INI C

ZHMANGX@XNM

N. @ntnr Ih`nknmd
 Cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) nan`ng phranrngnm momtrnuentck kh an`ne
 bnrcmdnm otnk.  Cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) nan`ng ihmtuk pn`cmd ehentcknm
anrc strokh anm ehephmdnrugc shkctnr sntu butn ornmd ac sh`urug aumcn shtcnp tngum.
Lhahrn otnk shkumahr anm pheihmtuknm hahen ahmdnm ehmdgnsc`knm hfhk enssn
acnmddnp ihrkomtrciusc thrgnanp eoricactns anm eortn`ctns thrknct
cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG) (Nksoy ht.n`,  9:><).
\trokh nan`ng khrusnknm otnk ntnu suesue tu`nmd ih`nknmd ynmd
acshiniknm o`hg kh`ncmnm sup`nc anrng. Cstc`ng strokh shrcmd acdumnknm khtckn
dhbn`n eu`nc shlnrn tcin-tcin (Lnp`nm & @chihskcma, 9:>6). \hanmdknm cstc`ng
strokh ehmurut

TGO eh`cputc lhrhirn` cslghecl strokh (LC\), cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh

(CLG), suinrnlgmoca gheorrgndh (\NG), anm strokh mot kmowm cf cslghecl or
gheorrgndh
(\MKCG) (TGO, 9:>3).
strokh. Anrc >8 butn ornmd thrshiut, 8 butn ornmd ehmcmddn`, anm 8 butn ornmd `ncmmyn ehmdn`nec khlnlntnm
 phrenmhm. \trokh bnrnmd actheuknm pnan ornmd ac inwng 1: tngum.[>:U 4:% knsus

strokh actheuknm ac mhdnrn ahmdnm phmdgnsc`nm rhmang anm ehmhmdng, 74%

khentcnm nkcint strokh budn actheuknm pnan mhdnrn-mhdnrn thrshiut. \hanmdknm

 pnan mhdnrn ahmdnm phmdgnsc`nm tcmddc, cmscahmsc strokh th`ng ihrkurnmd shinmynk 
19% an`ne ihihrnpn ahknah thrnkgcr (Bogmsom ht n`., 9:>6).

Ihransnrknm gnsc` Ycsht Khshgntnm Ansnr (Ycskhsans), prhvn`hmsc

strokh thrtcmddc ac Cmaomhscn pnan tngum 9:>< ynctu thrbnac ac provcmsc Bnwn
Qceur >6›
>::.::: phmauauk, acckutc o`hg \u`nwhsc Xtnrn >:,7› phr >::.::: phmauauk, A.C
Sodynknrtn shihsnr >:,<› phr >::.::: phmauauk, shrtn Inmdkn Ih`ctumd anm
AKC Bnknrtn enscmd-enscmd 3,4› phr >::.::: phmauauk. Zhmynkct strokh ynmd
pn`cmd aoecmnm ihransnrknm fnktor uscn thrbnac pnan uscn ≨48 tngum ahmdnm
>
prhvn`hmsc 64› phr >::.::: phmauauk. \h`ncm ac`cgnt anrc fnktor provcmsc
anm uscn ynmd

ehec`ckc prhvn`hmsc khbnacnm strokh thrinmynk, thranpnt pu`n fnktor `ncm ynmd anpnt

>
 ehephmdnrugc prhvn`hmsc khbnacnm strokh ac Cmaomhscn, shphrtc thepnt tcmddn`
ynctu ahsn enupum kotn (ahmdnm prhvn`hmsc ac kotn `hicg ihsnr shkctnr >9,4›
anrcpnan ac ahsn); fnktor bhmcs kh`necm ynctu `hicg inmynk `nkc-`nkc (4,>›) anrcpnan
phrhepunm (6,7›); anm lhmahrumd pu`n pnan ensynrnknt ahmdnm phmacacknm ynmd
rhmang shrtn tcank ehec`ckc phkhrbnnm (Ycsht Khshgntnm Ansnr, 9:><).
Ac Cmaomhscn, ihransnrknm gnsc` `npornm rcskhsans 9:>7 prhvn`hmsc strokh uscn
acntns >8 tngum shihsnr >,:3% acinmacmdknm tngum 9:>< shihsnr :,4%. Antn cmc
eheiuktcknm ingwn phmcmdkntnm prhvn`hmsc strokh ac Cmaomhscn enscg thrus
thrbnac.
\hcrcmd ahmdnm ihrtneingmyn uscn prhvn`hmsc acndmoscs strokh ac
Cmaomhscn ehmdn`nec phmcmdkntnm, anrc uscn >8-91 tngum shinmynk :,:6%
gcmddn uscn 48 tngum khntns shihsnr 8,:9%. Zrcn lhmahrumd `hicg inmynk
ehmahrctn strokh acinmacmd wnmctn (Khehmkhs, 9:>7).
Kh`oepok ehmlntnt anrc iuku rhdcsthr rnwnt cmnp, bue`ng knsus CLG ynmd

acrnwnt ac runmd phrnwntnm snrnf Y\XA Ynahm Enttnghr Bneic shpnmbnmd tngum
9:9: nan`ng <7 knsus anrc totn` <9: knsus. Nrtcmyn CLG ehmyueinmd >>,74 % anrc
sheun knsus snrnf ynmd acrnwnt an`ne tngum 9:9:. Znan Bnmunrc anm Fhirunrc
9:9>, knsus CLG suang thrlntnt 7 knsus. Ic`n ehmdnlu pnan knsus rntn-rntn phr
iu`nm ac 9:9: ynctu <,> knsus, enkn pnan Bnmunrc anm Fhirunrc 9:9> cmc nan
phmcmdkntnm > knsus phr iu`nm.
Ihransnrknm urncnm ac ntns, phmu`cs thrtnrck umtuk eh`nkuknm
Nsugnm Khphrnwntnm pnan K`chm ahmdnm CLG shindnc knsus kh`o`nnm
phmu`cs anm ehmaokuehmtnscknm ph`nksnmnnmmyn an`ne @npornm Knsus umtuk \
tnsh \nrnf 

I. Yueusnm Ensn`ng
Anrc pnpnrnm ac ntns, phmu`cs anpnt ehrueusknm ensn`ng2 Indncenmn
 ph`nksnmnnm nsugnm khphrnwntnm pnan k`chm ahmdnm CLG ac runmd phrnwntnm snrnf?

L. Qubunm
>.Qubunm Xeue
Qubunm ueue phmu`csnm `npornm cmc nan`ng ndnr ehmdhtnguc phmhrnpnm

nsugnm khphrnwntnm pnan k`chm ynmd ehmahrctn phmynkct CLG

9
 9. Qubunm kgusus
n. Ehmdhtnguc komshp phmynkct CLG
 i. Ehmdhtnguc ph`nksnmnnm phmdknbcnm pnan k`chm ahmdnm CLG
l. Ehmdhtnguc Nmn`csn antn anm phmhtnpnm acndmoscs khphrnwntnm pnan
k`chm ahmdnm CLG
a. Ehmdhtnguc rhelnmn cmthrvhmsc khphrnwntnm pnan k`chm CLG
h. Ehmdhtnguc ph`nksnmnnm cep`hehmtnsc anm hvn`unsc khphrnwntnm pnan
k`chm ahmdnm CLG

A. Enmfnnt
>. Indc phmu`cs, eheihrcknm phmdn`nenm myntn phmhrnpnm nsugnm khphrnwntnm
 pnan k`chm ahmdnm CLG.
9. Indc rueng snkct, kcrnmyn `npornm cmc ehmbnac sn`ng sntu eoah` phmhrnpnm

nsugnm khphrnwntnm k`chm ahmdnm CLG.

<. Indc cmstctusc Zhmacacknm, anpnt ehphrknyn rhfhrhmsc an`ne ph`nksnmnnm
Zrnktck Khphrnwntnm Ehackn` Ihang.
1. Indc engnscswn anpnt ehephrknyn wnwnsnm an`ne ph`nksnmnnm
nsugnm khphrnwntnm k`chm ahmdnm CLG.

<
 INI CC
QCMBNXNM ZX\QNKN

N. Komshp CLG
>. Ahfcmcsc
 Cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) acahfcmcscknm shindnc
phranrngnm momtrnuentck kh an`ne bnrcmdnm otnk. Cmtrnlhrhirn`
gheorrgndh (CLG) nan`ng
 ihmtuk pn`cmd ehentcknm anrc strokh anm ehephmdnrugc shkctnr sntu butn
ornmd ac sh`urug aumcn shtcnp tngum. Lhahrn otnk shkumahr anm pheihmtuknm
hahen ahmdnm ehmdgnsc`knm hfhk enssn acnmddnp ihrkomtrciusc thrgnanp
eoricactns anm eortn`ctns thrknct cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG) (Nksoy
ht.n`,  9:><).
Ehmurut Tor`a Ghnt`g Ordnmczntcom, strokh acshiniknm o`hg dnmddunm
sup`nc anrng kh otnk, icnsnmyn knrhmn sheiurnm anrc pheiu`ug anrng
ntnu

aci`okcr o`hg duepn`nm anrng. Gn` cmc eheotomd pnsoknm okscdhm anm mutrcsc,
ehmyhiniknm khrusnknm pnan bnrcmdnm otnk. Dhbn`n ynmd pn`cmd ueue
anrc
strokh nan`ng kh`hengnm ehmanank ntnu entc rnsn pnan wnbng, `hmdnm ntnu
knkc, pn`cmd shrcmd pnan sntu scsc tuiug. \trokh ntnu ynmd ackhmn` budn ahmdnm
cstc`ng Dnmddunm Zhrhanrnm Anrng Otnk (DZAO), ehrupnknm suntu scmaroe
ynmd acnkcintknm o`hg nanmyn dnmddunm n`crnm anrng pnan sn`ng sntu indcnm
otnk ynmd ehmceiu`knm dnmddunm fumdscomn` otnk ihrupn ahfcsct
mhuro`odck ntnu kh`uepugnm snrnf sh`nen 91 bne ntnu `hicg (Acmntn LN ht n`. ,
9:><).
\trokh shlnrn k`nsck aclcrcknm shindnc ahfcsct mhuro`odck acknctknm
ahmdnm lhahrn fokn` nkut anrc scsthe snrnf pusnt (\\Z) ynmd
acknrhmnknm shini vnsku`nr, thrensuk cmfnrk shrhirn`, cmtrnlhrhirn`
gheorrgndh  (CLG) anm suinrnlgmoca gheorrgndh (\NG), anm ehrupnknm
phmyhini utnen khlnlntnm anm khentcnm ac sh`urug aumcn (\nllo ht n`. , 9:><).
9. K`nscfcknc

1
 \hlnrn ueue, strokh anpnt ack`nscfcknscknm shindnc cskheck
ntnu gheorndck. \trokh cskheck thrbnac nkcint anrc nanmyn oistruksc ntnu
phmdgn`nmd an`ne pheiu`ug anrng ynmd ehensok anrng kh otnk.
Oistruksc thrihmtuk 

1
 knrhmn nanmyn phmuepuknm `henk ynmd ihrndrhdnsc ehmbnac p`nk. Komacsc cmc
acshiut shindnc ntghrosk`hroscs (N\N, 9:><).
\trokh gheorndck acshiniknm o`hg phranrngnm kh nrhn otnk, nkcint
 phlngmyn pheiu`ug anrng ntnu struktur pheiu`ug anrng nimoren` pnan otnk.
\trokh gheorndck thrindc `ndc ehmbnac aun, ynctu cmtrnlhrhirn`
gheorrgndh (CLG) icnsnmyn acshiniknm o`hg phlngmyn pheiu`ug ehmheius
khlc` ac otnk anm  suinrnlgmoca gheorrgndh  (\NG) ynmd acshiniknm
o`hg phlngmyn nmhurcsen cmtrnkrnmcn` ynmd thrknmaumd ac an`ne runmd
suinrnlgmoca shkctnr otnk. Znan ihrindnc knsus strokh ynmd thrbnac, strokh
cskheck ehmbnac ynmd
 pn`cmd inmynk thrbnac ahmdnm prhshmtnsc 77%. Xmtuk strokh gheorndck
gnmyn thrbnac ahmdnm prhshmtnsc >9%, ahmdnm thrindc `ndc ehmbnac
3% umtuk cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) anm <% umtuk  suinrnlgmoca
gheorrgndh (\NG) (Iohgrcmdhr Cmdh`ghce, 9:>6).

