Cstuehi ec` scfmeir ec tukc` ec` @mairmtirhi ec

Ipcrmfhikcs Skhtmrhms pmrm mp`hfmfhök fini cquhpi
 ph`iti ck trmamdis mp`hfmthvis
mp`hfmthvis hkeustrhm`cs
Fmkji Rmnc`m, Csphkizm M`cxmkecr, Csphkizm Qhfmrei, Ohjucrim _hvhmkm, Nmfhms Vhnik, Qhiorhi
Mrhc`, Vmvhkivhfg Rmu`i, Uhjrc Qiacrt, _crm Mkjhc
Omfu`tme ec Fhckfhms Kmturm`cs y Nmtcníthfms
Csfuc`m Vupcrhir Ri`htèfkhfm ec` @htirm` (CVRI@)
Jumymquh`, Cfumeir 
mrhc`rhiBcspi`.ceu.cf

 Qcsunck ― c` prifcsi ec scfmei ncehmktc c` mkí`hshs ec `ms furvms ec

`is ehocrcktcs cksmyis.
C` pr
prcsc
cscktc
ktc priyc
priycfti
fti cstí
cstí ams
amsme
mei
i ck `m ipc
ipcrmf
rmfhök
hök
uk
ukhtm
htmrhm
rhm ec scf
scfmei
mei quc thckc
thckc uk ri` hnpirt
hnpirtmkt
mktcc ck `m Hnpirtmkfhm ec` scfmei ck `m hkeustrhm
omarhfmfhök ec `is prieuftis. C` scfmeir quc sc uth`hzö Ck vmrhi
vmrhiss fmsi
fmsis,
s, c` mjum
mjum sc `m pupuce
cecc rc
rcni
nivc
vcrr ec `i`iss
pmrm c` ecsmrri``i ec `is cksmyis ouc c` scfmeir ec tôkc`, nmtcrhm`cs
nmtcr hm`cs pir nètieis
nètieis ncfíkhfis
ncfíkhfis,, pir cdcnp`i,
cdcnp`i, usmkei
usmkei
eikec sc rcm`hzö vmrhis cksmyis fik eis thpis ec nucstrms fcktrîoujms, prcksm y cktrc itris. Cstc prifcsi cs cfikönhfi
(gmams y juhkcis). M pmrthr ec `is emtis cxpcrhncktm`cs ck finpmrmfhök m` scfmei tèrnhfi pmrm rcnivcr mjum. @m
iatckheis sc rcm`hzmrik furvms tmkti ec scfmei fini `m fmktheme ec gunceme ec` prieufti scfi m` ohkm` pucec vmrhmr,
vc`ifheme ec scfmei ec` prieufti. M` rcm`hzmr `is cksmyis, csti ecpckec fik c` thpi ec nmtcrhm` quc sc cstè trmamdmkei.
sc tinmrik ck fucktm `ms vmrhma`cs quc hktcrvhckck ck c` Rir cdcnp`i, `m sm` piscc uk pirfcktmdc ec 2,3% ec mjum, c`
pri
rifc
fcsi
si y sc mkm`hz m`hzmr
mrik
ik ncehmk
ehmktc
tc `ms
`ms jrío
jríohf
hfms
ms fmraök m`rceceir ec uk 5% y vmrhis prieuftis m`hncktis
mktcr
mktcrhir
hirnc
ncktc
ktc ncnckfh
kfhikm
ikmems
ems.. Mec
Mecnís
nís,, tin
tinmke
mkei i ck  piscck uk 3%. Kirnm`ncktc, c` scfmei cs `m ctmpm u`thnm ec
fikshecrmfhök `m hkormcstrufturm ec` scfmeir sc rcm`hzö uk `is prifcsis prcvhmncktc m` cnpmquctmei ec` prieufti y
niec`mei ck 6E ec` cquhpi ncehmktc c` prijrmnm ec omfh`htm uk nmkcdi cohfhcktc fik `is dmaikcs y fi`irmktcs ck
MSUIFME pmrm pripikcr ncdirms ec` cquhpi m `mrji y  pi`vi.
firti p`mzi. C` scfmei ck `is prieuftis m`hnckthfhis sc usm fini nètiei
ec prcscrvmfhök, pcrnhthckei quc `is nhfriirjmkhsnis quc
 Mastrmft ―
 ― Ughs pridcft hs amsce ik tgc eryhkj   privifmk `m ecjrmemfhök ec` m`hnckti ki pucemk vhvhr kh
ipcrmthik io tgc ukht tgmt gms mk hnpirtmkt ri`c hk tgc nu`thp`hfmrsc pir `m musckfhm ec mjum. Umnahèk, c` scfmei
nmkuomfturc io tgc prieufts. Ugc erycr usce oir tgc cvh
cvhtm
tm `m mfthvm
mfthvmfhö
fhökk ec vmrhms
vmrhms ckzhnm
ckzhnmss i nmtcrh
nmtcrhm`c
m`css quc
ecvc`ipnckt io tgc tcsts wms tgc tukkc` erycr, wgcrc fmusck `m m`tcrmfhök ck c` prieufti pir om`tm ec mjum. Skm ec
scvcrm` tcsts wcrc fmrrhce iut whtg twi typcs io smnp`cs `ms ncehems ec scjurheme ck `ms hkeustrhms m`hnckthfhms cs
(acmks
(ac mks mke
mke amkmk
amkmkms
ms).
). Ori
Orin
n tgc cxp
cxpcr
crhnc
hncktm
ktm`` emt
emtm,
m, rceufhr c` fiktckhei ec gunceme pir ecamdi ec` 3% ck pcsi
eryhkj furvcs mrc iatmhkce, ms wc`` ms tgc eryhkj rmtc io  ec` prieufti, ecahei m quc `is nhfriirjmkhsnis
nh friirjmkhsnis ecdmk ec scr 
tgc prieuft. Zgck pcroirnhkj tgc tcsts, tgc vmrhma`cs oukf
oukfhi
hikm
km`c
`css ck uk rm rmkj
kjii ec gu
gunc
ncem
emee ec`
ec` =2
=2%.
%. @is
@is
hkvi`vce hk tgc prifcss wh`` ac tmlck hkti mffiukt mke  prieuftis ahi`öjhfis y omrnmfèuthfis ki ecack fm`cktmrsc
mkm`
mkm`yz
yzce
ce ushk
ushkj
j tg
tgcc jr
jrmp
mpgh
ghfs
fs nc
nckt
kthi
hikc
kce
e ma
maiv
ivc.
c. Hk  pmrm scr scfmeis, sc ecack scfmr ck orîi pcrnhthckei `m
meehthik, tmlhkj hkti mffiukt tgc erycr hkormstrufturc, m cstcrh`hzmfhök y `m prcscrvmfhök ec `is prieuftis.
6E niec`hkj io tgc cquhpnckt wms fmrrhce iut tgriujg @m nmyirîm ec `is nmtcrhm`cs ecack pisccr uk jrmei ec
tgc MSUIFME prijrmn ti prip pripisc
isc hnprivcnc
hnprivcncktskts ti gu
gunc
ncememee cspc
cspcfî
fîoh
ohfm
fm pmrm
pmrm scr
scr pr
prck
cksm
smei
eis,
s, ni`ec
ni`ecme
meisis y
tgc cquhpnckt hk tgc `ikj mke sgirt tcrn. jrmku`meis. Mecnís, c` fisti pir trmkspirtc ec` prieufti
 Lcywires― eyrhkj, eryhkj furvcs, vmrhma`cs, hkormcstrufturm.
hkormcstrufturm.
ecpckec pir c` fiktckhei ec gunceme, ecahei m csti `m
nmyirîm ec `ms hkeustrhms quhcrck cstma`cfcr uk cquh`harhi
cktrc c` fiktckhei ec gunceme y c` fisti ec scfmei pmrm c`
H KUQIESFFHÖK   prieufti. Fmac ecstmfmr, quc c` scfmei ck cxfcsi rcprcscktm
C` sc
scfm
fmei
ei ec gm gmam
amss sc ``cv
``cvöö ck c` scfmscfmei
eirr ec tôkc
tôkc`` uk jmsti ckcrjèthfi quc hkf`usi pucec ecjrmemr `m fm`heme
rcfiph`mkei emtis ec nmkcrm cxpcrhncktm` quc pcrnhthö `m ec` prieufti.
iatckfhök ec emtis kcfcsmrhis pmrm mkm`hzmr `ms vmrhma`cs quc
hktcrvhckck ck c` prifcsi ncehmktc jríohfms ec scfmei y c` VCFMEI
 am`mkfc ec ckcrjîm. Cstis emtis prifcsmeis pcrnhthcrik @m mffhök ec scfmei cs ukm ipcrmfhök ec trmksocrckfhm ec
ectcrn
ectcrnhkm
hkmrr fini
fini c` thcthcnpi
npi hko`uy
hko`uycc ck c` prifcs
prifcsii pmrm
pmrm nmsm ec fiktmfti jms-si`hei, eikec `m gunceme fiktckhem
rcnivcr `m nmyir fmktheme ec gunceme ec` nmtcrhm` m scfmr. ck c` sö`hei sc trmksohcrc pir cvmpirmfhök gmfhm `m omsc
Umna
Umnahèhèk,
k, sc rc
rcm`
m`hz
hzöö `m fu
furv
rvmm ec vc`i
vc`ifh
fhem
emee ec`
ec` scfm
scfmei
ei jmscism, c` prifcsi ifurrc jrmfhms m `m ehocrckfhm cktrc `m
ncehmktc `is emtis iatckheis pmrm cstma`cfcr `is pcrhieis ec`  prcshök ec vmpir cdcrfhem pir c` sö`hei gôncei y `m prcshök
scfmei y sc cstma`cfhö `ms rcshstckfhms quc sc prcscktmrik ck  pmrfhm` ec vmpir ec `m firrhcktc jmscism
jmscism \?^.
 

