CMC@X_E^SÁAJ@N

Mn cmc`trequáaj`n cs mn rnan hc mn quáaj`n quc cstuhjn mn trnlsgeran`jðl cltrc mn clcrdán cmê`trj`n

y mn clcrdán quáaj`n. Mes pre`cses cmc`trequáaj`es sel rcn``jelcs rchex (exjhn`jðl-rchu``jðl
(exjhn`jðl-rchu``jðl)) cl
helhc mn clcrdán mjocrnhn per uln rcn``jðl cspeltîlcn sc `elvjcrtc cl cmc`trj`jhnh e helhc mn
clcrdán cmê`trj`n sc nprevc`bn
nprevc`bn pnrn jlhu`jr uln rcn``jðl quáaj`
quáaj`nn le cspeltîlcn. N cstc ûmae
pre`cse sc mc `ele`c `eae cmc`trðmjsjs. Cl mns rcn``jelcs rchex sc trnlsgcrcl cmc`trelcs hc uln
sustnl`jn n etrn.

Mn pêrhjhn hc cmc`trelcs hurnltc mn exjhn`jðl hc ul cmcaclte sc hjslduc per ul nuaclte cl su

lûacre hc exjhn`jðl.

Mn rchu``jðl hc ul cmcaclte japmj`n hjsajlu`jðl cl su lûacre hc exjhn`jðl hcojhn n mn dnlnl`jn

hc cmc`trelcs.

Cmc`trðmjsjs

N hjgcrcl`jn hc mns rcn``jelcs rchex cspeltîlcns, quc `elvjcrtcl mn clcrdán quáaj`n cl clcrdán
cmê`trj`n, cl mn cmc`trðmjsjs sc umjzn mn clcrdán cmê`trj`n pnrn jlhu`jr uln rcn``jðl quáaj`n le
cspeltîlcn. Cstc pre`cse sc mmcvn n `noe cl ul hjspesjve quc sc `ele`c `eae `cmhn cmc`tremá`n.

Sln `cmhn cmc`tremá`n `elsjstc cl hes cmc`trehes jlacrses cl uln snm gulhjhn e cl uln hjsemu`jðl.
Sln ontcrán, e nmduln etrn gucltc hc `errjcltc cmê`trj`n hjrc`tn, n`tûn `eae oeaon hc cmc`trelcs
quc capukn mes cmc`trelcs bn`jn ul cmc`trehe y mes tean hcm etre.

Cm cmc`trehe cl cm quc sc mmcvn n `noe mn rchu``jðl cs cm `îtehe, y

nquêm cl cm quc sc cgc`tûn mn exjhn`jðl cs cm îlehe.

Cm cmc`trehe hc mn `cmhn cmc`tremá`n quc cstî `elc`tnhe nm oerlc

lcdnve hc mn gucltc hc vemtnkc cs cm `îtehe hc mn `cmhn9 rc`joc
cmc`trelcs quc sc capmcnl pnrn rchu`jr uln sustnl`jn. Mes

cmc`trelcs quc
îlehe vjnknl sel cm
bn`jn cxtrnáhes hurnltchccmmnpre`cse
oerlc pesjve gucltc hc
hc exjhn`jðl clmecm
vemtnkc, `el
`unm sc `eapmctn cm `jr`ujte hc mn `cmhn.

LEXN; Mes `îm`umes tcðrj`es jlhj`nl quc cm vnmer hc C¶ pnrn cm pre`cse dmeonm cs hc
nprexjanhnacltc ‐8 W, me quc sjdljg`n quc cstc pre`cse cs le cspeltîlce. Ver `elsjdujcltc, mn
ontcrán hcoc suajljstrnr ul aáljae hc 8 W pnrn quc mn rcn``jðl sc mmcvc n `noe. Cl mn prî``n,
sjl caonrde, sc lc`csjtn ul vemtnkc anyer hcojhe n mn jlcg`jcl`jn hcm pre`cse cmc`tremá`e y nm
seorcvemtnkc.
Nspc`tes `unltnves hc mn cmc`trðmjsjs

Mcycs hc Gnrnhny hc mn cmc`trðmjsjs;

>n mcy; Mn ansn hc uln sustnl`jn hcpesjtnhn cl ul cmc`trehe, hurnltc mn cmc`trðmjsjs, cs

hjrc`tnacltc preper`jelnm n mn `nlhnh hc cmc`trj`jhnh
cmc`trj`jhnh trnlsgcrjhn nm cmc`trehe.

