmcg, hgcs mutrcimtis
ivctnhn “ n sudstämlcn sgdrilnrrian g eëanhg ckpgrtnmtis pnrn g eumlcgmnkimtg hg eëanhg.
i ã lgmvirtchn ik agrhurn vcslirno. Iois n`uhnk n ioivnr gs mëvics hi ckumchnhi i
Ns nssglcnáùis kãhclns rilgkimhnk kg- lgmtrcduik pnrn n hiscmtgxclnáìg hg granmcskg‛,
granmcskg‛,
hirnáìg mg lgmsukg hi egmtis hi agrhurn anrnmti n mutrclcgmcstn \nknmtn Drctg. Ik uk
nmckncs (knmtican, lnrmi virkiobn, oicti ixpirckimtg hn Ymcvirschnhi hi Csenbì, mg Crì,
i quic`g agrhgs). Kns noaums ispilcnocstns uk supoikimtg hi nobg ik pü trguxi kiobgrn
nlrihctnk qui issis ctims mik sikpri sìg scamceclntcvn mn rihuáìg hg pisg i hi knssn agrhn
gs kncgris vcoùis hn bcstürcn, lgkg ã g lnsg hi pissgns lgk agrhurn
agrhurn mg eëanhg. G nockimtg
hg kãhclg Qcosgm Tgmhü, mutrüogag (\V). ncmhn privcmi hgimáns hg lgrnáìg i bcpirtimsìg.
bcpir timsìg.
‟Mumln ukn lcvcocznáìg si nenstgu tnmtg hn
agrhurn Znockimtnr[, i mumln n agrhurn Zlgr-
pgrno[ nukimtgu tnmtg‛.

N dgn chicn hg sulg hitgx Ditirrndn

à rcln ik vctnkcmns, kcmirncs i
Vnrn ioi, lgmlictgs iqucvglnhgs sgdri n ecdrns i lgkpùi sulgs hitgx pgr sun
agrhurn snturnhn ﬎zirnk n cmhðstrcn i n hcitn arnmhi qunmtchnhi hi eonvgmgchis
glchimtno si ﬎xnrik mg lgmsukg ixlisscvg i ditnlnrgtimgs, qui lgkdntik
hi agrhurns viaitncs bchrgaimnhns i náðln- gs rnhclncs ocvris. G viaitno rihuz
ris. Issis ðotckgs, siaumhg Tgmhü, airgu uk n prissìg nrtircno i n Nssglcnáìg
nukimtg hi >>.666% mn cmaistìg hi erutgsi Nkirclnmn hg Lgrnáìg ntã rilgkimhn
mgs ðotckgs <9 nmgs. Xnmtg lgkdustëvio ã siu usg mn privimáìg hi hgimáns .
N
hisprgpgrlcgmno æ imiracn qui anstnkgs. Gs lnrhcgvnsluonris.
lnrhcgvn sluonris. Noãk hcssg, lgmsukcr X
\
C
M
G
C
ixlissgs si nlukuonk mn dnrrcan. ditirrndn nmtis hi si ixirlctnr L
C
T
X
Y
N
\
.
X
M C
Lgmsukcr kncs oëquchgs, viaitncs, erutns i nukimtn g rimhckimtg eësclg, siaumhg G
,
CX
T
M
L
G
C
C
D T
﬎drns, noãk hi nuxcocnr mg iknarilckimtg, istuhg rinocznhg pion Ymcvirschnhi N
M
N
X
M
\
X
Y
,

ockpn g granmcskg pgrqui nlioirn n iockcmn- hi Ixitir (Ticmg Ymchg). Istuhgs ik \ I

K
N
)
N I
M
D K
H

áìg hns tgxcmns i risëhugs qui, qunmhg ﬎lnk nmckncs cmhclnk qui g viaitno n`uhn g
N N
T C
T L
I ËX
X I
I O
pnrnhgs mg cmtistcmg, pghik nukimtnr g rcs- eëanhg n si ocvrnr hi tgxcmns. Lgmtrgoi n (D )C
N
0
X
C
N
R
I L
L N
lg hi hcvirsns hgimáns, hcz Tgmhü. pgráìg0 ion ã supirlnoürcln. I N
T (
D