@m ipcr
ipcrmf
mfhö
hökk ukhtm
ukhtmrh
rhmm ec scfm
scfmei
ei cs uk nèti nètiei
ei pmrm
pmrm `m  puceck f`mshohfmrsc scjôk c` nètiei ec trmksnhshök ec fm`ir 
fikscrvmfhök ec m`hncktis, fik c` fum` sc cxtrmc `m gunceme gmfhm `is sö`heis gônceis, cs4
ec` sö`hei, `i quc hkghac `m pri`hocrmfhök ec - Vcfmeircs e hrccftis4 @m trmksocrckfhm ec fm`ir pmrm
ehr
nhfriirjmkhsnis, ehohfu`tmkei `m putrcomffhök. M` sinctcr  c` scfmei sc `ijrm pir fiktmfti ehrcfti cktrc `is
uk sö`h
sö`hei
ei m sc scfm
fmei
ei tè tèrn
rnhf
hfi,
i, ifur
ifurrcrckk ei
eiss prif
prifcs
csis
is sö
sö`h
`hei
eiss gônc
gôncei
eiss y c` jms
jms fm`hc
fm`hckt
ktc.
c. C` `î`îqu
quhe
heii
shnu`tíkcmncktc4 vmpirh
vmp irhzm
zmei
ei sc mrr
mrrmst
mstrm
rm fik c` jms fm`fm`hck
hcktc.
tc. @is
=. @m trmk
trmkso
socr
crck
ckfhfhmm ec ckcrj
ckcrjîm
îm,, ck oirn
oirnmm ec fm`ir
fm`ir,, ec scfmeircs ehrcftis sc ``mnmk tmnahèk scfmeircs pir 
`is m`rceceircs pmrm cvmpirmr `m gunceme ec `m fikvcffhök.
supcrohfhc ec` sö`hei.
1. @m trmks
trmksoc
ocrck
rckfh fhmm ec `m gunce
gunceme me hktcr
hktcrkm
km ec` si`h
si`hei
ei - Vcfmeircs hkehrcftis4 
hke C` fm`i
fm`irr sc tr
trmk
mkso
sohc
hcrc
rc m`
gmfhm `m supcrohfhc. si`hei gôncei m trmvès ec ukm pmrce ec rctckfhök.
C` `îquhei vmpirhzmei sc scpmrm
@m trmksocrckfhm ec fm`ir, ecsec `is m`rceceircs gmfhm c` hkecpckehc
hkecp ckehcktcnc
ktcncktc
ktc ec` ncehi ec fm`cktmnhc
fm`cktmnhckti.
kti.
sö`he
sö`heii pu
puce
cecc if
ifur
urrhr
rhr fi
finini rcsu
rcsu`t
`tme
meii ec fikv
fikvcf
cffh
fhök
ök,,
fikeuffhök i rmehmfhök \=^. @m vc`ifheme
sc cstm
cstma`
a`czfm eccktr
czfm ckscfmei
trcc c` ecpckec
nmtc
nmtcrh m` ec`
rhm` gô
gôncfiktmfti
ncei fikquc
ei fik `m
su
supc
pcro
rohf
hfhc
hc fm`h
fm`hck
cktc
tc.. @is scfm
scfmeieirc
rcss hk
hkeh
ehrc
rcft
ftis
is
NCFMKHVNI EC@ VCFMEI tmnahèk suc`ck eckinhkmrsc pir fikeuffhök i ec
- C_MRIQMFHIK4 C` prifcsi ifurrc fumkei `m fiktmfti.
 prcshök ec` vmpir ec `m gunceme cxhstcktc ck c`
sö`hei cs hjum` m `m prcshök mtnisoèrhfm, csti ifurrc
fini prieufti ec` munckti ec `m tcnpcrmturm ec `m Vcfmeir ec tôkc`
guncme gmstm c` pukti ec cau``hfhök. Cs uk cquhpi shnh`mr m `is scfmeircs pir amkecdms pcri su
m`hncktmfhök cs scnhfikthkum. @m fmrjm gôncem cs fmrjmem
ck fmrrcth``ms
fmrrcth``ms quc sc ecsp`mzmk
ecsp`mzmk m trmvès
trmvès ec` tôkc` ec scfmei
scfmei
- _MRIQHTMFHIK4  C` scfme
scfmeii ifurrc
ifurrc ncehmk
ncehmktctc  pikhèkeisc ck fiktmfti fik
fik c` mhrc fm`hcktc \5^.
fikvcffhök, pmsmkei mhrc fm`hcktc siarc c` sö`hei,
 pistcrhir c` mhrc cs ckorhmei pir `m trmksocrckfhm ec
`m gunceme gmfhm c` mhrc. Ck cstc fmsi `m prcshök ec`
vmpir ec `m gunceme siarc c` sö`hei cs nckir quc
`m prcshök mtnisoèrhfm.