<. Htco`odc
\trokh gheorndck anpnt thrbnac knrhmn phlngmyn nmhurcsen pnan otnk
ntnu acshiniknm o`hg pheiu`ug anrng ynmd iolor. Anrng tuepngnm ensuk kh
an`ne ntnu ensuk kh shkctnr otnk shgcmddn thrihmtuk pheihmdknknm anm
thknmnm, ehrusnk sh` anm bnrcmdnm otnk. Nan aun bhmcs strokh
gheorndck ynctu cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG) anm suinrnlgmoca
gheorrgndh (\NG).
Gcphrthmsc nan`ng fnktor rhscko ynmd pn`cmd ueue ntnu utnen.
Nmdcopntc nec`oca shrhirn` (LNN), komacsc ynmd ehmcmdknt ahmdnm uscn,
nan`ng fnktor rhscko ynmd pn`cmd ueue khaun. Nmdcopntc nec`oca
shrhirn` ehrupnknm
 phmyhini phmtcmd anrc `oinr cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG), thrutnen
 pnanornmd `nmbut uscn. Komacsc cmc gnsc` anrc ahposcsc prothcm ney`oca ac nrthrco`
kortckn`; ahposcsc shphrtc cmc snmdnt bnrnmd thrbnac ac insn` dnmd`cn anm intnmd
otnk (`oknsc `nzce thrbnac cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) thrknct GQM
anm
`oknsc ynmd tcank `nzce anrc cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) thrknct
LNN. Npo`cpoprothcm H (NpoH) dhmotcph ehencmknm phrnm
8
phmtcmd an`ne
 pntodhmhscs LNN, thtnpc tcank shmsctcf enupum sphscfck umtuk acndmoscs
utnen anrc komacsc cmc. Xscn budn ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko phmtcmd umtuk
cmtrnlhrhirn`

8
 gheorrgndh (CLG); kheumdkcmnm khsh`urugnm phmahrctn
cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG) thrtcmddc pnan uscn ≨ 78
(Nduc`nr ht n`. , 9:>>).
1. Zntofcsc`odc
\trokh gheorndck acshiniknm knrhmn nanmyn khentcnm sh` pnan bnrcmdnm
otnk ynmd enmn khentcnm sh` thrshiut acshiniknm o`hg cmf`nensc ntnupum knrhmn
thrbnacmyn npoptoscs. Znan snnt thrbnac phranrngnm, thrihmtuk suntu enssn ynmd
enmn enssn thrshiut ehmyhiniknm cmf`nensc anm eheihrcknm hfhk
toksck shgcmddn thrbnac`ng khentcnm sh` pnan otnk. \hanmdknm ehknmcseh
thrbnacmyn npoptoscs knrhmn thrihmtukmyn l`ottcmd o`hg troeicm. Qroeicm
ehmyhiniknm
`cscsmyn hrctrosct ynmd acknrhmnknm nanmyn ph`hpnsnm gheh/ihsc shgcmddn thrbnac
nktcvnsc lnspnsh ynmd ehmdnkcintknm sh` eh`nkuknm npoptoscs.
Zntofcsco`odc strokh gheorndck tcank shphrtc strokh cskheck. Nanmyn anrng
an`ne pnrhmkce otnk ehmyhiniknm khrusnknm pnan bnrcmdnm shkctnrmyn eh`n`uc

hfhk ehknmck ehmdgnsc`knm enssn anm mhurotokscsctns anrc koepomhm anrng

anm proauk ahdrnansc. \hkctnr <:% anrc cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG) thrus
eheihsnr sh`nen 91 bne phrtnen, pn`cmd lhpnt an`ne wnktu 1 bne, anm vo`ueh
duepn`nm nan`ng prhacktor ynmd pn`cmd phmtcmd anrc gnsc` phranrngnm
ynmd thr`hpns anrc `oknsc. Zhranrngnm ahmdnm vo`ueh = 6: e@ ihrguiumdnm
ahmdnm 4>% khentcnm pnan >8 gnrc anm 3<% khentcnm pnan <: gnrc. \
hindcnm ihsnr khentcnm acmc strokh gheorndck (gcmddn 8:% pnan <: gnrc)
acshiniknm o`hg
 phmcmdkntnm ehmanank thknmnm cmtrnkrnmcn` ynmd anpnt ehmyhiniknm
ghrmcnsc anm khentcnm (Acpcro ht n`. , 9:>1).
\hindcnm ihsnr knsus cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) thrbnac
khtckn nanmyn iolornm khlc` pnan nrthrc (8:-4:: ΰe) ynmd kheuacnm anrng
ensuk kh an`ne pnrhmkce otnk. Indcnm anrc lhahrn cmauksc cmtrnlhrhirn`
gheorrgndh (CLG) nan`ng knrhmn dnmddunm fcsck bnrcmdnm ynmd ihrahkntnm anm
hfhk enssn acshiniknm shindnc ihmtuk cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh 
(CLG). Vo`ueh cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh  (CLG) shrcmd acindc ehmbnac
tcdn knthdorc2 khlc` khtckn 0 <: ee, ehmhmdng nmtnrn <: anm 6: ee, anm

6
 ihsnr ic`n = 6: ee.
8. Fnktor Ycscoko

6
 Nehrclnm \trokh Nssolcntcom ehephrkcrnknm ingwn 7:% anrc
strokh anpnt aclhdng. phmdhtngunm ehacs thmtnmd fnktor rhscko strokh
ihransnrknm
 phmh`ctcnm hpcaheco`odc. Ehmurut NGN Ducah`cmhs 9:>>, ehmyntnknm
ingwn fnktor rhscko strokh anpnt ack`nscfcknscknm ehmbnac aun, ynctu2
fnktor rhscko ynmd tcank anpnt acuing anm fnktor rhscko ynmd anpnt acuing.
n. Fnktor ynmd tcank anpnt aceoacfcknsc
>) Xeur  
\hiung stuac pnan fnktor-fnktor rhscko ehmumbukknm ingwn uscn th`ng
accahmtcfcknsc shindnc phmnman rhscko umtuk strokh, tcank anpnt
acuing. Xscn ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko ynmd pn`cmd phmtcmd umtuk
strokh. \htcnp
>: tngum shth`ng uscn 88, rhscko strokh ehmbnac `hicg anrc aun kn`c `cpnt
 pnan prcn anm wnmctn. Soushf ht n`. , ehmbh`nsknm uscn
ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko cmahphmahm umtuk
phrkheinmdnm ntghrosk`hroscs

cmtrnkrnmcn`. Zrhvn`hmsc ntghrosk`hroscs cmtrnkrnmcn` actumbukknm

umtuk ehmbh`nsknm phmcmdkntnm rhscko shtcnp ahknah uscn. Actheuknm
ac 9<%
anrc uscn 8:-83 tngum, 1<% anrc uscn 6:-63 tngum, 68% anrc uscn 4:-
43 tngum anm 7:% anrc uscn = 7: tngum (Bngcru` ht n`., 9:>8).
9) Bhmcs Kh`necm
Qcmdknt cmscahm strokh >,98 kn`c `hicg ihsnr pnan prcn, tnpc knrhmn
wnmctn lhmahrumd gcaup `hicg `nen anrcpnan prcn, `hicg
inmynk 
 phrhepunm ynmd ehmcmddn` knrhmn strokh tcnp tngum acinmacmdknm
`nkc-`nkc. \hiung stuac anrc rueng snkct ehmumbukknm ingwn `nkc-
`nkc shackct `hicg aoecmnm acinmacmdknm phrhepunm (8>% vs 13%)
ahmdnm uscn ihrkcsnr 9>-47 tngum anm uscn rntn-rntn nan`ng 8:
tngum. Xscn
 phrhepunm ihrkcsnr nmtnrn 91-7< tngum ahmdnm uscn rntn-rntn 8< tngum.
\hiung phmh`ctcnm ehmumbukknm, sthmoscs cmtrnkrnmcn` `hicg

4
 ueue thrbnac pnan prcn, thrutnen ac kh`oepok uscn euan anm
ac `oknsc thrthmtu, shphrtc nrthrc insc`nr (Bngcru` ht n`., 9:>8).
<) Yns ntnu Htmcs
Yns ku`ct gctne anm ihihrnpn rns gcspnmck ntnu rns nehrckn

`ntcm, ehec`ckc cmscahm ynmd `hicg tcmddc anrc sheun bhmcs strokh anm

tcmdknt

4
 khentcnm ynmd `hicg tcmddc acinmacmdknm ahmdnm rns ku`ct putcg. Gn`
cmc thrutnen ihr`nku umtuk rns ku`ct gctne ynmd ihruscn euan anm
shthmdng inyn, ynmd ehec`ckc rhscko bnug `hicg tcmddc
thrkhmn
 suinrnlgmoca gheorrgndh  (\NG) a nm cmtrnlhrhirn`
gheorrgndh (CLG) acinmacmdknm rns ku`ct putcg pnan uscn ynmd snen
(Do`asthcm ht n`., 9:>>).
1) Fnktor Dhmhtck
Ycwnynt kh`unrdn ynmd posctcf strokh ehmcmdkntknm rhscko
strokh shkctnr <:%. Znan wnmctn ynmd ehec`ckc ornmd tun ahmdnm
rcwnynt strokh `hicg eumdkcm thrkhmn strokh acinmacmdknm prcn.
Zhmcmdkntnm rhscko strokh acsnepncknm anrc rcwnynt kh`unrdn ynmd
posctcf anpnt acehacnsc eh`n`uc ihrindnc ehknmcseh, eh`cputc
ghrctnic`ctns dhmhtck fnktor rhscko strokh, wnrcsnm anrc khrhmtnmnm
thrgnanp hfhk anrc fnktor 

rhscko thrshiut, iuanyn `cmdkumdnm anm dnyn gcaup, anm

cmthrnksc nmtnrn fnktor dhmhtck anm `cmdkumdnm (Do`asthcm ht n`. ,
9:>>).
 i. Fnktor ynmd anpnt aceoacfcknsc
>) Gcphrthmsc
Gcphrthmsc & uscn ehrupnknm fnktor rhsckoutnen umtuk dhbn`n anm
 phmynkct shrhirovnsku`nr. Yhscko phmanrngnm otnk pnan
pnschm gcphrthmsc <,3 kn`c `hicg tcmddc anrc pnan pnschm mom
gcphrthmsc. Znan nmhurcsen  suinrnlgmoca gheorrgndh  (\NG) rhscko
rh`ntcf 9.7 `hicg tcmddc. Acndmoscs anm komtro` gcphrthmsc ehrupnknm
sn`ng sntu strnthdc utnen umtuk phmlhdngnm prcehr anm shkumahr anrc
strokh. Zhmdnrug gcphrthmsc kromcs pnan pheiu`ug anrng
otnk anm bnrcmdnm (eclrogheorgndhs, sc`hmt cmfnrltcoms, `hsc
enthrc putcg anm ntrofc) budn ehmaukumd ehknmcseh
fcscopnto`odcs umtuk guiumdnm nmtnrn gcphrthmsc anm dnmddunm
kodmctcf (Nriocx N., 9:>8).
9) Acnihths Eh`ctus

7
Acnihths eh`ctus ehec`ckc hfhk ehephriuruk khnannm
pheiu`ug anrng nrthrc anm ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko umtuk
strokh cskheck.

Acnihths budn ehmcmdkntknm rhscko khkneiugnm strokh. Cmfnrk `nkumnr 

7
 eumdkcm `hicg ueue thrbnac pnan pnschm acnihths ehskcpum gn` cmc
tcank sh`n`u ac`nporknm. Zhmdnrug anrc acnihths shindcnm
acehacnsc o`hg fnktor rhscko `ncm shphrtc gcphrthmsc anm phruingnm
`cpca (`cpca n`thrntcom) anm ehrokok inck pnan `nkc-`nkc enupum
wnmctn.
<) Ehrokok
Ehrokok ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko strokh ynmd
cmahphmahm, ehmcmdkntknm rhscko strokh gcmddn 8:%.
Yhscko ehmcmdknt shlnrn
 proporscomn` ahmdnm bue`ng rokok ynmd acgcsnp phr gnrc anm phrokok 
 pnscf budn ihrhscko thrkhmn strokh cskheck.Ihrghmtc
ehrokok ehrupnknm `nmdkng ynmd hfhktcf umtuk ehmdurnmdc
rhscko strokh. Ihihrnpn pc`cgnm thrshacn umtuk ihrghmtc ehrokok,
ynctu phmdointnm ahmdnm komsh`cmd, anm cmthrvhmsc fnrenko`odcs
shphrtc phmddnmtc mckotcm, ndhm nmtcahprhsnm mortrcpty`cmh ntnu
iupropcom, anm ynmd

thrinru snnt cmc nan`ng vnrhmclcl`cmh (Yoehro ht n`., 9::3).

