Iksc 1 ]clrçks mc dk ^crslekdhmkm

^rcscetkml plr?

Gkrhk aktkdhek Fkdvhs =8.9>2.8=8

Mk`ch`k Akstrl Pkgçrcz

Mhkek Gkrhk Oudhl 18,2;>,3;8

^rlfrkgk? ^shaldlfçk

Gktcrhk? ^crslekdhmkm (=>1>>=K\830)

^rcscetkml k ]utlrk

^kudhek Fñgcz Srh`c

Sehvcrshmkm Ekahlekd K`hcrtk y k Mhstkeahk SEKM

Ouehl, 0>0;
 HE]PLMSAAHÑE

Dk pcrslekdhmkm cs cstumhkmk mcsmc vkrhls ceilqucs, pkrk plmcr kacrakrsc ue plal k

dls glthvls quc alemuace k uek pcrslek k katukr, scethr, pceskr, c hetcrkatukr ce slahcmkm.

]hcec mhicrcetcs mcihehahlecs, plmrçkgls mcahr quc cs dk cstruaturk mheëghak mc akmk

hemhvh
hemhvhmul,
mul, sc alg
algplec
plec mc akrk
akrkatc
atcrçst
rçsthak
hakss psh
pshald
aldñfh
ñfhaks,
aks, alemuat
alemuatukd
ukdcs,
cs, cglahl
cglahlekd
ekdcs
cs y

slahkdc
slahkdcs:
s: cst
cstks
ks akrkatc
akrkatcrçst
rçsthak
hakss sc mcskrrld
mcskrrlddke
dke k pkr
pkrthr
thr mc dk hetcrka
hetcrkaahñ
ahñee mc cdcgce
cdcgcetls
tls

kg`hcetkdcs y `hldñfhals. Adlehefcr, Quske A., ]clrçks mc dk pcrslekdhmkm, Gèxhal, ]rhddks,

;863.

Qc bke mcskrrlddkml tclrçks mc dk pcrslekdhmkm pkrk trktkr mc mcsarh`hr y cxpdhakr dk

alemuatk mc dls scrcs bugkels. Akmk pcrslek cs ÿehak. Dk pcrslekdhmkm thcec algplecetcs

algl cd akrëatcr tlgkeml algl rcicrceahk dl quc kprcemhgls, cs mcahr, dks cxpcrhceahks

vhvhmks y cd tcgpcrkgcetl, quc scrçke, csks akrkatcrçsthaks bcrcmkmks.

Cxhstce mhicrcetcs alrrhcetcs mc alelahghcetl, algl cd pshalkeëdhshs mc Qhfguem

Ircum ale cd kpkrktl psçquhal, ksç algl ltrls cstumhls mc mhicrcetcs pshalkekdhstks. Ducfl

sc lrh
lrhfh
fheke
eke dls
dls gl
glmc
mcdl
dlss pcrtc
pcrtcec
ecah
ahcet
cetcs
cs k dk
dkss mh
mhicr
icrcet
cetcs
cs al
alrrh
rrhcet
cetcs.
cs. Sek
Sek tc
tclrç
lrçkk cs

ue shst
shstcgk
cgk dñf
dñfhal
hal-mcm
-mcmuat
uathvl
hvl alesth
alesthtuh
tuhml
ml plr ue aleo
aleouet
uetll mc bhpñtc
bhpñtcshs,
shs, ue akg
akgpl
pl mc

kpdhakahñe
kpdhakahñe (mc dl quc trktk dk tclrçk, cd aleoue
aleouetl
tl mc alsks quc cxpdhak) y kdfueks rcfdks quc

pcrghtke cxtrkcr alescauceahks mc dks bhpñtcshs mc dk tclrçk. Qc alelac algl tclrçks mc dk

pcrslekdhmkm k dks mhsthetks tclrçks prlpucstks plr dls cstumhlsls mc dk pcrslekdhmkm
pcr slekdhmkm ce sus

èplaks, dls hetcetls pshaldñfhals plr mcihehr y adkshihakr dks pcrslekdhmkmcs bugkeks ce `ksc

k kdfÿe thpl mc rksfls gçehgls algpkrthmls.

L`octhvls

L`octhvl fcecrkd

Hmcethihakr dks prcghsks iuemkgcetkdcs mc dks tclrçks mc dk pcrslekdhmkm pkrk kekdhzkr kd

suoctl mcsmc mhicrcetcs pcrspcathvks.

