^hrkh >‚Jmlprk`saú` nk cms k`emquks

A`trmnujjaú`

Kc prksk`tk trhdhgm tak`k jmlm mdgktm gustaeajhr, cms hcjh`jks y calathjam`ks nk cms naekrk`tks

k`emquks psajmcúiajms (jmi`atavm jm`nujtuhc, bulh`asth y sastálajm), h phrtar nk ch ank`taeajhjaú`

nk táj`ajhs y kstrhtkiahs nk hjmlphøhlak`tm phrh kc hdmrnhgk nk satuhjam`ks prmdcálajhs k`

naekrk`tks jm`tkxtms.

Vmr lknam nk kstms trks k`emquks sk kstunahrè kc jhsm nk Lacckr u` kstunah`tk nk 8: høms nk knhn y

quak` prksk`thsa`tmlhtmcmiìh nkprksavh a`badanh, skiuanh nk kpasmnams nk prmtksth-arrathjaú` y

haschlak`tm, bhjak`nm kc hdmrnhgk nk ch satuhjaú` prmdcklh h phrtar

phrtar nk ch tkmrìh nk cms
cms k`emquks

yh lk`jam`hnms y sus táj`ajhs, hsì jmlm ch ank`taeajhjaú` nk cms hcjh`jks y calathjam`ks nk

jhnh u`m nk kstms.

 

Lhtraz 8 - K`emquks

K`emquk Vch`tkhlak`tms tkúrajms lès Hcjh`jks y calathjam`ks nk jhnh ^áj`ajhs y kstrhtkiahs nk

Vsajmcúiajm rkckvh`tks u`m nk cms k`emquks hjmlphøhlak`tm
Jmi`atavm - Kthphs ik`krhjam`hcks7 Zus hcjh`jks7 Ch hjjaú` tkrhpáutajh vh lès hccè nk
jm`nujtuhc 8. Hpcajh
Hpcajhjaú`
jaú` phrhna
phrhnailh
ilh nk lh`apuchjam`ks hldak`thcks, y utacazh
kstìlucms- rkspuksth, kc juhc Ks u` k`emquk quk sk dhsh k` kc a`tkrvk`jam`ks jm`nujtuhcks nksta`hnhs h
sk dhsh k` cms pra`japams látmnm jak`tìeajm kc juhc klpckh u`h a`sthurhr, lmnaeajhr m supralar jm`nujths
ik`krhcks nkc hprk`nazhgk lktmnmcmiìh kxpkralk`thc quk nk lmnkchnm? gukim nk rmcks,
 phrh lmnaeajhr kc  pkrlatk u` h`ècasas mdgktavm nk cms k`trk`hlak`tm hskrtavm, ktj.
jmlpmrthlak`tm (Ohzna` y rksucthnms, pkrlatak`nm ch
m¾Nm`mbuk, 8112) kchdmrhjaú` nk bapútksas dhshnhs k` - Hutm
utm mdsk
mdskrvrvhj
hjaú
aú``
4. A`j
A`jmrp
mrpmrh
mrhjaú
jaú`` nk vhrahd
vhrahdcks
cks ch a`emrlhjaú` prkvah. - Ch ank`
ank`ta
taea
eajhj
jhjaú
aú`` nk cm
cmss ch
chzms
zms k`t
k`trk
rk
jmi`msjatavhs, gu`tm jm` kc ch jmi`ajaú`, kc hekjtm y ch
raimr jak`tìeajm y Cckih hc a`navanum, h sus kstrujturhs jm`nujth.
kxpkralk`thc (^rucc y y ksquklhs lk`thcks jm` kc ea` nk - Kxhl
Kxhlk` k` nk
nk ch
ch kvan
kvank`k`ja
jahh h eehvm
hvmrr y
Vhbhrks, 466:). lmnaeajhr su jm`nujth m prmnujtms k` jm`trh nk cms pk`shlak`tms
Jm`tklpch`nm ch tkrhpah lk`thcks nkshnhpthtavms, jm` kc hutmlètajms jm`
jmi`atavm jm`nujtuhc. h`ècasas nk kcklk`tms quk sm` kc ea` nk sustatuarcms pmr mtrms lès
:. @ukvhs
@ukvhs a`vkst
a`vkstaih
aihjam
jam`ks
`ks nnkc
kc a`ksthdcks k` kc skr bulh`m jmlm eu`jam`hcks.
hprk`nazhgk phrh ch jrkk`jahs, pk`shlak`tms, - Ch nkt
nktkr
krla
la`hj
`hjaú
aú`` nk ch
chss pra`
pra`jajaph
phck
ckss
jmlprk`saú` y trhthlak`tm  pkrspkjtavhs y prmjkshlak`tm nk ch hjtatunks naseu`jam`hcks quk kstè`
nk cms prmdcklhs jcì`ajms a`emrlhjaú` nkc k`tmr`m. mpkrh`nm, dhsè`nmsk k` cms
jmlm kc jm`najam`hlak`tm  pk`shlak`tms hutmlètajms
jcèsajm, ch jm`nujth Vkrlatk hnquarar bhdacanhnks y ank`taeajhnms y quk, prknaspm`k` h
imdkr`hnh pmr rkichs, ch jmlpktk`jahs phrh kc herm`thlak`tm u`h pkrsm`h h nastmrsam`hr chs
kquavhck`jah nk kstìlucms, nk satuhjam`ks, dk`keajaè`nmcm nk u` kxpkrak`jahs.
k`trk mtrhs. Zurik` chs jhldam m k`trk`hlak`tm phrh - ^á
^áj`
j`aj
ajhs
hs nk kxp
kxpms
msaj
ajaú
aú`.
`.
tkrhpahs nk hjkpthjaú` y satuhjam`ks prksk`tks y - Nk
Nksksk`s
`sad
adac
acaz
azhja
hjaú`
ú` sast
sastkl
klètètaj
ajhh
jmlprmlasm y ch tkrhpah ehvmrkjalak`tm h ch hnkjuhjaú` y - ^áj
áj`a
`ajh
jhss nk lmn
lmnkc kchn
hnmm
h`hcìtajh eu`jam`hc. hnhpthjaú` hc lknam. - K`
K`tr
trk`
k`hl
hlakak`t
`tmm nk
nk hut
hutm-
m-
a`strujjam`ks y rksmcujaú` nk
^mclh`, Bucc y Lmwrkr, a`trmnujk` Vkrlatk ch a`tkirhjaú` nk táj`ajhs  prmdcklhs
k` ch skiu`nh ik`krhjaú` jm`jkptms mraia`hrahs nk mtrms k`emquks, - ^áj`a
^áj`ajhs
jhs mpkrh
mpkrh`t`tks
ks phrh
phrh cchh
 

lknahjam`hcks k`trk cms kstìlucms y a`jmrpmrh`nm `ukvhs lh`krhs nk lmnaeajhjaú` nk jm`nujths