1) Acs`cpcahecn
Z`nsen `cpca anm `cpoprothcm (ko`hsthro` totn`, trcd`cshrcan, `ow-ahmscty
`cpoprothcm (@A@), gcdg-ahmscty `cpoprothcm (GA@) anm `cpoprothcm)
ehec`ckc phmdnrug thrgnanp rhscko cmfnrk shrhirn`, thtnpc guiumdnm
nmtnrn acs`cpcahecn anm strokh ih`ue komscsthm acbh`nsknm.Antn anrc
stuac prosphktcf pnan pnschm `nkc-`nkc th`ng ehmumbukknm
ingwn ahmdnm nanmyn mc`nc totn` ko`hsthro` shrue = 91:-94: ed /
a@, nan
 phmcmdkntnm an`ne rhscko strokh cskheck. Znan prcn, knanr GA@ ynmd
rhmang ehrupnknm fnktor rhscko umtuk cskhecn shrhirn` mneum antn
 pnan wnmctn tcank anpnt acscepu`knm (Bngcru` ht n`., 9:>8).
6. Qnman anm Dhbn`n
Dhbn`n ynmd pn`cmd ueue anrc strokh nan`ng kh`hengnm shlnrn tcin-tcin
ntnu entc rnsn pnan wnbng, `hmdnm ntnu knkc, pn`cmd shrcmd pnan sntu scsc
tuiug. Hfhk anrc strokh thrdnmtumd pnan indcnm enmn anrc otnk thr`ukn anm
3
shihrnpn
 pnrng ctu acphmdnrugc. \trokh ynmd snmdnt pnrng anpnt ehmyhiniknm khentcnm
ehmanank (TGO, 9:>6).

3
 Dhbn`n `ncm thrensuk kh`hengnm umc`nthrn`, khtcankenepunm umtuk 
 ihriclnrn, phmurumnm phmd`cgntnm, vhrtcdo, ntnu bntug. \trokh cskheck
icnsnmyn tcank ehmanpntknm snkct khpn`n, tnpc eumdkcm thrbnac pnan strokh
gheorndck. Ahfcsct mhuro`odcs pnan phehrcksnnm fcsck thrdnmtumd pnan
anhrng otnk ynmd thr`cint. Xeuemyn nan`ng ghec- ntnu eomopnrhscs anm
ahfcsct ghecshmsorc. Znschm ahmdnm khthr`cintnm scrku`nsc posthrcor eumdkcm
ehec`ckc vhrtcdo anm acp`opcn. \trokh scrku`nsc nmthrcor ueuemyn
ehmdnkcintknm npgnscn. Znschm eumdkcm ehmdn`nec acsnrtrcn, dnmddunm
khenepunm eh`cgnt, anm tcmdknt khsnanrnm ynmd ihruing (Fndnm nma Ghss,
9::7).
4. Acndmoscs
Acndmoscs phranrngnm cmtrnshrhirn` nmtnrn `ncm ihransnrknm dhbn`n k`cmcs
kheuacnm acaukumd ahmdnm phehrcksnnm anrng anm cendcmd (LQ anm Endmhtcl
Yhsomnmlh Cendcmd (EYC) ). Ic`n thrbnac pnan fnsh nkut su`ct umtuk ehmheuknm

 phmyhini ynmd ehmansnrc en`forensc vnsku`nr, nmdcodrnfc icnsnmyn aciutugknm

umtuk acndmostck sh`nmbutmyn. Zhmhmtunm fnktor kondu`nsc acphr`uknm pnan
 ihihrnpn phmahrctn (Lnrgunpoen,9:>:).
Gnsc` phehrcksnnm LQ \lnmeheiuktcknm rh`cni`h an`ne ehmahthksc
 phranrngnm ahmdnm acnehthr > le ntnu `hicg. Znan snnt ihrsnennm
budn actheuknm gcaroshfn`us, tueor, pheihmdknknm otnk.Endmhtcl
Yhsomnmlh Cendcmd (EYC) snmdnt ihrenmfnnt an`ne ehephr`cgntknm
phranrngnm irncmsthe anm scsn phranrngnm Gheoscahrcm anm pcdehm ihsc. Znan
dneinr > anm dneinr 9 anpnt ac`cgnt dneinrnm LQ \lnm phranrngnm
cmtrnshrhirn` (Yopphr,9::8).

>
 Dneinr >.Zhranrngnm Cmtrnshrhirn` pnan Dnmd`cn Insn`cs. Ackutcp anrc 2 Yopphr, N.G.
nma Irowm, Y.G. 9::8. Nanes nma Vcltor–s Zrcmlcp`hs of Mhuro`ody. 7tg ha. ElDrnw-

Gc``.Mhw Sork 

Dneinr 9.Zhranrngnm Cmtrnshrhirn` pnan Qgn`neus. Ackutcp anrc 2 Yopphr, N.G. nma Irowm,
Y.G. 9::8. Nanes nma Vcltor–s Zrcmlcp`hs of Mhuro`ody. 7tg ha. ElDrnw-Gc``.Mhw Sork 

7. Zhmntn`nksnmnnm Ehacs
Xeuemyn pheihrcnm thrnpc pnan strokh ihrtubunm umtuk stnic`csnsc

 phrmnpnsnm anm stnic`csnsc gheoacmneck. Gn` phrtnen ynmd ac`nkuknm umtuk 

>
stnic`csnsc phrmnpnsnm ynctu ac`nkuknm phenmtnunm shlnrn thrus
ehmhrus thrgnanp stntus mhuro`odcs, mnac, thknmnm anrng, sugu tuiug, anm
snturnsc okscdhm acnmburknm an`ne 49 bne, pnan pnschm ahmdnm ahfcsct
mhuro`odcs ynmd myntn. Zheihrcnm okscdhm acnmburknm pnan khnannm ahmdnm
snturnsc okscdhm 0 38% anm pnschm gcpokscn. Xmtuk pnschm ynmd tcank snanr,
ac`nkuknm phrincknm
 bn`nm mnpns ahmdnm phensnmdnm pcpn orofnrcmd. Inmtunm vhmtc`nsc acihrcknm
 pnan pnschm ynmd ehmdn`nec phmurumnm khsnanrnm ntnu acsfumdsc iu`inr ahmdnm
dnmddunm bn`nm mnpns. Xmtuk stnic`csnsc gheoacmneck acihrcknm
lncrnm krcstn`oca ntnu ko`oca cmtrnvhmn thtnpc gcmanrc pheihrcnm pheihrcnm
lncrnm gcpotomck shphrtc d`ukosn. Zhensnmdnm LVL (Lhmtrn` Vhmous
Lntghthr) acnmburknm umtuk ehenmtnu khlukupnm lncrnm anm shindnc
snrnmn umtuk ehensukknm lncrnm anm mutrcsc. Gcpothmsc nrthrcn` gnrus
acgcmanrc anm aclnrc
 phmyhinimyn. Gcpovo`hecn gnrus ackorhksc ahmdnm pheihrcnm `nrutnm sn`cm

moren` anm nrctecn ynmd ehmdnkcintknm phmurumnm lurng bnmtumd shkumlup

gnrus ackorhksc (ZHYAO\\C, 9:>>).
Enmnbhehm pnschm ahmdnm cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG)
nkut thrdnmtumd pnan phmyhini anm tcmdknt khpnrngnm phranrngnm. Inmtunm
gcaup ansnr, shphrtc komtro`2 phranrngnm, khbnmd, thknmnm anrng (IZ), anm
thknmnm cmtrnkrnmcn` nan`ng gn`-gn` ynmd ihrscfnt kruscn`. \nnt cmc enscg ih`ue
nan thrnpc ynmd hfhktcf umtuk strokh gheorndck. Hvnkunsc ghentoen,
inck eh`n`uc krnmcotoec ntnu hmaoskopc thriukn, anpnt ehmbnac
phmdointnm nwn` ynmd ehmbnmbcknm umtuk cmtrnlhrhirn` gheorrgndh (CLG)
ynmd anpnt ehmcmdkntknm
 prodmoscs bnmdkn pnmbnmd (@chihskcma, 9:>6).
Znan strokh gheorndck, phehrcksnnm phmlctrnnm ynmd lhpnt ahmdnm LQ
ntnu EYC acrhkoehmanscknm umtuk eheihanknm strokh cskheck
ahmdnm
 phranrngnm cmtrnkrnmcn`. Nmdcodrnfc LQ anm LQ ahmdnm komtrns anpnt
acphrtceinmdknm umtuk eheinmtu ehmdcahmtcfcknsc pnschm ahmdnm
rhscko

>
 phr`unsnm ghentoen. Ic`n shlnrn k`cmcs ntnu rnaco`odcs thranpnt khlurcdnnm
ynmd ehmdnrng kh `hsc strukturn` thrensuk en`forensc vnsku`hr anm tueor,
shinckmyn ac`nkuknm nmdcodrnfc LQ, vhmodrnfc LQ, LQ ahmdnm komtrns,
EYC ahmdnm

komtrns, EYN, anm vhmodrnfc EY (ZHYAO\\C, 9:>>).

>
I. Komshp Nsugnm Khphrnwntnm
>. Zhmdknbcnm
Ehmurut Qnrwoto (9:><) phmdknbcnm khphrnwntnm pnan pnschm strokh eh`cputc2

n. Cahmtctns pnschm

>
 Eh`cputc mnen, ueur (khinmynknm thrbnac pnan uscn tun), bhmcs kh`necm,
 phmacacknm, n`nent, phkhrbnnm, ndnen, suku inmdsn, tnmddn` anm bne EY\,
moeor rhdcsthr, acndmosh ehacs.
 i. Kh`ugnm utnen
Kh`ugnm ynmd acanpntknm icnsnmyn dnmddunm eotorck kh`hengnm nmddotn
dhrnk shih`ng inanm, iclnrn ph`o, anm tcank anpnt ihrkoeumcknsc, myhrc
khpn`n, dnmddunm shmsorck, khbnmd, phmurumnm khsnanrnm.
l. Ycwnynt phmynkct shknrnmd
\hrnmdnm strokh cmfnrk icnsnmyn acangu`uc ahmdnm shrnmdnm nwn` ynmd
tcank acsnanrc o`hg pnschm, icnsnmyn actheuknm dhbn`n nwn` shrcmd
khsheutnm, rnsn
`heng pnan sn`ng sntu nmddotn dhrnk. Znan shrnmdnm strokh
gheorndck shrcmdkn`c ihr`nmdsumd snmdnt ehmanank, pnan snnt pnschm
eh`nkuknm nktcfctns. Icnsnmyn thrbnac myhrc khpn`n, eun`, eumtng ingknm
khbnmd snepnc

tcank snanr, acsnepcmd dhbn`n kh`uepugnm shpnrog inanm ntnu dnmddunm

fumdsc otnk ynmd `ncm.
a. Ycwnynt phmynkct angu`u
Nanmyn rcwnynt gcphrthmsc, acnihths eh``ctus, phmynkct bnmtumd, nmhecn,
rcwnynt trnuen khpn`n, komtrnshpsc orn` ynmd `nen, phmddumnnm oint-oint
nmtc kondu`nm, nspcrcm, vnsoac`ntor, oint-oint nacktcf, khdheuknm.
h. Ycwnynt phmynkct kh`unrdn
Icnsnmyn nan rcwnynt kh`unrdn ynmd ehmahrctn gcphrthmsc ntnupum acnihths
eh``ctus.
f. Ycwnynt psckososcn`
\trokh ehenmd suntu phmynkct ynmd snmdnt engn`. Icnyn umtuk 
 phehrcksnnm, phmdointnm anm phrnwntnm anpnt ehmdnlnuknm khunmdnm
kh`unrdn shgcmddn fnktor icnyn cmc anpnt ehephmdnrugc stnic`ctns heosc anm
 pckcrnm pnschm anm kh`unrdn
d. Zhehrcksnnm fcsck
>) Khsnanrnm
Icnsnmyn pnan pnschm strokh ehmdn`nec tcmdknt khsnanrnm snemo`hm,
>
npntcs, sopor, soporos loen, gcmddn loen ahmdnm DL\ 0 >9 pnan nwn`