45 \NÐHI
UCUN QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT
 Ndnlnxc
Hcaistcvg pghirgsg, g ndnlnxc
lgmtãk sudstämlcns nhstrcmaimtis
i hcurãtclns, qui envgrilik n
iockcmnáìg hi tgxcmns. N erutn
geirili kcmirncs lgkg lîolcg, eirrg
i knamãscg, noãk hi vctnkcmns N,
hg lgkpoixg D i L, ã nmtcgxchnmti
i nai lgkg nmtc-cmeonkntürcg.
Vgr sir rcln ik ecdrns, lgondgrn
lgk n rihuáìg hg lgoistirgo ruck,
istckuon n snlcihnhi i envgrili
envgrili
g trämsctg cmtistcmno. Ispilcnocstns
suairik g lgmsukg riauonr hg
sulg pnrn privimcr lîoluogs rimncs.
Kns cmhcvëhugs lgk anstrcti pghik
simtcr hislgmegrtg npüs g lgmsukg.
G lbî eictg hn lnsln tnkdãk ã
sndgrgsg i tik pguquëssckns
lnogrcns, pghimhg sir utcocznhg
lgkg dnsi pnrn gs sulgs virhis.
\ulg hi ockìg, ditirrndn i nobg
Cmarihcimtis
> ockìg isprikchg
> ditirrndn piquimn ik
pihnágs (sik lnsln)
> himti hi nobg
> lgpg hi îaun hi lglg
QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT
KNC\ KNOBNÁÌG
Visqucsnhgris drnscoicrgs hn
Visqucsnhgris
Ymcvirschnhi Eihirno hi \nmtn
Lntnrcmn (YE\L) lgkprgvnrnk
qui n ntcvchnhi eëscln kghirnhn
pghi privimcr i lgkdntir n
agrhurn mg eëanhg. Mg istuhg,
kuctgs hgs pnrtclcpnmtis qui
sgercnk lgk n hgimán rivirtirnk
g qunhrg. Ixirlëlcgs nirüdclgs sìg
kncs cmhclnhgs pnrn n quickn hi
agrhurn, kns gs hi riscstàmlcn sìg
eumhnkimtncs pnrn nukimtnr n
knssn kusluonr i g kitndgocskg.
Dnstnk >96 kcmutgs pgr siknmn.
Lnmion
à lnpnz hi rihuzcr n riscstàmlcn æ
cmsuocmn, qunhrg qui oivn ng hcnditis
i istî nssglcnhg æ agrhurn mg eëanhg.
e ëanhg.
Yk istuhg hn Ymcvirschnhi Dnoo,
mgs Istnhgs Ymchgs, kgstrgu qui
nhclcgmnr ukn lgobir (lbî) hion ng
lirino mg lneã hn knmbì rihuz n
aoclikcn ik 49% mns huns bgrns
npüs n cmaistìg. G nssumtg egc tikn
hn Tivcstn hn Nlnhikcn Nkirclnmn
hi Mutrcáìg i Hcitãtcln. N ispilcnrcn
ã tirkgaàmcln i, pgr cssg, lgmtrcduc
pnrn g iknarilckimtg i rihuáìg
hgs mëvics hi trcaoclãrchis. G tikpirg
ncmhn lgmtãk nmtcgxchnmtis lgk náìg
vnsghcontnhgrn
vnsghcontn hgrn i nmtc-cmeonkntürcn, i
n`uhn n nhgánr didchns i sgdrikisns.
Kghg hi pripnrg
Vnssi gs cmarihcimtis mg
prglissnhgr i scrvn. \i g sndgr
hg nobg cmlgkghnr, usi kicg
himti, gu utcoczi n cmeusìg. \i
prilcsnr nhgánr,
nhgánr, utcoczi stãvcn
UCUN\NÐHI 41
 KNXÃTCN HI LNVN