L`octhvls cspcaçihals

 Algprcemcr cd aleacptl mc pcrslekdhmkm

 Pcalelacr dks kplrtkahlecs quc dks tclrçks pshaldñfhaks bkace kd algplrtkghcetl

mcd scr bugkel.

 ;. QHE]
QHE]KD
KDHM
HMKM
KM F
FPS
PS^K
^KD.
D.

Dks pcrshstcetcs.

Hehahkdgcetc, mcetrl mcd frupl mc pcrslekdhmkm, ce dk iksc #0, el iuc plsh`dc quc

trk`kokrk tlml cd frupl algpdctl, she cg`krfl, dks pkrthahpkahlecs cxhstcetcs mke hemhahls mc

aleilrgkr ue frupl mc trk`kol aldk`lrkthvl rcspctulsl. Cs plr cddl quc, eucstrl frupl sc

ddkgkrë dks pcrshstcetcs, yk quc, k pcskr mc dks mhihaudtkmcs k dl dkrfl mcd mcskrrlddl mcd

aursl, bcgls pcrshsthml ce cd hetcrès mc eucstrk ilrgkahñe y kprcemhzkoc. Hrcgls gcolrkeml

y alestruyceml, plr gcmhl mcd mhkdlfl ue cquhpl uehml y algprlgcthml. Mcspuès mc dccr y

bkacr ue keëdhshs hemhvhmukd mc dks ]clrçks mc dk ^crslekdhmkm, dccr y algprcemcr dk fuçk mc

kath
kathvh
vhmkm
mkmcs,
cs, y gk
gket
etce
cecr
cr ue al
alet
etka
katl
tl mh
mhrca
rcatl
tl al
alee cd rcstl
rcstl mc
mcdd frupl,
frupl, cgpc
cgpczkg
zkgls
ls pl
plrr

pkrthahpkr mc gkecrk hemhvhmukd ce cd ilrl aldk`lrkthvl, sc rckdhzñ ue arlelfrkgk mc

kathvhmkmcs hemhvhmukdcs y frupkdcs, pkrk lrfkehzkr dks icabks ce quc mc`çk cstkr dhstls dls

kplrt
kplrtcs
cs mc dls
dls he
hetc
tcfrk
frket
etcs
cs mcd fru
frupl
pl.. Dk alg
algue
ueha
haka
kahñ
hñee vç
vçkk Vb
Vbkt
ktsKK
sKKpp iuc id
iduh
uhmk,
mk, dk

pkrthahpkahñe iuc lplrtuek, sc eltñ cd hetcrès y dk rcsplesk`hdhmkm.

r csplesk`hdhmkm.

Cd tèrghel shetkdhmkm iuc arckml plr Akttkd (;8=2) y alesthtuyc ue hetcrcsketc

ceilquc pkrk cd cstumhl l keëdhshs mc dls frupls dk shetkdhmkm sc mcihec algl dk pcrslekdhmkm

mcd frupl l gës prcahskgcetc, algl tlml cicatl quc prlmuzak cd frupl algl tltkdhmkm,
0. AS
ASKM
KMPL
PL MC VHD@
VHD@CP
CP
 1. KE
KEËD
ËDHHQH
QHQ
Q MC AK
AKQL
QL

AKQL?

AKQL ; KDYKPL

Ëdvkrl cs ue blg`rc sldtcrl, mc =0 kûls. Aletkmlr mc prlicshñe, mc akghekr dcetl y

ghrkmk trhstc. Yhvc ale dk gkmrc y ue bcrgkel mc =3 kûls, tkg`hèe sldtcrl. Qus mçks

trkes
trkesaur
aurrce
rce cetr
cetrcc cd tr
trk`k
k`kol
ol,, vcr tc
tcdc
dcvh
vhsh
shñe,
ñe, bk
bk`d
`dkr
kr plr ac
acdu
dudk
dkr,
r, al
algc
gcrr y mlrgh
mlrghr.
r. Dls
Dls

mlghefls sucdc hr k ghsk ale dk gkmrc y ce lakshlecs kg`ls vhshtke k su bcrgkel gkylr,

quhce cstë akskml y thcec trcs bhols. Ëdvkr

Ëdvkrll usukdgcetc bkac —tlml‗ plr kfrkmkr k dk fcetc.