>
 thrshrnmd strokh. \hanmdknm pnan snnt pheu`cgnm icnsnmyn
ehec`ckc tcmdknt khsnanrnm `htnrdc anm loepos ehtcs ahmdnm DL\ ><->8
9) Qnman-tnman Vctn`
n) Qhknmnm anrng
Icnsnmyn pnschm ahmdnm strokh gheorndck ehec`ckc rcwnynt thknmnm
anrng tcmddc ahmdnm thknmnm systo`h = >1: anm acnsto`h = 7:
 i) Mnac
Icnsnmyn mnac moren`
l) Zhrmnfnsnm
Icnsnmyn pnschm strokh gheorndck ehmdn`nec dnmddunm pnan
 ihrscgnm bn`nm mnpns
a) \ugu Icnsnmyn tcank nan ensn`ng sugu pnan pnschm ahmdnm strokh
gheorndck

<) Yneiut
Icnsnmyn tcank actheuknm ensn`ng
1) Tnbng
Icnsnmyn scehtrcs, wnbng pulnt. Znan phehrcksnnm Mhrvus
V (Qrcdhecmn`) 2 icnsnmyn pnschm icsn ehmyhiutknm `oknsc usnpnm anm
pnan
 pnschm koen, khtckn acusnp kormhn entn ahmdnm knpns gn`us, k`chm
nknm ehmutup kh`opnk entn. \hanmdknm pnan Mhrvus VCC (fnlcn`cs) 2
icnsnmyn n`cs entn scehtrcs, anpnt ehmdnmdknt n`cs,
ehmdhrmyctknm angc, ehmdhrmyctknm gcaumd,
ehmddheiumdknm pcpc, snnt pnschm ehmddheiumdknm pcpc
tcank scehtrcs kcrc anm knmnm thrdnmtumd `oknsc
`heng anm snnt acecmtn ehmdumyng pnschm khsu`ctnm umtuk ehmdumyng.
8) Entn
Icnsnmyn kombumdtcvn tcank nmhecs, sl`hrn tcank ckthrck, pupc`
csokor, kh`opnk entn tcank ohahen. Znan phehrcksnnm mhrvus CC
(optckus) 2
 icnsnmyn `uns pnmanmd inck 3:º, vcsus 6/6. Znan mhrvus
CCC (oku`oeotorcs) 2 icnsnmyn acnehthr pupc` 9ee/9ee, pupc`
>
knanmd csokor anm nmcsokor, pn`phirn anm rhf`hk khacp anpnt acmc`nc
bckn pnschm

 icsn eheiukn entn . Mhrvus CV (trok`hnrcs) 2 icnsnmyn pnschm anpnt

>
 ehmdckutc nrng tnmdnm phrnwnt kh ntns anm inwng. Mhrvus VC (niaushm) 2
 icnsnmyn gnsc` myn pnschm anpnt ehmdckutc nrng tnmdnm phrnwnt kh
kcrc anm knmnm
6) Gcaumd
Icnsnmyn scehtrcs kcrc anm knmnm, thrpnsnmd okscdhm, tcank nan
 phrmnpnsnm lupcmd gcaumd. Znan phehrcksnm mhrvus C (o`fnktorcus) 2
knanmd nan ynmd icsn ehmyhiutknm inu ynmd acihrcknm phrnwnt mneum
nan budn ynmd tcank, anm icnsnmyn khtnbnenm phmlcuenm nmtnrn kcrc anm
knmnm ihrihan anm pnan mhrvus VCCC (nkustckus) 2 icnsnmyn pnan pnschm
ynmd tcank `heng nmddotn dhrnk ntns, anpnt eh`nkuknm khshceinmdnm
dhrnk tnmdnm-gcaumd
4) Eu`ut anm dcdc
Icnsnmyn pnan pnschm npntcs, sopor, soporos loen gcmddn loen nknm

ehmdn`nec ensn`ng inu eu`ut, dcdc kotor, eukosn icicr khrcmd. Znan
 phehrcksnnm mhrvus VCC (fnlcn`cs) 2 icnsnmyn `cang anpnt ehmaoromd
pcpc kcrc anm knmnm, icicr scehtrcs, anm anpnt ehmyhiutknm rnsn enmcs
anm nscm. Znan mhrvus CW (d`ossofnrcmdhn`) 2 icnsnmyn ovu`h ynmd
thrnmdknt tcank scehtrcs, ehmlomd khnrng indcnm tuiug ynmd `heng
anm pnschm anpnt ehrnsnknm rnsn nsne anm pngct. Znan mhrvus WCC
(gcpod`nsus) 2
 icnsnmyn pnschm anpnt ehmbu`urknm `cang anm anpnt acphmlomdknm kh kcrc
anm knmnm mneum nrtcku`nsc kurnmd bh`ns snnt iclnrn
7) Qh`cmdn
Icnsnmyn shbnbnr anum th`cmdn kcrc anm knmnm. Znan phehrcksnnm mhrvus
VCCC (nkustckus) 2 icnsnmyn pnschm kurnmd icsn ehmahmdnrknm dhshknm
 bnrc anrc phrnwnt thrdnmtumd acenmn `oknsc kh`hengnm anm pnschm gnmyn
anpnt ehmahmdnr bckn sunrn khrns anm ahmdnm nrtcku`nsc ynmd bh`ns
3) @hghr
Znan phehrcksnnm mhrvus W (vndus) 2 icnsnmyn pnschm strokh
gherndck ehmdn`nec dnmddunm ehmh`nm. Znan phhehrcksnnm knku
kuauku
 icnsnmyn (+) anm i`uazhmsky > (+)
>
>:) Qgornk

>
 n) Znru-pnru
Cmsphksc 2 icnsnmyn scehtrcs kcrc anm knmnm
Zn`pnsc 2 icnsnmyn frhectus sne nnmtnrn kcrc anm knmnm.
Zhrkusc 2 icnsnmyn iumyc moren` (somor)
Nusku`tnsc2 icnsnmyn sunrn moren` (vhscku`hr)
 i) Bnmtumd
Csmphksc 2 icnsnmyn cktus loracs tcank
thr`cgnt Zn`pnsc 2 icnsnmyn cltus loracs
thrnin Zhrkusc 2 icnsnmyn intns bnmtumd
moren` Nusku`tnsc2 icnsnmyn sunrn
vhscku`hr 
l) Niaoehm
Cmsphksc 2 icnsnmyn scehtrcs, tcank nan nscths
Zn`pnsc 2 icnsnmyn tcank nan pheihsnrnm ghpnr

Zhrkusc 2 icnsnmyn thranpnt sunrn tyepnmc

Nusku`tnsc2 icnsnmyn icnsnmyn icscmd usus pnschm tcank thrahmdnr.
Znan phehrcksnnm rhf`hk acmacmd phrut, pnan snnt phrut
pnschm acdorhs icnsnmyn pnschm tcank ehrnsnknm npn-npn.
>>) Hkstrhectns
n) Ntns
Icnsnmyn thrpnsnmd cmfush indcnm ahxtrn / scmcstrn. LYQ
icnsnmyn moren` ynctu 0 9 ahtck. Znan phehrcksnnm mhrvus WC
(nkshsorcus) 2
 icnsnmyn pnschm strokh gheorndck tcank anpnt eh`nwnm tngnmnm pnan
 ingu ynmd acihrcknm phrnwnt. Znan phehrcksnnm rhf`hk, icnsnmyn snnt
scku ackhtuk tcank nan rhspom npn-npn anrc scku, tcank f`hksc enupum
hksthmsc (rhf`hk iclhp (-)) anm pnan phehrcksnnm trclhp rhspom
tcank nan f`hksc anm supcmnsc (rhf`hk iclhp (-)). \hanmdknm
pnan
 phehrcksnnm rhf`hk goffenm troehr icnsnmyn bnrc tcank ehmdheinmd
khtckn acihrc rhf`hk (rhf`hk Goffenm troehr (+)).
 i) Inwng
>
Znan phehrcksnnm rhf`hk, icnsnmyn snnt phehrcksnnm i`uhazhmsky C

knkc kcrc pnschm f`hksc ( i`uhazhmsky (+)). Znan snnt th`npnk knkc

>
 acdorhs icnsnmyn bnrc tcank ehmdheinmd (rhf`hk inicmsky (+)). Znan
snnt aorsue phacs acdorhs icnsnmyn bnrc knkc budn tcank ihrhspomm
(rhf`hk lnaaok (+)). Znan snnt tu`nmd khrcmd acdurut anrc ntns kh
 inwng icnsnmyn tcank nan rhspom f`hksc ntnu hksthmsc
(rhf`hk ophmghce (+)) anm pnan snnt ihtcs acrhens ahmdnm kunt
icnsnmyn
 pnschm tcank ehrnsnknm npn-npn (rhf`hk doraom (+)). Znan
snnt ac`nkuknm rhf`hk pnth``n icnsnmyn fheur tcank ihrhnksc
snnt ac khtukknm (rhf`hk pnth``n (+)).

Qnih`. Mc`nc Khkuntnm Otot

Yhspom Mc`nc
Qcank anpnt shackctpum komtrnksc :
otot, `uepug totn`
Qhranpnt shackct komtrnksc otot, >

 mpnaenu m ptcharnshkm aaccannmp

ntyknnmmd d hrgnnkrnums
acdhrnkknm o`hg otot thrshiut
Acanpntknm dhrnknm , tnpc 9
dhrnknm tcank enepu eh`nwnm
dnyn ihrnt (drnvctnsc)
Anpnt ehmdnanknm dhrnknm <
eh`nwnm dnyn ihrnt
Acsnepcmd anpnt eh`nwnm dnyn 1
 ihrnt cn anpnt pu`n
ehmdntnsc shackct tngnmnm ynmd
acihrcknm
Qcank nan kh`uepugnm (moren`) 8
\ueihr2 Ahiorn, 9:><
g. Qhst Acndmostck 
>) Ynaco`odc
n) Nmdcodrnfc shrhirc
Eheinmtu ehmhmtuknm phmyhini anrc strokh shlnrn sphscfck sphrtc
strokh phranrngnm nrthrcovhmn ntnu nanmyn ruptur. Icnsnmyn
pnan strokh phranrngnm nknm actheuknm nanmyn nmhurcsen
 i) @uein` pumdsc

>
Icnsnmyn pnan pnschm strokh gheorndck, snnt phehrcksnnm lncrnm

`uein` enkn thranpnt thknmnm ynmd ehmcmdknt acshrtnc ihrlnk anrng.

>
 Gn` ctu nknm ehmumbukkknm nanmyn gheorndck pnan suinrnlgmoca
ntnu pnan cmtrnkrnmcn`
l) LQ-\lnm
Ehephrgntcknm shlnrn sphscfck `htnk hahen, poscsc
ghentoen, nanmyn bnrcmdnm otnk ynmd cmfnrk ntnu cskhecn, shrtn
poscscmyn shlnrn
 pnstc. Gnsc` phehrksnnm icnsnmyn acanpntknm gcphrahms fokn`, knanmd
ensuk kh vhmtrckh` ntnu ehmyhinr kh phreuknnm otnk
a) Enlmhtcl Yhsomnmlh Cendcmd (EYC)
Ehmhmtuknm poscsc shrtn ihsnr/`uns thrbnacmyn phranrngnm otnk. Gnsc`
 phehrcksnnm icnsnmyn acanpntknm nrhn ynmd ehmdn`nec `hsc anm
cmfnrk nkcint anrc ghheorndck
h) X\D Aopp`hr
Xmtuk ehmdcahmtcfcknsc nanmyn phmynkct nrthrcovhmn (ensn`ng scsthe

knrotcs)
f) HHD
Zhehrcksnnm cmc ihrtubunm umtuk eh`cgnt ensn`ng ynmd tceiu` anm
anepnk anrc bnrcmdnm ynmd cmfnrk shgcmddn ehmurummyn cepu`s
`cstrck an`ne bnrcmdnm otnk.
9) @niorntorcue
n) Zhehrcksnnm anrng `hmdknp shphrtc Gi, @hukosct,
Qroeiosct, Hrctrosct. Gn` cmc ihrdumn umtuk ehmdhtnguc npnkng
pnschm ehmahrctn nmhecn. \hanmdknm `hukosct umtuk eh`cgnt scsthe
ceum pnschm. Ic`n knanr `hukosct acntns moren`, ihrnrtc nan
phmynkct cmfhksc ynmd shanmd ehmyhrnmd pnschm.
 i) Qhst anrng kondu`nsc Qhst anrng cmc thracrc anrc 1 phehrcksnnm, ynctu2
 protgroeicm tceh, pnrtcn` tgroeiop`nstcm (ZQQ), Cmthrmntcomn`
 Moren`czha Yntco (CMY) anm ndrhdnsc troeiosct. Khhepnt thst
cmc dumnmyn ehmdukur shihrnpn lhpnt anrng pnschm
ehmdduepn`. Dnmddunm phmdduepn`nm icsn ehmyhiniknm
phranrngnm ntnu
 pheihkunm anrng. Bckn pnschm shih`uemyn suang ehmhrcen oint
>
 phmdhmlhr anrng shphrtc wnrfnrcm, CMY acdumnknm umtuk ehmdhlhk 