Xnmtg qui kuctgs prg﬎sscgmncs qui trn-

dnobnk lgk mutrcáìg tàk suairchg qui gs
pnlcimtis quidrik g `i`uk, hi knmbì, lgk
n cmaistìg hi didchns rclns ik viaitncs i eru-
tns. Mìg bî lgkprgvnáìg hi qui cssg eumlcg-
mi lgkg tirnpcn pnrn quik tik agrhurn mg
eëanhg, kns issn ã ukn knmicrn prîtcln hi
nhclcgmnr mutrcimtis ckpgrtnmtis pnrn g dgk
eumlcgmnkimtg hg üraìg. ‟Gs sulgs hitgx sìg
lgkpgstgs pgr sudstämlcns nmtcgxchnmtis i,
pgrtnmtg, sìg sikpri dik-vcmhgs pnrn n snð-
hi bipîtcln‛, gpcmn Tcdns Ecobg.
Bgrtioì
Xik náìg nmtcgxchnmti, `î qui ã rcln ik
eonvgmgchis i îlchgs eimüoclgs. Ã usnhn ik
risercnhgs, pgr suns prgprcihnhis nmtcssãptclns
i nmnoaãsclns, i pnrn
pnrn kiobgrnr n hcaistìg,
hcaistìg, n
eontuoàmlcn i cmtistcmg crrctîvio, noãk hi sir
oivikimti hcurãtcln i onxnmti. Ã egmti hi
vctnkcmns L i hg lgkpoixg D. D. Ã lgmtrncmhclnhn
lgmtrncmhclnhn
pnrn quik sgeri hi rieouxg, pgcs rionxn gs
kðsluogs hg isøenag i hg istøknag. G lbî
kirili prilnuáìg hi aistnmtis i lrcnmáns.

Vonmtns kihclcmncs
Lndi noirtnr qui g tirkg ‟hitgx‛ ã egmti Vghi-si usnr
hi iquëvglgs. N mgáìg hi qui n agrhurn pghi
sir onvnhn lgk hcurãtclgs, onxnmtis i hcitns
> lgobir hi lbî
ixlàmtrclns ã pircagsn. ‟Mnhn hcssg ã lgk- hi lðrlukn ik
prgvnhg i bî lgcsns qui pghik ntã sir pri-
`u
`uhc
hclc
lcnc
ncss pnrn
pnrn g eëan
eëanhg
hg,, kns
kns ns piss
pissgn
gnss nlbn
nlbnk
k pü, ikIviz hn
qui mìg enz kno pgrqui sìg mnturncs‛, nhvirti
nhvirti erisln. si vglà
Ogpis. N \DB ntã hcvuoan ukn lnrtcobn lgk
riontgs hi bipntcti kihclnkimtgsn, æs vizis
mìg hcairi dik g
euokcmnmti, prgvglnhn pgr ponmtns kihclc- pipcmg, sudstctun
mncs lgkg vnoircnmn, simi, lîslnrn snarnhn, pgr kioìg
jnvn-jnvn i ntã lbî-virhi. Issi tcpg hi bi-
pntcti pghi sir nsscmtgkîtclg i risuotnr ik
trnmsponmti, pgr cssg ã dgk sikpri nvcsnr g
kãhclg sgdri g usg hi irvns gu ixtrntgs.
Mistn kntãrcn vglà lgmbilirî gs nockimtgs
qui hìg ukn egrán ng eëanhg, dik lgkg su-
aistùis hi didchns pripnrnhns lgk issis cm-
arihcimtis lgk tigr lnoürclg imtri >66 i 466
jlno, npimns. Lgmsukn-gs mn bgrn, pnrn nprg-
victnr tghns ns suns prgprcihnhis, kns si usnr
g ocquchc﬎lnhgr mìg obi narnhn, npioi pnrn
gs lgmaionhgs gu virsùis primsnhns n ercg.
LBÎ-UITHI, IK IRNAITG, ENP KNO
Lnprclbi mn hcitn G lbî-virhi tik schg cmhclnhg pnrn g lgkdnti æ agrhurn, `î
\ncdn qui sulgs hitgx mìg sudstctuik ns qui suns prgprcihnhis tirkgaàmclns i nmtcgxchnmtis `î egrnk
egrnk
rieicáùis, i qui lgoglî-ogs mn rgtcmn sik lgkprgvnhns.
lgkprgv nhns. Kns qunmhg si trntn hi prghutgs
p rghutgs mnturncs, n
kghc﬎lnr n hcitn lgkg uk tghg mìg trnrî g hceirimán imtri vimimg i rikãhcg pghi sir n qunmtchnhi. N
risuotnhg hisi`nhg. ‟N rihuáìg hg pisg ã eum- \glcihnhi Drnscoicrn hi Bipntgogacn (\DB) nhvirti sgdri hnmgs
hnkimtno‛, nvcsn Tcdns Ecobg. I mìg ixnairi. bipîtclgs arnvis prgvglnhgs
prgvglnhgs piog lgmsukg ixnairnhg
ixnairnhg hg lbî.
Yk lgpg nmtis hg lneã hn knmbì gu æ tnrhi ã Huns gu tràs xëlnrns hn cmeusìg ng hcn n`uhnk n iknarilir.
g su﬎lcimti. Mns gutrns rieicáùis, vî hi viai- Vgrãk, si vglà tik gu tivi prgdoikns mg eëanhg, lgmsuoti
tncs i erutns cm mnturn, qui tàk kimgs náðln- g kãhclg nmtis hi nhircr n ioi. I ntimáìg0 supoikimtgs ik
ris i kncs ﬎drns, g qui rihuz n vioglchnhi hi lîpsuons, pghik sir kuctg lgmlimtrnhgs.
ndsgráìg hgs kiskgs.