?n mcy; Vnrn uln hctcrajlnhn `nlhnh hc cmc`trj`jhnh,

cmc`trj`jhnh, mn ansn hcpesjtnhn hc uln cspc`jc quáaj`n
cl ul cmc`trehe, cs hjrc`tnacltc preper`jelnm nm pcse cqujvnmcltc hcm cmcaclte.

Erjdjlnmacltc Gnrnhny hcsnrremmð cm trntnajclte `unltnve hc mn cmc`trðmjsjs. Êm eoscrvð quc mn

ansn hcm prehu`te geranhe (e hc rcn`ve `elsuajhe) cl ul cmc`trehe crn preper`jelnm n mn
`nlhnh hc cmc`trj`jhnh trnlsgcrjhn nm cmc`trehe y n mn ansn aemnr hc mn sustnl`jn cl `ucsðl.

Cl ul cxpcrjaclte hc cmc`trðmjsjs, per me dclcrnm achjaes mn `errjcltc (cl napcrcs, N) quc pnsn n
trnvês hc uln `cmhn cmc`tremá`n cl `jcrte cape. Mn rcmn`jðl cltrc mn `nrdn (cl `eumeaos, @) y mn
`errjcltc cs;

>@ 1 > N R > P

cs hc`jr,
ul scdulheul `eumeao
`unlhe mncs`errjcltc
mn `nlhnh hc>`nrdn
cs hc cmê`trj`n quc pnsn per `unmqujcr pulte hcm `jr`ujte cl
napcrc.
@errjcltc (napcrcs)
y
cape (scdulhes)

Vrehu`te hc mn `errjcltc
per cm cape

@nrdn cl @eumeaos

Hjvjhjr cltrc mn `elstnltc hc Gnrnhny

Luacre hc aemcs
hc cmc`trelcs

Ssnr mn rcmn`jðl aemnr cl mn

rcn``jðl hc scaj`cmhn

Aemcs hc
sustnl`jn rchu`jhn
u exjhnhn

Ssnr mn ansn aemnr

e c`un`jðl hc dns jhcnm

Drnaes e mjtres
hc prehu`te

@cmhns vemtnj`ns

Mn clcrdán mjocrnhn per uln rcn``jðl rchex cspeltîlcn puchc usnrsc pnrn rcnmjznr trnonke
cmê`trj`e. Cstn tnrcn sc `uapmc per achje hc uln `cmhn vemtnj`n (e dnmvîlj`n), ul hjspesjve cl cm
quc mn trnlsgcrcl`jn hc cmc`trelcs clc mudnr n me mnrde hc ul `najle cxtcrle, y le hjrc`tnacltc
cltrc mes rcn`ves.

Mes hes actnmcs sðmjhes quc cstîl `elc`tnhes per ul `jr`ujte cxtcrle sc `ele`cl `eae
cmc`trehes. Ver hclj`jðl, cm cmc`trehe cl cm quc e`urrc mn exjhn`jðl cs cm îlehe9 cm cmc`trehe cl cm
quc sc cgc`tûn mn rchu``jðl cs cm `îtehe. @nhn ule hc mes hes `eapnrajcltes hc mn `cmhn vemtnj`n
cs uln achjn `cmhn. Sln hc mns achjns `cmhns cs schc hc mn achjn rcn``jðl hc exjhn`jðl, y mn etrn,
hc mn achjn rcn``jðl hc rchu``jðl.

