BLWPIVLK GCLHLGK

ALGBK @M L@MHPLALGKGLIH
WMRI4 amjmhlhi
M@K@4 6<
MWPK@I
MWPK@I GLQLC4 gksk`k, kgtukcjmhtm smpkrk`k.
MWGICKVL@K@4 Clg. Gihtk`ir pôfclgi.
ELVI @M CK MJ^VMWK4 vmhtk `m jumfcms y cêhmk fckhgk
KHPLEÓM@K@ MH CK MJ^VMWK4 < kûis
^]MWPI @MWMJ^MÛK@I4 Dmam `m rmgursis bujkhis
KHPLEÓM@K@ MH MC ^]MWPI4 7 kûis.

KHPMGM@MHPMW BMVM@I-AKJLCLKVMW4
Kfumci pktmrhi alhk`i smguh`krli k lhamggl÷h mh plmrhk lzqulmr`k gih kjputkgl÷h `mc
jlsj
jlsji i (`ms
(`msgigihi
higm
gm `mtk
`mtkccccms
ms),
), kfum
kfumckck pktm
pktmrh
rhk
k vlvk
vlvk `m 2= kûiskûis gi
gihh mham
mhamrj
rjm`
m`k`
k` `m
Kczbmljmr, Kfumcis jktmrhi alhk`is `msgihigm gkusks, jk`rm vlvk `lkfìtlgk `ms`m 6
kûis, pk`rm vlvi mh trktkjlmhti pir blpmrpckslk pristëtlgk fmhlehk. Vmalmrm igupkr mc 6`i
cuekr `m 0 bmrjkhis, mc prljmri jksguclhi `m 76 kûis kpkrmhtmjmhtm skhi, mc tmrgmri
amjmhlhk `m 61 kûis skhk y mc 0ti jksguclhi `m 67 kûis y `m leukc jkhmrk skhi.
Jmhglihk qum uhk `m sus têks ms pirtk`irk `m @J, tmhmr uhk prljk bmrjkhk gih
lhsualglmhglk rmhkc gr÷hlgk y gihigmr `mc akccmgljlmhti `m itrk prljk k cis 0> kûis pir
Gëhg
Gë hgmr
mr `m jk jkjk
jk.. Hi tltlmh
mhm
m bldi
bldis.
s. Wm cm prme
prmeuh
uhtk
tk y hl
hlme
mekk kh
khtm
tmgm
gm`m
`mht
htms
ms ak
akjl
jlclclkr
krms
ms
pslqul
pslqulëtr
ëtrlgi
lgiss gij
gijii `mp
`mprms
rmsl÷h
l÷h,, `mj
`mjmhg
mhglk,
lk, msq
msqulz
ulziar
iarmhl
mhlk,
k, ^kr
^krolh
olhsih
sih i trktrksti
stirhi
rhiss `m
pmrs
pmrsih
ihkckcl`
l`k`
k`,, khtm
khtmgm
gm`m
`mht htms
ms `m mham mhamrj
rjm`
m`k`
k`ms
ms gk gkr`
r`li
livk
vksg
sguc
uckr
krms
ms,, pupucj
cjih
ihkr krms
ms,,
ekstrilhtmstlhkcms, hmuric÷elgks, lhamgglisks y kcìrelgks.

KHPMGM@MHPMW ^MVWIHKCMW HI ^KPICIELGIW

^kglmhtm qum vlvm mh gksk priplk gihstrul`k `m ck`rlcci, gih pkrm`ms mhdkrrk`ks y plhtk`ks
gih plsi `m jisklgi, gumhtk gih uh fkûi, 7 rmgkjkrks, giglhk gijm`ir y uh pktli, ck
gukc gumhtk gih ti`is cis smrvlglis lhtrk y mxtrk`ijlglclkrlis. Bkfltk`k pir uh titkc `m =
pmrsihks, rmalmrm qum mcck `umrjm gih sus pk`rms y su bmrjkhi y bmrjkhk tlmhmh su
priplk bkfltkgl÷h. Hlmek rmckgl÷h akfrlc `m su gksk gih kceuhk mjprmsk, pmri jmhglihk
qum mc trëhslti vmblguckr `ih`m vlvm ms kcti. Gihvlvm gih trms gkhkrlis cis gukcms mstëh
uflgk`is
uflgk`is mh uhk dkuck mh mc pktli `m ck gksk y mstis sih kslst
kslstl`is
l`is pir su jk`rm kc leuk
leukcc
qum uhks pckhtks `m irhktis `m cks qum `msgihigm mc hijfrm. Vmkclzk fkûi girpirkc
`lkrli gih kgkjfli
`m jkhis `m ripk
hmgmsl`k` lhtmrl
lhtmrlir
(`mspuìs ir`my lrmxtmr
mxtmrlir,
lir, ksm
kc fkûi ksmi
i `m `m
y khtms gkvl`
gkvl`k`k` irkc
gijmr) 7 vmgmssici
utlclzkh`i kc `êk,
dkf÷hckvk`i
pkrk
jkhis. Kgtukc
Kgtukcjmhtm
jmhtm rmalrmalmrm
mrm rmkclzk
rmkclzkrr 7 gijl`ks kc `êk `ms`m bkgm 7 jmsms `m ;6>>Ogk ;6>>Ogkcc
pir lh`lgkgl÷h `m hutrl÷ciei, ck trkfkdk`irk sm prmpkrk sus gijl`ks slh supmrvlsl÷h,
gihsujlmh`i cis sleulmhtms erupis `m kcljmhtis4 gkrhm 5/5 1>er, cmgbm y `mrlvk`is 5/5 5/5 º
tkzk ;->-;,
;->-;, arutks 5/5 ; plmzk ;->-;, vmr vmr`urks
`urks 5/5 7-0 plmzks >-;- >-;->,>, cmeujl
cmeujlhisks
hisks >/5,
bumvi
bum vi 6/5 (;)
(;),, tir
tirtlc
tlccks
cks >/5
>/5,, kgistu
kgistujfr jfrkk kgi
kgijpk
jpkûkr
ûkr sus kcljmh
kcljmhtis
tis gih keu
keukk hkturk
hkturkcc
ôhlgkjmhtm gihsujlmh`i 6-7 cltris `urkhtm mc `êk. Vmalmrm qum hi slmjprm sleum cks
lh`lgkglihms `mc hutrl÷ciei yk qum mcck jlsjk suprljm kceuhk pirgl÷h i `mdk pkskr
kceuhks gijl`ks gih rmcktlvk armgumhglk. Khtms `m kgu`lr gih hutrl÷ciei gijmhtk qum
bkglk uhk i jëxlji `is gijl`ks kc `êk gih jmhis `m ;>>>Ogkc `lkrlks kprixljk`kjmhtm
gih lhtmrvkcis `m ;-6 `êks mh qum sici gihsujêk keuk. Ck jk`rm `m ck trkfkdk`irk rmalmrm
qum
qum ck `lhë
`lhëjl
jlgk
gk kclj
kcljmh mhtltlgl
glk
k mh su bi biek
ekrr ms –h–hir
irjk
jkc‚
c‚,, bkgl
bkglmh
mh`i
`i 7 gi gijl
jl`k
`kss kc `ê`êk,
k,
lhtmerkh`i ck jkyirêk `m cis erupis kcljmhtlglis mh pripirgl÷h y gkhtl`k` k`mguk`k,
rmkclzëh`ism
trkfkdk`irk mrkmhuhk
akjlclk ck jkyirêk
hlûk slmjprm `m cks
tuvlmrih vmgms, pirqum
prifcmjks tkjflìhhirmalmrm
qumrêk qum `ms`m qum ck
gijmr.

;
Hlmek kcgibiclsji,
kcgibiclsji, tkfkqulsj
tkfkqulsjii y tixl
tixlgijkh
gijkhêks.
êks. Kgtu
Kgtukcjmh
kcjmhtm
tm su tlmjpi
tlmjpi clfrm ci `m`lg
`m`lgk
kk
vmr tmcmvlsl÷h, cmmr, msgugbkr jôslgk, gkjlhkr 6-7 guk`rks uhk vmz kc `êk, hlmek bkgmr
kceôh tlpi `m qumbkgmr mh gksk `mfl`i k qum cm gkusk jugbi keitkjlmhti. Wm `lspihm k
`irjlr k ck 6647> y sm `msplmrtk kcrm`m`ir `m cks >24>> slh bkgmr slmstks `lurhks.

KHPMGM@MHPMW CKFIVKCMW4
Lhlglk vl`k ckfirkc k ck m`k` `m ;= kûis, `msmjpmûkh`i cis sleulmhtms pumstis `m trkfkdi4

;.- Mjpcmk`k mh tlmh`k `m kfkrritms, `urkhtm 6 kûis, mh `ih`m sus kgtlvl`k`ms rutlhkrlks
gihsls
gih slstêk
têkh
h mh ccm
ccmekr
ekr kc k tlmh`k
tlmh`k rmpirt
rmpirtkrs
krsm
m gih dmam lhj
lhjm`l
m`lkti
kti mc guk
gukcc cm lh`
lh`lgk
lgk qum
kgtlvl`k`ms rmkclzkr4 gijmhzkfk gih ck cljplmzk `m ck fkrrk `mc jistrk`ir, fkrrmr y trkpmkr
(gih plhic, akfucisi, mtg.) mc cigkc, skgu`lr y kgiji`kr `m ck jmrgkhgêk, pistmrlirjmhtm sm
smhtkfk k mspmrkr cis gclmhtms. Gukh`i mstis sm prmsmhtkfkh cis rmglfêk, `mspkgbkfk mc
pm`l`i, pistmrlirjmhtm gifrkfk y mhtrmekfk gkjflis. Giji kgtlvl`k` igkslihkc rmalmrm
qum uhk vmz pir smjkhk tmhêk qum kgu`lr kceuhk tlmh`k `m jkyirmi k surtlr kceuhk
jmrgkhgêk gukh`i mstk sm keitkfk mh ck tlmh`k.
Cis kemhtms k cis qum mxpusi aumrih4 quêjlgis giji lhbkckgl÷h `m picvis kc jijmhti `m
skgu`l
skg u`lrr cks jmr
jmrgkh
gkhgêk
gêks,
s, gihtkg
gihtkgtiti `ìr
`ìrjlg
jlgii gih `la
`lamrm
mrmhtm
htmss pri
pri`ug
`ugtis
tis `m cljcljplm
plmzk
zk kc
jijmhti `m trkpmkr. Kemhtms mreih÷jlgis giji `mkjfuckgl÷h gih gkreks (jëxlji ;>
oe.), sm`mhtkgl÷h pricihek`k. Kemhtms pslgisiglkcms giji mstrìs privigk`i pir trktkr
gih gclmhtms y jkhmdi `m `lhmri, jihitihêk ckfirkc. Mqulpi `m pritmggl÷h pmrsihkc (M^^)
hmek`i kc leukc qum mc qulpi `m pritmggl÷h gicmgtlvk (M^G). Dirhk`k ckfirkc `m cuhms k
sëfk`i `m ;04>> k 6;4>>, hlmek vkgkglihms `urkhtm mstm pmrli`i, hi mstkfk kalclk`k kc
LJWW. Hlmek mxëjmhms jì`lgis `m lhermsi y pmrl÷`lgis. Jmhglihk qum ccmvk uhk fumhk
rmckgl÷h gih su pktr÷h, pmri cm gkuskfk jugbi mstrìs ck ktmhgl÷h `m cis gclmhtms kc erkvi
`m prmsmhtkr uhk grlsls `m pëhlgi mh uhk igksl÷h. Pmrjlh÷ ck rmckgl÷h ckfirkc pir qum
gihsleul÷ uh jmdir mjpcmi. Wumc`i 7>> pmsis smjkhkcms.