FHKCUHFM EC@ VCFMEI

@m fhkèthfm ck c` prifcsi cstm fikvckfhikm`ncktc ehvhehem
ck eis pmrtcs4
=. Rcrhie
Rcrhieii ec vc`ifh
vc`ifheme
eme fiktmk
fiktmktc
tc ec
ec scfme
scfmeii
1. Rcrhie
Rcrhieii ec vc`i
vc`ifhe
fheme
me ecfr
ecfrcfh
cfhckt
cktcc ec scfm
scfmei
ei
C` fiktckhei ec gunceme ck c` pukti ec trmkshfhök cktrc `is  H`ustrmfhök 1.- Ohti, Jrmu, Amrmt, & M`airs, (122=)
eis pcrhieis cs eckinhkmei fini c` fiktckhei frîthfi ec  Csqucnm ec uk scfmeir
scfmeir ec tôkc`.
gunceme.
Vh uk `itc ec jrmkis cs sincthei m scfmei y fikthckec ukm
gunceme W (ecohkhei fini pcsi ec mjum pir ukheme ec pcsi Urmksocrckfhm
Urmksocrckfhm ec Fm`ir y Nmsm
ec si`h
si`hei
ei sc
scfi
fi),
), cs ec
ectc
tcrn
rnhk
hkme
meii fini
fini uk ukmm oukf
oukfhö
hökk ec
thcnpi, rcsu`tmkei ukm furvm shnh`mr m `m h`ustrmem \6^. C` prifcsi ec trmsocrckfhm ec fm`ir y ec nmsm hkhfhm fumkei
uk ncehi ec scfmei, jckcrm`ncktc ukm nmsm ec mhrc fm`hcktc
(fik ukm vc`ifheme, gunceme y tcnpcrmturm prcvhmncktc
ecohkhems), cktrm ck fiktmfti fik c` nmtcrhm` quc sc ecscm
scfmr. C` fm`ir sc trmksohcrc hkhfhm`ncktc m `m supcrohfhc ec`
nmtcrhm` pir fikvcffhök y sc nucvc m trmvès ec` nhsni pir 
fikeuffhök. Rmrm scfmeircs quc uth`hzmk mhrc fini ncehi ec
scfmei `m vc`ifheme ec trmsnhshök ec fm`ir cstí emem pir4

˘ > gs M ( U j∑U ¹ )

]

 H`ustrmfhök =.- Ohti, Jrmu, Amrmt, & M`airs, (122=) ]˘ > _c`ifheme ec trmksnhshök ec fm`ir 
Furvm fhkèthfm ec` scfmei. g s> Ficohfhcktc ec fikvcffhök
M> írcm m trmvès ec `m fum` thckc `ujmr c` o`udi ec fm`ir 
F@MVHOHFMFHIK EC VCFMEIQCV U j> tcnpcrmturm ec` mhrc
Ck `ms ipcrmfhikcs ki cxhstc ukm oirnm sckfh``m m` f`mshohfmr  U ¹> Ucnpcrmturm ec `m supcrohfhc quc sc cstí scfmkei
`is scfmei
scfmeircs
rcs.. M`juki
M`jukiss sc
scfme
fmeirc
ircss sik fikthk
fikthkuis
uis y itris
itris
ehsfikthkuis, ecpckehcktcs ec `m fmrjm, itris sik `is quc
hnp`hfmk mjhtmfhök ec `is sö`heis y itris ki. @is scfmeircs
 

