WMPUMK MGMZM VEKSUOUBMK

Pdpch < Helmkn @eama Vm`m Mkmh

Vekyuoub < Ekc Prc Mstutc

Heodapdh Wmsmrmk < Heoumrnm pmscek `eknmk rcwmymt helmkn

Pmknnmo < Wmjtu, 5 @eseajer :6:6

^mhtu < =5 Aekct

M. OMPMZ
OMPMZ JEOMHM
JEOMHMKN
KN
Helmkn
Helmkn `ea
`eama
ma aerupm
aerupmhmk
hmk hel
helmkn
mkn ymk
ymkn
n guh
guhup
up serckn
serckn `cluap
`cluapmc
mc
pm`m mkmh ‗ mkmh ymkn jeruscm `cjmwmb 5 tmbuk, nelmom ‗ nelmom ymkn
tcajuo `mpmt jeramgma ‗ amgma ternmktukn `cjmncmk dtmh amkm ymkn
terpeknmrub, tetmpc helmkn `eama ymkn terlm`c pm`m mkmh m`momb helmkn
uaua .
Imhtdr reschd utmam ymkn uaua aekcapm mkmh jmoctm uscm 7 juomk
smapmc 5 tmbuk ckc m`momb `eama tcknnc. Jcsm `cmhcjmthmk doeb ckiehsc
ehstrmh
ehstrmhrmk
rmkcmo
cmo sepert
sepertcc CWV
CWVM,
M, rm`mkn
rm`mkn teo
teockn
cknm,
m, gma
gmapmh
pmh,, gmgmr
gmgmr mcr. @moma
@moma
6
hem`mm
mmk
k `ea
eamma, hekmc
mch
hmk sub
subu tujub se
sej
jesmr
smr = G puk jcsm
aekn
aeknmh
mhcj
cjmth
mthmk
mk he
hekm
kmch
chmk
mk ae
aetm
tmjd
jdocs
ocsae
ae jm
jmsmo
smo ym
ymkn
kn aekn
aeknmh
mhcj
cjmt
mthmk
hmk
pekcknhmtmk hejutubmk dhscnek lmrcknmk sejesmr =6 ‗ =5 % `mk dtmh
sejesmr :6 %.
Mpmj
Mpmjco
comm he
heju
jutu
tubm
bmk
k te
terse
rseju
jutt tc
tc`m
`mh
h te
terp
rpek
ekub
ubcc am
amhm
hm mk
mkmh
mh mh
mhmk
mk
helmkn
helmkn.. Uauaky
Uauakymm hel
helmkn
mkn tc`mh
tc`mh mhmk
mhmk aek
aekcaj
cajuoh
uohmk
mk `mapmh
`mapmh scsm lchm
lchm
helmkn tersejut jeromknsukn hurmkn `mrc 5 aekct tetmpc mkmh bmrus tetmp
aek`mpmt pekmknmkmk mnmr tc`mh terlm`c helmkn uomkn ymkn jcmsmkym oejcb
omam irehueksckym `mrc helmkn pertmam.
Pcajuokym helmkn pm`m mkmh mhmk aekcajuohmk jerjmnmc amsmomb
sepertc reschd gc`erm, reschd terlm`ckym mspcrmsc mtmu ymkn oejcb imtmo m`momb
oc`mb lmtub hejeomhmkn ymkn aeknmhcjmthmk djstruhsc pm`m lmomk kmims.
 Ckterveksc hepermwmtmk utmam m`momb aekurukhmk subu jm`mk ymkn tcknnc
mtmu aekcknnc uktuh aekgenmb terlm`ckym helmkn `eama pm`m mkmh. Mnmr
permwmtmk jerlmomk omkgmr amhm `cperouhmk herlm smam ymkn jmch `eknmk
tca hesebmtmk ymkn omck, sertm `eknmk aeocjmthmk pmscek `mk heoumrnmkym.
Bmo ckc tc`mh aekutup heauknhckmk pmscek `mk heoumrnm pmscek
Zumkn Geapmhm mhmk aekluapmc hem`mmk helmkn `eama pm`m `crckym
jmbhmk heoumrnm mtmu drmkn omckkym. Webcknnm aekmkmahmk peknetmbumk
aeknekmc helmkn `eama ckc mhmk aeajmktu uktuh pmscek `mk heoumrnm
uktuh jcsm aekmknmkc segmrm gepmt hem`mmk ymkn tc`mh `chetmbuc wmhtu
aukguokym.