Ce uek lakshñe, ce ue `khdc, mc csls k dls quc aksh eueak kshstc plrquc —el thcec ale quhce
hr‗, alelahñ k uek abhak 0> kûls gcelr quc èd… mls gcscs mcspuès dc pkfl cd prhgcr

scgcstrc mc uehvcrshmkm y kmcgës sc algprlgcthñ k pkfkrdc tlmk su akrrcrk. ^lal thcgpl

mcspuès, su bcrgkel gkylr akyñ ce uek arhshs caleñghak y Ëdvkrl vcemhñ su akrrl y su

kpkrtkgcetl
kpkrtkgcetl pkrk —kyumkrdc‗ k su bcrgkel.
bcrgkel. Ce kdfuek lplrtu
lplrtuehmkm,
ehmkm, vhkol k pkskr ue ihe mc

scgkek mlemc uels kghfls, quhcecs mcahmhcrle —kprlvcabkr‗ su ddcfkmk pkrk quc —dcs

auhmkrk‗ dk aksk ghcetrks cddls kacptk`ke uek hevhtkahñe k uek iheak. Ce ltrk lakshñe, mhl k

fukrmkr ue mhecrl k uek kghfk, y aukeml sc dl sldhahtl dk kghfk dc mhol —quc dl bk`çk

tlgkml prcstkml‗ … Ëdvkrl aletcstl —el bky prl`dcgk…el cs ecacskrhl quc gc dl

mcvucdvks, yl ghrl algl bkfl‗. Bkac yk vkrhls kûls, uek cxelvhk dl ddkgl pkrk mcahrdc quc

—cstk`k cg`krkzkmk‗, Ëdvkrl sc bhzl akrfl mcd ehûl arcyceml quc crk su bhol y 3 kûls

mcspuès dk abhak dc —aleicsñ‗ quhce crk cd vcrmkmcrl pkmrc, el l`stketc Ëdvkrl shfuc

gketcehceml kd ehûl y k dk gkmrc.

 ]clrçk pshalkeëdhshs

Ëdvkrl cs ue blg`rc mc =0 kûls kd kekdhzkr su pcrslekdhmkm kmudtk sc ceaucetrke

kspcatls mc ue kpcfl? ((Olbe

Olbe @lwd`y
@lwd`y)) hekmcaukml c hescfurl quc hetcrihcrc ce su vhmk yk

quc kÿe vhvc ale su gkmrc y el cs akpkz mc tlgkr mcahshlecs pkrk su prlphk vhmk k pcskr mc

tcecr uek cstk`hdhmkm caleñghak su vhmk cs ruthekrhk , Ëdvkrl shcgprc `usak kyumkr k dls

mcgës `usak skthsikacr su ecacshmkm mc rcdkahlekrsc y ceakokr ce ue frupl mc kghfls she

hgplrtkr dl quc mc`k bkacr headusl mcokeml quc k`usce mc su `ucek vlduetkm .shceml cd

supcryñ dk pkrtc quc els hemhak quc bkacr y quc el, Ëdvkrl quhzës sc pucmk scethr audpk`dc
mc mcokr sldk k su gkmrc.

]clrçk bugkehstk

Qcfÿe Plfcrs dk alestruaahñe mc dk pcrslekdhmkm pkrtc mc dks kaahlecs mhrhfhmks k

kdakezkr sus gctks, Ëdvkrl `usak bkacr pkrtc mc ue frupl mc kghfls quhcrc pcrtcecacr k ue

frupl mc pkrcs plr dl quc akmk vcz quc dc laurrc kdfl ecfkthvl dl pksk plr kdtl bkac aksl
lghsl y sldl aletheuk ce dk `ÿsqucmk shcgprc `usakeml su ihe quc sc plmrçk aleshmcrkr cs

tcecr uek cstk`hdhmkm cglahlekd, uek ikghdhk y dl quc hgpdhak tcecr uek kutlrrckdhzkahñe.
 ALEADSQHLECQ

Algl rcsudtkml mc cstk kathvhmkm sc dlfrñ prliuemhzkr c hmcethihakr dks prcghsks

iuemk
iuemkgc
gcet
etkd
kdcs
cs mc dk
dkss tc
tclrç
lrçks
ks mc dk pcrsle
pcrslekd
kdhm
hmkm
km,, y dl
dlss al
alel
elah
ahgh
ghce
cetl
tlss ka
kacr
crak
ak mc dl
dlss

mhicrcetcs glmcdls quc sc bke prcscetkml k dl dkrfl mc dk bhstlrhk kacrak mc dk pcrslekdhmkm,

dl quc els pcrghtc k elsltrls algl iuturls pshañdlfls `kskrels ce cstls aleacptls pkrk

plmcr cetcemcr y rcsldvcr dks mhicrcetcs shtukahlecs quc sc prcscetke ce cd mhkrhl vhvhr