6.- Vmgmpglihlstk, `urkhtm 6 kûis, pkrk uh hôgcmi jì`lgi (= gihsuctirlis), `ih`m sus
kgtlvl
kgtlvl`k`
`k`ms
ms rut
rutlhk
lhkrlk
rlkss gih
gihsls
slstêk
têkh
h mh ccmekr
ccmekr k ck mjp
mjprms
rmsk
k y sm `lrleê
`lrleêk
k k ck rmgmpg
rmgmpgl÷h
l÷h,,
pistmrlirjmhtm bkglk ck cljplmzk `m su ërmk `m trkfkdi gih uh trkpi bôjm`i y `mspuìs
bkglk mc kgiji`i `m ti`is cis utmhslclis `mc msgrltirli. ^rlhglpkcjmhtm sus kgtlvl`k`ms
mstkfkh `lrlel`ks kc jkhmdi `m cks kemh`ks `m cis jì`lgis, gihtmstkh`i mc tmcìaihi pkrk
gihgmrtkr gltk y bkglmh`i cckjk`ks pkrk gihairjkgl÷h `m mstks. Itrk `m sus kgtlvl`k`ms
mrk ck `m kgiji`kr cis mxpm`lmhtms gcêhlgis, rmglflr k cis pkglmhtms, kvlskr kc jì`lgi y
gukh`i
jkhmrk ccmek mc turhi
igkslihkc `mc pkglmhtm
kyu`kfk k ckstmhêk qum ccmvkrci
mhamrjmrks, kc gihsuctirli
gukh`i lh`lgk`i.
mstks mstkfkh juyVmalmrm qum `mk
igupk`ks,
tijk `m slehis vltkcms, pmsi, tkcck y k lhymgtkr k cis pkglmhtms.
Cis kemhtms k cis qum sm mxpusi sih flic÷elgis pir gihtkgti gih vlrus, fkgtmrlks, mtg. @m
cis pkglm
pkglmhtms.
htms. Kemht
Kemhtmsms quêjlgis,
quêjlgis, gihtkgti `ìrjlgi m lhbkc lhbkcktirli
ktirli gih kcgibi
kcgibicc utlcl
utlclzk`i
zk`i mh
cis gihsuctirlis. Kemhtms mreih÷jlgis, sm`mhtkgl÷h pricihek`k. Kemhtms pslgisiglkcms,
jihitihêk ckfirkc, supmrvlsl÷h mstrmgbk, mstrìs gkusk`i pir ck ktmhgl÷h `m pkglmhtms.
M^^ uhk fktk, M^G mxtlh mxtlhtirms
tirms,, rutks `m mvkgu
mvkgukgl÷h
kgl÷h,, puhti `m rmuhl÷h.
rmuhl÷h. Dirhk`k ckfirk
ckfirkcc
cuhms k sëfk`i `m ;=4>> k 664>>, vkgkglihms gihairjm k ck cmy. Hlmek mxëjmhms jì`lgis
`m lhermsi y pmrl÷`lgis.
Jmhglihk qum tmhêk fumhk rmckgl÷h gih mc jì`lgi `umûi `mc cuekr, pmri tmhêk jugbis
prifcmjks gih cis `mjës jì`lgis `mfl`i k cks qumdks `m cis pkglmhtms pir jkcis trktis y
`malglmhglk mh ck gkcl`k` `m ktmhgl÷h. Jmhglihk qum ck ktmhgl÷h `m cis pkglmhtms `m
gkuskfk jugbi mstrìs, sifrmti`i cis hlûis. Jitlvi `m mermsi supmrkgl÷h pmrsihkc.

6
Lhlglk rmckgl÷h ifrmri pktrihkc gih ck kgtukc mjprmsk, guyi elri ms ck vmhtk `m jumfcms,
mcmgtri`ijìstlgis y cêhmk fckhgk, `ms`m bkgm ;> kûis, `msmjpmûkh`i cis sleulmhtms
pumstis `m trkfkdi4

K). Qmhtks, `urkhtm 7 kûis, `ih`m sus kgtlvl`k`ms rutlhkrlks gihslstêkh mh ccmekr k ck
mjprmsk, sm `lrleêk k su ërmk `m trkfkdi y su prljmrk auhgl÷h `mc `êk mrk ck cljplmzk `m su
ërmk `m trkfkdi, pkrk mstk kgtlvl`k` fkrrêk y pistmrlirjmhtm trkpmkfk utlclzkh`i kceôh
krijktlzkhtm, skgu`êk ck jmrgkhgêk y sm akctkfk pri`ugti cljplkfk cis mstkhtms gih uh
trkpi
trkpi bôj
bôjm`i
m`i pkr
pkrk
k `ms
`mspuì
puìss gic
gicigk
igkrr ck jmr
jmrgkh
gkhgêk
gêk,, kc alhkc
alhkc rmv
rmvlsk
lskfk
fk qum jmrgkh
jmrgkhgêk gêk
tuvlmrkh mc prmgli girrmgti. Gukh`i ccmekfkh cis gclmhtms cis rmglfêk, cms `kfk lhairjkgl÷h
kgmrgk `m cis `lamrmhtms pri`ugtis, prmglis, airjks `m pkei, pckzis, sl rmkclzkfk ck vmhtk
tmhêk qum bkgmr uhk hitk ck gukc mrk ccmvk`k kc dmam `m plsi pkrk mc gifri y mhtrmek.
Jmhglihk
Jmhgl ihk qum gukh`
gukh`ii uh krtêguci `m mxblflgl÷
mxblflgl÷hh mrk vmh`l`i mcck tmhêk qum rmpihm
rmpihmrci
rci gih
itri leukc, sl mrk juy pmsk`i tmhêk qum bkfckr k ck fi`mek pkrk qum itrk pmrsihk ci
ccmvkrk. Vmalmrm qum `lkrlkjmhtm tmhêk pcëtlgks gih sus gijpkûmris y mc emhtm sifrm
`lamrmhtms tmjks giji sih ktmhgl÷h kc gclmhtm, mstrktmelk `m vmhtks, jmrgk`itmghlk, mtg.
Hi jmh
jmhgli
glihk
hk itr
itrks
ks kgt
kgtlvl
lvl`k`
`k`ms
ms igk
igksli
slihkc
hkcms.
ms. Cis kem
kemhtm
htmss k cis qum sm mxp mxpusi
usi sih
mreih÷jlgis
mreih÷ jlgis giji `mkjf
`mkjfuckgl
uckgl÷h
÷h gih gkrek
gkrekss `m bkstk ;=oe, flpm`m
flpm`mstkg
stkgl÷h
l÷h prici
pricihek`k.
hek`k.
Kemhtms quêjlgis giji gihtkgti `ìrjlgi m lhbkcktirli gih krijktlzkhtm kc bkgmr ck
cljplmzk. Kemhtms aêslgis4 mxpislgl÷h
mxpislgl÷h k gkjpis mcmgtrijkehìtlgis y rk`lkgl÷h hi lihlzkhtm
privmhlmhtms `m cis `lamrmhtms kpkrktis mcìgtrlgis.
mcìgtrlgis. K
Kemhtms
emhtms pslgisiglkcms giji vvlelckhglk
lelckhglk
mstrmgbk, mstrìs pir ktmhgl÷h k gclmhtms.
M^^ uhlairjm mjprmskrlkc, M^G skcl`ks `m mjmremhglk, mxtlhtirms, rutks `m mvkgukgl÷h,
puhtis `m rmuhl÷h. Dirhk`k ckfirkc cuhms k sëfk`i `m ><4>> k ;04>> y ;14>> k 6>4>>,
vkgkglihms smeôh ck cmy. Vmalmrm qum ck rmckgl÷h gih sus gijpkûmris `m trkfkdi y gih cis
supmrlirms mh mstm pmrli`i mrk fumhk. Mc gkjfli `m pumsti sm `mfl÷ k uhk vkgkhtm qum
tmhêk rmckgl÷h gih ci qum mstkfk mstu`lkh`i mh ck uhlvmrsl`k`. Wumc`i <>> pmsis gk`k ;>
`êks.

F). Kuxlclkr gihtkfcm, `urkhtm 0 kûis, `ih`m sus kgtlvl`k`ms rutlhkrlks gihslstêkh mh ccmekr
k ck mj
mjprprms
msk,
k, sm `lrl
`lrleê
eêk
k k su ërmk
ërmk `m tr
trkf
kfkd
kdi
i ck gu
gukc
kc gi
gihs
hstk
tkfk
fk `m uh ms msgr
grltltir
irli
li,,
gijputk`irk y `lvmrsis krtêgucis `m ialglhk, sm rmpirtk gih su supmrvlsir mc gukc cm
gijmhtk mc trkfkdi qum bkfêk pkrk msm `êk. Vmalmrm qum tmhêk qum gkpturkr p÷clzks `m
vmhtk mh ck gijputk`irk, rmvlskr cis `mp÷sltis fkhgkrlis y p÷clzks `m lhermsi pkrk
pist
pistmr
mrli
lirj
rjmhmhtm
tm ccmv
ccmvkrc
krcis
is kc krgb
krgblv
lvi.
i. Vm
Vmvl
vlsk
skfk
fk ck gi girr
rrms
mspi
pih`
h`mh
mhgl
glk
k rm
rmgl
glfl
flmh
mh`i
`i ck ckss
clq
clqul`
giul`kgl
girr kglihm
rrms
mspiihms
pih`
h`lmsrkh
lmrk`mc LJWW
LJWW,
h gih
gi ci, srmv
h cis rmvlsk
rmlskh`i
rmel h`i
elstriss cis
stri `m `ktis
ck mj `m
mjprm cis
sk.. trkf
prmsk trkfkdk
Wu
Wupmkdk`ir
pmrv`irms
rvls msk ycksus
lskf
kfk skc
skckrl
h÷jl
h÷jlhkkrlis
hk,, isqumqum
qum mc
trkfkdk`ir, skckrli y birks mxtrks mstuvlmrkh mh ir`mh, rmvlskfk cks kslstmhglks.
Giji kgtlvl`k`ms igkslihkcms rmalmrm qum bkglk ekamtms pkrk cis mjpcmk`is ; i 6 vmgms
pir smjkhk. Cis kemhtms k cis qum sm mxpusi sih mreih÷jlgis giji sm`mhtkgl÷h
pric
pricihihek
ek`k
`k,, al
aldk
dkgl
gl÷h
÷h vlsu
vlsukckc.. Kemht
emhtms
ms aêaêsl
slgi
gis4
s4 rk
rk`l
`lkg
kgl÷
l÷h
h hi li lihl
hlzk
zkht
htm
m y gk gkjp
jpis
is
mcmgtrijkehìtlgis privmhlmhtms `mc jihltir `m gijputk`irk. Kemhtms pslgisiglkcms giji
mstrìs emhmrk`i pir jkhmdi `m aumrtms gkhtl`k`ms `m `lhmri, jkhmdi `m ck hijlhk y trkti
gih mjpcmk`is, supmrvlsl÷h mstrmgbk.
M^^ uhlairjm mjprmskrlkc, M^G mxtlhtirms, rutks `m mvkgukgl÷h, skcl`ks `m mjmremhglk,
puhtis `m rmuhl÷h. Dirhk`k ckfirkc `m cuhms k vlmrhms `m ><4>> k ;24>> y sëfk`is `m
><4>> k ;04>>. Qkgkglihms gihairjm k ck cmy. Mxëjmhms jì`lgis `m lhermsi y pmrl÷`lgis
hmek`is. Vmalmrm fumhks rmckglihms gih sus gijpkûmris y gih cis supmrlirms. Wumc`i
;6>> gk`k ;> `êks.