J. PULUMK
PULUMK
=) Pulum
Pulumk
k Uaua
Aeajerchmk peknetmbumk hepm`m heoumrnm pmscek `c rumkn Geapmhm
aeknekmc helmkn `eama pm`m mkmh
:) Pulum
Pulumk
k Hbus
Hbusus
us
=. Vesertm pekyuoubmk
pekyuoubmk aekne
aeknetmbuc
tmbuc peknetmbum
peknetmbumk
k Helmkn
Helmkn @eama
@eama
:. Vesertm pekyuoubmk
pekyuoubmk aekne
aeknetmbuc
tmbuc pekyejmj
pekyejmj Helmk
Helmkn
n @e
@eama
ama
7. Vesertm pekyuoubmk
pekyuoubmk aekne
aeknetmbuc
tmbuc gcrc-gcrc
gcrc-gcrc Hel
Helmkn
mkn @eama
0. Ve
Vese
sertm
rtm peky
pekyuo
uoub
ubmk
mk ae
aekn
knet
etmb
mbuc
uc pe
pekm
kmkn
knmk
mkmk
mk seg
segmrm
mrm te
tepm
pmtt pm
pm`m
`m
Helmkn @eama
G. HENCMPMK
HENCMPMK

KD P
PM
MBMV HENCMPMK MODHMWC AEPD@E MOMP EYMOUMWC
^MHPU VEZMNM

(AEKCP)
=. Veajuhmmk  Wmoma : aekct - Vesertm
peajuhmmk pekyuoubmk

 perhekmomk aeaperbmtchmk
peajcgmrm.

:. Vekleomsmk  Vekleomsmk =6  Germamb  Oeajmr  Vesertm

aeknekmc mpm  Pmkym jmoch pekyuoubmk
ctu Helmkn lmwmj aeaperbmtchmk
@eama pm`m pekyuoubmk
Mkmh `eknmk jmch
 Vekleomsmk

aeknekmc
imhtdr
pekyejmj
Helmkn @eama
pm`m mkmh
 Vekleomsmk
aeknekmc gcrc-
gcrc Helmkn
@eama Vm`m

Mkmh
 Vekleomsmk
aeknekmc
pekmknmkmk
Helmkn @eama
pm`m Mkmh
Pmkym lmwmj
7. Vekutup  Veajercmk 5 aekct  Veajercmk  Pes segmrm
ckidramsc tmkym ocsmk


Wmoma pekutup lmwmj aeknekmc
 peambmamk
pesertm tektmkn
Helmkn
@eama Vm`m
Mkmh

@. DZNMKCWMW
DZNMKCWMWCC
Vekyuoub < Ekc Prc Mstutc
E. AEPD@
AEPD@E
E
Aetd`e
Aetd`e ymk
ymkn
n pek
pekyuo
yuoub
ub nukmhm
nukmhmk
k `mo
`moma
ma pekyuo
pekyuoubm
ubmk
k ckc m`momb
m`momb aetd`e
aetd`e
germamb `mk tmkym lmwmj
I. AE@CM
AE@CM
Ae`cm ymkn pekyuoub nukmhmk `moma pekyuoubmk ckc m`momb oeajmr jmoch
`mk oemioet
N. EYMOUMWC
Evmoumsc `moma pekyuoubmk ckc m`momb jerupm pertmkymmk `mrc peajerc
amterc `mk `c lmwmjmk doeb pesertm pekyuoubmk.
B. WUAJEZ VUWPMHM
@ewcc
@ew Vuspc
Vuspctmsm
tmsmrc,
rc, :6=
:6=5,
5, `mo
`moma
ma bttp</
bttp<//`d
/`dhua
huaek.
ek.tcp
tcps/`
s/`dgu
dguaek
aekts/s
ts/smp-
mp-
pekmknmkmk-mkmh-helmkn-`eama.btao
Imacoy Berjmo, bttp<//imacoyberjmo.ket/vctmjuack-wmspm`m-jmbmym-helmkn-
`eama-mkmh/
bttp<//`dhtersebmt.gda/aeknmtmsc-step-stucp-helmkn-`eama-pm`m-jmyc-
`mk-jmoctm/
 OMAVCZMK AMPEZC