chs rkspuksths, prmpm`ak`nm hjtuhr. - ^á
^áj`
j`aj
ajhs
hs nk
nk hut
hutmj
mjm`
m`tr
trmc
mc.}
.}
vhrahdcks a`tkrlknahs y kstrujturhs - ^áj`a
^áj`ajhs
jhs nk
nk rkchg
rkchghja
hjaú`
ú` y rksp
rkspar
arhj
hjaú
aú``
tkúrajhs jmlpckghs jmlm Jm`sankrh quk ks ch hjjaú` nkc prmpam
kxpcajhjaú` h ch emrlh
emrlh k` quk sk sugktm cms quk cm puknk` cckvhr h ch
rkchjam`hdh` najbms kstìlucms y rknujjaú` m supkrhjaú` nk cms
rkspuksths (Ohzna` y m¾Nm`mbuk, sì`tmlhs? ck prmpmrjam`h
8112). a`strulk`tms phrh quk pmr sì laslm
 puknh lmnaeajhr sus jm`nujths.
Jm` rkspkjtm h cms hspkjtms
 psajmphtmcúiajms cms lmnkcms
jmi`atavmspch`tkh` quk chs Zus calathjam`ks7
jmi`ajam`ks sm` vìhs jhushcks nk
u` trhstmr`m, `m kxjcuyk` ch Zk jk`trh k` ch jmi`ajaú` cm quk
jmkxastk`jah nk mtrms ehjtmrks quk bhjk su h`ècasas `m kstk k`emjhnm k`
 puknh` kxpcajhr chs jhushs nk ch cm a`tuatavm, kc a`jm`sjak`tk m kc
 phtmcmiìh. (G, ^bmlhs, Z, Dhtcck y  phshnm, sak`nm kstms jhushcks nk cms
G. Hclk`hrh, 4669-4661) sì`tmlhs quk prksk`th kc a`navanum?
nkgh`nm nk chnm ch lhymrìh nk
Ch tkrhpah jm` kstk k`emquk, dusjh kcklk`tms jm`tkxtuhcks quk hekjth` h
ch jmlprk`saú` nk cms prmjksms chs prmdcklètajhs h trhthr.
jmi`atavms lknahjam`hcks quk
mjurrk` k` kc a`navanum nk`trm nkc Zus táj`ajhs prktk`nk` krrhnajhr cm
jursm nk jhldam jm`nujtuhc, sk quk ik`krh lhcksthr, pkrm k` kc
trhth cms ksquklhs jmi`atavms,  prmjksm `m ks a`erkjuk`tk quk sk
jm`strujtms, jrkk`jahs, hjtatunks y ik`krk` jmlpmrthlak`tms rìianms
kxpkjthtavhs jmlm emrlhs nk quk h su vkz puknk` prmvmjhr mtrms
jm`nujth sugkths h chs ckyks nk  prmdcklhs nk hnhpthjaú`.
hprk`nazhgk. (G.C Im`zèckz)

Zastálajm Kstk k`emquk hphrkjk k` kc saicm Zus vk`thghs7 Vmr lknam nk sus bkrrhlak`ths k
RR, h trhvás nkc nksjudralak`tm nk Hpu`th h cms jhldams nk jm`nujth, y a`strulk`tms sk puknk` hdmrnhr trhstmr`ms
 

>

mtrh pkrspkjtavh erk`tk h ch rkhcanhn sus rksucthnms sk puknk` lknar jm` nkravhnms nk chs a`tkrhjjam`ks y phtrm`ks
y jmlprk`saú` nkc skr bulh`m kxhjtatun. jmlu`ajhjam`hcks nk u` nktkrla`hnm
jmlm sastklh nk`trm nk u` sastklh. irupm, su hpmrthjaú` ks ch htk`jaú` eukrh nk
Tksukcvk cms sì`tmlhs irhvks y cm a`trhpsìquajm phrh kc èldatm nk
Zk jhrhjtkrazh pmr quk su u`anhn nk hiunms nk prmdcklhs kspkjìeajms k` a`tkrhjjaú` a`tkrpkrsm`hc.
h`ècasas ks kc sastklh, `m smcm kc u` taklpm lès jmrtk quk mtrms
a`navanum, phsh nk ch cúiajh ca`khc hc k`emquks.
lmnkcm jarjuchr y nkc lkjh`aslm h - Vs
Vsaj
ajmt
mtkr
krhp
hpahah h`hcì
h`hcìtatajh
jh y eu`
eu`jajam`h
m`hc.
c.
cm bmcìstajm. Kc h`ècasas sk pch`tkhrè k` eu`jaú` h - Eu`j
Eu`jaúaú`` jm
jmi`i`atataavh.
vh.
ch lh`krh nk júlm hjt÷h kc sì`tmlh - Vsa
sajm
jm-k-knu
nujhjhjajam`
m`
Zk dhsh` k` cms eu`nhlk`tms nk ch k` ch rkchjaú` nk phrkgh, k` ch ehlacah - Ks
Ksju
jukc
kchh nnkk ch jmlu
jmlu`a `ajhj
jhjaú
aú`.
`.
jadkr`átajh y chs tkmrìhs nk `ujckhr, k` ch kxtk`sh, m k` ch - Kjcátajh.
a`emrlhjaú` (Zbh`m` y Ykhvkr), a`statujaú` m irupm kxtk`sm? cm quk - Kstrhtáiajh.
tkmrìh ik`krhc nk cms sastklhs supm`k nkea`ar ch `hturhckzh nk ch - ^r
^rh`
h`sisik`
k`krkrhj
hjamam`h`hc.
c.
(Dkrthch`eey, 8195) y nk ch rkchjaú`. - Kxastk`jahc
jmlu`ajhjaú` bulh`h. - Tk
Tknke
nkea`a`aj
ajaú
aú`` pmsat
pmsatavavhh nkc ssì`
ì`tm
tmlh
lh..
Hjk`t÷h kc hprk`nazhgk smjahc. - Jm``m
Jm``mth thja
jaú`
ú` pmpmsasata
tavh
vh nk
nkcc sì
sì`t
`tml
mlh.
h.
Ch mrih`azhjaú` yh `m tak`k u` ea` - Vr
Vrki
kiu`u`ththss ks
ksjh
jhchch
nktkrla`hnm, jmlm cm hskiurhdh` Zus nksvk`thghs7 - Vr
Vrki
kiu`u`ththss ja
jarj
rjuc
uchrhrks
ks
mtrms k`emquks lès trhnajam`hcks, - Ch acus
acusaú
aú`` nknk hhct
ctkr
kr`ht
`htav
avhs
hs..
sa`m quk sk tmlh k` juk`th quk Zk dhsh k` táj`ajhs nk lmnaeajhjaú` - ^á
^áj`
j`aj
ajhh nk
nk chch jm`
jm`eueusa
saú`
ú`
jhnh phrtk puknk tk`kr su prmpam ea` nk ch jm`nujth, sak`nm kstm phrh
nktkrla`hnm, jm`najam`hnm pmr cm hciu`ms, a`jmlphtadck jm` cms
vhcmrks y cms a`tkrksks nk jhnh u`h vhcmrks y pra`japams nkc skrvajam
nk chs phrtks a`vmcujrhnhs. smjahc, puks mdvah kc hutmjm`trmc y kc
nmla`am prmpam.
Cms lmnkcms tkúrajms nkravhnms nkc
k`emquk sastálajm k`ehtazh` kc A`tkrprkth kstrajthlk`tk ch jm`nujth
kstunam nk ch kstrujturh y nk cms nk rkchjaú` jhush ‚ kekjtm, sa nhr
 phtrm`ks nk a`tkrhjjaú` nk cms cuihr h cms vhcmrks, ch lmrhc y cms
sastklhs, kc juhc a`jcuyk ch  guajams átajms nkc skr bulh`m.
jmlu`anhn, kc satam nk trhdhgm y/m ch
ksjukch (Vchtm`k, 4664).
 

Zk dhsh k` ch jmlprk`saú` nk ch
trh`shjjaú` nk cms nk ch ehlacah
rkhcazh` k`trk sì, jmlm, ch
jmlu`ajhjaú`, cms prmdcklhs, y
sus a`tk`tms nk smcujaú`, thldaá` ch
bhdacanhn nk kstms nk trhthr m
`kimjahr sus pu`tms nk vasth y sus
naekrk`jahs. Zk jm`tklpch` hnklès
cms prmjksms quk dra`nh ksthdacanhn
hc `÷jckm ehlacahr, y jm`traduyk` h
ch jm`strujjaú` nk ms sai`aeajhnms
jmlu`ks, ch pkrlkhdacanhn nkc
sastklh phrh a`jcuar
a`jcuar `ukvh
a`emrlhjaú` quk lkgmrk su
eu`jam`hlak`tm y hnhpthjaú` smjahc
(Vchtm`k, 4664).