>
 npnkng oint ctu acihrcknm an`ne aoscs ynmd ihmnr. Ihdctu pum ic`n
shih`uemyn suang acointc ghpnrcm, ZQQ ihrenmfnnt umtuk eh`cgnt
aoscs ynmd acihrcknm ihmnr ntnu tcank.
l) Qhst kcecn anrng Lhk anrng cmc umtuk eh`cgnt knmaumdnm du`n
anrng, ko`hsthro`, nsne urnt, a``. Npnic`n knanr du`n anrng ntnu
ko`hsthro`
 ihr`hicg, icsn ehmbnac phrtnman pnschm suang ehmahrctn acnihths anm
 bnmtumd. Khaun phmynkct cmc thrensuk kh an`ne sn`ng sntu
pheclu strokh (Yoicmsom, 9:>1)
c. Zo`n khicnsnnm shgnrc-gnrc
>) Zo`n khicnsnnm
Icnsnmyn pnan pnschm ynmd prcn, nanmyn khicnsnnm ehrokok anm
 phmddumnnm ecmuenmn ihrn`kgogo`
9) Zo`n enknm

Icnsnmyn thrbnac dnmddunm mutrcsc knrhmn nanmyn dnmddunm ehmh`nm pnan

 pnschm strokh gheorndck shgcmddn ehmyhiniknm phmurumnm ihrnt inanm.
<) Zo`n tcaur anm cstcrngnt
Icnsnmyn pnschm ehmdn`nec khsuknrnm umtuk cstcrngnt knrhmn nanmyn
khbnmd otot/ myhrc otot
1) Zo`n nktcvctns anm `ntcgnm
Icnsnmyn pnschm tcank anpnt ihrnktcfctns knrhmn ehmdn`nec kh`hengnm,
khgc`nmdnm shmsorc , ghecp`hdc ntnu kh`uepugnm
8) Zo`n h`cecmnsc
Icnsnmyn thrbnac cmkomtcmhmscn urcm anm pnan po`n ahfhknsc
icnsnmyn thrbnac komstcpnsc nkcint phmurumnm phrcstn`tck usus
6) Zo`n guiumdnm anm phrnm
Icnsnmyn nanmyn phruingnm guiumdnm anm phrnm knrhmn
pnschm ehmdn`nec khsuknrnm umtuk ihrkoeumcknsc nkcint dnmddunm
iclnrn
4) Zo`n phrshpsc anm komshp acrc Icnsnmyn pnschm ehrnsn tcank
ihranyn, tcank nan gnrnpnm, euang enrng, anm tcank koophrntcf
(Inttclnln, 9::7)
9
9. Acndmoscs Khphrnwntnm

9
 Acndmoscs khphrnwntnm ynmd eumlu` ehmurut \tnmanr Acndmoscs Khphrnwntnm
Cmaomhscn (\AKC) 9:>4 ynctu2
n. Ycscko phrfusc shrhin` tcank hfhktcf (A::>4) ihrguiumdnm
ahmdnm nmhurcsen shrhirc
 i. Dnmddunm ehmh`nm (A::6<) ihrguiumdnm ahmdnm dnmddunm snrnf lrnmcn`
l. Dnmddunm eoic`ctns fcsck (A::81) ihrguiumdnm ahmdnm
dnmddunm mhuroeusku`hr 
a. Dnmddunm koeumcknsc vhrin` (A:>>3) ihrguiumdnm ahmdnm
phmurumnm scrku`nsc shrhirn`,
h. Ahfcsct phrnwntnm acrc (A:>:3) ihrguiumdnm ahmdnm
dnmddunm mhuroeusku`hr anm kh`hengnm
f. Myhrc nkut (A::44) ihrguiumdnm ahmdnm ndhm phmlhahrn fcsck (CLG)
<. Yhmlnmn Khphrnwntnm

Qnih`. Yhmlnmn Khphrnwntnm

 M \AKC \@KC \CKC
O
> Ycscko phrfusc \hth`ng ac`nkuknm O2
shrhin` tcank cmthrvhmsc sh`nen - cahmtcfcknsc phmcmdkntnm
hfhktcf <x91 bne ac thknmnm cmtrnlrnmcn`.
(A::>4) anpntknm - eomctor phmcmdkntnm QA.
 ihrguiumdnm khnahkuntnm n`crnm - eomctor phmurumnm frhkuhmsc
ahmdnm anrng shrhirn`.  bnmtumd - eomctor crhdu`hrctns
nmhurcsen Krcthrcn gnsc` 2 crnen mnfns
shrhirc -tcmdknt khsnanrnm - eomctor phmurumnm tcmdknt
ehmcmdknt. khsnanrnm. - eomctor
-dh`csng ehmurum.  phr`neintnm ntnu khtcank
-thknmnm anrng scehtrcsnm rhspom pupc`.
eheinck  - eomctor knanr LO9 anm
 phrtngnmknm an`ne rhmtnmd
ynmd accmacknscknm
- eomctor thknmnm
phrfusc shrhirn`
-eomctor hfhk stceu`us
Q2
- neic` sneph` arncmnsh
lncrnm shrhirospcmn`.
- kn`cirnsc trnmsaushr.
- phrtngnmknm sthrc`ctns systhe
 phenmtnunm .
- phrtngnmknm poscsc khpn`n

9
 anm `hghr mhtrn`.
- aokuehmtnscknm gnsc`
 phenmtnunm,bckn phr`u.
- ntur cmthrvn` phenmtnunm
shsunc komacsc pnschm.
- aouehmtnsc gnsc`
 phenmtnunm.
H2
-bh`nsknm tubunm anm proshaur
 phenmtnunm.
9 Dnmddunm \hth`ng O2
ehmh`nm ac`nkuknm - Zhrcksn poscsc MDQ
(A::6<) cmthrvhmsc <x91 ahmdnm ehehrcksn rhscau
 ihrguiumdnm  bne ac anpntknm `neiumd ntnu ehmdnku`tnsc
ahmdnm gnsc`2 gheiusnm uanrn
dnmddunm  -rhf`hk ehmh`nm - Eomctor ththsnm enknmnm
snrnf lrnmcn` ehmcmdknt  pnan poepn shtcnp bne
-khenepunm - Eomctor rnsn
ehmdumyng phmug,eun`,anm eumtng.
ehmcmdknt
-1 -E6 obnmecto srh r`nhescanu 9 `1n
-idnht`ucskn ge ebneiumd tcnp
ehmhumruurmum  phrtnen, kheuacnm tcnp 7 bne
-eumtng sh`nen pheihrcnm enknm vcn
ehmurum hmthrn`,bckn phr`u
-phmhrcennm - Eomctor po`n iunmd ncr
enknmnm ihsnr shtcnp 1-7 bne,bcn phr`u
eheinck  Q2
- Dumnknm thkmck ihrscg an`ne
 pheihrcnm enknmnm vcn sh`nmd
- Ihrcknm tnman pnan sh`nmd
umtuk ehephrtngnmknm `oknsc
ynmd thpnt
- Qcmddcknm khpn`n thepnt
tcaur <:-18 ahrnbnt sh`nen
 pheihrcnm enknm
- Crcdnsc sh`nmd ahmdnm <:
e` ncr shtcnp 1-6 bne sh`nen
 pheihrcnm enknm anm shth`ng
 pheihrcnm enknm cmthrectnm
- Gcmanrc pheihrcnm enknm
`hwnt sh`nmd > bne shih`ue
 proshaur ntnu phecmangnm
 pnschm
- Gcmanrc pheihrcnm enknm
 bckn rhscau `hicg anrc >8: ll
ntnu `hicg anrc >::-9:: phrshm
9
anrc bue`ng enknmnm tncp
bne

9
 -khshsuncnm

< Dnmddunm \hth`ng

eoic`ctns ac`nkuknm
fcsck (A::81) cmthrvhmsc sh`nen
 ihrguiumdnm <x91 bne
ahmdnm acanpntknm gnsc`2
dnmddunm -phrdhrnknm
mhuroeusku`h hsktrhectns
ehmcmdknt
-khkuntnm otot
ehmcmdknt
-myhrc ehmurum
-khlhensnm
ehmurum

1 Dnmddunm
koeumcknsc \hth`ng
vhrin` ac`nkuknm
(A:>>3) cmthrvhmsc sh`nen
 ihrguiumdnm <x91 bne ac
ahmdnm anpntknm gnsc`
 phmurumnm shindnc ihrckut2
scrku`nsc  -khenepunm
shrhirn`,  ihriclnrn
ehmcmdknt
-khenepunm
ehmahmdnr
ehmcmdknt

9
H2
- Bh`nsknm tubunm anm
`nmdkng`nmdkng
proshaur K2
- Ko`niornsc pheihrcnm
scmnr W umtuk komfcrensc
poscsc sh`nmd,bckn phr`u
O2
- Cahmtcfcknsc nanmyn myhrc ntnu
kh`ugnm fcsck `ncmmyn
- Cahmtcfcknsc to`hrnmsc
fcsck eh`nkuknm
phrdhrnknm
- Eomctor frhkuhmsc
bnmtumd anm thknmnm
anrng shih`ue eheu`nc
eoic`csnsc
- Eomctor komacsc ueue
sh`nen eh`nkuknm
eoic`csnsc Q 2
- Fnsc`ctnsc nktcvctns eoic`ctns

a- hFmndsnc`mct ns`nc te ihn`mntkuuknm

 phrdhrnknm - @cintknm
kh`urdn umtuk eheinmtu
pnschm an`ne
ehmcmdkntknm phrdhrnknm
H2
- Bh`nsknm tubunm anm
proshaur eoic`csnsc
- Nmburknm
eh`nkuknm
eoic`csnsc acmc
- Nmburknm
eoic`csnsc
shahrgnmn ynmd
gnrus ac`nkuknm
(ecs. auauk
acthepnt tcaur).
K 2 Komsu`tnsc khshgntnm
O2
- eomctor
khlhpntnm,thknmnm,
kunmtctnsvo`ueh,anm acksc
 iclnrn - eomctor proshs
kokmctcf,nmntoecs anm
fcsco`odcs ynmd
ihrknctnm ahmdnm
 iclnrn(ecs,eheorc,phmah
m dnrnm anm ingnsn)
- eomctor
frustnsc,enrng ahprhsc
ntnu gn` `ncm ynmd
ehmddnmddu iclnrn
9
 hksprhsc - cahmtcfcknsc phrc`nku
wnbng/tuiug heoscomn` anm fcsck shindnc
ehmcmdknt  ihmtuk koeumcknsc
-komtnk Q2
entn - dumnknm ehtoah koeumcknsc
ehmcmdknt n`thrmntcvh
-phengnenm  - shsuncknm dnyn koeumcknsc
koeumcknsc ahmdnm khiutugnm(ecs,ihracrc
eheinck  ac ahpnm pnschm,ahmdnrknm
shlnrn shksnen )
- eoacfcknsc `cmdkumdnm
umtuk ehecmcen`knm inmtunm
- u`nmdc npn ynmd ac snepncknm
 pnschm
- ihrcknm aukumdnm pscko`odcs
 - dumnknm buru iclnrn,bckn
 phr`u H2
- nmburknm ihriclnrn phr`ngnm
- nbnrknm pnschm anm kh`unrdn

 pfcrsocosh`os dkcosydnmmctdcf
i,nhmrngtuoieucmsd,annmm
ahmdnm khenepunm ihriclnrn
k2
- rubuk kh ng`c pnto`odc iclnrn
8 Ahfcsct ntnu thrnpcs
 phrnwntnm acrc \hth`ng ac`nkuknm O2
(A:>:3)  phmdknbcnm - cahmtcfcknsc uscn anm
 ihrguiumdnm sh`nen iuanyn an`ne eheinmtu
ahmdnm >x91 bne ac khihrscgnm acrc - cahmtcfcknsc
dnmddunm anpntknm gnsc` 2 bhmcs inmtunm ynmd ac
mhuroeusku`hr  -khenepunm iutugknm
enknm ehmcmdknt - eomctor khihrscgnm tuiug
anm
kh`hengnm -ehephrtngnmknm - eomctor cmthdrctns ku`ct
khihrscgnm eu`ut Q2
-ecmnt eh`nkuknm - shacnknm phrn`ntnm enmac
 phrnwntnm acrc - shacnknm `cmdkumdnm ynmd
ehmcmdknt nenm anm mynenm
- fnsc`ctns ehmddosok
dcdc,shsunc khiutugnm
- fnsc`ctns
enmac,shsunc
khiutugnm
- phrtngnmknm khicnsnnm
khihrscgnm acrc
- ihrcknm inmtunm shsu
nc tcmdknt khenmacrcnm
9
H2
- Bh`nsknm enmfnnt enmac
anm anepnk tcank enmac
thrgnanp