7
G). Dmak `m rmgursis bujkhis, `urkhtm 7 kûis. Wus kgtlvl`k`ms rutlhkrlks gihslstêkh mh4 kc
ccmekr k ck mjprmsk y sm `lrleêk k su ërmk `m trkfkdi pkrk rmvlskr qum cis `mjës
trkfkdk`irms ccmeumh k su birk y sm rmpirtmh gih mcck, k mstis cms tmhêk qum rmvlskr qum
ccmvkrkh uhlairjm y ekamtm y cis mhvlkfk ck zihks `ih`m mrkh hmgmskrlis. Vmalmrm qum sm
cms `kfk ticmrkhglk `m 6> jlhutis, pistmrlir k msti cis rmermskfk k su gksk. @urkhtm mc
rmsti `mc `êk rmalmrm qum tmhêk qum rmvlskr cks kgtlvl`k`ms `mc kuxlclkr `m rmgursis bujkhis
qum sus kgtlvl`k`ms mstuvlmrkh flmh rmkclzk`ks. Itrk `m sus auhglihms mrk ck rmvlskr ck
hijlhk `m cis trkfkdk`irms, gihstktkh`i qum sus rmelstris khtm mc LJWW aumrk mc girrmgti,
mc sumc`i, kslstmhglk
kslstmhglk y birks mxtrk
mxtrks,s, mstk kgtlv
kgtlvl`k`
l`k` mrk rmpmtl
rmpmtl`k `k gih cis ;6> trkfkdk`irms
trkfkdk`irms
`m ck mj mjpr prms
mskk `lkr
`lkrlk
lkjm
jmhthtm,
m, gukh
gukh`i`i hihitk
tkfk
fk kc kceô
eôhh mrmrri
rirr ms
mstm
tm mr
mrk
k girr
girrme
mel`l`ii pi
pirr
gijputk`irk. Vmalmrm qum kc alhkc `mc jms mhgihtrkfk kcrm`m`ir `m = mrrirms.
@mhtri `m sus auhglihms mstkfk ck gihtrktkgl÷h `m humvi pmrsihkc, pkrk mstk kgtlvl`k`
rmalmrm qum rmglfêk kcrm`m`ir `m ;> siclgltu`ms `m mjpcmi `lkrlks, `ih`m vmrlalgkfk cis
`ktis pmrsihkcms, rmamrmhglks y pmralc `m cis siclgltkhtms, mvkcukfk mstks gkrkgtmrêstlgks y
gihgmr
gih gmrtkf
tkfkk gltk
gltk tmcma÷
tmcma÷hlg
hlgk
k gih cis qum gih gihsl`
sl`mrkf
mrkfk k jmdir
jmdir gkh gkh`l`
`l`kti
ktis.
s. Jmhgli
Jmhglihk hk qum
`urk
`urkhthtm
m ck mhtr
mhtrmv
mvls
lstk
tk cm prprme
meuhuhtktkfk
fk sifrm
sifrm su ms msgi
gick
ckrl
rl`k
`k`,
`, tr
trkf
kfkd
kdis
is prprmv
mvli
lis,
s, `k`kti
tiss
pmrsihkcms,
pmrsih kcms, `msmis `m supmrk
supmrkgl÷h
gl÷h y `msmi
`msmiss `m pmrtmhmgmr k ck mjprmsk. Ck trkfk trkfkdk`irk
dk`irk
prmstkfk jkyir ktmhgl÷h k ck pmrsihkcl`k`, kgtltu`, m`ugkgl÷h, prmsmhglk `mc ksplrkhtm mh
ck mhtrmvlstk qum `urkfk kprixljk`kjmhtm 0= jlhutis. Gukh`i mhgihtrkfk uh gkh`l`kti
l`mkc pkrk mc pums mstm mrk mhvlk`i gih mc dmam `m lhjm`lkti pkrk qum kutirlzkrk su
gihtrktkgl÷h, pistmrlir k mstk kggl÷h ck trkfkdk`irk tmhêk qum `krci `m kctk mh mc slstmjk
`m ck mjprmsk m lhlglkr trëjltms gih LJWW, cm mhtrmek uh uhlairjm, ekamtm y mrk ccmvk`i k
su pumsti `m trkfkdi, sm cm prmsmhtkfk gih sus gijpkûmris y su dmam lhjm`lkti sm cm `kfk
uhk pmqumûk lh`uggl÷h kc pumsti y sm cm mxpclgkfk cks gih`lglihms `m trkfkdi, sumc`i,
dirhk`k, vkgkglihms. Itrk `m sus auhglihms mrk ck `m vlelckr k cis mjpcmk`is `lkrlkjmhtm
`kh`
`kh`i i rih`
rih`ksks pkrk
pkrk vmr
vmr qum
qum gk`k gk`k ququlm
lmh
h ms mstu
tuvl
vlmr
mrk
k rm rmkc
kclz
lzkh
kh`i
`i sus
sus kg kgtltlvl
vl`k
`k`m
`mss
k`mguk`kjmhtm, jmhglihk qum ; vmz pir smjkhk tmhêk qum bkgmr uhk duhtk gih cis dmams
`m `m`mpk
pkrtrtkj
kjmh
mhti
ti `i
`ih`
h`mm sm tr trkt
ktkf
kfkk tm
tmjk
jkss sifr
sifrmm ck rm rmkc
kclz
lzkg
kgl÷
l÷h
h `m ck ckss kg
kgtltlvl
vl`k
`k`m
`ms,
s,
prifcmjëtlgk gih cis trkfkdk`irms y hmgmsl`k`ms `m cis `lamrmhtms `mpkrtkjmhtis. Vmalmrm
qum tmhêk gihtkgti gih ti`is cis mjpcmk`is `m ck mjprmsk pkrk trktkr tmjks giji pm`lr
pmrjlsis,
pmrjls is, vkgkglihm
vkgkglihmss y `lsgutlr
`lsgutlr `lamr
`lamrmhtms
mhtms prifcmjk
prifcmjkss rmckg
rmckglihk`k
lihk`kss gih mc trkfk
trkfkdi.
di. Mh su
ial
ialglh
glhkk ck trk
trkfkd
fkdk`i
k`irk
rk gij
gijmht
mhtkk qum tmhtmhêk
êk qum mstmstkr
kr cmy
cmymh`
mh`i,
i, rm`kgt
rm`kgtkh`
kh`i i y alralrjkh
jkh`i`i
`lvmrs
`lv mrsis
is `ig
`igujm
ujmhti
htiss gij
giji i gih
gihstkstkhgl
hglks
ks `m trk trkfkd
fkdi,
i, rmglfi
rmglfiss `m hij hijlhk
lhk,, gkr
gkrtks
tks `m
rmgijmh`kgl÷h, `igujmhtkgl÷h `mc smeuri siglkc, jmjis lhtmrhis. Cis kemhtms k cis qum
sm mxpihm sih aêslgis4 rk`lkglihms hi lihlzkhtms privmhlmhtms `m gijputk`irk. Kemhtms
mreih÷jlgisKemhtms
pricihek`k. giji aldkgl÷h vlsukc, sm`mhtkgl÷h
pslgisiglkcms4 pricihek
mstrìs emhmrk`i gih lhtmrvkcis
pir jkhmdi `m flpm`mstkgl÷h
`m pmrsihkc, `igujmhtis
juy ljpirtkhtms, pigi tlmjpi pkrk ck gkrek `m trkfkdi, mhtrmek `m `igujmhtis k tlmjpi.
Mxpums
Mxp umstk
tk k mst
mstii `lk
`lkrlk
rlkjmh
jmhtm.
tm. M^^ uhl uhlair
airjm
jm mjp
mjprms rmskrl
krlkc,
kc, M^G mxt
mxtlht
lhtirm
irms,
s, rutks
rutks `m
mvkgukgl÷h, skcl`ks `m mjmremhglk, puhtis `m rmuhl÷h. Dirhk`k ckfirkc `m cuhms k vlmrhms
`m ><4
><4>>
>> k ;24
;24>>.
>>. Qkgkgl
kgkglihm
ihmss gih
gihair
airjm
jm k ck cmy
cmy.. Mxë
Mxëjmh
jmhmsms jì`
jì`lgi
lgiss `m lherms
lhermsi
i y
pmrl÷`lgis
pmrl÷`lgis hmek`is. Vmalmrm rmckgl÷
rmckgl÷hh ckfirk
ckfirkcc gihac
gihaclgtl
lgtlvk
vk `mfl`i k su kutirl`k` sifrm ti`i
pir cis pmrjlsis, yk qum sl sm ci hmekfk k kceôh mjpcmk`i, mstm ck rmpirtkfk gih mc
`umûi mc gukc cm cckjkfk ck ktmhgl÷h k ck trkfkdk`irk emhmrëh`icm jugbi mstrìs. Wumc`i
;>,>>> jmhsukcms.

KHPMGM@MHPMW ELHMGI-IFWP
ELHMGI-IFWPMPVLGIW4
MPVLGIW4
Jmhkrgk4 ;2 kûis, A]J4 bkgm = kûis.
kûis. Glgci4 62x7 slh `icir
`icir,, E4 > ^4 > K
K44 > G4>, LQWK4 65,
@IG hmek`i.

0
KHPMGM@MHPMW ^KPICIELGIW4
Bmpktltls K k ck m`k` `m 7 kûis. Vmalmrm bkfmr mstk`i jkhmdk`k pir mh`igrlh÷ciei `mfl`i
blpmrprickg
blpmrp rickgtlhmjl
tlhmjlk
k trktk
trktk`k
`k gih gkfmr
gkfmreiclh
eiclhkk bkgm 0 kûis. Jmhglih
Jmhglihkk bkfmr sl`i lhtmrhk`k
lhtmrhk`k
kcrm`m`ir `m ;> vmgms mh smrvlglis `m uremhglks `mfl`i k ktkqums blpiecugìjlgis, ck
prljmrk vmz gukh`i tmhêk 6> kûis y pistmrlirjmhtm ; i 6 vmgms pir kûi. Vmalmrm bkfmr
mstk`i lhtmrhk`k
lhtmrhk`k mh GGWJ bkgm ; kûis pmrjkhmg
pmrjkhmglmh`i
lmh`i 0 `êks. Hlmek mhamrj
mhamrjm`k`ms
m`k`ms `m
ck lhakhglk giji skrkjpl÷h i vkrlgmck
[ulrôr
[ul rôrelg
elgis,
is, trk
trkujë
ujëtlg
tlgis,
is, PG mhg
mhgmaë
maëclg
clgis
is gih pìrpìr`l`
`l`k
k `mc gih
gihigl
igljlm
jlmhti
hti.,
., mstk`i
mstk`iss
mplcìptlgis y itris hmuric÷elgis.
KHPMGM@MHPMW ^WLGIFLIEVKALGIW
^WLGIFLIEVKALGIW
Mtkpk prmhktkc4 Vmalmrm ck jk`rm `m ck trkfkdk`irk qum aum uh mjfkrkzi pckhmk`i y
`msmk`i. Wm hlmek gukcqulmr mstk`i pktic÷elgi kc leukc qum usi `m t÷xlgis.