Lmnkcms quk mrak`thc k` prmjksm

tkrhpáutajm7
Kxastk`jahc ‚ jmlu`ajhjam`hc7 –ch
nastmrsaú` k` ch jmlu`ajhjaú`
jm`statuyk kc prmdcklhs dèsajm nk
ch ehlacah“.
Kstrujturhc7 kc prmdcklh dèsajm nk
ch ehlacah sk nkdk h ch kxastk`jah nk
sudsastklhs quk k`trh` k` jm`ecajtm
Kstrhtáiajm7 emjhcazh kc prmjksm
tkrhpáutajm k` ch smcujaú` nkc
 prmdcklh quk trhk ch ehlacah h ch
jm`sucth.
Jadkr`átajm ‚ jmlu`ajhjam`hc7
jk`trh ch htk`jaú` hjkrjh nk cms
Jìrjucms vajamsms ik`krhnms k`trk
cms lakldrms phrh smcujam`hr
 

a`tk`thnhs phrh rksmcvkr kc

 prmdcklh y quk, phrhnúgajhlk`tk,
cm lh`tak`k`.
Zk jm`sankrh quk kxastk` u`ms
jhldams quk pkrlatk` k`emjhr cms
 prmdcklhs bulh`ms7

Vhrhnailh pmsatavasth7 k`ehtazh chs

salacatunks, ch bmlmik`kanhn, kc
mrnk`, ch kstrujturh y ch
juh`taeajhjaú`

Vmstlmnkr`m7 prmvkk ch dhsk

kpastklmcúiajh phrh kxpcmrhr ch
navkrsanhn, ch luctapcajanhn y ch
kxprksaú` nk cms pu`tms nk vasth
naekrk`tks y h vkjks,
jm`trhnajtmrams.

H trhvás nkc ck`iuhgk sk jm`struyk`

`ukvhs rkhcanhnks smjahcks y sk
hjkckrhr ch trh`semrlhjaú` nk cms
sastklhs bulh`ms. (Ikrik`, 812;?
8119? Zbmttkr, 811:? Zjbõ`, 8118?
H`nkrsm` y Immcasbah`, 8122,
8114).

Ch tkrhpah ehlacahr uctrhlmnkr`h

hjkpthrìh ch `kjksanhn nk hulk`thr
kc k`tk`nalak`tm jm` cms mtrms
lmnkcms tkrhpáutajms.
ch tkmrìh nk sastklh ks u` k`juhnrk
tkúrajm y lktmnmcúiajm quk pkrlatk
kc kstunam nk chs a`tkrhjjam`ks h
 

 phrtar nk ch jmlpckganhn y ch
navkrsanhn nk cms sastklhs
ehlacahrks. (Vchtm`k, 466;)
Bulh`asth Zk k`emjh k` kc kstunam nkc skr Zus vk`thghs7
bulh`ms jmlm u` tmnm y tak`k Chs tkrhpahs sk jk`trh` k` hutmnkshrrmccm,
jmlm ankhs eu`nhlk`thc quk kstk ks Kc kstunam nk ch kxpkrak`jah sudgktavh kc jrkjalak`tm y rkspm`shdacanhnks, mrak`thc
a``hthlk`tk duk`m. nkc skr bulh`m y nkc sai`aeajhnm quk h chs pkrsm`hs h rkjm`mjkr sus emrthckzhs,
Kc jmlpmrthlak`tm bulh`m `m kstk hrrmih h cms kvk`tms nk ch ch jrkhtavanhn y ch kckjjaú` k` kc taklpm
 puknk skphrhsk nk sus sk`talak`tms, rkhcanhn, lh`tk`ak`nm u`h  prksk`tk.(hquì ‚ hbmrh)
hutmalhik`, a`tk`jam`ks m su prmpah jm`jkpjaú` bmcìstajh nkc bmldrk y
bastmrah, pmr cm th`tm sk jk`trh k` ch jm` kc a`tkrás k`emjhnm k` ch Hciu`ms rhsims alpmrth`tks pmr cm quk sk
cadkrthn, kc pmtk`jahc y ch jmlprk`saú` nk chs pkrsm`hs lès quk jhrhjtkrazh k` kc jm`tkxtm nk ch tkrhpah7
jrkhtavanhn bulh`h7 k` ch prknajjaú` y/m jm`trmc nk sus
-Bmcasth y sastálajh nk ch jmlpmrthlak`tms. - @m guihr  
 pkrsm`h bulh`h sa`iuchr, erk`tk - Klphtìh
h u`h vasaú` htmlasth - Zk jk`trh k` kc jmlpmrthlak
jmlpmrthlak`tm
`tm - @m phtmcmiazhr 
- Tkjm`mjk ch jhphjanhn nk a`navanuhc. - Á`ehsas k` k` kc ym
cadkrthn, erk`tk h u`h vasaú` - Vch`tkh látmnms nk kstuna
kstunamm - Kxastk`jahc.
lkjh`ajasth ynktkrla`asth nk ch a`navanuhcasths.
 pkrsm`h - Mpmsajaú`
Mpmsajaú` h chs ckyks nktkrla`as ths ^krhpahs utacazhnhs7
nktkrla`asths
- Tkjm`mjk ch jmlpckganhn y nk ch jak`jah.
u`ajanhn nk ch laslh, erk`tk htmnh - Kt`mjk`traja
Kt`mjk`trajanhn
nhn - Ch tk tkrh
rhpa
pahh kxas
kxastk
tk`j
`jahahc.
c.
vasaú` rknujjam`asth, nk juhcquakr - Iksthct
tapm. - Zus calathjam
calathjam`ks7
`ks7 - Nk chs chs `kj
`kjksksan
anhn
hnksks bul
bulh`h`hs
hs
- Jk`tr
k`trhnhnhh nkc
nkc jc
jcak
ak`t`tkk
[`m nk cms pralkrms tkúrajms y Kc bulh`aslm smstak`k quk chs - DrDrkv
kvkk jk`
jk`tr trhn
hnhh kk`` ssmc
mcuja
ujam`m`ks
ks
jrkhnmr nk kstk k`emquk euk Jhrc kxpkrak`jahs sudgktavhs nk chs - H`H`ècècas
asas
as ttrh
rh`s
`shj
hjjajam`
m`hchc
Tmikrs, rkjmiak`nm kstunams nk  pkrsm`hs naeajucth` ch lknanh, - VsVsaj
ajmc
mcmi
miìhìh tr
trh`
h`sp
spkrkrsm
sm`h
`hcc
Hdrhbhl Lhscmw (81;9) y Jchrro kvhcuhjaú` y kstunam nk chs vhrahdcks - A`tkirhtavh
Lmusthohs (81;2), quak`ks bulh`hs y sus jhrhjtkrìstajhs.
jmlphrtìh` u` laslm mdgktavm k
a`jmrpmrhrm` jm`jkptms jmlm ch ^rhdhgh pra`japhclk`tk jm` nhtms
hutmrrkhcazhjaú`, jrkhtavanhn, shcun, juhcathtavms bhjk alpmsadck lknar y
 