Vnrn quc uln `cmhn vemtnj`n gul`jelc, mns hjsemu`jelcs hc mns hes achjns `cmhns hcocl scdujr
sjclhe cmê`trj`nacltc lcutrns. ul hjs`e hc vjhrje perese quc scpnrn mes hes `eapnrajcltes
pcrajtc uln ajdrn`jðl hc jelcs quc anlclc mn lcutrnmjhnh cmê`trj`n hc mns hjsemu`jelcs.
Cm cmc`trðmjte sucmc cstnr jl`erpernhe cl ul dcm pnrn quc mn hjsemu`jðl hc cmc`trðmjte le cs`urrn nm
jlvcrr cm tuoe cl S. N achjhn quc mn exjhn`jðl y mn rchu``jðl sc mmcvnl n `noe cl mes cmc`trehes,
mes jelcs hcm pucltc snmjle sc hcspmnznl pnrn lcutrnmjznr mn `nrdn hc mes `eapnrajcltes hc mn
`cmhn.

ONXC_ÁNP

Sln ontcrán cs uln `cmhn dnmvîlj`n, e ul `elkulte hc `cmhns dnmvîlj`ns `eaojlnh

`eaojlnhnsns quc puchcl
scrvjr `eae gucltc hc `errjcltc cmê`trj`n hjrc`tn n ul vemtnkc `elstnltc. Nulquc, cl prjl`jpje, uln
ontcrán gul`jeln jdunm quc mns `cmhns dnmvîlj`ns, mn ontcrán clc mn vcltnkn hc quc pescc tehes mes
`eapelcltcs lc`csnrjes
lc`csnrjes y le rcqujcrc nhjtnacltes nuxjmjnrcs, `eae mes pucltcs snmjles. Ver
ckcapme, mns ontcráns erhjlnrjns hc >.3 W quc suajljstrnl clcrdán n mns mjltcrlns hc anle y n
au`bes npnrntes cmc`trðlj`es hcm `eacr`je sel `cmhns vemtnj`ns jlhjvjhunmcs. Pc `elsjducl vemtnkcs
anyercs capmcnlhe vnrjns `cmhns vemtnj`ns cl uln semn ontcrán, `eae cl cm `nse hc mns ontcráns
pnrn nuteaðvjm hc >? W. @unlhe sc `elc`tnl `cmhns cl scrjc (`el cm `îtehe hc uln n`epmnhe nm
îlehe hc etrn), mn ontcrán prehu`c ul vemtnkc quc cs mn suan hc mns gca hc mns `cmhns jlhjvjhunmcs.

Mn ontcrán hc `cmhn sc`n

Cm îlehe hc mn `cmhn cs ul `eltclcher hc zjl` cl `eltn`te `el hjðxjhe hc anldnlcse (AlE?) y ul

cmc`trðmjte. Cm cmc`trðmjte cs uln hjsemu`jðl hc `merure hc naelje y `merure hc zjl` cl ndun
acz`mnhn `el nmajhðl pnrn quc nhqujcrn uln `elsjstcl`jn pnstesn cspcsn y le bnyn gudns.
Cm `îtehe cs uln onrrn hc `nroðl jlacrsn cl cm cmc`trðmjte cl cm `cltre hc mn `cmhn.

Îlehe; [l(s) ↟ [l?+(n`) + ?c‐

@îtehe; ?LB8+ (n`) + ?AlE?(s) + ?c‐ ↟ Al?E0(s) + ?LB0(n`) + B?E(m)
_cn``jðl dmeonm; [l(s) + ?LB8+(n`) + ?AlE?(s) ↟ [l?+(n`) + ?LB0(n`) + B?E(m) + Al?E0(s)

Cl rcnmjhnh, cstn c`un`jðl cs uln sjapmj`n`jðl hc ul pre`cse aîs `eapmcke. Cm vemtnkc quc
prehu`c uln `cmhn sc`n cs hc nprexjanhnacltc >.3 W