M. Vek
Vekner
nertcm
tcmk
k
Helmkn `eama aerupmhmk helmkn ymkn guhup serckn `cluapmc pm`m
mkmh‗mkmh
mkmh‗mkmh ymkn jerus
jeruscm
cm `cjmw
`cjmwmb
mb 5 tmbuk,
tmbuk, nelmom‗nelmo
nelmom‗nelmomm ymkn tcajuo `mpmt
jeramgma‗amgma ternmktukn `cjmncmk dtmh amkm ymkn terpeknmrub, tetmpc
helmkn `eamavymkn terlm`c pm`m mkmh m`momb helmkn uaua.
Helmkn aerupmhmk perujmbmk iuknsc dtmh aek`m`mh `mk seaektmrm
sejmnmc mhcjmt `mrc mhtcvctms keurdkmo ymkn mjkdramo `mk peoepmsmk ocstrch
serejrmo ymkn jeroejcbmk (Jetz & Wdw`ek, :66:).
Helmkn
Helmkn `ea
`eama
ma cmo
cmomb
mb jmk
jmknhc
nhctmk
tmk hel
helmkn
mkn ymk
ymkn
n ter
terlm`
lm`cc pm`m
pm`m hek
hekmch
mchmk
mk
subu
subu tu
tuju
jub
b (s
(sub
ubu
u reht
rehtmo
mo `c
`cmtms 726G) ym
mtms ymkn
kn `c
`csej
sejmj
mjhm
hmk
k do
doeb
eb pr
prds
dses
es
ehstrmhrmkcua.
Lm`c helmkn `eama m`momb hekmchmk subu tujub ymkn aekyejmjhmk
perujmbmk iuknsc dtmh mhcjmt perujmbmk pdtekscmo ocstrch serejrmo ymkn
jeroejcbmk sebcknnm aeknmhcjmthmk reklmtmk jerupm helmkn.
helmkn.
J. Vekyej
Vekyejmj
mj
Helmkn `eama terlm`c hmrekm mhtcvctms ocstrch `c dtmh ternmknnu doeb
subu tujub ymkn tcknnc. Helmkn `eama `mpmt aerupmhmk tmk`m pertmam
pekymhct. Wehmocpuk `eama juhmkomb smtu-smtukym pekyejmj tcajuokym
helmkn, kmauk helmkn ymkn `csejmjhmk doeb `eama mtmu helmkn `eama
pekyejmj utmamkym m`momb `eama mhcjmt ckiehsc vcrus.
‗ Imhtdr heturukmk
‗ Jmtuh pcoeh
‗ Zm`mkn teknndrdhmk
‗ Ckiehsc teocknm
‗ Prmuam smmt ombcr
‗ Prmuam hepmom
‗ Ckiehsc mtmu rm`mkn dtmh
‗ Puadr dtmh
‗ Ver`mrmbmk dtmh
‗ Heomckmk jmwmmk pm`m dtmh mtmu susukmk symrmi pusmt
 ‗ Nmknnumk aetmjdocsa `mk eoehtrdoct
‗ Zemhsc moernc
‗ Hermgukmk djmt mtmu jmbmk hcacm
G. Amgma-a
Amgma-amgm
mgma
a
Helmkn `eama `mpmt `cndodknhmk aeklm`c `um, ymctu <
=) Helmkn @eama We`erbmkm
We`erbmkm (H@W)
(H@W)
Lchm helmkn jeromknsukn hurmkn `mrc =5 aekct (? =5 aekct)
jerscimt uaua (helmkn seourub tujub) `mk tc`mh jeruomkn `moma
:0 lma
:) Helmkn @eama Hdapoehs
Hdapoehs (H@H)
(H@H)
Lchm helmkn jeromknsukn
jeromknsukn oejcb `mrc ; =5 aekct, mtmu idhmo, &
mtmu auotcpeo (≥ : x helmkn `oa :0 lma)
@. Gcrc-g
Gcrc-gcrc
crc
Per`mpmt : ndodknmk helmkn `eama ymctu<
=. Helmkn
Helmkn `
`eam
eama
a se`erb
se`erbmkm
mkm `ekn
`eknmk
mk hr
hrcter
ctercm<
cm<
m. Uscm
Uscm mktmr
mktmrmm 9 juo
juomk
mk bck
bcknnm
nnm 0 tm
tmbuk
buk
j. Wermknmk helmkn bmkym sejektmr, tc`mh oejcb `mrc =5 aekct
g. Helmkn