a`navanuhcanhn, `hturhckzh, vkraeajhr juhcquakr mdskrvhjaú` bkjbh

a`trì`skjh, kc ym, skr, nkvk`ar y k` tkrhpah. @m smcm ks jmlpcajhnm
sai`aeajhnm. jmlphrhr nhtms juhcathtavms jm`
mtrms, sa`m quk thldaá` ch ehcth nk
Hspkjtms nk ch jm`jkpjaú` nhtms juh`tathtavms bhjk quk chs
bulh`asth nkc bmldrk7 tkmrìhs `m puknh` skr hpmyhnhs pmr
kvank`jah klpìrajh.
- .Hutm`m
.Hutm`mlìh
lìh k a`nkpk`
a`nkpk`nk`
nk`jah
jah
smjahc. Ch pkrsm`h jmlm skr Ehcth nk keajhjah phrh trhthr
hjtavm jhphz nk a`tkrvk`ar k` trhstmr`ms lk`thcks irhvks y chs
su prmpam nkshrrmccm y tmlhr ik`krhcazhjam`ks bkjbhs smdrk ch
 phrh sì ch rkspm`shdacanhn hjkrjh `hturhckzh bulh`h, jmlm kc
nk su vanh (Kraosm` jathnm pmr jmlpcktm rkjbhzm nk hciu`ms
Umcokr, k` Zè`jbkz, 8112). jm`jkptms jmlpmrthlk`thcks y
- HutHutmrr
mrrkhc
khcazhj
azhjaú`
aú`.. ^k
^k`nk`
`nk`jah
jahss hc  psajmh`hcìtajms.
jrkjalak`tm y h ch rkhcazhjaú`
(Tmikrs, Lhscmw jathnms pmr Hu`quk ch psajmcmiìh bulh`asth
bulh`asth
Umcokr, k` Zè`jbkz, 8112). smstak`k quk cms kstunams h`alhcks `m
- MrMrak
ak`t
`thja
hjaú`
ú` pmr
pmr ch lkt
lkthh y kc sarvk` phrh kstunahr ch jm`nujth
sk`tanm. ^mnh jm`nujth ks bulh`h, hciu`ms nhtms nk kstunams
saklprk a`tk`jam`hc (skh h`alhcks bh` pkrlatanm ksthdckjkr
jm`jak`tk m `m jm`jak`tk), cm jm`jkptms hpcajhdcks h pkrsm`hs.
quk nh juk`th nk u` sk`tanm quk
`ms jm`statuyk jmlm smlms. Zk jk`trh kxjcusavhlk`tk k` kc cadrk
- Ch jm`s
jm`stru
trujja
jjaú`
ú` nkc
nkc Q
Qmm y nk
nk ch hcdknrìm y kc jm`sjak`tk.
ank`tanhn sk va`juch nk emrlh
narkjth jm` kstkpu`tm (Erh`oc,
Ermll, Hnckr jathnms pmr
Umcokr, k` Zè`jbkz, 8112).
- >. ^mt
^mthc
hcan
anhn
hn.. Zk jm`s
jm`sanankr
krhh hc
mrih`aslm bulh`m jmlm u`
tmnm quk sk k`trhlh jm` kc
tmnm.
 Zk`tar, alhia`hr, pk`shr, bhjkr
 

(Gu`i, Vkrcs, Lmrk`m jathnms

 pmr Umcokr, k`
Zè`jbkz, 8112).

Jhrhjtkrìstajhs7

- ^mlh jmlm jk`trm h ch pkrsm`h.

- Zk vukcvk jm`trh ch kxaik`jah
jak`tìeajh jcèsajh nk mdgktavanhn.
Jm`struyk su prmpamlmnkcm nk
jak`jah bulh`h, dhshnm k` ch
kxpkrak`jah.
- Jm`
Jm`eak
eakrk
rk lès alpmr
alpmrth`
th`jah
jah hc
sk`tanm y h ch sai`aeajhjaú` quk h
cms prmjknalak`tms
lktmnmcúiajms.
- Jm`trhpm`k h ch jm`jkpjaú` nk ch
vanh k`tk`nanh jmlm
eu`jam`hlak`tm, ch nk ch vanh
k`tk`nanh jmlm kxpkralk`tm. K`
ch pralkrh sk jm`vhcanh nksnk
heukrh, k` ch skiu`nh nksnk
hnk`trm nk ch kxpkrak`jah vavanh.
- ^mnm jm`mjalak`tm ks rkchtavm,
 pmr cm th`tm sk a`vath h
kxpkrak`jahr, hprmvkjbh`nm chs
a`ea`aths pmsadacanhnks bulh`hs
nk rkprksk`thjaú` lk`thc y
jrkhtavanhn phrh hlpcahr 
`ukstrm jm`mjkr.
- Jm`ecuyk jm` kc phrhnailh
nk`mla`hnm Bmcìstajm (Zè`jbkz,
8112).
 

86

Ch hsmjahjaú` a`tkrhlkrajh`h nk ch
 psajmcmiìh bulh`asth euk eu`nhnh
k` 8158 y hciu`ms nk sus
jm`taduyk`tks eukrm`7 Jhrc Tmikrs,
Imrnm` Hccpmrt, Ghlks Duik`thc,
Jbhrcmttk Dubckr, Tmccm Lhy,
Ihrn`kr Lurpby, k`trk mtrms.

Lhtraz 4- Hpcajhjaú`
K`emquk Jmi`atavm-jm`nujtuhc
Jmlprk`saú` nkc jhsm Zatuhjaú` prmdcklh7
sa`tmlhtmcmiìh nkprksavh
a`badanh, kpasmnams nk prmtksth,  
arrathjaú` y haschlak`tm.
Kc lk`mr kstè rkjcuanm,
hna`èlajm, quaktm, a`naekrk`tk h
cm quk cm rmnkh, cm juhc `m  
sai`aeajh quk bhyh jhrk`jah m
nasla`ujaú` nk ch htk`jaú`,
sa`m quk kstè tmthclk`tk
naraianh bhjah sì laslm, bhjah
su tklètajh nkprksavh, bhjah su
sueralak`tm y h chs
lknathjam`ks nk su mla`msm
nksta`m, jm` ch cujbh jm`sth`tk
nk su hutm-rkprmjbk y jucph.
^mnm cm quk ck hphrth nk su
 prmeu`nh a`trmspkjjaú`
(phchdrhs, a`jathjam`ks h
nastrhkrsk, laknms) ck lmcksth`,
sa dak` rkjchlh` jmlphøìh,
jmlm u`h `kjksanhn a`tuanh h
su calathjaú` lk`thc quk
alpmsadacath m naeajucth kc
nkshrrmccm `mrlhc nk sus
hjtavanhnks.  
^hldaá` puknk prksthr juhnrms
nm`nk kc nkpralanm `m puknk
ksthr quaktm? bhy k` ác u`h
bapkrna`hlah, u`h bapkrqua`ksas
jm`sth`tk. Zk ckvh`th, jhla`h,
Zastálajm
K` pralkrh a`sth`jah puknm
mdskrvhr quk ch a`statujaú`
pkrlatk quk cms kstunah`tks
kstá` a`lkrsms k` u`hs
hjtatunks luy pkrlasavhs y quk
chs na`èlajhs nasruptavhs sk
prksk`th` nk`trm nk u` irupm
a`tkrlknam k` kc prmjksm
emrlhtavm jmlm cm ks kc irhnm
skxtm.
Hnklès, sk bh k`jm`trhnm u`h
satuhjaú` kspkjahc k` ch
a`statujaú` Knujhtavh k` kc quk
sk rkjm`mjk` jmlpmrthlak`tms
a`hprmpahnms k`trk kstunah`tks
nk naekrk`tks irupms
kspkjahclk`tk k` kc irhnm skxtm
k` kc juhc sk k`juk`trh` ch
hjkpthjaú` nkc duccy`i, kc hjmsm
ksjmchr, ch rmtuchjaú`, ch
kstailhtazhjaú` y kc rkjbhzm k`
u`aú` jm` ch hutm-
jm`laskrhjaú` hpmyhnh pmr su
`÷jckm ehlacahr  Lmtavhjam`hc nk ch gkrhrquìh nk
Vmr kxpkrak`jah, k` cms jursms
dhgms 5· cms kstunah`tks sk
k`juk`trh` k` ksthnm klmjam`hc
nk nkshnhpthjaú`, puks
jm`sankrh` quk ks hcim kxtrhøm
kc phsm nk ch pralhrah h ch
skju`nhrah. Jrkh`nm nk`trm nk
88
Bulh`asth
Zatuhjaú` prmdcklh7 kc
sueralak`tm nk Lacckr y ch
jm`nujth ks kc rksucthnm nk ch
alpmsadacanhn nk shtasehjkr sus
`kjksanhnks.
Zk ck nkdk nklmstrhr h Lacckr
hjkpthjaú`, rkspktm y tmckrh`jah
k` cm quk kxprksh, lh`aeksthnm
`m smcm k` emrlh vkrdhc sa`m
thldaá` pmr lknam nk
kxprksam`ks nk hekjtm jmlm u`
hdrhzm, u`h phclhnh suhvk, ktj.
 phrh prmpajahr quk sk sak`th ch
jmlprk`saú`, hjkpthjaú` y
hpmym.
Kc mdgktavm nk kstk jhsm hc ea`hc
ks quk Lacckr nkdk ksthr
shtasekjbm
jm`saim laslm y jm` ch vanh.
Hdrhbhl Lhscmw (8162-
8196), pmstucú u` lhrjm tkúrajm
`kjksanhnks, quk a`ajah nksnk
cms `avkcks
 damcúiajms pralatavms bhsth kc
 prmjksm nk jrkjalak`tm
 pkrsm`hc,
nk`mla`hnm hutmrrkhcazhjaú`,
hc shtasehjkr nk lh`krh
 