Mtkpk Hmihktkc4 Hkgl÷ pir pkrti hirjkc `m 61 smjkhks `mfl`i k rupturk prmjkturk `m
jmjfrkhks mh mc GJHI ktmh`l`i pir jm`lgi, rmalmrm ck jk`rm qum sici mstuvi lhtmrhk`k
7 `êks slh rmqumrlr `mc usi `m lhgufk`irk, yk qum hi prmsmht÷ `ktis `m ksalxlk i lhamggl÷h.
Aum kcljmhtk`k gih smhi jktmrhi sici pir `is jmsms pistmrlirjmhtm gih airjuck

Lhakhglk4 Vmalmrm qum sm smht÷ k cis 2/;6, fkcfugmkr k cis ;>/;6 y bkfckr kcrm`m`ir `mc
kûi, gkjlh÷ k cis ;0 jmsms, gijmhz÷ k kvlskr `m hmgmsl`k` `m kgu`lr kc fkûi k cis 6
kûis y kgu`l÷ sick k cis 7 kûis. Vmalmrm ck pkglmhtm qum sm irlhkfk mh ck gkjk bkstk cis 1
kûiss y mst
kûi mstk
k gih
gih`lg
`lgl÷h
l÷h `ms
`mskpk
kpkrmg
rmgl÷
l÷ msp
mspiht
ihtëhm
ëhmkjm
kjmhtm
htm.. Hlmek
Hlmek tmrrir
tmrrirms
ms hig
higtur
turhis
his i
pmsk`l
pms k`lcck
ccks.
s. Ck trk
trkfkd
fkdk`i
k`irk
rk rma
rmalmr
lmrm
m qum ck rmc
rmckgl
kgl÷h
÷h gih sus kjl
kjleis
eis y gij
gijpkû
pkûmri
mriss `m
msgumck mrk `lstkhtm, yk qum hi sm smhtêk g÷ji`k gih mc erupi pir ci qum prmamrêk
pmrjkhmgmr sick. Ck jk`rm `m ck trkfkdk`irk rmalmrm qum `ms`m mstk ìpigk tmhêk jugbis
prifcmjks gih mcck `mfl`i k qum hi qumrêk gijmr.

Msgickr4 Ck trkfkdk`irk jmhglihk bkfmr mhtrk`i k ck prljkrlk k ck m`k` `m 1 kûis,

jmhglihk qum cm eustkfk jugbi ck msgumck y slmjprm tmhêk fumhks gkclalgkglihms, rmalmrm
qum ck ifclekglihms `m ck msgumck hi sm cm gijpclgkfkh y slmjprm cks gujpcêk k tlmjpi
prigurkh`i
prigur kh`i bkgmrcks flmh, rmalmrm qum sm smhtêk juy lhg÷j
lhg÷ji`k
i`k gukh`i pir kceuhk rkz÷h
hi pi`êk bkgmr ck tkrmk. Wm rmalmrm ifm`lmhtm gih pk`rms y jkmstris, `lgm qum sm ccmvkfk
flmh
flmh gih
gih sus
sus gijp
gijpkûkûmr
mris
is pmri
pmri ququm
m hi cm eu
eust
stkf
kfk
k du
duht
htkr
krsm
sm gi
gih
h mc
mcci
cis.
s. Jm
Jmhg
hgli
lihk
hk ck
trkfkdk`irk qum jugbks gisks cm `kfkh jlm`i (sifrm ti`i ck emhtm), kc erk`i `m suarlr uh
ktkqum
vmrck `m pëhlgi
tmcmvlsl÷h mh =ti
i duekr `msus
gih prljkr
prljkrlk.
lk. Jmhgli
Jmhglihk
bmrjkhis. hk qum
Vmalmrm ck cm eustkfkqum
pkglmhtm bkgmr ck tkrmk
su pk`rm y `mspuìs
fmfêk jugbi
kcgibic sltukgl÷h qum k mcck cm gkuskfk jugbi rmsmhtljlmhti gukh`i vmêk qum lhsuctkfk k
su jk`rm y bmrjkh
bmrjkhis.
is. Huhgk bufi vlicmhglk aêslg
aêslgk
k pmri sl rmalmrm qum mrk juy mstrlgti y
gukh`i bkfêk kceuhk akctk cms `kfk uhk i `is hkcek`ks –hirjkcms‚ pir smjkhk. Jmhglihk
qum ck rmckgl÷h gih sus bmrjkhis mrkh fumhk pmri mcck pmrglfêk gmcis pir pkrtm `m su
bmrjkhk bkglk mcck yk qum sus pk`rms cm `kfkh jës ktmhgl÷h y ck trkfkdk`irk `lgm qum
tmhêk jugbis gmcis `m su bmrjkhk pirqum mrk jës `mcek`k, fihltk y mrk –jmdir‚ bldk
(ifm`lmhtm)
(ifm`l mhtm) pir ci qum k cis ;6 kûis `mdi `m gijmr kceuhks gisks pkrk pi`mr supmrkrck.
supmrkrck.
Jmhglihk qum sih uhk akjlclk gkt÷clgk `ih`m pkrtlglpkh kgtlvkjmhtm gih ci qum pl`m ck
Lecmslk.

K`icmsgmhglk4 Vmalmrm uhk fumhk rmckgl÷h gih sus pk`rms y bmrjkhis, pmri hi sm
gihsl`mrk –kjleumrk‚, gksl hi skcêk pir smhtlr vmreómhzk `m su gumrpi yk qum hi cm
eustkfk
msgumck, giji
hlmek sm pmrglfêk.
`ktis Jmhglihk
`m rmfmc`êk, qum slmjprm
cm eustkfk tuvi uh fumh
jës pmrjkhmgmr mhkprivmgbkjlmhti mh ck
gksk, `ih`m jmhglihk

=
qum cm eustkfk bkgmr qumbkgmrms `ijìstlgis, rmalmrm qum cm jicmstkfk ck suglm`k` pir ci
qum k vmgms trkpmkfk 6 i 7 vmgms kc `êk, msti `mspuìs `m qum kceulmh plskrk mc plsi.
@mhtri `mc erupi `m sus kjleks rmalmrm qum mcck sm smhtêk mh mc aih`i `m ck dmrkrquêk
`mfl`i
`mf l`i k qum mrk ck jës –am
–amk
k y eir`k `m ti`ks
ti`ks‚‚ slg. ^kglmhtm.
^kglmhtm. Jmhglihk qum mcck hi sm
smhtêk gih cks jlsjks gkpkgl`k`ms qum sus gijpkûmrks pkrk ck gihvlvmhglk mhtrm mccks y
gih mc eìhmri jksguclhi, msti pir sus `malglmhglks aêslgks. Vmalmrm qum prkgtlg÷ `m cis ;2 k
;< kûis kmriflgs y splhhlhe ; birk `lkrlk pkrk gk`k kgtlvl`k`. Jmhglihk qum su tlmjpi
clfrm ci `m`lgkfk k mstkr mh gksk, skclr mh gihtk`ks igkslihms gih sus kjleks y k lr kc
eljhksli. Vmalmrm qum tuvi uh hivli k ck m`k` `m ;2 kûis, rmckgl÷h hi qum pmrglfl÷ juy
airjkc yk qum ìc hi sm gijprijmtêk pir ci qum mcck ck tmrjlhk`k 2 jmsms `mspuìs.
Jmhglihk qum ck prljmrk irlmhtkgl÷h smxukc ck rmglfm k cis ;1 kûis mh ck msgumck, y pir
pkrtm `m jk`rm pmri mcck hi ck pmrglfm juy kflmrtk gih rmspmgti kc tmjk. Vmalmrm LQWK k ck
m`k` `m 65 kûis `mspuìs `m gkskrsm. Hi mxlstmh khtmgm`mhtms `m kfusi smxukc tkhti
pslgic÷elgi giji aêslgi.

Duvm
Duvmhthtu`
u` y m`k`
m`k` k`
k`uc
uctk
tk44 Ms giht
gihtk`
k`ir
ir pôfc
pôfclg
lgi,
i, rm
rmal
almr
mrm
m qu
qum
m mh msmstm
tm pm
pmrl
rli`
i`i
i su
kprivm
kpr ivmgbk
gbkjlm
jlmhti
hti aum rmeuc
rmeuckrkr pmri mcck ci gih
gihsl`
sl`mrk
mrk hir
hirjkc
jkc kc `m uhk pmr
pmrsih
sihkk qum
trkfkdkfk y mstu`lkfk kc jlsji tlmjpi, tmrjlhkh`i ck gkrrmrk mh 0 kûis. Wm gksk k ck
m`k` `m 65 kûis pir vicuhtk` priplk y sm smpkrk ; kûi `mspuìs, mcck rmalmrm qum su
mspisi cm gijmhti4 –hi pum`i smeulr vlmh`i giji tm gihsujms slh qum bkeks kcei pir
`mtmhmrci,, k`mjës `m qum gih msk kpkrlmhglk yk hi jm eustks‚ Wlg. ^kglmhtm. ^ir ci qum
`mtmhmrci
mcck rmermsk k gksk `m sus pk`rms. Jmhglihk qum tlmhm gihtkgti gih su pkrmgm uhk vmz kc
jms pir tmcìaihi pkrk prmeuhtkr pir mcck y vmr cis trkjltms `mc `lvirgli.
Wm cm prmeuhtk pir su sktlsakggl÷h k ci qum gihtmstk smhtlrsm jkc pir hi tmhmr trkfkdi y hi
pi`mr bkgmr ci qum cm eustk hirjkcjmhtm. Jmhglihk qum hi tlmhm pkrmdk `ms`m qum sm
smpkr÷. Ck rmckgl÷h gih sus pk`rms ms fumhk kc leukc qum gih su bmrjkhi pmri gih su
bmrjkhk ms `lstkhtm, `lgm qum hi ck lhvltk k skclr i ck lhgcuym k su erupi `m kjleks (kc qum
cm eustkrêk pmrtmhmgmr), mcck grmm qum pir smr –jës eir`k y amk‚.

^K@MGLJLMHPI KGP]KC.
Lhlglk k ck m`k` `m ;6 kûis `mdkh`i `m gijmr kceuhks gisks qum mcck grmêk qum tmhêk
gkrfibl`rktis y qum cm pi`rêkh emhmrkr sifrmpmsi, mstk sltukgl÷h jitlvk`k pir gmcis y
`msmis `m supmrkr k su bmrjkhk qum smeôh mcck mrk jës `mcek`k y fihltk pir ci qum mrk
ck –jmdir‚ mh su gksk, pmri `mfl`i k su akctk `m gihigljlmhti kgmrgk `m cis kcljmhti hi
gihsmeuêk fkdkr `m pmsi. Vmalmrm qum k ck m`k` `m ;= kûis sm smhtêk gih `mjkslk`i
sifrm pmsi (=< pkrk
jm`lgkjmhtis oe.) pir ci qum
fkdkr `mgl`mmstm
`m pmsi, kgu`lr gih jì`lgi
cm `kfk `lmtks bijm÷pktk pkrk qumhicm smeuêk
qum ck trkfkdk`irk `lmrkh
girrmgtkjmhtm yk qum mcck qultkfk pirglihms i sm frlhgkfk kceuhk gijl`k. Kc jlsji
tlmjpi sm pmrglfêk juy eir`k y hi cm eustkfk vmrsm mh mc mspmdi yk qum msti cm gkuskfk
smhtljlmhtis `m mhidi, trlstmzk y igkslihkcjmhtm `mprmsl÷h.
K ck m`k` `m ;2 kûis gijlmhzk kgu`lr k eljhksli bkglmh`i uhk birk `m kmriflgs y uhk
`m splhhlhe `lkrlkjmhtm, kc jlsji tlmjpi mstkfk fkdi trktkjlmhti `m uh hutrl÷ciei `mc
gukc mcck jlsjk ji`lalgkfk cks pirglihms `m ck `lmtk bkglìh`ick kuh jës blpigkc÷rlgk,
jltlekh`i mc bkjfrm gih keuk i gblgcms slh kzôgkr. ^rigurkfk hi gihsujlr gkrfibl`rktis
sici uhk pmqumûk pirgl÷h mh mc `mskyuhi. Jmhglihk qum mh mstk ìpigk sus gihigl`is cm
gijmhtkfkh
gijmht kfkh qum yk tmhêk uh fumh pmsi (==oe, ;.1>jt
;.1>jts)s) pmri mcck smeuêk slht
slhtlmh`i
lmh`i juy
eir`k. Jmhglihk qum k cis 6> kûis aum ck prljmrk vmz qum aum bispltkclzk`k, gijmhz÷ gih
`mflcl`k`, jkrmis, vlstk hufck`k y `lkairmsls pistmrlirjmhtm `msjkyi slmh`i ccmvk`k k
uremhglks
uremhg lks `ih`m sm cm bkgm `lkehi
`lkehistlgi
stlgi `m blpiecugmj
blpiecugmjlklk gih uhk MLB `m 7 `êks `urkhtm
cis gukcms
bëfltis. jmhglihk
Vmalmrm qum= igkslihms
qum mh hi gijl÷ hk`k. ^istmrlir
sm igkslih÷ kc mermsi
mc vijlti pir gihtlhôk gih`m
smhtljlmhti cisgucpk
jlsjis
pir