C` mjum ck c` hktcrhir ec` nmtcrhm` m scfmr (gunceme) sc  Uisfmkm

nucvc ecsec c` hktcrhir
hktcrhir gmfhm `m supcrohfhc
supcrohfhc ec` nhsni, cstc  Fmoè prcs 1
trmk
trmksp
spir
irtc
tc ec gu gunc
ncememee sc rcm`
rcm`hz
hzmm prhk
prhkfh
fhpm
pm`n
`nck
cktc
tc pir 
pir 
eho
ehoush
ushök
ök ec `îq
`îquhe
uheii ecahei
ecahei m` ec`tm
ec`tm ec fikfc
fikfcktr
ktrmfh
mfhikc
ikcs,
s, M` hnp`cncktmr `m c`mairmfhök ec` prieufti cstms cnprcsms
mukq
mukquc
uc tmtmna
nahè
hèkk cs
cstí
tíkk pr
prcs
csck
cktc
tcss itri
itriss ncfm
ncfmkh
khsn
snis
is ec sm`erî
sm`erîmk
mk ackcoh
ackcohfhm
fhmems
ems ecahei
ecahei m` prcfhi
prcfhi cfikön
cfikönhfi
hfi ec `m
trmkspirtc \?^. @m trmksocrckfhm ec vmpir ec mjum ecsec `m nmtcrhm prhnm y m `m jrmk fmktheme ec fiksunheircs quc
supcrohfhc gôncem ec` nmtcrhm` gmfhm c` ncehi ec scfmei sc  ausfmk m`tcrkmthvms pmrm rccnp`mzmr
rccnp`mzmr c` fmoè ck su vhem.
rcm`hzm pir ehoushök ecahei m` ec`tm ec prcshikcs (cktrc c`
vmpir ec mjum ck c` mhrc y c` vmpir
vmpir ec mjum ck `m supcrohfhc
supcrohfhc H. NMUCQHM@CV X NCUIEI@IJÎM
ec` nmtcrhm`) y sc pucec csfrhahr nmtcníthfmncktc fini4
 M. Emtis
ew Vc tinmrik ck c` scfmeir ec tôkc` ec` @mairmtirhi ec
 > L j M ∏ Z  Ipcrmfhikcs
Ipcrmfhikcs Skhtmrhms ec `m Omfu`tme ec Fhckfhms Kmturm`cs
Kmturm`cs y
et 
Nmtcní
Nmt cníthfthfms,
ms, uth
Rrc`hnhkmrncktc uth`hz
`hzmke
scmkeii eieiss `is
uth`hzmrik sö`
sö`hei
heis,
s, amkmk
amkmkis, amkmki
i rcsu`tmrik
quc y gmams
gmams..
ew hkmecfumeis pmrm c` pripöshti ec` priycfti. Ec niei quc sc
> tmsm ec trmksocrckfhm ec nmsm ecsm
ecsmrr
rri`
i``m
`mri
rikk tr
trcs
cs cxpc
cxpcrh
rhnc
ncktktis
is ut uth`
h`hz
hzmk
mkei
ei gmam
gmamss y
et 
 L j> ficohfhcktc ec trmksocrckfhm ec nmsm scfíkei
ei`m
`mss cktr
trcc 53 m ?2 nhk hkuuti
tiss ck c` cqu quhp
hpii y
ectcrnhkmkei c` oukfhikmnhckti ec` nhsni. Ck cstc cquhpi
M> írcm m trmvès ec` fum` sc rcm`hzm `m trmksnhshök sc rcfiph`mrik emtis ec nmsm ec nucstrm fiktri`, msî fini,
∏ Z > ehocrckfhm ec guncemecs maisu`tms ec` vmpir ec mjum tcnpcrmturms ec cktrmem y sm`hem ec mhrc, mehfhikm`ncktc, `m
ck c` si`hei y `m nmsm ec mhrc. vc`ifheme ec cktrmem y sm`hem ec mhrc< cstis emtis sc oucrik
@m trmksocrckfhm ec vmpir ecsec `m supcrohfhc gôncem ec` tinmkei fmem trcs fhrfuhtis ec` cquhpi eurmktc c` thcnpi ec
nmtcrhm` m scfmr gmfhm c` ncehi ec scfmei cs uk ncfmkhsni rcm`hzmfhök ec fmem prucam.
mkí`iji m `m trmksocrckfhm ec fm`ir pir fikvcffhök, cktikfcs
sc pucec msunhr quc4  A. Hkstruncktis
g f M (U m∑U s )> L j M ( G s ∑ G m) ∏ G v
Uma`m =4 Nmtcrhm`cs y cquhpis usmeis ck `m prífthfm
g f>ficohfhcktc ec trmksocrckfhm ec fm`ir pir fikvcffhök

 L j> ficohfhcktc ec trmksocrckfhm ec nmsm

U m> tcnpcrmturm ec au`ai scfi ec` mhrc
U s> tcnpcrmturm supcrohfhm` ec` si`hei
 G s > gunceme masi`utm ec U s
 G m> gunceme masi`utm ec U m
∏ G v> fm`ir `mtcktc ec vmpirhzmfhök
M> írcm supcrohfhm`
Sk prifcsi ec scfmei vhsti ck `m fmrtm ec pshfrinètrhfm
shjuc mprixhnmemncktc ukm furvm fikstmktc ec tcnpcrmturm
ec au`ai gôncei, cs ecfhr tcörhfmncktc sc fikshecrm uk
 prifcsi mehmaíthfi \7^.

Gmams
@ms gmams sik `cjunarc ec fi`ir vcrec f`mri pcrtckcfhcktc m
`m cspcfh
cspcfhmm _hfhm
_hfhm Omam.
Omam. @ms gmams
gmams fikthc
fikthckck
kck ukm auckm
auckm
fmktheme oharm quc pcrnhtc ncdirmr `m ehjcsthök y fiktri`m
`is khvc`cs ec fi`cstcri` @E@ ck `m smkjrc. Mecnís, cstm
`cjuna
`cjunarc
rc mpirtm
mpirtmrr pritcî
pritcîkms
kms (15 j pir fmem
fmem =22 jrmnis
jrmnis
hkjcrheis), vhtmnhkms (A, F y fmritcki), sm`cs nhkcrm`cs,
ghermtis ec fmraikis y cktrc itris \/^.

Fmoè ec gmams
C` fmoè ec gmams sc c`mairm m pmrthr ec gmams scfms. Cstc
 prieufti sc ehocrckfhm ec` fmoè ecahei m quc ki fikthckc
fmocîkm y thckc vmrhms priphcemecs tmkti fini rcju`meirms ec
jrmsm, ehurèthfms cktrc itrms. Cstc thpi prieufti cstm ehrhjhei
 pmrm `ms pcrsikms quc mnmk c` fmoè, shk cnamrji, pir 
 pria`cnms ec sm`ue thckck
thckck prighahei su fiksuni \:^.