84

lukvk kc jukrpm, k`trk mtrhs cms kstunah`tks hciu`ms irupms  prmirksavh jhnh
hjtavanhnks. jm` lujbh jm`eah`zh, ch juhc u`h nk chs `kjksanhnks
Hciu`hs jhrhjtkrìstajhs cms jm`nujk h ch rkhcazhjaú` nk bulh`hs.
jmlu`ks sm`7 Jbh`zhs quk h ch pmstrk sk
^rhstmr`ms nkc sukøm. jm`vakrtk` k` hdusms h Jm`sankrh`nm quk sa hciu`h nk
Jhldams nk hpktatm. jmlphøkrms nkc laslm irupm chs
Lmckstahs kspkjìeajhs jhrnam- k` cms juhcks Lacckr ks u`h nk `kjksanhnks `m ks shtasekjbh, ks
 puclm`hrks m ihstrma`tksta`hcks. sus pra`japhcks vìjtalhs. kc a`navanum quak` skrè
Naeajucthn phrh jm`jk`trhrsk. K` kstk pèrrhem mdskrvm quk nmla`hnm pmr 
Arrathdacanhn. Lacckr `kjksath skr ksjujbhnm ksh `kjksanhn.
Ehtaih, ehcth nk k`kriìh.  puks prksk`th u`h jmlpckganhn
Vmr mtrh phrtk ks alpmrth`tk  prmdcálajh quk cm cckvh h Zmcm juh`nm u`h `kjksanhn kstè
tk`kr k` juk`th cms alpmrth`tks kxbadar juhnrms nk h`saknhn, –rhzm`hdcklk`tk“
jhldams nurh`tk kc prk  dhgh hutmkstalh, a`trmvkrsaú`, shtasekjbh, sk nasphrhrè u`h
-hnmcksjk`jah k` ch  dhgh rksastk`jah h ch hnvkrsanhn `ukvh `kjksanhn (Jmcva` y
hutmpkrjkpjaú` y ch hnmpthnh phrh ch hnhpthjaú` y Tutch`n 4662).
nktkrla`h`tk a`ecuk`jah nk ch jmlm lkjh`aslm nk nkek`sh hc
alhik` prmpah smdrk kc jmlpmrthlak`tm nk sus Kc mrnk` lhymr nk `kjksanhnks
 dak`ksthr psajmcúiajm nk cms naekrk`tks k`tmr`ms m sastklhs a`jcuyk7 hlmr, pkrtk`k`jah,
 prk-hnmcksjk`tks, hsì jmlm cms k` cms juhcks kc nkshrrmcch su kstalhy kc mrnk` supkramr nk
batms nkc nkshrrmccm (satuhjam`ks jmtanah`anhn. `kjksanhnks a`jcuyk7 gustajah,
 prmpahs nkc skr bulh`m quk [`h vkz lès sk lukstrh kc mrnk` y dm`nhn.
lhrjh ch bastmrah nkc `aøm m k`tmr`m lm`mlhrk`thc (lhnrk @kjksanhnks nk skiuranhn7
hnmcksjk`tk). jhdkzh nk ehlacah), y ch juh`nm chs `kjksanhnks
sa`tmlhtmcmiìh hbmrh kvank`tk easamcúiajhs
Zk nktkrla`h quk Lacckr, tak`k k` kc lk`mr ch juhc sk smlhtazh kstè` shtasekjbhs, surik u`
trks èrkhs k` nkshgustk7 a`jrklk`th`nm su jrm`ajanhn, skiu`nm ksjhcú` nk
 pkrsm`hc, ehlacahr y smjahc, pmr (nmcmr nk kstúlhim). `kjksanhnks mrak`thnhs bhjah ch
cm quk sk nkdk a`ajahr Kc lk`mr sk lukstrh htk`tm skiuranhn pkrsm`hc, kc mrnk`, ch
hjtavanhnks quk pkrlath` ch smcanhram y jmchdmrhnmr, pkrm  prmtkjjaú` nk `kjksanhnks sk
mrak`thjaú` h ch hnquasajaú` nk luy hekjthnm pmr ch párnanh nk k`juk`trh`
bèdatms quk ck nk` ch lhymr su eaiurh phtkr`h (Lukrtk nkc ch skiuranhn eìsajh, ehlacahr, nk
hutm`mlìh pmsadck, hdukcm), kc juhc krh kc ÷`ajm quk shcun
 prmlmjam`h`nm hqukcchs ck pkrlatìh kxprkshr sus y jm`trh kc jralk` nk ch

hjtavanhnks y hjtatunks quk cks
skh` ÷tacks phrh ch vanh
jmtanah`h nkc prk-hnmcksjk`tk y
su rkchjaú` jm` kc k`tmr`m.
sk`talak`tms y k` kc juhc  
bhcchdh jmlprk`saú`, jrkh`nm
su lèxalm ksthnm nk hdh`nm`m @kjksanhnks nk hlmr, hekjtm y
smjamehlacahr.
 
8:
prmpaknhn pkrsm`hc.
pkrtk`k`jah7 juh`nm chs
`kjksanhnks
kc hlmr, kc hekjtm y ch
pkrtk`k`jah m heacahjaú` h u`
jakrtm irupm smjahc y
kstè` mrak`thnhs, h supkrhr cms
sk`talak`tms nk smcknhn.
Q pmr ÷ctalm chs @kjksanhnks
nk kstalh7 juh`nm chs pralkrhs
jchsks nk
`kjksanhnks kstè`
lknah`hlk`tk shtasekjbhs,
surik` chs
`kjksanhnks nk kstalh
mrak`thnhs bhjah ch hutmkstalh,
kc
rkjm`mjalak`tm bhjah ch
 pkrsm`h, kc cmirm phrtajuchr y kc
rkspktm bhjah
cms nklès? hc shtasehjkr ksths
`kjksanhnks, chs pkrsm`hs sk
sak`tk`
skiurhs nk sì laslh y vhcamshs
nk`trm nk u`h smjaknhn? juh`nm
ksths
`kjksanhnks `m sm` shtasekjbhs,
chs pkrsm`hs sk sak`tk`
a`ekramrks y sa` vhcmr.