42 \NÐHI
UCUN QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT
 \kggtbci hi knáì, pipcmg,
lðrlukn, bgrtioì i onrnm`n
Cmarihcimtis
> knáì pclnhn (lgk lnsln i sik kcgog) \ulg hi > onrnm`n

>/< hi pipcmg
> egobn ik pclnhn
hi bgrtioì entcns (lgk lnsln) Kghg higspripnrg
Dntn tghgs cmarihcimtis
> lgobir (sgdrikisn) hi lðrlukn pclnhn mg ocquchceclnhgr i scrvn.

Lðrlukn
Lgmbilchn lgkg nánerìg-hn-tirrn,
tik náìg nmtc-cmeonkntürcn i
nmtctukgrnoo rilgmbilchn pion lcàmlcn.
nmtctukgrn Vipcmg
\iu pgoceimgo mnturno, n lurlukcmn, Lgkg pgssuc dnstnmti îaun i ecdrns

Onrnm`n kgstrgu-si ieclnz mn privimáìg hn

istintgsi bipîtcln i sun prgarissìg,
prgarissìg,
lgkg n piltcmn, lgondgrn lgk g dgk
eumlcgmnkimtg hg cmtistcmg. Istuhg
Lgk notg tigr hi vctnkcmn L, hi nlgrhg lgk pisqucsnhgris hns priockcmnr pudoclnhg mg pircühclg
‟lgondgrn pnrn g nukimtg hi umcvirschnhis Csenbì, mg Crì, i Qistirm Vonmt Egghs Buknm Mutrctcgm
imzckns bipîtclns, n`uhn mg Nustrnocn. Muk trndnobg pudoclnhg suairi qui g pipcmg rihuz g mëvio
lgkdnti n tgxcmns i sudstämlcns mg pircühclg Vbytgtbirnpy Tisinrlb, n hi náðlnr mg snmaui i lgkdnti
lnrlcmgaàmclns‛,, hcz n mutrclcgmcstn
lnrlcmgaàmclns‛ sudstämlcn risuotgu ik ukn rihuáìg g lgoistirgo. Noãk hcssg, g viaitno
).
\nknmtn Drctg (\V). Eonvgmgchis lgkg hi 13% mg tigr hi agrhurn mg eëanhg lgmtãk eonvgmgchis lgk ieictg
N
X
\
C
M n mnrcmacmn i n bispirchcmn tàk notg hgs pnrtclcpnmtis, noãk hi kiobgrnr nmtc-cmeonkntürcg i egrmili dgns
G
C
L
C
T
X
Y
pghir nmtcgxchnmti. Yk istuhg hn g lgoistirgo i gs mëvics hi aoclgsi. qunmtchnhis hi pgtîsscg, g qui n`uhn
M
(G
X
C
T
D
Ymcvirschnhi Istnhuno Vnuocstn (Ymisp) ‟N lðrlukn nukimtn n prghuáìg quik sgeri hi bcpirtimsìg i hgimáns
N
X
M
N
prgvgu qui g sulg iknarili, rihuz g mnturno hi dcoi i kiobgrn n lnrhënlns. Vipcmgs tnkdãk lgmtàk
K
N
\
0
N
lgoistirgo i rihuz mëvics hi prgtiëmln eumáìg hn visëluon‛, lgkimtn n lulurdctnlcmns,, lnmhchntns n eîrknlgs
lulurdctnlcmns eîrknlgs
X
C
I
L
I
T
L-rintcvn,
L-rintcvn, cmhclnhgr hi cmeonknáìg mutrclcgmcstn \nknmtn Drctg. pgr suns prgprcihnhis nmtclämlir.
nmtclämlir.

QQQ.TIUC\XNUCUN\NYHI.LGK.DT UCUN\NÐHI 43