1
bkfmr gijl`i, sltukgl÷h qum mvltk mh ci pislfcm pir ci `mskerk`kfcm pkrk mcck pir ci qum
prmamrêk hi gijmr. K ck m`k` `m 66 kûis gijlmhzk gih gkê`k `m pmci, rmsmqum`k` `m plmc,
lhsijhli smhtljlmhti `m sicm`k`, trlstmzk, kheustlk, jlm`i y smhtljlmhti `m lhamrlirl`k`
pir ci qum kgu`m gih uh pslqulktrk pkrtlguckr mc gukc `lkehistlgk `mprmsl÷h prmsgrlflmh`i
acui
acuixm
xmtltlhk
hk prms
prmsmhmhtk
tkh`
h`i
i lrlrrl
rltk
tkfl
flclcl`k
`k`
` y pigk
pigk ti
ticm
cmrk
rkhg
hglklk kc jm jm`l
`lgk
gkjm
jmht
hti.
i. Gukh
Gukh`i`i ck
trkfkdk`irk tmhêk 60 kûis kgu`m gih hutrl÷ciei (=6oe) `lamrmhtm, rmpltlmh`i cks gih`ugtks
khtms `msgrltks pkrk cks `lmtks, mh mstk ìpigk gijlmhzk k rmkclzkr mdmrglglis gih pmsks (6
birks `lkrlks),
`lkrlks), cis smhtljlmh
smhtljlmhtistis `m smhtl
smhtlrsm
rsm eir`k gihtl
gihtlhôkh
hôkh pihlìh`is
pihlìh`ism m mcck giji jmtk
pkrmgmrsm k –Khkbê‚ ck krtlstk y uskr ripk tkcck pkrk hlûk. Vmalmrm qum su ôctljk rmeck ck
tuvi k cis 60 kûis, rmkclzëh`ism mxëjmhms gcêhlgis mhgihtrkh`i mcmvkgl÷h `m ck birjihk
prickgtlhk, pir ci qum mstuvi fkdi trktkjlmhti mh`igrlhic÷elgi kgtukcjmhtm girrmel`i.
Jmhglihk ck trkfkdk`irk qum mh mc 6>>5 gijlmhzk gih jugbis prifcmjks ckfirkcms
`mfl`i k qum mcck mrk juy ifsmslvk gih su trkfkdi, k`mjës `m vicvmrsm juy lhticmrkhtm
gih
gih sus
sus sufi
sufir`r`lh
lhk`
k`is
is,, rmal
rmalmr
mrm
m qu qum
m `m
`mfl
fl`i
`i k ck lr lrrl
rltk
tkfl
flclcl`k
`k`
` ququm
m cm igigks
ksli
lihk
hkfk
fk su
mhamrjm`k` y su aêslgi. Itrk sltukgl÷h qum cm igkslihkfk gihaclgtis aum qum `msktmh`êk
sus ckfirms pir jugbi tlmjpi mh ck gijputk`irk rmvlskh`i mh lhtmrhmt pkelhks pri K KHK
HK
y JLK i mstrktmelks pkrk fkdkr `m pmsi. Jmhglihk qum `m`lgkfk mc 1>% `m su skckrli
ôhlgkjmhtm
ôhlgkj mhtm jkhmrk
jkhmrkss `m fkdkr `m pmsi (gihsu (gihsuctks,
ctks, pri`u
pri`ugtis,
gtis, eljeljhksli,
hksli, mtg
mtg.)
.) Mh mc kûi
6>>2 ms lhtmrhk`k mh mc GGWJ Wkh Dukh `m @lis `ih`m pmrjkhmgl÷ pmrjkhmgl÷ pir 0 `êks `mspuìs`mspuìs
`ëh`ism `m kctk pir vicuhtk` priplk. Ck pkglmhtm sm smpkrk `m su pkrmdk sltukgl÷h qum
gih`lglihi qum sm kerkvkrk su pkticieêk yk qum mcck grmêk qum ck bkfêkh `mdk`i pir eir`k,

sijmtlìh`ism
smhtljlmhti `mk lhamrlirl`k`,
rmeêjmhms smvmris blpigkc÷rlgis,
cckhti aëglc y `mprmsl÷h,kgijpkûk`is `m trlstmzk
pir ci qum kgu`m priauh`k,
gih pslqulktrk
pkrtlguckr, mh mstm jijmhti pmskfk 70oe, mc gukc mhvêk pkrk lhtmrhkjlmhti mh gmhtri
pkrtlguckr FKGG (fucljlk, khirmxlk y gijm`irms gijpucslvis), pmrjkhmglmh`i 0= `êks,
cuekr `ih`m rmglfl÷ tmrkplk pslgic÷elgk lh`lvl`ukc y erupkc `lkrli k`mjës `m supmrvlsl÷h
mstrmgbk
mstrmgbk `m su kcljmhtkg
kcljmhtkgl÷h
l÷h cierkh`i suflr = olcie
olcierkjis
rkjis,, `m `ih`m mermsk
mermsk mh `lglmjfrm
`mc 6>>2 pir vicuhtk` priplk pir gumstlihms mgih÷jlgks, rmalmrm qum skcl÷ gih jugbis
ëhljis pmri uh jms `mspuìs gijmhz÷ k fkdkr humvkjmhtm `m pmsi yk qum bmgbi `m qum
su ripk
ripk cm qu
qum`
m`kr
krk
k jë
jëss kp
kprm
rmtk
tk`k
`k ck pipihê
hêk
k ju
juyy jk
jkc.c. ^i
^ist
stmr
mrli
lirj
rjmh
mhtm
tm sm si
sijm
jmtm
tm k
trktkjlmhti kjfucktirli mh mc WKCJM `ih`m sm cm mhtrmek uhk `lmtk cêqul`k qum tmhêk qum
prmpkrkr mh gksk pkrk tijkr uh clguk`i trms vmgms kc `êk, pmri mcck rmalmrm qum sici ci
tijkfk ; i 6 vmgms kc `êk y hi lhgcuêk ti`is cis lherm`lmhtms pirqum skfêk qum ck bkgêkh
mheir`kr, k cis humvm jmsms `m mstkr mh trktkjlmhti jmhglihk qum `mdi cis clguk`is y
bkfêk `êks mh qum sici tijkfk keuk ccmekh
ccmekh`i
`i humvkjmhtm k cis 70 olcis. Ck trkfkdk`ir
trkfkdk`irk
k
his gijmhtk
;0 pmri gih ckqum mstmk ôctlji
jlsj
jlsjk kûi kc
rmspumstk tkjflìh
trktk bk mstk`i
trktkjlmhti
jlmhti.
. Kgtukgu`lmh`i
Kgtukcjmht
kcjmhtm
m gih k pslqulktrêk
smhtljlmhti
smhtljlmhti`m `m
ck gcêhlgk
gucpk,
lhamrlirl`k`, lrrltkflcl`k`, hlmek l`mks `m jumrtm i sulgl`li, ckflcl`k` mjiglihkc, cckhti aëglc
y gih gihaclgtis akjlclkrms pir su mhamrjm`k` yk qum hi sm slmhtm gijprmh`l`k, tkjflìh
rmalmrm `mflcl`k` k ck jës jêhljk kgtlvl`k` aêslgk. Gihtlhôk mh trktkjlmhti pir pslqulktrêk
y pslgicieêk.

LHPMVVIEKPIVLI ^IV K^KVKPIW

K^KVKPIW \ WLWPM
WLWPMJKW.
JKW.
Emhmrkcms. ^ìr`l`k erk`ukc `m pmsi.
@lemstlvi. Vmsmqum`k` `m figk, mstrmûljlmhti.
Gkr`lkgi. Pkqulgkr`lks
Pkqulgkr`lks igkslihkcms.
@mrjktic÷elgi. Vmsmqum`k` `m plmc, gkê`k `m gkfmcci.
Mxtrmjl`k`ms. M`mjk igkslihkc `m cis plms.

MR^CIVKGLIHPkcck4 ALWLGK4
^msi4 7=.= Pkcck4 ;.10 P/K4 2>/1> A.
A.G.4
G.4 16x“ A.
A.V.4
V.4 ;=x“ LJG. ;7.>=.

5
^kglmhtm amjmhlhi `m m`k` kpkrmhtm qum sl gihgumr`k gih ck rmkc, bëflti girpirkc
mgtij÷ralg
mgtij ÷ralgi
i `mcek`mz mxtr mxtrmjk,
mjk, kgtl kgtltu`
tu` clfrmjm
clfrmjmhtm htm msgiel
msgiel`k,
`k, gihsg
gihsglmhtm
lmhtm,, irlmhtk` mh
tlmjpi,
tlmjp i, cuekr y pmrsih
pmrsihk,k, giipm
giipmrk`irk.
rk`irk. Akglms gkrkgtmrê
gkrkgtmrêstlg
stlgk
k `m ck `mshu
`mshutrlgl
trlgl÷h,
÷h, pigi
bl`rktk`k, slh m`mjk, gih pkcl`mz `m plmc y tmeujmhtis, jkrgbk cmhtk mufëslgk. Grëhmi
hirjigmakci, slh mh`i i mxistisls, pmci flmh ljpckhtk`i, pigi rmslstmhtm k ck trkggl÷h.
Idiss slj
Idi sljìtr
ìtrlgi
lgis,
s, gih pup puplck
lckss lsi
lsig÷r
g÷rlgk
lgkss y hir hirjir
jirrma
rmacmx
cmxlgk
lgks,
s, jivljl
jivljlmht
mhtis
is iguckr
iguckrms
ms
hirjkcms, aih`i `m idi `m gkrkgtmrêstlgks hirjkcms. ^kfmccihms kurlguckrms sljìtrlgis,
gih
gih k`mg
k`mgukuk`k`k ljpc
ljpckh
khtk
tkgl
gl÷h,
÷h, gih` gih`ug
ugti
tiss ku`l
ku`ltltlvi
viss slh
slh kc kctm
tmrk
rkgl
glih
ihms
ms,, gi
gihh kjfk
kjfkss
jmjfrkhks
jmjfr khks tljpë
tljpëhlgks
hlgks hirjkc
hirjkcms. ms. Hkrlz gmhtrk
gmhtrkc,c, hkrlhk
hkrlhkss pmrjmk
pmrjmkfcms,
fcms, jugisk
jugisk p pëcl`k
ëcl`k,,
girhmtms mh glgci, gkvl`k` irkc ksmk`k gih kclmhti gmt÷hlgi, slh prmsmhglk `m gkrlms,
akrlhem hirjkc, gumcci
gumcci ckrei glcêh`rlgi, j÷vlc, trëqumk gmhtrkc, slh k`mhijmekclks, tlril`ms
pkcpkfcm slh prmsmhglk `m h÷`ucis, pucsis prmsmhtms, P÷rkx ÷smi hirjkc mc kspmgti ms `m
`mshutrlgl÷h smvmrk, jivljlmhtis `m kjpcmxl÷h y kjpcmxkgl÷h hirjkcms, pucjihms flmh
vmhtlck`is, slh prmsmhglk
prmsmhglk `m slflckhglks ÷ grmpltkglihms, girkz÷h rêtjlgi rêtjlgi gih tmh`mhglk k
ck frk`lgkr`
frk`lgkr`lk,lk, slh sipci
sipciss ku`
ku`lfclfcms.
ms. Kf`
Kf`ijm
ijmhh juy buh` buh`l`i
l`i slh `icir k ck pkc pkcpkg
pkgl÷h
l÷h..
Vul`is pmrlstëctlgis cmhtis y prmsmhtms. Mxtrmjl`k`ms supmrlirms gih tihi k`mguk`i,
krgis `m jivlcl`k` gijpcmtis, aumrzk 0-/= pir erupis jusguckrms, smhslflcl`k` hirjkc pir
`mrj
`mrjktktij
ijksks,, trtria
ials
lsji
ji fê fêgm
gmpsps `m `mrm
rmgb
gbii ;2;2gj
gj,, lzqulzqulm
lmr`
r`ii ;5
;5gjgj,, VIVIPW
PW hi hirj
rjkc
kcms
ms..
Mxtrmjl`k`ms lhamrlirms slh m`mjk, tihi k`mguk`i, krgis `m jivlcl`k` gijpcmtis, aumrzk
0-/= pir erupis jusguckrms, trialsji `m guë`rlgmps 7> gj flcktmrkc, smhslflcl`k` hirjkc
pir `mrjktijks, VIPW hirjkcms. Hmuric÷elgi kpkrmhtmjmhtm slh kctmrkglihms.