C` fmoè ec gmams scrhm ukm m`tcrkmthvm pmrm `m vcktm ec uk

kucvi prieufti ck cnprcsms fini4
  Kcsfmoc
 Dumk _m`ecz
 

Uhpi ec jrmki Cquhpis y nmtcrhm`cs Qcmfthvis

Gmam Fm`ecrm M`figi` cth`hfi
 Kinarc _hfhm Gmam Uhpi Rhrituau`mr 1,1 Gp Oörnu`m4 F1G3IG
fhcktîohfi Ritckfhm ec` nitir 
_hfhm Fmpmfheme =3 AGR Ecksheme4 :78 lj/n6
Cspcfhc Nmrfm Ugcrnifik ?8627
Niec`i = ¾ VQ 
Rcsi 2,:-=,= jrmnis Vcrhc =„
 princehi Ehínctri cxtcrhir ec
tuais 68
Gunceme =3%  Kôncri ec tuais 6
níxhnm  Kôncri ec pmsis MVUN M-6=1-
Nmtcrhm` ec `is tuais U.625@

Vcfmeir ec tôkc`
Ucrnönctri
Fmktheme 1
Qmkji 2-=32 ²F
Nmrfm. Aicfi Jcrnmky
Am`mkzm mkm`îthfm
Nmrfm Aicfi Jcrnmky
Qcfhphcktc p`ísthfi
Fmktheme 1
M`jieök
Am`ec p`ísthfi
Fmktheme 1
Mkcnönctri
Fmktheme =
F. Rrifcehnh
Rrifce hnhckt
cktii Rmrm c` fí`fu`i ec` pirfcktmdc ec si`heis scfis ck `m
C` hktcrfmnahmeir ec fm`ir quc piscc c` scfmeir ec tôkc` sc nucstrm, ncehmktc `m cstuom sc uth`hzö `m oörnu`m4
m`hncktm fik c` vmpir privckhcktc ec `m fm`ecrm y sc purjmk
`is fh`hkeris ec cstc. @m m`hncktmfhök ec` scfmeir sc prcpmrö % >( Nmsm Vcfm )/(
 G   % )/ ( Nmsm Gôncem )  (=)
 prcvhmncktc c`hnhkmkei fum`quhcr pmrtc hkkcfcsmrhm, tm`cs
fini
fini fí físf
sfmr
mrms
ms,, qu
qucc rc
rcpr
prcs
csck
cktc
tc uk
ukmm rcsh
rcshst
stck
ckfh
fhmm m `m
trmksocrckfhm ec fm`ir y nmsm quc sc prieufck ck c` scfmei. Rmrm iatckcr `m nmsm scfm rcm` ec `ms nucstrms ec fiktri`,
Ck fmsi
fmsi ec m` m`hnc
hnckt
ktis
is jr
jrmk
mkec
ecs,
s, tm`
tm` fini
fini c` ju juhk
hkci
ci,, sc sc rc`mfhikö ec `m shjuhcktc nmkcrm4
rcfinhckem firtmr`i ck pripirfhikcs hjum`cs pmrm mscjurmr 
uk scfmei pmrcdi. Vc rcjhströ c` pcsi titm` ec `m nucstrm. Ec  Ns > NmsmFiktri` ( hkhfhm` )√(( Nmsm
 NmsmFiktri` Vcfm ) /( Nmsm Gôncem)
 NmsmVcfm
`m m`hn
m`hnckcktm
tmfh
fhök
ök sc sc sc`c
`cff
ffhi
hikm
km ukukmm nmnmsmsm ec fikt fiktri
ri``
(1)
rcprcs
rcp rcsckt
cktmth
mthvm
vm pmrm
pmrm pripös
pripöshti
htiss ec scjuh
scjuhnhc
nhckti
kti `m fum`
fum`
firrcspikec m m` nckis =2% ck pcsi ec `m m`hncktmfhök. M Fik `m nmsm scfm ec `m nucstrm ec fiktri`, sc fm`fu`mrik
fikthkumfhök, sc fi`ifm `m m`hncktmfhök y `m nmsm ec fiktri` `ms nmsms ec mjum pmrm fmem 6 vuc`tms ec` scfmeir4
ck `m`mss am
amke
kems
ms tr
trmk
mksp
spir
irtm
tmei
eirm
rmss ec`
ec` scfm
scfmei
eirr ec nmkcnmkcrmrm
cspmrfhem y ukhoirnc. Fmem 5 nhkutis, quc cs c` thcnpi
mprixhnmei ck quc sc finp`ctmamk 6 fhf`is ec` scfmeir sc  Nm > NmsmFiktri` ( hkhfhm` )∑ Ns  
 NmsmFiktri` (6)
rcthrmam `m nmsm ec fiktri` ec `ms amkems y sc prifceîm m
 pcsmr`m ck ukm am`mkzm ehjhtm`. Mecnís, sc tinmrik Rmrm c` fí`fu`i ec `m ormffhök ec mjum pmrm si`hei scfi, sc
ncehfh
nce hfhikc
ikcss ec `m firrhc
firrhcktc
ktc ec mhrcmhrc fm`hc
fm`hcktc
ktc,, tm`cs
tm`cs fini
fini cnp`cö `m ukm rc`mfhök cktrc `m nmsm scfm ec `m nmsm ec
vc`ifheme, tcnpcrmturm ec au`ai scfi y au`ai gôncei tmkti fiktri` y `m nmsm ec mjum ck fmem pcsmem.
ck `m cktr cktrme
mem,
m, qu
qucc cs hknchkncehehmt
mtmn
mnck
cktc
tc ecsp
ecspuè
uèss ec`
ec`
hktcrfmnahmeir ec fm`ir, fini ck `m sm`hem ec` scfmeir. Cstc
 prifcsi sc rcphthö gmstm `ijrmr quc c` pcsi ec `m nmsm ec  W \ jmjum / j ss^> Nm / Ns
 Ns   (5)
fiktri` sc nmktuvhcrm fikstmktc. Rmrm pripöshtis ec cstuehi
sc rcphthö c` prifcsi finp`cti 5 vcfcs fmnahmkei fhcrtis
 pmrínctris fini `m fmktheme ec m`hncktmfhök, thpi ec Vc fm`fu`m ukm rc`mfhök ex/et4
m`hncktmfhök y vc`ifheme ec` vckth`meir.

ex / et >( W h+ =∑ W h )/(

)/ (t h+=∑t h)  (3)
 E. Oirnu`ms
Rmrm `m ecksheme ec o`udi nmshfi sc uth`hzö `m shjuhcktc
oirnu`m4
  
 

   m ?2.22
   j
    \
 K \ jmjum / n 1 g ^>( Ns / Mrcm)√ex / et   (?)    K 52.22
   i
   d
   u
    ` 12.22
Rmrm `is am`mkfcs ec nmtcrhm sc ehvhehö m` cquhpi ck eis    O
 pmrtcs, `m supcrhir
supcrhir ck ipcrmfhök m fiktrmfirrhcktc
fiktrmfirrhcktc y `m hkocrhir     c 2.22
    e =.=3 =.13 =.63 =.53 =.33 =.?3
ck pmrm`c`i.     e
   m
    e
   h x \j mjum/j si`heis scfi
scfis^
s^
Fik `i fum` sc ectcrnhkmrik `ms shjuhcktcs eis cfumfhikcs    s
   k
   c
 pmrm c` shstcnm
shstcnm ec scfmei,
scfmei, quc sik ec hktcrès4
hktcrès4    E