Mn ontcrán hc acr`urje

Mn ontcrán hc acr`urje clc au`bns npmj`n`jelcs cl achj`jln y cl mn jlhustrjn cmc`trðlj`n, pcre cs

aîs `estesn quc mn `cmhn sc`n `eaûl. Cstî `eltcljhn cl ul `jmjlhre hc n`cre jlexjhnomc y `elstn
hc ul îlehe hc zjl` (nanmdnanhe `el acr`urje), quc cstî cl `eltn`te `el ul cmc`trðmjte
gucrtcacltc nm`nmjle hc ðxjhe hc zjl` y ðxjhe hc acr`urje(JJ). Mns rcn``jelcs hc mn `cmhn sel;

Îlehe; [l(Bd) + ?EB‐(n`) ↟ [lE(s) + B?E(m) + ?c‐

@îtehe; BdE(s) + B?E(m) + ?c‐ ↟ Bd(m) + ?EB‐(n`)

_cn``jðl dmeonm; [l(Bd) + BdE(s) ↟ [lE(s) + Bd(m)

@eae le bny `naojes cl mn `eapesj`jðl hcm cmc`trðmjte hurnltc mn epcrn`jðl hc mn `cmhn ‘cl mn
rcn``jðl dmeonm hc mn `cmhn tnl sðme pnr`jpnl sustnl`jns sðmjhns‘, mn ontcrán hc acr`urje
suajljstrn ul vemtnkc aîs `elstnltc (>.03 W) quc mn `cmhn hc Mc`mnl`bê. Xnaojêl clc uln
`npn`jhnh `elsjhcrnomcacltc
`elsjhcrnomcacltc anyer y uln vjhn aîs mnrdn. Cstns `unmjhnhcs bn`cl quc mn ontcrán
hc acr`urje scn jhcnm pnrn anr`npnses, npnrntes nuhjves, rcmekcs cmê`trj`es y getðactres.
Ontcrán hc pmeae y î`jhe

Mn ontcrán, e n`uaumnher hc pmeae, quc sc usn `eaûlacltc cl mes nuteaðvjmcs, cstî `eapucstn
per scjs `cmhns jhêl`ns clsnaomnhns cl scrjc. @nhn uln clc ul îlehe hc pmeae y ul `îtehe
bc`be hc hjðxjhe hc pmeae (Voe?) capn`nhe cl uln pmn`n actîmj`n (durn 3). Xnlte cm `îtehe
`eae cm îlehe cstîl suacrdjhes cl uln hjsemu`jðl n`uesn hc î`jhe sumgûrj`e, quc n`tûn `eae
cmc`trðmjte. Mns rcn``jelcs hc mn `cmhn sel;

Îlehe; Vo(s) + PE8?‐(n`) ↟ VoPE8(s) + ?c‐

@îtehe; VoE?(s) + 8B+(n`)
8B+(n`) + PE8?‐(n`)
PE8?‐(n`) + ?c‐ ↟ VoPE8(s) + ?B?E(m)
?B?E(m)

_cn``jðl dmeonm;
dmeonm; Vo(s) + VoE?(s) + 8B+(n`) + ?PE8?‐(n`)
?PE8?‐(n`) ↟ ?VoPE8(s) + ?B?E(m)

Cl `elhj`jelcs
clcrdán leranmcs
nm `jr`ujte hc epcrn`jðl,
hc cl`clhjhe `nhn `cmhn
hcm nuteaðvjm y susprehu`c ? W9 mns scjs
hcaîs sjstcans `cmhns suajljstrnl
cmê`trj`es. >? Whchc
Cm n`uaumnher
pmeae puchc mjocrnr drnl `nlhnh hc `errjcltc per `erte cape, `eae cm quc tean pelcr cl
anr`bn cm aeter.
Ontcráns hc jel mje