Kstrhtkiahs nk hdmrnhgk y Hjtavanhnks h nkshrrmcchr7
hjmlphøhlak`tm . Bhdacanhnks nk jmlu`ajhjaú`
y bhdacanhnks smjahcks7 k` ksths
sk dusjh hulk`thr cms `avkcks
nk jmlu`ajhjaú` y kxprksaú`
nk sk`talak`tms, nk vavk`jahs,
nk rkchjaú` jm` kc k`tmr`m, ktj.
.K`trk`hlak`tm k` bhdacanhnks
nk ch vanh nahrah7 Bhdacanhnks
rkchjam`hnhs jm` kc hskm,
vkstanm, hphrak`jah pkrsm`hc,
tk`kr u`h alhik` lès hjkpthdck
nk sì laslm.
•A`jrklk`thr chs hptatunks nk
rkspm`shdacanhn y hutm`mlìh.
•Nkshrrmcchr ch a`nkpk`nk`jah y
skiuranhn k` sì laslms, hsì
jmlm ch nasjapca`h y ch
hutmkstalh.
•Ehjacathr y hnkjuhr kc jm`trmc
klmjam`hc.
•Vhrh kc nkshrrmccm y kvhcuhjaú`  
nkc prmjksm tkrhpáutajm sk
utacazh kc k`emquk jmi`atavm jm`
k`trkvasth kstrujturhnh,
mdskrvhjaú` nkc  
jmlpmrthlak`tm, hsai`hjaú` nk
thrkhs pkraúnajhs- sklh`hcks,  
hutm rkiastrms y naècmim
 pknhiúiajm - nanèjtajm, jmlm  
táj`ajhs nk kvhcuhjaú`. Zk
rkhcazh h`ècasas eu`jam`hc nk
jm`nujths prmdcklh y sk
ank`taeajh` jm`nujths rkckvh`tks
chs hjjam`ks nkc prmeksam`hc
hjmlphøh`tk nkdk` a`ajahrsk  
ksjujbh`nm hc
lk`mr, (a`tkrvk`jaú` lknah`tk
Vsajmh`ècasas), rkjmrnklms quk
ch phchdrh k` kc psajmh`ècasas
tak`k u` ksthtutm –Vkrlatk vkr
chs lktèemrhs nkc (A`jm`sjak`tk)
k` su jmlpmrthlak`tm". Kstm `m  
a`najh quk kc lmnkcm h skiuar
skh kc Vsajmh`ècasas, k` su
lmlk`tm sk puknk rktmlhr kc
k`emquk sastálajm.
ch smcujaú` a`jcuyk ch
hpcajhjaú` nk irh`nks
jh`tanhnks nk rkjursms k` u`h
emrlh mrnk`hnh.  
 cms nahi`ústajms prksk`thnms
nkc lk`mr bh` sanm tmlhnms
nksnk ch psajmcmiìh jcì`ajh m
thcvkz nksk ch psaquahtrìh, quk  
phrh lì jm`jkpjaú` `m
hlkrath` trhthlak`tm
ehrlhjmcúiajm, sa`m ch
hpcajhjaú` nk chs táj`ajhs
pkrtk`kjak`tks hc k`emquk
sastálajm k`trk cms quk sk
puknk` hnmpthr u`h
rkmrih`azhjaú` sastálajh
dhshnh k` chs táj`ajhs
Jmlu`ajhjam`hcks y/m
jm`vkrshjam`hcks quk pkrlath`
ch kxpmsajaú` nk cms
sk`talak`tms nkc lk`mr y ch
8>
Vralkrm, sk nkdk k`ehtazhr k` kc
prksk`tk, tk`ak`nm k` juk`th
quk sk nkdk shtasehjkr u`hs
`kjksanhnks quk kstè`
a`shtasekjbhs7 –hquì y hbmrh“ y
`m nkc –hccè“? sa` nktk`krsk
nklhsahnm k` cms
hjm`tkjalak`tms nkc phshnm,
pkrm sa pkrlatar ch jhthrsas7
nkshbmim klmjam`hc. Cm
h`tkramr alpcajh ch smcujaú` h
chs `kjksanhnks nk
supkrvavk`jah y nk prmtkjjaú`
nk chs quk bhdch Lhscmw7
hcalk`thjaú`, vkstanm, rkeuiam.
Zkiu`nm, a`ajahr ch vhcmrhjaú`,
pmr lknam nk cm quk sk mdskrvú
quk kstè hjm`tkjak`nm nk emrlh
`kihtavh y nk cm quk hu`
eu`jam`h dak` k` kc jcak`tk quk
puknk` hyunhr h jhldahr nk
lh`krh jm`strujtavh. Kstm tak`k
quk vkr jm` quk jhnh lakldrm
kstè k` u`h satuhjaú` naekrk`tk y
sus `kjksanhnks cm sm` thldaá`.
Lak`trhs u` lk`mr nk knhn
`kjksath sk`tarsk skiurm,
hprkjahnm, y jm`struar hrrhaim k
ank`tanhn cms hnuctms quazès
`kjksatk` sk`tarsk prmnujtavms.

quk hjtuhclk`tk kstè` hctkrh`nm
su eu`jam`hlak`tm psajmcúiajm  
y hnhpthjaú` k` sus naekrk`tks
jm`tkxtms.
Vrukdhs y/m táj`ajhs7
Vrkvahs7
•K`trkvasth Zkla-naraianh
•Mdskrvhjaú` y ksjujbh
 psajmcúiajh
•Vrukdh nk Dk`nkr y prukdhs
nk nkprksaú` phrh `aøms y
hnmcksjk`tks.
•K`trkvasths jm` phnrks y
juanhnmrks
•A`tkrvk`jaú` m skiualak`tm
•H`ècasas eu`jam`hcks  
•Hutm rkiastrm (ksjraturh -
nadugm)  
•^áj`ajhs nk rkchghjaú` y  
rksparhjaú`
•Hjtavhjaú` jm`nujtuhc ‚
kstrhtkiahs k` hnmcksjk`tks
 
8;
jmlprk`saú` pmr phrtk nk sus
phrks ksjmchrks a`jcuyk`nm h
sus nmjk`tks, jm`sankrm quk
ksth a`tkrvk`jaú` nkdk a`ajahr
k` su k`tmr`m ehlacahr.
Vmnklms jm`struar u`h rkn nk
a`tkrvk`jaú` phrh jm`mjkr cms
hspkjtms trh`sik`krhjam`hcks nk
ch ehlacah y jrkhr vì`jucms nk
jm`eah`zh y trh`quacanhn jm` kc
`aøm .
Jhdk jm`jcuar ch alpmrth`jah
nk ch ehlacah k` kc lmnkcm
sastálajm, sak`nm kc pra`japhc
vì`jucm klmjam`hc y hekjtavm
quk rkjadk` cms `aøms y `aøhs,
jm`sankrh`nm quk ksth ks ch
pukrth nk k`trhnh h ch vanh,
nm`nk sk ksthdckjk` cms
pralkrms vì`jucms y chzms
pkrlh`k`tks, cm quk hccì mjurrh
k` emrlh `kihtavh a`ecuarè k` su
jmlpmrthlak`tm, k` kc
rk`nalak`tm hjhnálajm, k` chs
a`tkrhjjam`ks quk lh`kgh k` kc
kxmsastklh, quk k` hciu`hs
mjhsam`ks tak`nk` h nkdacathr
sus nkek`shs eìsajhs y
psajmcúiajh, jm`nujak`nm h u`
a`jrklk`tm nk prmdcklhs nk
shcun jmlm ch nkprksaú` m
k`ekrlknhnks psajmsmlètajhs.
Vmr kccm ks a`naspk`shdck quk k`
kc bmihr bhyh u` hldak`tk