Js> Os / 1√(( Gs 6∑ Gs =) /( Gj 1 ∑ Gj = ))  (:)

 1 > Js / Os√( X 1 ∑ X = )+ W  =
 W  1  =   (7)
Eikec `ms cktm`phms pmrm c` sö`hei sc ecohkck fini4  OHJSQM HH _c`ifheme ec Vcfmei
Vcfmei =H Cxpcrhnckti
 Gsh >Fps√Ush + Wh√Fpm√Ush
sh   (8)
Mecnís, `ms cktm`phms ec` mhrc quc cktrm y sm`c m` shstcnm Ck c` scjukei scfmei, `m nucstrm cstuvi ck c` scfmeir 
sc fm`fu`mk uth`hzmkei `m shjuhcktc oirnu`m4 eurmktc nís ec 52 nhkutis, rceufhckei ck `m nucstrm ec
fiktri`, `m gunceme ec =.33 \j mjum/j ss^ gmstm =.=: \j
 Gjh >( =.223+ =.77√Xh )√Ujh + μ√Xh  (=2) mjum/
mjum/jj ss^,
ss^, fini
fini nucstr
nucstrmm `m Ohj.
Ohj. H. Csti
Csti shj
shjkh
khohf
ohfmm ukm
rceuffhök gmstm c` 5?.=% ec gunceme ec `ms gmams, ck c`
 C. Niec`mei  prhncr cxpcrhnckti. Mecnís,
Mecnís, `m Ohj. HH nucstrm `m vc`ifheme
ec rcnifhök ec `m gunceme ck fmem pukti ec fiktri` ec `m
HH. QCVS@UMEIV
  nucstrm fik phfis cktrc 37 y 77 \j mjum/n1 g^.
Vc rcm`hzö `m prucam fik c` scfmeir ec tôkc` fik eis Ck finpmrmfhök fik `m nucstrm titm` uth`hzmem, sc rceudi
nucs
nu cstr
trms
ms eh
ehoc
ocrc
rckt
ktcs
cs,, 1 sösö`h
`hei
eis,
s, amkm
amkmkm
kmss y gmam
gmams.s. Vc gmstm ukm gunceme ec 66% mprixhnmemncktc, csti pucec
sc
sc`cf
`cffhi
fhikö
kö fi
fini
ni nucstr
nucstrmm ec cstue
cstuehi
hi `ms gmams
gmams,, pir su ecacrsc m quc `m nucstrm ec fiktri` sc ckfiktrmem ck ukm
omfh`heme ec nmkcdi y rcshstckfhm m nmyircs vc`ifhemecs ec nm``m nctí`hfm quc ehohfu`tmam `m trmksocrckfhm
trmksocrckfhm cktrc c` sö`hei
mhrc, ym quc c` amkmki oirnmam ukm jinm ehoîfh` ec nmkcdmr. gôncei y c` mhrc, mftumkei fini amrrcrm ck c` prifcsi ec
Ncehmktc `m nuo`m ck scfmei m =23²F pir fumtri girms sc scfmei.
ectcrnhkö `m fmktheme ec gunceme quc piscck `ms gmams quc Ck c` tcrfcr scfmei, sc ecdö `m nucstrm scfmr eurmktc nís
oucrik scfmems ck c` scfmeir ec tôkc`, vm`ir ectcrnhkmei ec thcnpi gmstm m`fmkzmr ukm girm ec scfmei, eikec `m rceuffhök
68.17%, uth`hzmkei ukm nucstrm ec 13 j. Cstc vm`ir pcrnhthö ec gunceme ck `m nucstrm ec fiktri` ecsec =.33 gmstm =.2: \j
ectc
ectcrn
rnhk
hkmmr `m fmkt
fmkthe
heme
me ec mjum
mjum ck fmem
fmem ukukii ec `is
`is mjum/ j ss^, fini sc mprcfhm ck `m furvm ec scfmei ec `m Ohj.
cxpcrhncktis. HHH. Ec cstc niei sc `ijrö iatckcr ukm gunceme ohkm` ec 51%
Vc ecsfmrtö c` prhncr cxpcrhnckti ecahei m quc jrmk ck `m nucstrm ec fiktri` ec gmams. @m ecksheme ec o`udi pmrm
fmktheme ec gmams ec `m nucstrm sc ouc rctckhckei ecamdi ec cstm prucam ehi phfis cktrc 18 y 37 \j mjum/n1 g^, fik uk
`ms amkems trmkspirtmeirms<
trmkspirtmeirms< crrir quc ouc firrcjhei tmkti pmrm nîkhni ec 2, cs ecfhr ki guai rcnifhök ec gunceme cktrc
c` scjukei fini c` tcrfcr cxpcrhnckti. `is 55 y 57 nhkutis ec `m prucam.
 
   s
   s    i
   s =.53
    e
   h
   j
    /
=.52     `
   m    i =.63
   s
   u
   j =.62    j =.13
   m     /
   j    m
    (
  =.12    u =.=3
   W    j
   m =.23
=.=2    j
    \
2 3 =2 =3 12
1 2 13 62
6 2 63
6 3 52 53 3 2  
   W 2 =2 12 62 52 32 ?2 :2
Uhcnpi \nhk^
Uhcnpi (nhkutis)

 OHJSQM HHH Furvm ec Vcfmei

Vcfmei =HH Cxpcrhnckti
 OHJSQM H Furvm ec Vcfmei
Vcfmei =H Cxpcrhnckti

@m nucstrm titm` sm`hö ec` shstcnm ec scfmei fik ukm

gunceme ec` 1?%, rceufhckei `m gunceme masi`utm ecsec
=.33 gmstm 2.?? \j mjum/j ss^. Sk ncdir ecscnpcýi sc pucec
ecac
ecacrr m` th
thcn
cnpi
pi ck c` fum`
fum` cquh
cquhpi
pi cstm
cstmam
am ip
ipcr
crmt
mthv
hvi,
i,
rcju`mrhzmkei su oukfhikmnhckti y, pir ckec, rcnivhckei m
ncdir pmsi `m gunceme ec `m nucstrm.
  