MRKJMH JMHPKC4
KW^MGPI4 Gihgir`khglk gih ck m`k`, slh prmsmhglk `m jivljlmhtis i k`mjkhms, airjk
`m vmstlr gih ripk juy gmûl`k kc gumrpi, kpkrlmhglk pmrsihkc ksmk`k, gih uh krrmeci
msjmrk`i.
KGPLQL@K@ JIPVLT \ GIJ^IVPKJLMHPI4
GIJ^IVPKJLMHPI4 Hi prmsmhtk jivljlmhtis aêslgis, kgtlvl`k`
aêslgk cmhtk, hi rmkclzk jumgks i tlgs.
CMHE]KDM \ GIJ]HLGKGL×H4 Cmheukdm acul`i, gibmrmhtm, slh auek `m l`mks, jumstrk
pmrsmvmrkhglk gih rmspmgti k su kspmgti aêslgi slh tmh`mhglk k ck `lstrkggl÷h i giprickclk.
MWPK@I @M KHLJI4 @mprmslvi gih uhk vlsl÷h pmsljlstk `m sê jlsjk pir su kspmgti
aêslgi, `mjistrkh`i lhamclgl`k` pir smhtljlmhtis `m rmgbkzi y aktlek gr÷hlgk, jmckhg÷clgi.
IVEKHLTKGL×H @MC ^MHWKJLMHPI4 Wm mxprmsk `m jkhmrk k`mguk`k mc gihtmhl`i,
jkhlamstkh`i mxpmgtktlvks y prmigupkglihms priplks `m su mhamrjm`k`. Vmalmrm smhtlrsm
flmh gukh`i ck emhtm cm gijmhtk ci `mcek`k qum sm vm, tkjflìh mc jlm`i qum cm gkusk mc
bmgbi
jës cm `m qum smmskgmrgk
`lseustk ck birk y`mgk`mrks.
su kf`ijmh ck gijl`k i gukh`i tlmhm qum pihmrsm ck ripk. Ci qum
^MVGM^GLIH4 Mcck sm pmrglfm giji uhk pmrsihk ifmsk, amk y qum hi ms gkpkz `m
vicv
vicvmr
mrsm
sm k lhvi
lhvicu
cugr
grkr
kr smht
smhtlj
ljmh
mhtktkcj
cjmh
mhtm
tm gih
gih it
itrk
rk pm
pmrs
rsih
ihk
k pr
prmg
mgls
lskj
kjmh
mhtm
tm pipirr ck
ckss
gkrkgtmrêstlgks aêslgks qum grmm tmhmr, jmhglihk qum hi mstë `lspumstk bkgmr gukcqulmr
gisk pir cierkr su jmtk yk qum hi tijkrêk i rmkclzkrêk kgglihms lhsmeurks pkrk su skcu`.
Wlmhtm jugbis gmcis pir su bmrjkhk ck gukc pmrglfm giji `mcek`k (=1), fihltk y kgtlvk
(tlmhm trkfkdi), pir ci qum qulmrm fkdkr `m pmsi pkrk smr giji mcck.
HLQMC @M GIHGGIHGLMHGLMHGLK,
LK, IVLM
IVLMHPHPKGKGLIH
LIH \ GIHG
GIHGMHPV
MHPVKGLIH
KGLIH44 ^kglm
^kglmhtm
htm kcmrtk
kcmrtk gih
rkgliglhli gibmrmhtm y `lrlel`i, gkpkz `m jkhtmhmr ck ktmhgl÷h, irlmhtk`k mh pmrsihk,
cuekr y tlmjpi.
JMJIVLK, GK^KGL@K@ @M VMG]MV@IW \ AIH@I @M GIHIGLJLMHPIW4 ^kglmhtm
gih erk`i kgk`ìjlgi `m clgmhglkturk, gkpkz `m mvigkr cis gihigljlmhtis fëslgis `m su
gkrrmrk, kc jijmhti `mc lhtmrriektirli hi tlmhm prifcmjks pkrk rmgir`kr kgtlvl`k`ms `m su
hlûmz, k`icmsgmhglk y vl`k ckfirkc.

2
^MHWKJLMHPI KFWPVKGPI \ D]LGLI4 ^mhskjlmhti c÷elgi y gibmrmhtm gih k`mguk`k
gkpk
gkpkglgl`k
`k`
` `m lhtm
lhtmrpr
rprmt
mtkg
kgl÷
l÷h,
h, dulg
dulgli
li kctm
kctmrk`
rk`i
i pi
pirr hi sm
smrr gk
gkpk
pkzz `m `l
`ljm
jmhs
hsli
lihk
hkrr su
mhamrjm`k` jmhtkc y cks gihsmgumhglks aêslgks qum kgkrrmkh.
GIJ^VMHWLIH @MC ^KGLMHPM @M W] ^VI^LI MWPK@I. Ck pkglmhtm tlmhm gkpkgl`k`
pkrk `krsm gumhtk qum tlmhm uhk mhamrjm`k` pmri hi pkrk bkgmr uhk ji`lalgkgl÷h k su
mstlci `m vl`k.

MRKJMHMW @M CKFIVKPIVLI \ EKFLHMPM

>2/>5/6>>= Elhmgicieêk
FLIJMPVÊK BMJËPLGK
Mrltrigltis 0.; jlcc÷h/γc
Bmjieciflhk ;7.7 e/`c
Bmjktigrlti 7<.6%
Qic. Ecif. Jm`li <=.7 ac
BGJ 76.0 pe/gmc
GBGJ 70%
V@U ;;.0 ac
^ckqumtks 650 jlcms/γc
Khgbi `m `lstrlfugl÷h ;6.=>%
Cmugigltis 0.5%
^MVALC BIVJIHKC
PWB ;.=< γ]L/jc
P0C ;.>6 he/`c
CB =.06 j]L/jc
AWB =.<0j]L/jc
^rickgtlhk ;>6.2>> he/`c

>6 />2/ 6>>= ]ctrksihl`i ^ìcvlgi

Ôt
Ôtmr
mri
i mh KQA gih gih `lëj
`lëjmtmtri
riss `m =.
=.5
5 x 7.
7.>
> x 0.
0.77 gj,
gj, gi giht
htir
irhi
hiss clsi
clsis,
s, rm
rmeu
euck
ckrm
rmss y
mgiemh
mgi emhlgl
lgl`k`
`k` pkr
pkrmhq
mhqulj
uljkti
ktisk
sk bij
bijieì
ieìhmk
hmk hir
hirjkc
jkc.. Ivk
Ivkrli
rli `mr
`mrmgb
mgbi
i `m 7.1 x 6.> gj.
Ivkrli lzqulmr`i `m 7.6 x ;.1 gj.
Kjfis gihsmrvkh jiraicieêk y vicujmh
vicujmh slh pkticieêk s÷cl`k hl quêstlgk.

6; /></ 6>>5. Ckfirktirli ^krtlguckr4

FLIJMPVLK BMJKPLGK ^V]MFKW @M GIKE]CKGL×H
Ec÷fucis Vidis 7 <1> >>> MRKJMH VMW]CPK@I VMAMVMHGLK
Bmjieciflhk ;;.5 Plmjpi `m ;“ 0= smeu
smeuh`
h`is
is ;-
;-7
7 jlh
jlhut
utis
is
skherk`i
Bmjktigrlti 71 Plmjpi ` `m
m 0“ >1 smeu
smeuh`
h`is
is 7-
7-1
1 jlh
jlhut
utis
is
gikeuckgl÷h
Bmjieciflhk Mrltri
Bmjieciflhk Mrltrigêtlg
gêtlgk k 6<.= Plmjpi `m ;7.2 smeuh`is Bkstk ;0
Jm`lk pritijflhk4 smeuh`is
Qicujm
cujmh
h Mr
Mrlltr
trig
igêêtl
tlggi <>.< Plmjpi `m 71.6 smeuh`is Bkstk 0>
Jm`li trijfipckstlh smeuh`is
k pkrglkc4
Gihgmhtrkgl÷h `m 76.=
Bmjieciflhk
Girpusguckr Jm`lk
E
Hmc÷uftu
r÷cialsciF
s ctkihtkgi
cmss 2
172>>

<
Clhaigltis 7=
Jihigltis 6
Wmejmhtk`is 17
Mislh÷alcis >
Fks÷alcis >
Fckstis >
Jmtkjlmcigltis >
J
Fklmhc`ikglstis >
>
^ckqumtks >
IFWMVQKGLIHMW4
Blpigrijêk +++ Khlsigltisls +

>2/>;/ 6>>2. Ckfirktirli ^krtlguckr4

Wm rmkclzk `mhsltijmtrêk ÷smk `m gicujhk cujfkr y gk`mrk `mrmgbk.
@MHWLPIJMPVÊK ×WMK
Vmel÷h @JIe/ % K`ucti Divmh Qkcir P @lkeh÷stlgi
gj6
Gicujhk Cujfkr ;.>7= 22 -;.6 Istmipmhlk
Gumcci Amjirkc >.<>; <6 ->.5 Hirjkc
Gk`mrk @mrmgbk ;.7>6 ;7> 6.= Hirjkc
@MALHLGL×H @M IWPMI^IVIWLW ^IV GVLPMVLIW @MHWLPIJÌPVLGIW @M CK
IJW
Qkcir
Qkcir Hirjkc4 Wgirm P (+;.> k -;.6 @W@W))
Istmipmhlk4 Wgirm P (-;.> k -6.0 @W)
Istmipirisls ^rmgcêhlgk4 Wgirm P (36.= @W)
Istmipirisls Gcêhlgk4 Wgirm P (36.= @W + Arkgturks)
LJ^VMWL×H @LKEH×WPLGK4 @mhsltijmtrêk ÷smk `m gicujhk cujfkr gih vkcir `m
istmipmhlk, gumcci amjirkc y gk`mrk gih vkcir hirjkc.