 
Hcjh`jks y calathjam`ks Zus hcjh`jks7
Ks u` k`emquk quk sk dhsh k`
kc látmnm jak`tìeajm kc juhc
klpckh u`h lktmnmcmiìh
kxpkralk`thc quk pkrlatk u`
h`ècasas mdgktavm nk cms
rksucthnms, pkrlatak`nm ch
kchdmrhjaú` nk bapútksas
 dhshnhs k` ch a`emrlhjaú`  
 prkvah.
Cckih hc a`navanum, h sus
kstrujturhs y ksquklhs
lk`thcks jm` kc ea` nk
lmnaeajhr su jm`nujth m
 prmnujtms lk`thcks
nkshnhpthtavms, jm` kc h`ècasas
nk kcklk`tms quk sm`  
a`ksthdcks k` kc skr bulh`m
jmlm jrkk`jahs, pk`shlak`tms,
 pkrspkjtavhs y prmjkshlak`tm
nk ch a`emrlhjaú` nkc k`tmr`m.
Vkrlatk hnquarar bhdacanhnks y
jmlpktk`jahs phrh kc
herm`thlak`tm nk satuhjam`ks,
 dk`keajaè`nmcm nk u` jhldam m
k`trk`hlak`tm phrh satuhjam`ks
prmpajam quk dk`keajak kc
nkshrrmccm a`tkirhc nkc a`eh`tk.
Vuknk skr hpcajhnm k` kc kstunam
nkc hldak`tk nk ch ehlacah,
mrih`azhjam`ks k a`statujam`ks
k` kstk jhsm kc jmckiam
h`hcazh`nm kc jmlpmrthlak`tm
nk cms jmlphøkrms jm` kc tklh
nkc duccy`i quk sk jm`emrlk`
nk lès nk u` a`navanum.
Nksnk kstk k`emquk pkrlatk ch
phrtajaphjaú` nk lmnkcms
a`tkrnasjapca`hrams, pkrlatak`nm
h`hcazhr emrlh lès jm`jrkth y
nkshrrmcchr nk lh`krh a`tkirhc
[` nahi`ústajm lès vkrhz nkc
hldak`tk k` quk sk nksk`vukcvk
kc `aøm jm` ch ehlacah, jm` kc
jmckiam y k` sus sastklhs nk
a`tkrhjjaú` y h sì laslm
prmpm`kr táj`ajhs nk
a`tkrvk`jaú` h ch nasrupjaú` k`
cms prmjksms smjahcks , Zus
calathjam`ks puknk` a`sthr k` cm
a`jmlphtadck jm` kc skrvajam
smjahc, puks puknk skr jmlpckgm
nkdanm h ch lh`apuchjaú` y usm
nkc jcak`tk, (jm`sucth`tk)
mdvah`nm kc hutmjm`trmc y kc
hutmnmla`am, sk pmchrazh ch
naekrk`jah nk cms rmcks y ksthtus,
85
Hcjh`jks y cìlatks nkc k`emquk
Bulh`asth
Hcjh`jks
Cms bulh`asths jk`trh` su
kstunam dèsajhlk`tk k` cm
bulh`m, tk`ak`nm k` juk`th chs
 pmtk`jahcanhnks y `kjksanhnks
bulh`hs, nkgh`nm nk chnm kc
jm`jkptm nk cm h`mrlhc, cm
 phtmcúiajm, phrh nhr phsm h ch
hutm`mlìh, hutmrrkhcazhjaú`, h
 phrtar nk chs `kjksanhnks
bulh`hs shtasekjbhs, prmnujtm
nk u` skr bulh`m dm`nhnmsm
 pmr `hturhckzh. Vuknk k`tm`jks
rksularsk kc mdgktm nk kstunam
nk ch psajmcmiìh, nksnk kc
k`emquk bulh`asth, k` kc skr
bulh`m, k` phrtajuchr sus
`kjksanhnks y sus
 pmtk`jahcanhnks.
Lh`tk`kr u`h hjtatun nk
jmlprk`saú` klpètajh bhjah kc
jcak`tk y su kxpkrak`jah
sudgktavh.
• Tkspktm pmr cms vhcmrks
jucturhcks nkc jcak`tk y pmr su

 prksk`tks y ehvmrkjalak`tm h ch k`trk kc prmeksam`hc y kc sugktm,
hnkjuhjaú` y hnhpthjaú` hc
lknam.  
Vkrlatk ch a`tkirhjaú` nk
táj`ajhs mraia`hrahs nk mtrms
k`emquks, a`jmrpmrh`nm `ukvhs vhcmrks, kckjjam`ks lmrhcks m
lh`krhs nk hjtuhr.  
Jm`sankrh quk ks ch hjjaú` nkc
 prmpam sugktm cms quk cm puknk`  puknk hjjknkr prmirhlhs nk
cckvhr h ch rknujjaú` m
supkrhjaú` nk cms sì`tmlhs? ck
 prmpmrjam`h a`strulk`tms phrh
quk pmr sì laslm puknh
lmnaeajhr sus jm`nujths.
Zus calathjam`ks7
Zk jk`trh k` ch jmi`ajaú` cm
quk bhjk su h`ècasas `m kstk
k`emjhnm k` cm a`tuatavm, kc
a`jm`sjak`tk m kc phshnm, sak`nm
kstms jhushcks nk cms sì`tmlhs
quk prksk`th kc a`navanum?
nkgh`nm nk chnm ch lhymrìh nk
kcklk`tms jm`tkxtuhcks quk
hekjth` h chs prmdcklètajhs h
trhthr.
Zus táj`ajhs prktk`nk`
krrhnajhr cm quk ik`krh
lhcksthr, pkrm k` kc prmjksm `m
ks a`erkjuk`tk quk sk ik`krk`
bhjak`nm quk ch rkchjaú` skh
pmjm na`èlajh y phtkr`hcasth.
A`tkrprkth kstrajthlk`tk ch
jm`nujth k` rkchjaú` jhush-
kekjtm, sa` nkghr cuihr h cms
guajams átajms nkc `aøm -k` kstk
jhsm kc jmlpmrthlak`tm y ch
kvmcujaú` nk ch ehlacah, quk
emrlhjaú` y prkvk`jaú`.
89
cadkrthn nk kxprksaú`.
• Kxpcmrhr cms prmdcklhs nkc
jcak`tk nk emrlh hutá`tajh y
jmchdmrhtavh, nk lh`krh quk sk
ck hyunk h ih`hr k` jm`jak`jah
smdrk sì laslm y k`
rkspm`shdacanhn.
• Kxpcmrhr chs kxpkjthtavhs y
lkths nkc jcak`tk, a`jcuyk`nm cm
quk kspkrh mdtk`kr nkc prmjksm
tkrhpáutajm.
• Kstaluchr ch lmtavhjaú` nkc
jcak`tk
• Jchraeajhr kc rmc nk hyunh nkc
tkrhpkuth, sa` a`tkrekrar k` ch
hutmnktkrla`hjaú` nkc jcak`tk.
• @kimjahr u` jm`trhtm quk
jchraeaquk bhjah nú`nk quakrk`
ar k` ch tkrhpah.
Calatks
Ai`mrh cms nktkrla`h`tks
 damcúiajms nkc a`navanum.
[tacazh jm`jkptms luy pmjm
mdgktavms y naeìjacks nk
nklmstrhr pmr lknam nkc
látmnm jak`tìeajm.
 

82

jmlpmrthlak`tms rìianms quk h

 
Naekrk`jahs y salacatunks nk
hdmrnhgk nksnk mtrms k`emquks
 
 
su vkz puknk` prmvmjhr mtrms
prmdcklhs nk hnhpthjaú`.
Zalacatunks7
Jm` kc bulh`asth7 sk jk`trh` k`
kc jmlpmrthlak`tm a`navanuhc,
pch`tkh látmnms nk kstunam
a`navanuhcasth, hsì jmlm k` kc
kstunam m h`ècasas nk cms
pk`shlak`tms.
Zalacatunks jm` kc k`emquk
bulh`asth
Kc trhdhgm jm` sastklhs ks lès
hlpcam k` tkrhpahs k
a`tkrvk`jam`ks, lujbm lès
 pkrta`k`tk quk kc trhdhgm
a`navanuhc
Naekrk`jahs y salacatunks jm` kc
k`emquk jmi`atavm
Naekrk`jahs7 Kstunah chs
rkprksk`thjam`ks lk`thcks
tk`ak`nm jhrhjtkrìstajhs
rhjam`hcasths jm` tk`nk`jah hc
jm`strujtavaslm.