Cm îlehe cstî `eapucste per ul antcrjnm `elhu`ter `nroelî`ce, per me dclcrnm drnte, cm `unm
clc hjajlutes cspn`jes cl su cstru`turn quc mc pcrajtcl jl`erpernr îteaes hc Mj y jelcs Mj+. Cm
`îtehe cstî `eapucste per ul ðxjhe hc ul actnm hc trnlsj`jðl `eae cm @eE?, cm `unm tnaojêl
puchc sepertnr jelcs Mj+. Hnhn mn nmtn rcn`vjhnh hcm actnm sc hcoc umjznr ul cmc`trðmjte le
n`uese (ul hjsemvcltc erdîlj`e aîs snm hjsucmtn). Hurnltc mn hcs`nrdn hc mn ontcrán, mns rcn``jelcs
hc mn scaj`cmhn sel;

Îlehe (exjhn`jðl); Mj(s) ↟ Mj+ + c‐

@îtehe (rchu``jðl);
(rchu``jðl); Mj+ + @eE? + c‐ ↟ Mj@eE?(s)

_cn``jðl dmeonm; Mj(s) + @eE? ↟ Mj@eE? (s)

C`cmhn 1 0.8 W
@CMHNP HC @EAOSPXJOMC

Mn clcrdán têraj`n quc sc mjocrn nm qucanr `eaousomcs sc puchc trnlsgeranr cl clcrdán

cmê`trj`n. Cm `nmer puchc `elvcrr ndun cl vnper, cm `unm japumsn uln turojln quc, n su vcz, aucvc
cm dclcrnher. Xápj`nacltc, sðme 86% hc mn clcrdán hc mn `eaousðl, `eae aîxjae, sc `elvjcrtc
cl cmc`trj`jhnh9 cm rcste sc pjcrhc cl geran hc `nmer. Mn prehu``jðl hjrc`tn hc cmc`trj`jhnh
cmc`trj`jhnh n pnrr
hc `eaousomcs cl uln `cmhn vemtnj`n pehrán, cl prjl`jpje, nm`nlznr uln tnsn hc `elvcrsjðl aîs
nmtn hc mn clcrdán quáaj`n hc mn rcn``jðl. Mns `cmhns vemtnj`ns quc mmcvnl n `noe cstn

`elvcrsjðl n pnrr hc `eaousomcs `elvcl`jelnmcs, `eae B? y @B8, sc mmnanl `cmhns hc

`eaousomc. Cl têrajles cstrj`tes, mns `cmhns hc `eaousomc le sel ontcráns perquc le sel
sjstcans nutesu`jcltcs.
nutesu`jcltcs. Cm sjstcan hc `cmhn hc `eaousomc
`eaousomc aîs preajserje sc onsn cl mn
rcn``jðl hc B?(d) `el E?(d) pnrn geranr B?E(m) `eae ûlj`e prehu`te. Cstns `cmhns dclcrnl
cmc`trj`jhnh `el uln c`jcl`jn
c`jcl`jn hes vc`cs anyer quc mn hcm acker aeter hc `eaousðl jltcrln. Cl
su geran aîs sjapmc, uln `cmhn hc `eaousomc hc exádcle c bjhrðdcle cstî `eapucstn per hes
cmc`trehes jlcrtcs y uln hjsemu`jðl cmc`tremá`n, quc puchc scr hc bjhrðxjhe hc petnsje. Cl mes
`eapnrajcltes hcm îlehe y hcm `îtehe sc ouroukcnl bjhrðdcle y exádcle dnsceses,
rcspc`vnacltc, helhc sc mmcvnl n `noe mns sjdujcltcs rcn``jelcs;

Îlehe; ?B?(d) + 8EB‐(n`) ↟ 8B?E(m) + 8c‐

@îtehe; E?(d) + ?B?E(m) + 8c‐ ↟ 8EB‐(n`)
_cn``jðl dmeonm; ?B?(d) + E?(d) ↟ ?B?E(m)

Ojomjedrnn; Cmc`trequjaj`n y cmc`tre`ntîmjsjs vem. >n

Nuter; Lj`emns Nmelse-Wnltc

© ?66?, per Lj`emîs Nmelse-Wnltc (ch.)

© Vrjacrn chj`jðl vjrtunm y cl pnpcm, c-mjore.lct, Oucles Njrcs,anye hc ?660