>2/>;/6>>2
FLIJMPVLK BMJKPLGK MRKJMH EMHMVKC @M IVLHK
Mrltrigltis 0.>< Kspmgti Prkhspkrmhtm
Bf ;7.7 Gicir Kjkrlcci gckri
B
QGtiJ 77
<2..=
6 @Bmhsl`k`
p ;..=
5 >6=
BGJ 76.1 Flclrruflhks Hmektlvk
GJBG 70.< Gumrpis gmt÷hlgis Hmektlvi
Cmugigltis 6.<2 Mstmrksk cmugigltkrlk Hmektlvk
Hmutr÷alcis =7 Ecugisk Hmektlvk
Clhaigltis 7< Hltrltis Hmektlvi
Jihigltis = ^ritmêhks Hmektlvi
Mislh÷alcis 7 Wkherm Hmektlvi
Fks÷alcis > ]riflclh÷emhi Hirjkc
^ckqumtks 67= Bmjieciflhk Hmektlvk
Khirjkcl`k`ms mh Cmugipmhlk + Wm`ljmhti Msgksi
cmugigltis
Khirjkcl`k`ms `m Hlheuhk Fkgtmrlks Msgksks
mrltrigltis

;>
Khirjkcl`k`ms `m Hlheuhk Gìcucks mpltmclkcms ;-6 pir gkjpi
pckqumtks
^MVALC PLVIL@MI Glclh`ris Hi sm
ifsmrvkh
PWB ;.0; Grlstkcms Hi sm
ifsmrvkh
P0 5.6 Mrltrigltis Hi sm

P7 >.56 Alckjmhti `m jigi ifsmrvkh

Hi gihtlmhm
P0C ;.>1 Cmugigltis 6-0 pir gkjpi
P7C ;.<7 Cmvk`urks Hi sm
ifsmrvkh
[]ÊJLGK WKHE]ÊHMK
Ecugisk 1>
]rmk 70
Hltr÷emhi ;1
urmlgi
Grmktlhlhk >.5
Ëgl`i ôrlgi 0.;
Gicmstmric ;;>
Prleclgìrl`is 7;

^V]MFKW @M A]HGLIH BM^ËPLGK

PEI 75 ^ritmêhks titkcms 5.=
PE^ 65 Kcfôjlhk 0.1
Flclrruflhk titkc >.1; Ecifuclhk 6.<
Flclrruflhk >.67 Vmckgl÷h K/E ;.1
`lrmgtk
Flclrruflhk >.72 P^ ;6.2
lh`lrmgtk
@BC 6=7 Alfrlh÷emhi 77>
Aisaktksk 05
kcgkclhk
Ekjjk ecutkjlc ;2
trkhspmptl`ksk
;;/;;
;;/;;/6>>2
/6>>2 Ckfirktirli pkrtlguckr4
FLIJMPVLK BMJKPLGK BIVJIHKW
Mrltrigltis 0.7< Mstrk`lic 7;.>>
Bf ;6.< AWB >.71
Bti 0>.0 BC >.;1
QGJ <;.< ^riemstmrihk >.06
BGJ 6<.0 ^rickgtlhk ;<.2
GJBG 76.> P7 =5
Cmugigltis 7,5>> P0 =.<
Wmejmhtk`is 10 PWB ;.6<
Fkh`ks > Gkptkgl÷h P7 60%
Hmutr÷alcis 1= Êh`lgm `m ;.0; (hirjkc ;.;6- 0.16)
tlrixlhk clfrm

;;
Clhaigltis 6< []ÊJLGK WKHE]LHMK \ MCMGPVICLPIW
Jihigltis = Ecugisk 51
Mislh÷alcis ; ]rmk 70.6
Fks÷alcis > Grmktlhlhk >.1
^ckqumtks ;<6 Ëgl`i ôrlgi 6.=
MRKJMH EMHMVKC @M IVLHK Gicmstmric ;71.6
Gicir Kjkrlcci aumrtm Hltr÷emhi ;=.<

Kspmgti Prkhspkrmhtm urmlgi

^itksli 0.>
Erkvm`k` ;.>;> Wi`li ;7=
mspmgêalgk
pB 5.> Gciri ;>5
^ritmêhks ;>>.>
Ecugisk >.>>
Flclrruflhks Hmektlvi
Gmtihks Hmektlvi
]riflclh÷emhi >.6
Wkherm Hmektlvi
Hltrltis Hmektlvi
Gìcucks Ji`mrk`ks
mpltmclkcms
Cmugigltis 7-=
Mrltrigltis >
Alck
Alckjm
jmht
hti
i `m Hi gihtlmhm
jigi
Fkgtmrlks Klsck`ks

;6/;;/6>>2 @mhsltijmtrêk ÷smk, ckfirktirli pkrtlguckr4

;6/;;/6>>2
Gk`mrk4 Istmipirisls. Vlmsei `m arkgturk4 kcti.
Gicujhk Cujfkr4 Istmipmhlk. Vlmsei `m arkgturk4 Lhgrmjmhtk`i.

;=/>0/><
Pmst
Pmst msgkck Jihteijmry-Ksfmre4 suemrmhtm `m `mprmsl÷h ji`mrk`k.
Mxkjmh giehisgltlvi frmvm (PMWP JLHL-JMHPK
JLHL-JMHPKC C @M AICWPMLH)4 Mh rkhei hirjkc.
Lhvmhtkrli
Lhvmhtkrli
puhtis `m trkst
`m girtmtrkstirhis
irhis `m ck
pripumstis, kcljm
kcljmhtkgl
k jkyir htkgl÷h.
÷h. (Mktlh
(Mktlhe
puhtukgl÷h e @lsi
jkyir@lsir`mr
r`mr Lhvmhtiry
Lhvmhtiry,
prmsmhglk , M@L)4 Hi mxls
`mc rksei. mxlstmh
tmh
;. Ljpucsi k `mcek`mz. 6;/6;
6. Wlhtijkticieêk fucêjlgk. =/6;
7. Lhsktlsakggl÷h girpirkc. 65/65
0. Lhmamgtlvl`k` y fkdk kutimstljk. ;=/7>
=. ^mramgglihlsji. 2/;2
1. @msgihalkhzk lhtmrpmrsihkc. 1/6;
5. Gihglmhglk lhtmrigmptlvk. 66/7>
2. Jlm`i k jk`urk. 6;/60

^rumfk `m cis 1 jlhutis.

^krëjmtri Fkskc alhkc `m ck prumfk
A
Arrm
mggu
um
mh
hggllk
k grmksr`
pllk
rkgtkirlk 1
;6
=xx°“ 1
;2
<xx““

;6
@lshmk Hi Hi
Aktlek Hi =/;>
Vmgirrl÷ 766 jmtris mh 1 jlhutis. Cis vkcirms pkrk su smxi y m`k` sih `lstkhglk jêhljk
75< jmtris, 05; prijm`li.

Mcmgtrigkr`lierkjk4 Gih tmh`mhglk k ck frk`lgkr`lk.

MrltrigltisFLIJMPVÊK BMJËP7L.G
1Kj.lcc÷h/γc Ecugis[k]LJLGK GCLHLGK.56
Bmjieciflhk ;;.6 e/`c Grmktlhlhk >.2
Bmjktigrlti 77.2 % ^ritmêhks titkcms 2
Qic. Ecif. Jm`li <0.0 ac Kcfôjlhk =
BGJ 7;.7 pe/gmc Ecifuclhk 7
GBGJ 77.;% Vmckgl÷h K/E ;.15
V@U 01.5 ac
^ckqumtks 6;5 jlcms/γc
Khgbi `m `lstrlfugl÷h ;0.6%
Cmugigltis 7.<%

QKCIVKGL×H ^IV IPVIW WMVQLGLIW.

66 />7/6>>1 Mh`igrlhicieêk
Amj
Am jmhlh
mhlhi
i gih `lke
`lkehi
hist
stllgi `m khir
khirmx
mxlk
lk hmhmrv
rvllis
isk
k mh trtrkt
ktkj
kjlm
lmht
hti.
i. ^rms
^rmsmh
mht÷
t÷
blpmrprickgtlhmjlk smguh`krlk k khtl`mprmslvis cis gukcms suspmh`l÷ pir mcck. Vmqulmrm
kpiyi ^slgicieêk mh su BET, jkhtmhmjis vlelckhglk.

;7/>5/6>>5 ^slqulktrêk.
^kglmh
^kg lmhtm
tm gih mst
mstrug
rugtur
turk
k `m pmr
pmrsih
sihkcl
kcl`k`
`k` jkc lht
lhtmer
merk`k
k`k,, pri
prifcm
fcmjk
jk `m prm
prmigu
igupkg
pkgl÷h
l÷h
ifsmslvk
ifsms lvk gih mc sifrmpmsi, slh bkfmr tmhl`
tmhl`i
i huhgk `lgbi prifcmjk, mc pmsi jëxl
jëxlji
ji qum
cier÷ ck pkglmhtm aum `m =5 oe, kgtukcjmhtm pmsk 7<.= oe. Wlehis y sêhtijks gckris `m uh
trkstirhi khirìxlgi, jlm`i k gihsujlr kcljmhtis, mdmrglgli mxgmslvi, suprljlr lhemstk `m
kcljmhtis, `mairjkgl÷h `m ljkemh girpirkc, kjmhirrmk `ms`m bkgm 7 kûis.

;=/>2/6>>5 Mh`igrlhicieêk.
^msi =6 oe, ^rmsl÷h krtmrlkc <=/1= jjBe. ^rickgtlhk kctk ;>6. Plmhm gmakcmk, vìrtlei,
plmr`m mc mqulclfrli. Wm cm lhlgl÷ gkfmreiclhk º `is vmgms pir smjkhk. Cis hlvmcms `m
prickgtlhk mstëh juy mcmvk`is rmqulmrm `m jkyir `isls `m gkfmreiclhk k ; tkfcmtk cuhms y
dumvms, yk tlmhm gltk k gkjpljmtrêk,
gkjpljmtrêk, siclglti P
PKG
KG `m sslcck
lcck turgk.

6;/;;/>5 ^WL[]LKPVLK
Cugm `mjkslk`i `mcek`k ti`is cis bumsis sih juy prijlhmhtms, sleum pmhskh`i mh
fkdkr `m pmsi, 0 jmsms gih kjmhirrmk
kjmhirrmk,, gksk`k bkgm < jmsms, mjpc
mjpcmk`k
mk`k `m rmgursi
rmgursiss
bujkhis `m uhk mjprmsk.

>7/>6/6>>< ^slgicieêk Gcêhlgk

Gihtlhôk gih `lstirsl÷h `m ljkemh y pmhskjlmhti mrr÷hmi sifrm su gumrpi, bk sl`i
lhtmrhk`k pkrk jkhmdi `m su mhamrjm`k` mc gukc gumhtk gih pkrglkc gihglmhglk, bkglmh`i
juy pigi pir mcck jlsjk khtm gijpclgkglihms cks gukcms yk gursk y bk sl`i kôh jës
smvmrk.