arckeml cstrktcfhks
cstrktcfhks pkrk gcolrkr dk akdhmkm mc vhmk mc dks pcrsleks.
pcrsleks. Dks mhvcrsks
mhvcrsks tclrçks mc

dk pcrslekdhmkm quc bke shml gceahlekmks ce cstc trk`kol, sle mc sugk hgplrtkeahk, yk quc,
els
els ddcvk
ddcvk k alesh
aleshmcr
mcrkr
kr dk
dkss ilr
ilrgk
gkss ce quc sc ak akrka
rkatc
tcrhz
rhzkk ue he
hemh
mhvh
vhmul
mul ce mh
mhic
icrce
rcetc
tcss

ah
ahra
raue
uest
stke
keah
ahks
ks,, pu
pucs
csttl qu
quc,
c, mc
mcpc
pcem
emcr
crëë ce iu
iuea
eahñ
hñee k cs
csttçgud
gudls
ls,, al
alet
etcx
cxttls u

dk lrfkehzkahñe mc l`oct
l`octhvls,
hvls, gctks y pdkecs. Dk frke hgplrtkeahk quc thcec dk tclrçk mc dk

pcrslekdhmkm cs quc k trkvès mc cddk dls pshañdlfls pucmce mkrsc

mkrs c aucetk mc dls mhvcrsls thpls

mc prl`dcgk l ceicrgcmkm quc thcec ue hemhvhmul, kprcemcgls dls akrkatcrcs mc akmk thpl

mc pcrslek. ]lmks dks tclrçks sle hgplrtketcs, y sl`rctlml mc`cgls tlgkrdks shcgprc algl

puetls mc pkrthmk kd glgcetl mc l`scrvkr kd scr bugkel. Ichst, O. (0>>6) ]clrçks mc dk

pcrslekdhmkm. Gkmrhm? Ga Frkw-Bhdd

 ALCYKDSKAHÑE

Kplrtcs Kplrtcs Hetcrkaahñe

Elg`rc mcd lplrtuels l k shfehihakthvls y rcsplesk`dc y
cstumhketc thcgpl ce cd algpdctls ce cd rcspctulsk ce cd
ilrl (Qh l El) ilrl (Qh l El) ilrl (Qh l El)
Mk`ch`k Akstrl Qh Qh Qh
Pkgçrcz

Gkrhk
rhk aktkdh
kdhek Qh Qh Qh

Fkdvhs
Mhkek Gkrhk Oudhl Qh Qh Qh

@H@DHLFPKIÇK

Mcdfkml, D. (0>;3). Iuemkgcetls mc dk ^shaldlfçk pkrk Ahceahks Qlahkdcs y mc dk Qkdum.

Cmhtlrhkd ^kekgcrhakek. pp. ;2> -;81 Pcaupcrkml

mc bttp?//www.gcmhakpkekgcrhakek.alg.`h`dhltcakvhrtukd.uekm.cmu.al/vhslrc`lljv
 0/c`llj/8622=82138;69#{%00^kfhek%00?%00;2>%00,%00Yhstk%00?%00Hemhac

%00,%00@usqucmk%00?%00%00}

Akrvcr, A. & Qbcicr, G. (0>;=). ]clrçks mc dk pcrslekdhmkm. (6k. cm.) ^ckrsle Cmuakahñe.

Akp. = -;0 Pcaupcrkml mc bttps?//www-c`lljs6-0=-

alg.`h`dhltcakvhrtukd.uekm.cmu.al/<hd71==9&pf72;

@crgÿmcz, G. & ^èrcz, F. (0>;6). ^shaldlfçk mc dk pcrslekdhmkm? ]clrçk c Hevcsthfkahñe.

Yldugce
Yldugce H. Akp. ;? Glmcdls tcñrhals ce pshaldlfçk
pshaldlfçk mc dk pcrslekdhmkm.
pcrslekdhmkm. Pcaupcrkml
Pcaupcrkml

mc bttps?//cdh`rl-ect.`h`dhltcakvhrtukd.uekm.cmu.al/cs/crckmcr/uekm/=232;<pkfc790

Akstrl @cmlyk, Q. G., & Abkdë ]ruohddl, G. F. (0>0>). Bkahk uek hetcfrkahñe mc dks tclrçks

mc dk pcrs
pcrslek
lekdhm
dhmkm.
km. Mlaugc
Mlaugcetl
etlss Mc ]rk`
]rk`kol
kol CAQKB,
CAQKB, (;), ; - ;>. Pcaupcr
Pcaupcrkml
kml

mc bttps?//bcgcrltcak.uekm.cmu.al/hemcx.pbp/wp/krthadc/vhcw/=069