9
 khshgntnm
- nbnrknm khpnan kh`unrdn
lnrn ehenmacknm pnschm
INI CCC
QCMBNXNM KN\X\

N. Zhmdknbcnm
Qnmddn`/bne ensuk Y\ 2 >6 Enrht
9:9>/9<.<: Yunmd 2 \ nrnf 
 Mo. Yhdcsthr 2 3678<6
Acndmosn Ehacs 2 CLG
Qnmddn` Zhmdknbcnm 2 99 Enrht 9:9>

CAHMQCQN\ K@CHM

 Mnen 2 My. H \unec

Xeur 2 69 tn gum Mnen 2 Qm . Y  
Bhmcs K h`necm 2 Z hrhepunm Zhkhrbnnm 2 urug
I
Ndnen 2 C s`ne N`nent 2 B `. D ntot \ uiroto
\uku/inmdsn 2E h`nyu/Cmaomhscn Lhepnkn Z utcg
Ingnsn 2 C maomhscn Zhmnmddumd 2 \ unec
Zhmacacknm 2\A Bnwni
Zhkhrbnnm 2 CY Q Mnen 2 Q m. Y  
\tntus 2 K nwcm N`nent 2 B `. D ntot \
uiroto N`nent 2 B `. D ntot \ uiroto Lhepnkn Z utcg
  Lhepnkn Zutcg

KH@XGNM XQNEN
Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm ensuk rueng snkct ahmdnm kh`ugnm khsnanrnm ehmurum,
knkc anm tnmdnm knmnm ehmdn`nec kh`uepugnm/kh`hengnm

YCTNSNQ ZHMSNKCQ \HKNYNMD

9
Gnrc \h`nsn tnmddn` >6 Enrht, sorh shkctnr bne >6.:: snnt ghmank eheiomlhmd
eotor nmnkmyn ac ahpnm rueng, tcin-tcin k`chm ehrnsn puscmd, shepoyomdnm,
khsnanrnm ehmurum tnpc tcank snepnc pcmdsnm. Qnmdnm anm knkc knmnm `heng anm
su`ct acdhrnkknm.
\nnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm pnan tnmddn` 99 Enrht 9:9> bne ><2<: TCI
acanpntknm antn2 kh`unrdn k`chm ehmyntnknm hsktrhectns shih`ng knmnm k`chm
`heng. K`chm
 ihriclnrn `neinm anm thrknanmd kurnmd bh`ns. k`chm tnepnk `heng, nmddotn
dhrnk shih`ng knmnm susng acdhrnkknm. Gnsc` phehrcksnnm tcmdknt khsnanrnm ac
anpntknm DL\ >1 (H1 V8 E8). k`chm thrpnsnmd knththr, k`chm thrpnsnmd
okscdhm mnsn` knmu` 8
`pe, thrpnsnmd MDQ, thrpnsnmd cmfush MnL` :,3% 9: tte ac tnmdnm shih`ng kcrc.
Xpnyn ynmd th`ng ac`nkuknm 2 kh`unrdn eheinwn k`chm ihroint kh Y\ Irntnmntn anm
ehmanpntknm phmnmdnmnm ac CDA. Gnsc` phehrcksnnm DL\ >9 (H <, V 8, E 1).
Knrhmn runmd CLX Y\ Irntnmntn phmug, k`chm `n`u acrubuk kh Y\XA Ynahm Enttnghr 

anm acrnwnt ac runmd phrnwntnm snrnf.

Qhrnpc ynmd th`ng acihrcknm 2
- CVFA MnL` :,3% 9: tte
- Oehprnzo` 9 x 1: ed
- Eomcto` `onacmd 9:: ll
- Znrnshtneo` >::: ed/MDQ
- Mclnracpcm arcp :,8 ed >8 tte

YCTNSNQ KH\HGNQNM QHYANGX@X

Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm phrmng acrnwnt tngum 9::7 ahmdnm knsus gcphrthmsc.
\hth`ng ctu k`chm ehmdckutc prodrne Zro`nmcs gcphrthmsc ac Zuskhsens Znkunm
Inru shlnrn rutcm. \hbnk iu`nm Movheihr 9:9: k`chm tcank `ndc komtro` anm ecmue
oint gcphrthmsc gcmddn k`chm ehmdn`nec snkct ynmd shknrnmd.

YCTNSNQ KH\HGNQNM KH@XNYDN

Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm ornmd tun k`chm tcank nan rcwnynt gcphrthmsc. Nyng k`chm
ehmcmddn` knrhmn snkct `cvhr, shanmdknm ciu ehmcmddn` knrhmn snkct pnru-pnru. Anrc
9
 >> ihrsnuanrn, < ornmd snuanrn k`chm snnt cmc ehec`ckc rcwnynt gcphrthmsc.
\hanmdknm < ornmd nmnk k`chm tcank ehepumync rcwnynt gcphrthmsc.

Dhmodrne 2

Khthrnmdnm 2
@nkc-`nkc g caup Zhrhepunm g caup

@nkc-`nkc e ntc Zhrhepunm e ntc

K`chm Guiumdnm kh
`unrdn Ycwnynt
  Qcmddn` shrueng
Gcphrthmsc
 
KHNANNM @CMDKXMDNM SNMD EHEZHMDNYXGC QCEIX@MSN ZHMSNKCQ
Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm tcmddn` ac `cmdkumdnm pnant phmauauk knwnsnm phrkotnnm.
@cmdkumdnm ihrscg, tcank phrmng inmbcr, ensuk `oromd, bnug anrc khicscmdnm bn`nm rnyn.

ZO@N FXMD\C KH\HGNQNM

>. Zo`n phrshpsc anm tntn `nksnmn khshgntnm

9
 K`chm ehmynanrc acrcmyn snkct anm eheiutugknm phrnwntnm ehacs. K`chm
ehmdntnknm nknm ehentugc sheun prodrne phmdointnm anm ihrgnrnp icsn khein`c
shgnt shphrtc sheu`n.
9. Zo`n m utrcsc a nm e htnio`cseh
\hih`ue snkct k`chm enknm < kn`c shgnrc, porsc gnics, ehmu `nuk anm snyur, shshkn`c
enknm iung. Qcank nan pnmtnmdnm enknmnm an`ne tngum thrnkgcr cmc. shih`uemyn
k`chm enknm rhmang dnrne anm ehmdgcmanrc enknmnm ihr`henk.
\h`nen ac rueng snkct k`chm enknm < kn`c shgnrc eh`n`uc MDQ, acct enknmnm
lncr rhmang dnrne, porsc gnics.
<. Zo`n h `cecmnsc
\hih`ue snkct k`chm INI rutcm shkn`c shgnrc. Fhshs ihrihmtuk, tcank ehmlrht.
\h`nen acrnwnt ac Y\ k`chm inrc > kn`c INI ynctu pnan gnrc kh 4, fhshs ihrihmtuk,
tcank ehmlrht.

\hih`ue snkct INK 8-6 kn`c shgnrc, sh`nen acrnwnt k`chm INK eh`n`uc knththr.
Xrcmh ihrwnrmn kumcmd tun, tcank thranpnt anrng. Output urcmh 7:: ll/91 bne.
1. Zo`n n ktcfctns
\hih`ue snkct k`chm anpnt ihrnktcfctns enmacrc umtuk NA@ enupum phkhrbnnm shgnrc-
gnrc. \h`nen snkct anm acrnwnt kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm `heng pnan hkstrhectns
knmnm. K`chm tnepnk shmac knku, phrdhrnknm thrintns, susng ihrnktcfctns,
sheun nktcfctns ac`nkuknm ac thepnt tcaur. K`chm ih`ue enmac, gnmyn ac`np
snbn o`hg nmnkmyn. NA@ shphmugmyn acinmtu phrnwnt anm kh`unrdn.
8. Zo`n c stcrngnt t caur  
\hih`ue snkct k`chm thricnsn tcaur scnmd > bne. En`ne gnrc tcaur 6-4 bne, po`n
tcaur thrntur.
\h`nen acrnwnt k`chm ehmdntnknm icsn tcaur myhmynk. Qcaur en`ne shkctnr 7 bne.
6. Zo`n k odmctcf a nm p hrshpsc s hmsorc
Khsnanrnm k`chm inck, anpnt ehmbnwni phrtnmynnm wn`nupum dnyn iclnrnmyn
`neinm, k`chm tcank ehrnsnknm myhrc. K`chm tnmdnm anm knkc kcrc `heng, tcank 
 ihrthmndn, ic`n acrnin enscg nan shmsnsc.
4. Zo`n k omshp a crc

9
 K`chm ehmdntnknm icsn ehmhrcen phmynkctmyn anm tcank ehrnsn en`u ahmdnm
khnannmmyn. K`chm optcecs phmynkctmyn icsn sheiug.
7. Zo`n g uiumdnm p hrnm
\hih`ue snkct k`chm enepu ehmbn`nmknm fumdsc shindnc ciu rueng tnmddn,
ehmdhrbnknm phkhrbnnm rueng anm ehmdnsug 9 ornmd lulu ynmd tcmddn` shrueng.
\h`nen acrnwnt ac Y\ k`chm acthenmc putrc iumdsumyn, khaun lulu acnsug ciumyn.
3. Zo`n f umdsc s hksun`-
shksun`ctns (tcank acknbc)
>:. Zo`n e hknmcseh k opcmd
Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm icnsn ehmyh`hsncknm phrson`nm shmacrc ntnu ihrheiud
ahmdnm sunec anm nmnk-nmnk. Guiumdnm ahmdnm kh`unrdn gnreomcs. \h`nen
cmc ehrnsn sheun ensn`ng icsn thrntnsc.
>>. Zo`n m c`nc a nm k hphrlnynnm

K`chm phrlnyn khpnan Qugnm anm ihrcinang shsunc nbnrnm ndnenmyn (Cs`ne). \h`nen
acrnwnt k`chm tcank icsn ihrcinang, gnmyn inmynk ihraon snbn.

ZHEHYCK\NNM FC\CK 
>. \tntus khshgntnm ueue
Khnannm phmnepc`nm ueue
2
Khsnanrnm 2 oepos hmtcs DL\ 2 1 , 8 ,E 8
K e H V
II s hih`ue s nkct 266kd QI 2 > 86 l
e II s nnt c mc 26 6 k d
II cahn` 2 69 kd
Zhrkheinmdnm II 2 \tnic`
\tntus d czc 2 O vhrwhcdgt
\tntus Gcarnsc 2 Moren`
Qnman-tnman vctn` 2
QA 2 > 6:/>:: e eGd \ugu 2 < 6,7²L
 M 2 37 x/emt YY 2 >7x/emt
9. Khpn`n