;7
;7/>6/6>>< ^WLGICIELK GCLHLGK.
@msmjpcmk`k gih clgmhglkturk, rmalmrm bkgm 2 jmsms smpkrk`k `m pkrmdk pir prifcmjëtlgk
gih
gih su mhammhamrj
rjm`
m`k`
k`,, gih
gih khtm
khtmgm
gm`m
`mht
htm
m `m pk pk`m
`mgl
gljl
jlmh
mhti
ti `m
`ms`
s`m m bkbkgm
gm ;> kû kûis
is,,
keu`lz
keu `lzkgl
kglihm
ihmss y gij
gijpcl
pclgkg
gkglih
lihms
ms `m ck jls
jlsjk
jk gih
gihtlh
tlhuk
uk gih `ls
`lstir
tirsl÷
sl÷h
h `m ljk
ljkemh
emh y
pmhs
pmhskj
kjlm
lmht
hti
i mrr÷
mrr÷hm
hmi
i sifr
sifrmm su gumr
gumrpi
pi.. Wm rm
rmau
aumr
mrzk
zk gigihg
hglm
lmhg
hglk
lk `m mh mham
amrj
rjm`
m`k`
k` y
k`bmrmhglk k ck tmrkpìutlgk, trkfkdkh`i ërmks clfrms pmri gih juy pifrm prihistlgi,
`mfl`i k su rmarkggl÷h mh mc trktkjlmhti. gihslmhtm, gibmrmhtm, gih cmheukdm gckri, tihi y
vicujmh fkdi, kutimstljk `mvkcuk`k gih pifrm gkpkgl`k` `m dulgli mh lhtrispmgtlvk.

MWP]@LI @M VMGIHIGLJLMHPI MH MC ^]MWPI MW^MGLALGI @M PVKFKDI

Wmrvlglis4 Gijmrglkclzkgl÷h `m jumfcms, cêhmk fckhgk y mhsmrms `ijìstlgis

;. Ck pkgl
pkglmhtm
mhtm ck
ckfiri
firi mh cck
k mjprms
mjprmsk k `urkht
`urkhtmm 5 kûis, `ëh`is
`ëh`ism m `m kctk kh
khtm
tm mc LJ
LJWW
WW mh
mc pmrli`i gijprmh`l`i mhtrm mc kûi 6>>> k 6>>5.
6. Wm `msm
`msmjpjpmû
mûii giji
giji vmh`
vmh`m`
m`irk
irk,, kuxl
kuxlclclkr
kr `m gigiht
htkf
kflclcl`
l`k`
k` y dmdmam
am `m rm rmgu
gurs
rsis
is
bujkhis gih birkrli `m cuhms k vlmrhms `m <4>> k ;54>> brs
7. Ck
Ckss kg
kgtl
tlvl
vl`k
`k`m
`mss pr
prip
iplk
lkss `m
`mcc ôctl
ôctlji
ji pums
pumsti ti sih4
sih4 Mckf
Mckfir irkr
kr hi
hijl
jlhk
hk,, pk
pkei
ei k
mjpcmk`is, trkfkdkr lhgkpkgl`k`ms, kctks y fkdks khtm mc LJWW m LHAIHKQLP,
kusmhglks,
kusmh glks, gihtric `m pmrsih
pmrsihkc,
kc, vlsl
vlsltks
tks k ;> sugur
sugurskcms
skcms kprixljk
kprixljk`kjmht
`kjmhtm m qum
rmkclzkfk trkhspirtëh`ism mh vmbêguci `m ck mjprmsk qum gih`ugêk uh gbiamr.
Pi`ks
i`ks cks khtmrl
khtmrlirms
irms kgtlv
kgtlvl`k`m
l`k`mss rmqul
rmqulmrmh
mrmh gkpkg
gkpkgl`k`
l`k` `m gihgmgihgmhtrkgl
htrkgl÷h,
÷h, trkti
gihstkhtm
0. Aum uhk mjy kgumr`is
mjpcm
pcmk`k
k`k `ls gih
`lsglp pmrsihkc
glpclh
clhk`k y dmams,
k`k y gujpc
gujpcl`kl`klhtmerl`k`
pir ci qum aêslgk y jmhtkc.
sm priji
prijivl÷vl÷ su gkj
gkjfli
fli kc
`mpkrt
`mp krtkjm
kjmhti
hti `m VmgVmgurs
ursis
is Buj
Bujkhikhiss gijgiji i kuxlcl
kuxlclkr
kr `m gih gihtkf
tkflcl
lcl`k`
`k`,, slm
slmjpr
jprmm
jistrkh`i uhk kgtltu` rmspihskfcm.
=. Wlh mj
mjfkrei
fkrei mh
mhtrm
trm cis kûis 6>>
6>>77 y 6>>0 ssm m mjpmz
mjpmzkrih
krih k if ifsmrvk
smrvkrr gkjfl
gkjflis is mh su
gih`ug
gih `ugtk,
tk, rmg
rmgbkz
bkzkh`
kh`ii kcljmh
kcljmhtis
tis qum sm cm iar iarmgê
mgêkh
kh `urkht
`urkhtm m mc `mskyu
`mskyuhi hi `mc
pmrsihkc
pmrsi hkc y sici tijkfk keuk. Kc gumst gumstlihkrc
lihkrcmm su hitirlk fkdk `m pmsi, rmspih` rmspih`êkêk
qum icvl`kfk kcljmhtkrsm pir qum tmhêk mxgmsi `m trkfkdis msgickrms.
1. Erk`u
Erk`ukcjmht
kcjmhtmm gijmtl
gijmtl÷÷ mrrirms m mvl`mh
vl`mhtms
tms gij
giji i ijltl
ijltlrr pkeis kc LJ LJWW,
WW, hi mhtmhtrmekr
rmekr
`igujmhtis k Wmgrmtkrlk `m Bkglmh`k, `msgihtkr `lhmri lh`mfl`kjmhtm k cis
trkfkdk`irms, ksê giji hmekrcms ti`k gcksm `m pmrjlsis y gihgmslihms, jistrkh`i
bkglk mccis kgtlt
kgtltu`
u` kermsl
kermslvk
vk y armgu
armgumhtms
mhtms `lstrkgg
`lstrkgglihms,
lihms, sltukgl
sltukgl÷h
÷h qum cm igkslihi
igkslihi
rigms y `msgihtmhtis gih mc pmrsihkc y pir gihsleulmhtm glmrti klsckjlmhti.
5. Kc pkrm
pkrmgmr
gmr gih cck
k clqul
clqul`kgl÷
`kgl÷hh jihti uh pmqumû
pmqumûi i hmeigl
hmeigli i `m vmht
vmhtk
k `m qulhlmcks
qulhlmcks `m
prih÷stlgis `mpirtlvis,
mspirë`lgkjmhtm kgu`msltukgl÷h qum sm `m
kgijpkûk`k lh`kei gih vmglhi,
su jk`rm qulmh
k `lgbi mxpclgi
hmeigli qum
pir mcck
frmvm
tlmjpi, slmh`i su bmrjkhi y/i pk`rm qulmh ci ktlmh`mh kermekh`i qum ms juy
rkri qum mcck skcek `m su `ijlglcli mvk`lmh`i mc gihtkgti gih cks `mjës pmrsihks.

60/>7/6>>< MWP]@LI WIGLKC JM@LGI, QLWPK @IJLGLCLKVLK

Ksmeurk ck pkglmhtm qum hi pmrglfm hlheôh tlpi `m lhermsis `mpmh`lmh`i titkcjmhtm `m
sus pk`rms. Vmglfl÷ giji clqul`kgl÷h `m su mjpcmi 1>.>>>.>> qum smeôh mxpclgk aumrih
utlclzk`is mh su ktmhgl÷h gcêhlgk pkrtlguckr. Wm lhtmrriek sifrm sl mstk gkhtl`k` ck lhvlrtl÷ mh
kceôh tlpi `m hmeigli, sltukgl÷h qum hlmek. Lehirk ekstis qum sm rmkclzkh mh su gksk
kgmrgk `m kcljmhtkgl÷h, smrvlglis, trkspirtm, mtg. Gksk priplm`k` `m cis pk`rms `m ck
pkglmhtm, uflgk`k mh pifckgl÷h `m jm`lkhks `ljmhslihms, qum gumhtk gih smrvlglis `m
keuk pitkfcm, mhmreêk mcìgtrlgk, `rmhkdm, gkccm pkvljmhtk`k, gmrgkhk k smrvlglis `m skcu`
y gijmr
gijmrglis.
glis. Qêks `m gijuh
gijuhlgkgl
lgkgl÷h
÷h kggms
kggmslfcms
lfcms.. Gihst
Gihstk
k `m 6 rmgkjkrks,
rmgkjkrks, ; fkûi, giglhk,
skck y gijm`ir
qum sm mhgumhtrksmpkrk`is,
krrmh`k`i.pktli `m smrvlgli,
Mspkglis kjpclis.gigbmrk _pkrk uh kutij÷vlc, cigkc gijmrglkc

;0
^kglmhtm qum gukhtk gih kpiyi prlhglpkcjmhtm `m ck jk`rm, hlvmc sigligucturkc jm`li,
mgih÷jlgkj
mgih÷j lgkjmhtm
mhtm kutis
kutisualgl
ualglmhtm,
mhtm, su pk`mglj
pk`mgljlmhti
lmhti cm bk igkslihk`i
igkslihk`i `lalguctk
`lalguctk`ms
`ms pkrk
rmc
rmckgl
kglihk
ihkrsm
rsm sig
siglkc
lkcjmh
jmhtm,
tm, `mp
`mpmh`
mh`lmh
lmhtm
tm `m ck jk`
jk`rm
rm pkr
pkrk
k rmkclz
rmkclzkr
kr trë
trëjlt
jltms,
ms, kgu
kgu`lr
`lr k
gihsuctks, mtg. Plmhm gihglmhglk `m su mhamrjm`k` y cis prifcmjks qum cm gkusk gih su
jm`li kjflmhtm. Hi sm pmrglfm k sl jlsjk gkpkgltk`k pkrk `msmjpmûkr uh trkfkdi.
Akjlclk hugcmkr mh mtkpk `m `lspmrsl÷h, lhtmerk`k, gih cl`mrkzei kutirltkrli mdmrgl`i pir mc
pk`rm, gijuhlgkgl÷h `lspmrsk `m ck pkglmhtm gih mc rmsti `m cis lhtmerkhtms, gihigmh
pk`mgljlmhti `m ck jlsjk, pir uh tlmjpi cm frlh`krih kpiyi jirkc, kgtukcjmhtm sm bkh
`lstkhglk`i slmh`i ck jk`rm mc ôhlgi rmspkc`i gihstkhtm y `m qulmh ck pkglmhtm kgmptk
kyu`k.

Wm mhtrmvlsti kc vmglhi `m kc ck`i qulmh ms priplmtkrli `m tlmh`k `m kfkrritms jlsji qum

lhairjk qum Wkh`rk huhgk skcm `m su `ijlglcli, tmhlmh`i huck rmckgl÷h gih vmglhis y hi
sm cm vm pcktlgkr gih kjlst
kjlstk`ms.
k`ms. Mspirë
Mspirë`lgkj
`lgkjmhtm
mhtm skcm pmri slmjprm ms kgijp
kgijpkûk`k
kûk`k `m
su jk`rm kgu`lmh`i k hmeigli `m vmhtk `m flccmtms `m citmrêk y prih÷stlgis `mpirtlvis qum
ktlmh`m uhi `m cis bmrjkhis y/i pk`rm. @urkhtm ck mhtrmvlstk sm ifsmrvk mh ck pkglmhtm
kgtltu` rmsmrvk`k, gih pigk mhmreêk y viz fkdk. Giji `kti lhtmrmskhtm jm gijmhtk qum
bk sl`i lhvltk`k pir sus pk`rms pkrk lr `m vkgkglihms k ck pckyk pmri mcck hi `msmk lr
pirqum slmhtm –vmreómhzk –`m qum ck vmkh ‒eir`k“ cks `mjës pmrsihks.
Vmalmrm bkfmr mstk`i lhtmrhk`k `urkhtm jms y jm`li mh uhk gcêhlgk mspmglkclzk`k mh
pmrsihks
`m utlcl`k`.qum pk`mgmh khirmxlk,
Kgtukcjmhtm cckjk`k`m
kgu`m k smrvlgli FKGG, slh mjfkrei
^slqulktrêk gihsl`mrk qum hi cm bk sl`i
mh mc LJWW.

;=