 

   u
   j
   m ?2 Ecahei m quc `is tuais sc ckfiktrmamk ec nmkcrm
   j
    \ titm`ncktc girhziktm` c` mjum fikecksmem sc mfunu`m
   K 52
   i
   d
ck c``is privifmkei ukm `hjcrm fmîem ec tcnpcrmturm `m
   u
    `
   O 12 fum` muncktmam m` ninckti ec quc sc rcm`hzmam `m
   c
    e
 purjm ec` shstcnm.
2
    e
   m =.23 =.=3 =.13 =.63 =.53 =.33 =.?3 M` ninckti ec tinmr `is emtis ck cktrmem ec mhrc
    e
   h
   s W \j mjum/ j si`heis scfis^
fm`h
fm`hck
cktc
tc sc marî
marîmm `hjcr
`hjcrmn
mnckcktc
tc ukm
ukm vckt
vcktme
memm `i fum`
fum`
   k
   c
   E
 privifm pcrehem ec fm`ir.
fm`ir.
Vc puei finpriamr fik myuem ec uk tcrnönctri
quc `m tcnpcrmturm ec` tôkc` ki cs ukhoirnc ym quc ck
`m amkem ec mrrham cstm crm `hjcrmncktc nckir quc ck `m
ec mamdi.
 OHJSQM H_ _c`ifheme ec Vcfmei
Vcfmei =HH Cxpcrhnckti Eurmkt
Eur mktcc c` pri
prifcs
fcsii cxh
cxhsthö
sthö pcr
pcrehe
ehemm ec nmt
nmtcrh
crhm`
m`
ecahei m quc cstm qucemam mtrmpmem ck `ujmrcs ehoîfh`cs
ec rcthrmr i pcqucýms pmrtcs quc rcaitmamk ec `m amkem
@is
@is ememti
tiss finp`
inp`ct
ctis
is uth`
uth`hz
hzme
meis
is iaiatc
tckh
khei
eiss ck `m trmksp
trmkspirt
irtmei
meirm
rm fmhj
fmhjmk
mk ck c` hktcrh
hktcrhir
ir ec cstm
cstm shckei
shckei
cxpcrhncktmfhök y prifcsmeis pmrm iatckcr `ms jríohfms y trhturmems.
rcsu`tmeis sc ckfucktrmk ck c` Cxfc` @m fuahcrtm ec` scfmeir cs ec nmecrm y sc scktîm
(VcfmeiYRriycftiYEmtm.x`sx) medukti fik nís ectm``c ec `is fm`hcktc m` tmfti pir `i fum` cxhstc ukm pèrehem ec fm`ir 
 pmsis quc fik``cvmk
fik``cvmk ectcrnhkmr `m gunceme
gunceme ck amsc scfm y `m
vc`ifheme ec scfmei. m trmvès ec `m fuahcrtm.
Iascrvmfhikcs HHH. EHVFSVHÖK
C` scfmeir ec tôkc` quc ehspikc c` `mairmtirhi ec Csqucnms ec` shstcnm ec tôkc` ec scfmei
ipcrmfhikcs ukhtmrhms ki piscc ukm `ikjhtue suohfhcktc
m. Vhstcnm mmfftum`
 pmrm quc sc rcm`hfc uk scfmei ck ukm si`m ctmpm pir `i Ck c` shstcnm ec` scfmeir ec tôkc` uahfmei ck c`
fum`, fumkei c` prieufti sm`c ec` nhsni cstc ecac scr  `mairmtirhi, prcscktm vmrhis pria`cnms ck c` ehscýi
fi`ifmei kucvmncktc ck `ms amkems trmkspirtmeirms.
Cstc
Cstc prprif
ifcs
csi,
i, m` rcm`
rcm`hz
hzmr
mrsc
sc ec oirn
oirnmm nm nmku
kum`
m` trmc
trmc ec fikstr
fikstruff
uffhök
iascrvmfhikcs4 hök,, m fikthk
fikthkumf
umfhök
hök,, sc hkehfm
hkehfm `ms
fi
fiks
kshj
hjii fifiktm
ktmnh
nhkm
kmfh
fhök
ök y père
pèrehe
hemm ec`
ec` prieprieufufti
ti.. - @m cxhs
cxhstc
tckf
kfhm
hm ec ukukmm scpm
scpmrm
rmffhö
hökk ckt
ktrc
rc `m amke
amkemm
Eurmk
Eu rmktc
tc c` prhncr
prhncr cks
cksmyi
myi sc uth`hz
uth`hzmri
mrikk rie
riemdm
mdmss ec hkocrhir (nmyir `ikjhtue) y c` airec ec` sipirtc, `i
 amkmkms `ms fum`cs m` scr vhsfisms y fik amstmktc quc privifm quc fhcrtm nmsm ec` si`hei sc phcrem
gu
gunce
ncememe ecd
ecdmam
mamkk rcs
rcstis
tis fik
fikshe
shecrm
crma`c
a`css tmk
tmkti
ti ck `m m`idíkeisc ck c` oikei ec` scfmeir.
 amkecdm quc sc uth`hzmam pmrm su rcfi`cffhök fini ck - @m m`t
m`tur
urmm cktr
cktrcc `ms
`ms eis
eis amke
amkems
ms cs
cs nuy
nuy jrmkjrmkec
ec,, `i
`ms nmkis m` nmkhpu`mr`i. quc privifm quc c` sö`hei quc hkjrcsm pir `m amkem
Fini sc ehdi mktcrhirncktc, c` prieufti sm`c ec` supcrhir gmfhm c` tôkc` gmjm uk cocfti ec rcvitc
scfmeir pmrm `ucji vi`vcr m scr fi`ifmei ck `ms amkems nuy jrmkec, pir `m cxhstckfhm ec cstm m`turm.
trmkspirtmeirms `i quc privifm quc cktrc ck fiktmfti - C` shst
shstcnm
cnm ec `m tuacrî
tuacrîmm ec fikeck
fikecksme smeii sscc ckfu
ckfuckt
cktrm
rm
fik `m gunceme ec` mnahcktc y `ms nmkis eurmktc uk nm` ehscýmei, pucs cs hnpirtmktc hkehfmr quc ck
 arcvc pcrhiei ec thcnpi. fmem thcnpi ck c` fum` ifurrc c` fikecksmei sc
C` scfmeir piscc ukm rcdh``m ck `m pmrtc hktcrkm quc c`cvmei fhcrtm fmktheme ec vmpir ec mjum, c` fum` cs
 prcvhckc quc c` nmtcrhm`, m` fmcr ec` khvc` m`ti m` khvc` mtrm
mtrmpm
pmei
ei pipirr `m mffh
mffhök
ök ec`
ec` o`o`ud
udii ec mh mhrc
rc ec`
ec`
 amdi, fmhjm ecki`mscsamkems
cstc shstcnm trmkspirtmeirms.
trmkspirtmeirms.
suohfhcktc ecahei m qucVhkc`cnam
cnamrji,
rji,
nmtcrhm` vckth`meir ec` scfmeir c hkjrcsmkei cstc vmpir ec
mjum m` scfmeir.
thckec m fmcr ec `m amkem cspcfhm`ncktc pir c` `mei ck - @ms
@ms pmrce
pmrcecscs ec`
ec` tôkc`
tôkc` ki sc ckfu
ckfuck
cktr
trmk
mk mhs`
mhs`me
mems
ms
c` quc sc ckfucktrm `m vcktmem. tèrnhfmncktc.
@m am`mkzm uth`hzmem pmrm c` scjuhnhckti ec` pcsi ec
`m nm
nmsm
sm ec fifikt
ktri
ri`` sc ckfi
ckfiktktrm
rmam
am m ukm
ukm ehst
ehstmk
mkfhm
fhm
fi
fiks
kshe
hecr
crma
ma`c
`c ec `m sm`he
sm`hemm ec`
ec` scfm
scfmei
eirr pir
pir `i fum`
fum`,,
eurmktc csc arcvc pcrhiei ec thcnpi ck c` quc sc
tr
trmk
mksp
spir
irtma
tmamm ehf
ehfgigi nmnmtcr
tcrhm
hm`` cstc
cstc sc ckfu
ckfuck
cktr
trmm ck
fiktmfti fik c` mnahcktc y su gunceme.
M` ninckti ec rcju`mr `m vc`ifheme ec` vckth`meir 
sc tuvhcrik amstmktcs pria`cnms ecahei m quc `m pcrh``m
ec cstc ki oukfhikmam ec nmkcrm.
@m amkem trmkspirtmeirm ec` scfmeir sc ectckîm pir 
`i quc gmaîm quc gmfcr usi ec ukm `hjcrm oucrzm nmkum`
 pmrm quc cstm vuc`vm m ipcrmr
ipcrmr ec nmkcrm kirnm`.
H`ustrmfhök 64 Hsinctrîm ec` scfmeir 
 