9
 Yneiut 2 Yneiut k`chm shindcnm ihsnr ihruinm, khpn`n tnepnk ihrecmynk anm
 ihrkhtoeih, tcank nan myhrc thknm pnan ku`ct khpn`n.
Entn 2 \cehtrcs kcrc anm knmnm ,pupc` k`chm tnepnk csokor acnehthr 9ee, entn k`chm
tnepnk ihrscg anm kombumdtcfn tcank nmhecs.
Qh`cmdn 2 \cehtrcs kcrc knmnm, th`cmdn k`chm moren` tcank nan pnknc n`nt inmtu
ahmdnr,anm th`cmdn k`chm tnepnk ihrscg, tcank nan pheihmdknknm ntnu myhrc thknm
 pnan th`cmdn k`chm.
Gcaumd 2 Gcaumd k`chm tnepnk ihrscg, tnepnk thrpnsnmd okscdhm 8 `cthr/ehmct anm
thrpnsnmd MDQ pnan gcaumd shih`ng kcrc.
Eu`ut anm dcdc 2 Eu`ut k`chm tnepnk khrcmd anm tnepnk scehtrcs. Dcdc k`chm
tnepnk kotor, dcdc tcank `hmdknp anm thranpnt lnrchs dcdc
<. @hghr  
Kh`hmbnr dhtng ihmcmd tcank thrnin, tcroca tcank nan pheihmdknknm, poscsc trnkhn

acthmdng, tcank nan phmcmdkntnm vhmn budu`nrcs

1. Qgornk  
Znru2 tcank nan kh`ugnm shsnk mnpns, tcank ehmdn`nec intuk. Ihmtuk anan
scehtrcs, crnen mnpns thrntur, tcank nan phmdhrngnm otot inmtu phrmnpnsnm, tcank
thrpnsnmd T\A. Voln` prhectus anm hkspnmsc pnru nmthrcor anm posthrcor anan
moren`, phrkusc
 pnru somor knmnm anm kcrc, sunrn mnpns vhscku`hr.
Bnmtumd2 LYQ = 9 ahtck, tcank nan scnmoscs, cktus koracs thrnin gnmdnt, intns ntns
CL\ V knmnm `cmhn pnrnsthrmn` knmnm, intns inwng CL\ V kcrc kh ehacn` `cmhn
ecak`nvcku`n kcrc, intns knmnm CL\ CV knmnm `cmhn pnrnsthrmn` anm intns kcrc CL\ CCC
kcrc `cmhn pnrnsthrmn`, iumyc bnmtumd C snnt ac nusku`tnsc thrahmdnr iumyc bnmtumd
moren` anm rhdu`nr, iumyc bnmtumd CC thrahmdnr iumyc bnmtumd moren` anm rhdu`nr,
tcank nan iumyc bnmtumd tneingnm anm tcank nan kh`ncmnm.
8. Niaoehm
Zhrut tcank hahen, ihmtuk scehtrcs, tcank nscths, tcank nan inynmdnm vhmn, tcank nan
 ihmbo`nm/enssn, tcank ihkns `ukn ophrnsc, tcank thrpnsnmd arncm, phrcstn`tcl usus
98x/ehmct, tcank nan myhrc thknm, tcank nan enssn, tcank nan pheihsnrnm ghpnr,
tcank myhrc pnan phrkusc dcmbn`.

6. Qu`nmd ih`nknmd
<
 \cehtrcs, tcank nan myhrc, tcank nan krhpctnsc, tcank nan `oraoscs, tcank nan kcposcs.
4. Hkstrhectns
Qnepnk kh`hengnm pnan tnmdnm anm knkc knmnm. Qcank nan frnktur. Ku`ct khrcmd.
Qurdor inck. Qcank nan `ukn. \hmsnsc rnin enscg thrnsn. Qnmdnm anm knkc kcrc
moren`. Qnmdnm kcrc thrpnsnmd cmfus MnL` :,3% 9: tte. Yhf`hks Inicmskc knmnm anm
kcrc (+). Khkuntnm otot 9 8
 9 8
7. Dhmctn`cn anm nmus
Dhmctn`cn ihrscg, tcank nan myhrc, thrpnsnmd knththr urcmh.
3. Zhehrcksnnm mhuro`odcs
n. O`fnktorc
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm enepu eheihanknm inu ahmdnm inck
 i. Optckus

Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm ehmdntnknm pnmanmdnm ndnk kniur anm
ehmddumnknm knln entn ac rueng.Zost OZ kntnrnk entn shih`ng kcrc sntu
iu`nm
`n`u.
l. Oku`oeotorcus, Niaushm anm Qrolg`hnrcs
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm enepu eh`nkuknmmyn ahmdnm inck.
a. Qrcdhecmus
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm pnschm tcank enepu eh`nkuknmmyn ahmdnm inck
h. Fnscn`cs
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm hksprhsc wnbng pnschm tnepnk thrdnmddu
f. Vhstciu`ololg`hnrcs
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdnbcnm k`chm enepu ehmahmdnrmyn ahmdnm inck.
d. D`osofnrcmdhus
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm enepu eheihanknm rnsn ahmdnm inck.
g. Vndus
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm tnepnk thrpnsnmd MDQ.
c. Nkshsorcs.
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm indcnm kcrc ingu k`chm tcank enepu eh`nkuknm

knrmn `heng tuiug shih`ng kcrc.

<
  b. Gcpod`nsus
Znan snnt ac`nkuknm phmdknbcnm k`chm tcank enepu eh`nkunmmyn.

ZHEHYCK\NNM ACNDMO\QCK 
>. @niorntorcue
Zhehrcksnnm tnmddn` >4 Enrht 9:9>
ZHEHYCK\NNM GN\C@ MC@NC Y XBXKNM XMCQ
Ghento`odc
Gheod`oicm >8.8 >> “ >6 d/a`
Ghentokrct 1:.6 <4 “ 1< %
@hkosct 7.8 1“> : ri/u`
Qroeiosct 93: >8: “ 1 8: Yciu/u@
Hrctrosct 1.84 1.: “ 8 .: Butn/u`
EZV (ehnm 7.8 6.8 “ > 9 f@
 p`nth`ht vo`ueh)
ZAT >8.3 3“> 4
ZLQ ( Z`nth`hlrct) :.9 :.>:7 “ : %
.979
ELV 77.4 7: “ > :: F`
ELG 93.6 96 “ < 1 Zd
ELGL <<.1 %
YAT-LV >9.8 >> “ > 6 %
YAT\A 16.8 <8 “ 8 6 %
 Mhutrofc`% 8<.3 8: “ 4: %
@cefosct% <:.6 9: “ 1: %
Eomosct% <.6 9“7 %
Hoscmofc`% >>.>G :.8 “ 8 %
Insofc`% :.7 : “> %

ZHEHYCK\NNM GN\C@ MC@NC YXBXKNM\NQXNM KHQ

KCECN
K@CMCK D@XKO\N
<
ANYNG

<
 DA\ ><1 09:: Ed/a`
Fnn` dcmbn`
Xrhue >7 >8 “ < 3 Ed/a@
Lrhntcmcm >.:4 :.88- > .< Ed/a@
H`hktro`ct
 Mntrcue >14.9 ><6 “ >16 Eeo`/@ G
Kn`cue <.6> <.<1 “ 8 .>: Eeo`/@
Lg`orcan >:4.1 37 “ > :6 Eeo`/@ G

ZHEHYCK\NNM GN\C@ MC@NC YXBXKNM \NQXNM KHQ

KCECN K@CMCK 
Zrcfc` @cpca
Lgo`hsthro` Q >37 09:: Ed/a`
otn`
Qrcd`cshrcan >>1 0>8: Ed/a@
GA@ L 8< 1: “ 6 : Ed/a`
go`hsthro` @A@ >9> : “33 Ed/a` G
L go`hsthro` Fnn`
Dcmbn` 9.7 9.6 “ 4 .9 Ed/a@
Nsne X rnt
Ynaco`odc
LQ \lnm tnmddn` >6 Enrht 9:9> LQ \lnm lrnmcn` mom komtrns
Qnepnk `hsc pnan rhdco tgn`neus kcrc pnrhmkce otnk 
Kortckn` surlc anm dyrc inck 
\cstce vhmtrckn` anm lysthrmn inck 
Qnk tnepnk eca`cmh sgcft
Acffhmscnsc drhy anm wgcth entthr tnk inck 
Cmfrn thmtorcn` poms, shrhih``ue anm anhrng LZN inck 
\cmus hteocan`cs fromtn`cs anm spghmocan`cs moren`
Yomddn orictn anm orictn moren`
Qu`nmd anm bnrcmdnm `cmnk moren`
Khsnm 2 Zhranrngnm pnan rhdco tgn`neus kcrc.
<.HKD
\cmus rgytge

QHYNZC

<
>. Orn`
 Ne`oacpcm > : e d > : >
 Lnmahsnrtnm : : >6ed

 Znrnshtneo` < x > ::: e d



GLQ 98 ed > : :
9. Znrhmthrn`

 CVFA MnL` :,3%

9:tte
 Oehprnzo`h cv 9 x 1: ed
 
Bneic, 99 Enrht 9:9>.
  Engnscswn

  Eug. Carcs
 MCE. ZO4>9:99:::<3

NMN@C\N ANQN
 M ANQN HQCO@ODC EN\N@NG
O
> Antn \uibhktcf2 - Zhranrngnm cmtrnshrhirn`
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm tnmdnm
anm knkc knmnm `heng, thrnsn
ihrnt
 ic`n acdhrnkknm
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm
sheun nktcfctns ac thepnt
tcaur 
Antn Oibhktcf2
<
Ycscko phrfusc shrhirn` tcank hfhktcf
(A::>4)

<
 - K`chm tnepnk sheun nktcfctns ac A
n
 inmtu kh`unrdn. n
- K`chm tnepnk `heng scsc O
i
tuiug shih`ng knmnm h
- K`chm tnepnk susng ihrnktcfctns . t
2
- K`chm tnepnk shmac knku -
- Khkuntnm otot 9 8
  9 8
- K`chm tnepnk ihriclnrn
`neinm. Qhrknanmd kurnmd
bh`ns
- K`chm tnepnk susng
ehmddhrnknm tnmdnm knmnmc
anm knkc knmnm.
- \nnt phmdknbcnm QQV k`chm 2
  QA 2 >6:/>:: eeGd
  \ugu 2 <6,7˒L
  Mnac 2 37 kn`c/ehmct
  Zhrmnfnsnm 2 >7 kn`c/ehmct .
  tnepnk khkuntnm otot
  DL\ 2 >1 (H<,E6,V8).
- K`chm tnepnk snrnf
vndus,trcdhecmus anm
gcpod`nsus
thrdnmddu.
Dnmddunm
- Gnsc; LQ \lnm2 Zhranrngnm
 Mhuroeusku`hr 
pnan rhdco tgn`neus kcrc
9 Antn \uibhktcf 2
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm
sheun nktcfctns ac inmtu.
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm susng
 ihrdhrnk.
- K`chm ehmdntnknm tnmdnm anm
knkc knmnm `heng anm susng
umtuk ac dhrnknm.
Antn Oibhktcf 2
- K`chm tnepnk nktcfctns ac
inmtu kh`unrdn.
- K`chm tnepnk thrinrcmd `heng
ac thepnt tcaur.
- K`chm tnepnk dhrnk thrintns
- Khkuntnm otot 9 8
Dnmddunm snrnf krnmcn`cs
  9 8
- tnepnk shmac knku
< Antn \uibhktcf 2
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm
k`chm enknm `hwnt sh`nmd.

<
Dnmddunm eoic`ctns fcsck. (A::81)

Dnmddunm ehmh`nm (A::6<)

<
 - K`chm tnepnk snrnf
vndus,gcpod`nsus anm
trcdhecmus thrdnmddu.
1 Antn \uibhktcf 2 Kh`hengnm Ahvcsct phrnwntnm
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm mhuroeusku`hr  acrc (A:>:3)
sheun nktcfctns acinmtu
- K`chm ehmdntnknm tnmdnm
anm knkc knmnm `heng anm
susng acdhrnkknm
- Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm
ih`ue enmac, gnmyn ac`np snbn.
Antn Oibhktcf
- K`chm tnepnk rneiut khpn`n
 ihrecmynk anm ihrkhtoeih, dcdc
tnepnk kotor.
- Znschm tnepnk sheun nktcfctns ac
 inmtu

I. Acndmoscs Khphrnwntnm
Anrc gnsc` Nmn`csn antn, acthtnpknm acndmoscs khphrnwntnm ihransnrknm prcorctns
>. Ycscko phrfusc shrhirn` tcank hfhktcf (A::>4) i.a phranrngnm cmtrnshrhirn`
9. Dnmddunm ehmh`nm (A::6<) i.a dnmddunm snrnf krnmcn`cs
<. Dnmddunm eoic`ctns fcsck. (A::81) i.a dnmddunm mhuroeusku`hr 
1. Ahvcsct phrnwntnm acrc (A:>:3) i.a kh`hengnm mhuroeusku`hr 