[tacazh` látmnms jmlm chs
k`trkvasths.
Jm` kc sastálajm7 sk dhsh` k`
táj`ajhs nk lmnaeajhjaú` nk ch
jm`nujth.
Hciu`hs naekrk`jahs7
Kstk k`emquk, sk dhsh k` kc
kstunam nk cms prmjksms
lk`thcks, cms juhcks tak`k
tak`k
jmlm látmnm chs satuhjam`ks
 prmdcklh, dhshnm k` kc
hprk`nazhgk, jm`jadk hc skr
bulh`m jmlm sugktm hjtavm k`
kc prmjkshlak`tm nk ch
a`emrlhjaú`, nklmstrh`nm hsì
quk ch jm`nujth ksth lknahnh
 pmr prmjksms psajmcúiajms quk
mrih`azh`, jmnaeajh` y
Chs ehlacahs sk raik` jm`
vhcmrks jmlphrtanms quk
a`ecuyk` k` su nkshrrmccm
Kc sugktm tak`k u` cìlatk nk
cadkrthn pkrsm`hc, quk a`ecuyk
k` sì laslm.
Ks luy alpmrth`tk ch átajh y
cms vhcmrks.
Hciu`hs naekrk`jahs jm` kc
k`emquk bulh`asth
Ks nk sulh alpmrth`jah kc
nkshrrmccm nkc sastklh lès quk
kc a`navanum smcm.
Ch a`tkrhjjaú` ehlacahr ks kc
eu`nhlk`tm nkc trhdhgm
tkrhpáutajm k` kc lmnkcm
Zk jk`trh k` kc eu`jam`hlak`tm
hjtuhc nk ch pkrsm`h, bhjak`nm
ba`jhpaá k` cms sì`tmlhs y su
rksmcujaú`. K`ehtazh kc
hprk`nazhgk, ch lmnaeajhjaú` nk
jm`nujth y nk pk`shlak`tms, chs
thrkhs nk hutmhyunh y kc
k`trk`hlak`tm nk bhdacanhnks
k`trk chs sksam`ks.
Naekrk`jahs jm` kc k`emquk
Zastálajm7
trhdhgh jm` kc sastklh k` su
jm`gu`tm y `m jm` u` lakldrm
nk emrlh a`navanuhc. [` sastklh
 puknk skr ch ehlacah, ch rkchjaú`
nk phrkgh, kquapms nk trhdhgm,
jm`tkxtms ksjmchrks, ktj.
K` tmnm sastklh cms lakldrms

trh`semrlh` y hclhjk`h` tmnm
cm rkchjam`hnm jm` su k`tmr`m.
Kc bulh`asth7 su dhsk nk
kstunam ks kc jukrpm ‚ lk`tk y
klmjaú` jmlm u` tmnm, cadrk
hcdknrìm m kspm`th`kanhn, sk
jk`trh k` ek`úlk`ms jmlm kc
hlmr, ch jrkhtavanhn m ch
h`iustah, kstè k` ch jm`sth`tk
 d÷squknh nk øh
hutmrrkhcazhjaú`.
Zastálajm7 Zk jk`trh k` chs
rkchjam`ks y cms irupms jmlm
hcim na`èlajm jm` cms quk
jm`sth`tklk`tk kc skr bulh`m
tak`k rkchjaú`.
K` sus látmnms nk h`ècasas
a`jmrpmrh` ch tkj`mcmiìh, k cms
quk kvank`jah u`h jakrth
mrih`azhjaú` nk kstrujturhs jm`
ch a`tk`jaú` nk hcjh`zhr sus
mdgktavms, na`hlazh`nm duk`ms
rksucthnms nk`trm nk sus
tkrhpahs, jmlm ch ehlacahr.
sastálajm.
Ank`taeajh hc a`navanum nk skr
jhphz nk k`jhrihrsk nk su
nkshrrmccm, sa` ch a`ecuk`jah nk
u` irupm.
Ch hutmrrkhcazhjaú` ks cm quk sk
 dusjh.
81
quk cm jmlpm`k` tak`k`
rkchjam`ks rkjìprmjhs y
luctanarkjjam`hcks k`trk sì.
Kstè` tmnms a`tkrrkchjam`hnms y
cm nk u`m a`ecuyk k` cms mtrms . 
[` nktkrla`hnm prmdcklh, pmr
kc quk sk smcajath hyunh, sk
lh`tak`k pmrquk nk`trm nk su
sastklh julpck u`h
nktkrla`hnh eu`jaú`.
Juh`nm u`m nk sus lakldrms
tak`k u` prmdcklh m naeajucthn,
cms nklès thldaá` kstè`
alpcajhnms k` kccm, hnklès nk
suerar chs jm`skjuk`jahs, pmr cm
quk tmnms puknk` jmchdmrhr k`
ch smcujaú` m kc jhldam.
Zalacatunks7 sk dhsh` k`
táj`ajhs nk lmnaeajhjaú` nk ch
jm`nujth.
 

46

Jm`jcusaú`7 Tkchjaú`k`trk ch pkrspkjtavh psajmsmjahc y cms k`emquks nk ch psajmcmiìh

Juh`nm bhdchlms nk u`h pkrspkjtavh smjahc sk puknk jm`sankrhr quk ks u` prmjksm

lknah`tk kc juhc rkjadalms cms kstìlucms nkc lknam hldak`tk, kstìlucms quk prmvak`k` nk mtrhs

 pkrsm`hs y sus jm`nujths, cms juhcks pkrlatk` kc nkshrrmccm nk prmjksms jmi`atavms lknah`tk cms

juhcks sk ik`krh` guajams dhshnms k` cchs

hs prmpahs vavk`jahs. Kc hdmrnhgk nk chs
chs prmdcklètajhs

smjahcks `ms cckvh

cckvh h rkjm`mjkr ch `kjksanhn nk htk`nkr cms prmjksms nkc pk`shr y hjtuhr nk u`

irupm smjahc, hsì jmlm su va`juchjaú` jm` kc nkshrrmccm nk cms prmjksms jmi`atavms y hjtatuna`hcks

nk tmnms cms hjtmrks quk hccì a`tkrvak`k`.

Nksnk ch psajmcmiìh sk puknk nksjradar, kxpcajhr, h`hcazhr, prknkjar y lmnaeajhr kc

jmlpmrthlak`tm bulh`m, hdhrjh`nm chs prmdcklètajhs nksnk ch larhnh nk sus k`emquks cms juhcks

`ms pkrlatk` jmlprk`nkr ch jm`nujth bulh`h nksnk mtrms è`iucms y juym mdgktavm
mdgktavm ks k`jm`trhr

u` jmlpmrthlak`tm prmnujtavm m eu`jam`hc nkc skr bulh`m nk`trm nk ch smjaknhn.

Ch pkrspkjtavh smjahc k` u`h hprmxalhjaú` tkúrajh quk dusjh jmlprk`nkr ch a`tkrhjjaú` nkc

a`navanum jm` ch pkrsm`h, ks `kjkshram ik`krhr u` prhjtajh y u` k`emquk psajmsmjahc y cmirhr ch

jmlprk`saú` nksnk jhnh u`m nk cms k`emquks psajmcúiajms, jmlprk`nkr kc jm`tkxtm nk jhnh u`h nk

chs pkrsm`hs y jmlm pmr lknam nk ch smjaknhn y ch a`tkrhjjaú` sk ik`krh` naekrk`tks tapms nk

bapútksas quk ski÷` chs naekrk`tks a`tkrprkthjam`ks pmr lknam nk cms k`emquks sk ik`krh` ankhs,

smcujam`ks y bhsth u` prmdcklhs nk vhcankz.

Kc jm`jkptm psajmsmjahc k` chs nasta`ths èrkhs nk ch psajmcmiìh, th`tm tkúrajhs jmlm k` ch emrlh k`

ch quk ks hpcajhnh, `ms bh cckvhnm h quk k` ch hjtuhcanhn kxasth u` hlpcam sai`aeajhnm smdrk kc

sai`aeajhnm nkc k`emquk psajmsmjahc k` kc èrkh nk ch psajmcmiìh y cms naekrk`tks hcjh`jks quk

jm`cckvh`, sk pmnrìh nkjar quk cm psajmsmjahc bh nkghnm nk skr u` k`emquk kxjcusavm nk cms jhlpms

smjahc y jmlu`athram phsh`nm h jm`sankrhrsk jmlm u`h larhnh a`tkirhnmrh pmsadck nk hpcajhr h