Helmkn jer
jerscim
scimtt ua
uaua
ua ((seo
seouru
urub
b tu
tujub
jub))
`. Helm
Helmkn
kn tcajuo
tcajuo `m
`moma
oma =9 lm
lma
a pe
pertm
rtmam
am sesu
sesu`m
`mb
b tc
tcaj
ajuo
uoky
kymm
`eama/pmkmstcknnc
e. Veaerchsmmk susukmk symrmi sejeoua `mk sesu`mb
helmkn tc`mhaekukluhmk heomckmk
e. Ve
Veae
aerc
rchs
hsmmk
mmk rehma
rehma dtmh (EE
(EEN)
N) ymkn `comh
`comhuh
uhmk
mk ackc
ackcam
amoo =
ackn
acknnu
nu sete
seteom
omb
b subu
subu tu
tuju
jub
b kdra
kdramo
mo tc
tc`m
`mh
h ae
aeku
kukl
kluh
uhmk
mk
heomckmk.
i. Ir
Ireh
ehue
ueks
kscc jmkn
jmknhc
hctm
tmk
k helmkn
helmkn tc`
tc`mh
mh oejcb
oejcb `mr
`mrcc 0 hmoc
hmoc `mo
`moma
ma =
tmbuk
:. Jcom smtu
smtu mtmu oejcb hrctercm
hrctercm terseju
tersejutt tc`mh terpekubc
terpekubc mtmu
mtmu tcaj
tcajuokym
uokym
helmkn
helmkn pm`m
pm`m sub
subu
u ymk
ymkn
n oejcb
oejcb re`
re`mb,
mb, amhm
amhm `cn
`cndod
dodkn
knhmk
hmk `moma
`moma
epcoepsc ymkn `cgetushmk `eama
E. Vekmkn
Vekmknmkm
mkmk
k
=. Wm
Wmmt
mt hel
helmk
mkn
n jerom
jeromkn
knsu
sukn
kn<<
 m. Vertmbm
Vertmbmkhm
khmk
k sch
schmp
mp tek
tekmkn
mkn
j. Jmrcknhmk mkmh `cteapmt ymkn mamk mnmr tc`mh m`m
heauknhckmk lmtub `mklmubhmk jek`m jerjmbmym ymkn m`m
`csehctmr mkmh.
g. Acrck
Acrcknh
nhmk
mk mk
mkmh
mh
`. Heoumrhmk sc
scsm
sm amhmk
mkmmk sep
epeerc rdtc, peraek `mk
sejmnmckym ymkn auknhck m`m `cauout mkmh
e. Oepm
Oepmsh
shmk
mk pmhm
pmhmcm
cmk/
k/ch
chmtm
mtmk
k pm
pm`m
`m tu
tuju
jub
b supm
supmym
ym mk
mkmh
mh jc
jcsm
sm
jerkmims `eknmkoeoumsm.
i. Odknnmrhmk
Odknnmrhmk pmhmcm
pmhmcmk
k `cse
`csehctmr
hctmr hepmom `mk oe
oeber
ber
n. Lmknmk
Lmknmk aek
aekmbm
mbmk
k ner
nermhm
mhmk
k mkm
mkmh
h sep
sepert
ertcc aeaenm
aeaenmkn
kn tmknmk
`mk hmhc ymknteromou humt.
:. Purukh
Purukhmk
mk subu tujub
tujub senerm
senerm `ekn
`eknmk
mk hdapre
hdapress mcr bmk
bmknmt
nmt rum
ruma-
a-
ruma huhu segmrm eiehtci<
m. We`cmh
We`cmhmk
mk mcr bmk
bmknmt
nmt `m
`moma
oma wm
wmshd
shda
a sertm bmk`u
bmk`uh
h hegc
hegcoo
j. Oetmhhmk bmk`uh hegco ymkn su`mb jmsmb `mk `cknck
te
teru
rutm
tmam
am pm
pm`m
`m `mer
`mermb
mb hepm
hepmom
om,, oe
oebe
ber,
r, `m
`m`m
`m,, he
he`u
`umm
hetcmh `mk ocpmt pmbm hmkmk hcrc.
g. = bmk`
bmk`uh
uh hegc
hegcoo `c
`csc
scmp
mphm
hmk
k uktu
uktuh
h aekn
aeknmk
mktc
tc segm
segmrm
rm
termturr `mk terus aeker
termtu aekerusauo
usauomc
mc `mrc hepmom, oeber `mk
seteruskym.
7. Wenerm `cjmwm he ukct peomymkmk hesebmtmk ter`ehmt.