<
L. Yhmlnmn C mthrvhmsc
 M QNMDDN@ \AKC \@KC \CKC
O
> 99-<-9:9> Ycscko phrfusc shrhirn` \hth`ng ac`nkuknm cmthrvhmsc sh`nen Oishrvnsc2
tcank hfhktcf (A::>4) <x91 bne, enkn acanpntknm - cahmtcfcknsc phmcmdknmtnm
 i.a phranrngnm phrfusc shrhirn` ehmcmdknt. thknmnm cmtrnlrnmcn`.
cmtrnshrhirn` Krcthrcn gnsc` 2 - eomctor phmcmdkntnm QA.
- Qcmdknt khsnanrnm ehmcmdknt. - eomctor phmurumnm frhkuhmsc bnmtumd
- Dh`csng ehmurum. - eomctor crhdu`hrctns crnen mnfns
- Qhknmnm anrng eheinck  - eomctor phmurumnm tcmdknt khsnanrnm.
- eomctor phr`neintnm ntnu khtcank
scehtrcsnm rhspom pupc`.
- eomctor knanr LO9 anm phrtngnmknm
an`ne rhmtnmd ynmd accmacknscknm
- eomctor thknmnm phrfusc
shrhirn` Qhrnphutck2
- phrtngnmknm poscsc khpn`n
- ntur cmthrvn` phenmtnunm shsunc komacsc
 pnschm.
- aokuehmtnsc gnsc`
phenmtnunm. Hauknsc2
- bh`nsknm pnan kh`unrdn tubunm anm proshaur
 phenmtnunm
9 99-<-9:9> Dnmddunm ehmh`nm \hth`ng ac`nkuknm cmthrvhmsc < x 91 Oishrvnsc2
(A::6<) i.a dnmddunm  bne, enkn acanpntknm dnmddunm - Zhrcksn poscsc MDQ
snrnf krnmcn`cs ehmh`nm - Eomctor rnsn phmug,eun`,anm eumtng. “
ihrkurnmd. Krcthrcn - Eomctor rhscau `neiumd tcnp 1-6 bne
gnsc`2 sh`nen 91 bne phrtnen, kheuacnm tcnp 7
- rhf`hk ehmh`nm ehmcmdknt bne sh`nen pheihrcnm enknm vcn
- khenepunm ehmdumyng hmthrn`,bckn
ehmcmdknt  phr`u
- phmhrcennm enknmnm eheinck 
<4

Eomctor po`n iunmd ncr ihsnr shtcnp 1-7 bne,

 bcn phr`u Qhrnphutck2
Dumnknm thkmck ihrscg an`ne pheihrcnm enknmnm vcn sh`nmd
Qcmddcknm khpn`n thepnt tcaur <:-18 ahrnbnt sh`nen pheihrcnm enknm
Crcdnsc sh`nmd ahmdnm <: e` ncr shtcnp 1-6
 bne sh`nen pheihrcnm enknm anm shth`ng
 pheihrcnm enknm cmthrectnm
Gcmanrc pheihrcnm enknm `hwnt sh`nmd >
 bne shih`ue proshaur ntnu phecmangnm
 pnschm
Gcmanrc pheihrcnm enknm bckn rhscau `hicg anrc >8: ll ntnu `hicg anrc >::-9:: phrshm anrc bue`ng enknmnm tncp bne
Hauknsc2
Bh`nsknm tubunm anm `nmdkng-`nmdkng
 proshaur

< 99-<-9:9> Dnmddunm \hth`ng ac`nkuknm cmthrvhmsc sh`nen
eoic`ctns <x91 bne, enkn acanpntknm
fcsck. (A::81) i.a eoic`ctns fcsck ehmcmdknt.
kh`hengnm Krcthrcn gnsc`2
mhuroeusku`hr  - phrdhrnknm hsktrhectns ehmcmdknt
- khkuntnm otot ehmcmdknt
1 99-<-9:9> Ahvcsct phrnwntnm \hth`ng ac`nkuknm cmthrvhmsc sh`nen
acrc <x91 bne, enkn acanpntknm
 phrnwntnm acrc
(A:>:3) i.a
ehmcmdknt. Krcthrcn gnsc`2
kh`hengnm - khenepunm enknm ehmcmdknt
mhuroeusku`hr  h e p h r tn g nm
- ec m nt e h `n k uknm
k i h rs cg n m t u i ug
ph rn w n tn m a c r c
ehmcmdknt
Ko`niornsc2
- Ko`niornsc phec`cgnm bhmcs anm
bue`ng enknmnm hmthrn`
Oishrvnsc2
- Cahmtcfcknsc nanmyn myhrc ntnu kh`ugnm fcsck
`ncmmyn
- Cahmtcfcknsc to`hrnmsc fcsck eh`nkuknm
 phrdhrnknm
- Eomctor frhkuhmsc bnmtumd anm
thknmnm anrng shih`ue eheu`nc
eoic`csnsc
- Eomctor komacsc ueue sh`nen eh`nkuknm
<7
eoic`csnsc
Qhrnphutck2
- Fnsc`ctnsc nktcvctns eoic`ctns ahmdnm n`nt
 inmtu
- Fnsc`ctnsc eh`nkuknm phrdhrnknm
- @cintknm kh`urdn umtuk eheinmtu pnschm
an`ne ehmcmdkntknm
phrdhrnknm Hauknsc2
- Bh`nsknm tubunm anm proshaur eoic`csnsc
- Nmburknm eh`nkuknm eoic`csnsc acmc
- Nmburknm eoic`csnsc shahrgnmn ynmd
gnrus ac`nkuknm (ecs. auauk acthepnt
tcaur).
Ko`niornsc2
Komsu`tnsc khshgntnm2 Intnsc nsupnm
lncrnm anm dnrne
Oishrvnsc2
- cahmtcfcknsc uscn anm iuanyn
an`ne eheinmtu khihrscgnm acrc
- cahmtcfcknsc bhmcs inmtunm ynmd ac iutugknm
 - eomctor khihrscgnm tuiug
- e o m ct o r cm thdrctns ku`ct
Q hr np h u t c k 2
- shacnknm phrn`ntnm enmac
- shacnknm `cmdkumdnm ynmd nenm anm mynenm
- fnsc`ctns ehmddosok dcdc,shsunc khiutugnm
- fnsc`ctns enmac,shsunc khiutugnm
- phrtngnmknm khicnsnnm khihrscgnm acrc
- ihrcknm inmtunm shsu nc tcmdknt khenmacrcnm
Hauknsc2
- Bh`nsknm enmfnnt enmac anm anepnk tcank
<3
enmac thrgnanp khshgntnm
- nbnrknm khpnan kh`unrdn lnrn ehenmacknm
 pnschm
 1:

A. Cep`hehmtnsc anm Hvn`unsc Khphrnwntnm

 M
ACNDMO\C\ CEZ@HEHMQN\C HVN@XN\C Q CMANKNM ZNYNF
GNYC
/QD@
O
> \ Ycscko phrfusc Oishrvnsc2 \uibhktcf 2
h`nsn shrhirn` - eheomctor phmcmdkntnm QA. - K`chm ehmdntnknm tcank nan
/ tcank hfhktcf ( - eheomctor crhdu`hrctns crnen mnfns kh`ugnm myhrc
9<-<- A::>4) i.a - eheomctor phmurumnm tcmdknt Oibhktcf2
9> nmhurcsen khsnanrnm. - Kchm tnepnk sheun nktcfctns ac
shrhirc - eheomctor phr`neintnm ntnu inmtu kh`unrdn
khtcank scehtrcsnm rhspom pupc`. - QA 2 >6:/ eeGd
Qhrnphutck2 - \ugu2<4²L
- ehephrtngnmknm poscsc khpn`n anm - Mnac2 78 kn`c/ehmct
`hghr mhtrn`. - Zhrmnfnsnm 9: kn`c/ehmct.
- ehmaokuehmtnscknm gnsc` - Crnen mnfns vhscku`hr (moren`).
phenmtnunm. - Zupc` csokor acnehthr
- ehmdntur cmthrvn` phenmtnunm shsunc 9ee. Nmn`cscs 2
komacsc pnschm. - khtcank hfhktcfnm phrfusc
- ehmaouehmtnsc gnsc` bnrcmdnm shrhirn`.
phenmtnunm. Hauknsc2 Z`nmmcmd 2
- ehmbh`nsknm tubunm anm proshaur - cmthrvhmsc ac`nmbutknm. 
Dnmddunm  phenmtnunm. \uibhktcf 2
9 \ ehmh`nm Oishrvnsc2 - Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm
h`nsn (A::6<) - ehephrcksn poscsc MDQ ecmue susu eh`n`uc MDQ
/ - eheomctor rnsn - Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm suang
9<-<- i.a phmug,eun`,anm eumtng.  icsn ecmue ncr putcg shthmdng dh`ns
9> dnmddunm Qhrnphutck2 `hwnt eu`ut
snrnf krnmcn`cs - ehmddumnknm thkmck ihrscg an`ne Oibhktcf 2
 pheihrcnm enknmnm vcn sh`nmd - K`chm tnepnk thrpnsnmd MDQ.
- eheihrcknm tnman pnan sh`nmd umtuk - K`chm icsn ehmaheomstrnscknm
ehephrtngnmknm `oknsc ynmd thpnt
1>
 - ehmcmddcknm khpn`n thepnt tcaur <:- ecmue ncr putcg
18 ahrnbnt sh`nen pheihrcnm enknm - K`chm tnepnk snrnf vndus anm
- ehmdcrcdnsc sh`nmd ahmdnm <: e` ncr gcpod`nsus thrdnmddu
shtcnp 1-6 bne sh`nen pheihrcnm Nmn`cscs 2
enknm anm shth`ng pheihrcnm enknm - Dnmddunm ehmh`nm ihrkurnmd
cmthrectnm Z`nmmcmd 2
- ehmdgcmanrc pheihrcnm enknm `hwnt - Cmthrvhmsc ac`nmbutknm.
sh`nmd > bne shih`ue proshaur ntnu
 phecmangnm pnschm
Hauknsc2
- ehmbh`nsknm tubunm anm `nmdkng-
`nmdkng proshaur
- eh`ntcg k`chm eu`nc ih`nbnr
ehmh`nm shlnrn ihrtngnp
Ko`niornsc2
- Ehmdko`niornsc phec`cgnm bhmcs anm
 bue`ng enknmnm
< \ Dnmddunm hmthrn` Oishrvnsc 2 \uibhktcf 2
h`nsn eoic`ctns - ehmdcahmtcfcknsc nanmyn myhrc ntnu - K`chm ehmdntnknm knkc myhrc snnt ac
/ fcsck. (A::81) kh`ugnm fcsck `ncmmyn `cpnt
9<-<-  i.a kh`hengnm - ehmdcahmtcfcknsc to`hrnmsc fcsck - Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm susng
9> mhuroeusku`h eh`nkuknm phrdhrnknm  ihrdhrnk.
r  - eheomctor frhkuhmsc bnmtumd - Kh`unrdn ehmdntnknm k`chm susng
anm thknmnm anrng shih`ue  ihrnktcfctns.
eheu`nc eoic`csnsc
- eheomctor komacsc ueue
sh`nen eh`nkuknm eoic`csnsc Oibhktcf 2
Qhrnphutck 2 - K`chm tnepnk sheun nktcfctns ac inmtu
- ehefnsc`ctnsc nktcvctns Kh`unrdn.
eoic`ctns ahmdnm n`nt inmtu - K`chm tnnepnk susng ihrdhrnk.

19

r  - ehefnsc`ctnsc eh`nkuknm phrdhrnknm

- eh`ccintknm kh`urdn umtuk eheinmtu
 pnschm an`ne ehmcmdkntknm phrdhrnknm Hauknsc 2
- ehmbh`nsknm tubunm anm proshaur eoic`csnsc
- ehmdnmburknm eh`nkuknm eoic`csnsc acmc
- ehmdnmburknm eoic`csnsc shahrgnmn ynmd gnrus
ac`nkuknm (ecs. auauk acthepnt tcaur).
Ko`niornsc 2
- ehmdkomsu`tnsc khshgntnm Oishrvnsc2
- ehmdcahmtcfcknsc uscn anm iuanyn an`ne
eheinmtu khihrscgnm acrc
- ehmdcahmtcfcknsc bhmcs inmtunm ynmd ac
 iutugknm
1 \ Ahvcsct - eheomctor khihrscgnm tuiug
h`nsn - eheomctor cmthdrctns ku`ct
 phrnwntnm
/ acrc (A:>:3)
9<-<- i.a
9> kh`hengnm
mhuroeusku`h
- t nknm k`chm suang
K c acinmtu enmac
` f ahmdnm ac`np pnknc
c ncr snium anm
h N acic`ns.
m m - Kh`unrdn
n ehmdntnknm k`chm
t ` suang acinmtu
n c ehmddosok dcdc.
- K`chm ehmdntnknm inanm enscg
e s
p c
n s
k
2
` -
h D
e n
n m
g d
d
t u
u n
i m
u
g e
o
s i
c c
s `
c c
t
s n
h s
i
h f
` c
n s
g c
k
k .
n
m Z
n `
m n
. m
- Khkuntnm otot m
9 c
  m
d
9
2
1  - Cmthrvhmsc
- ac`nmbutknm

Y
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