H`ustrmfhök 54 _hstm oriktm` ec` scfmeir 

 a. Vhstcnm ncdirmei
Vcjôk `i cxpcrhncktmei ck fmem cksmyi, piecnis
ecohkhr firrcffhikcs m firti y `mrji p`mzi pmrm rcehscýmr 
c` scfmeir y msî muncktmr `m cohfhckfhm ck c` scfmei. @ms
ncdirms quc sc puceck rcm`hzmr m firti p`mzi sik4 H`ustrmfhök 34 Hsinctrîm ec` scfmeir ncdirmei
 Fi`ifmr uk mhs`mktc tèrnhfi ck `ms pmrcfcs ec` tôkc`
ck cspcfhm` `m zikm eikec sc ckfucktrm `m vcktmkm
ec vhe herh
rhii, pupuccs `m pcre
pcrehehemm ec fm`i
fm`irr mgî cs
fikshecrma`c.
 Qcehscýmr c` shstcnm ec tuacrîm pmrm c` o`udi ec
fikecksmei, fi`ifmkei uk tuai ec nmyir `ikjhtue
 pmrm quc cxhstm ukm scpmrmfhök fik c` shstcnm ec
vckth`mfhök i fi`ifmr uk tmkquc ec fikecksmei y
 pistcrhir marhr`i fumkei c` shstcnm ym ki sc
ckfucktrc ck ipcrmfhök.
@mss ncdi
@m ncdirm rmss qu
qucc sc p`mk
p`mktc
tcmk
mk m `mrj
`mrjii p`mz
p`mzii si
sikk
 pripucstms pmrm c` rcehscýi hktcrhir ec` shstcnm, pucs sc
``cvmrm fhcrti thcnpi pmrm ecsmrnmr c` tôkc` y sik `is
shjuhcktcs4
 Ehsnhkuhr `m m`turm cktrc `ms amkems fik `i fum` sc
eh
ehsn
snhk
hkuy
uycc c` cocf cocfti
ti jrmv
jrmvhthtmf
mfhi
hikm
km`` (rca
(rcait
itcc ec`
ec`
sö`hei), c` shstcnm mktcrhir thckc ukm scpmrmfhök ec
m`rceceir ec 13 fn, `i quc p`mktcmnis cs ehsnhkuhr 
m =3 fn, pucs pir scr uk pritithpi ec cksmyi pmrm
cs
cstue
tuehi
hi y si` si`mnc
mncktc
ktc sc usmk
usmk si`he
si`heis
is pcqucý
pcqucýis
is
H`ustrmfhök ?4 _hstm oriktm` ec` scfmeir ncdirmei
(jrmkis), ki cxhsthrîm khkjôk thpi ec om``m. Csti sc
 pucec mprcfhmr ck `m h`ustrmfhök
h`ustrmfhök 3.
 Qcmdustmr `ms amkems pmrm c`hnhkmr `m macrturm quc
cxhstc fik c` oh`i ec` sipirtc y fi`ifmr uk thpi ec
`ínhkm ck c` oikei pmrm rcthrmr tiei si`hei ohki quc
mtrmvhcsm `ms gckeheurms ec `m amkem trmspirtmeirm.
 

H_. AHA@HIJQMOÎM
(12==).  Rrifcsis
\=^ H`hmkm Tm`ehvmr. Qmô` Firkcdi. . (12==). Rrifcsis \3^ Oiie mke mjrhfu`turc irjmkhzmthik io tgc Skhtce
ec scpmrmfhök 1. Ncxhfi4
1. Ncxhfi4 SKMN. (12=8). Oiie mke mjrhfu`turc
 Kmthiks. (12=8). Oiie

(12==).  Ehscýi ec ukm

\1^ Fm``c, Q., & Mpmrhfhi, D. (12==). Ehscýi irjmkhzmthik io tgc Skhtce Kmthiks.
Kmthiks. Iatckhei ec
 p`mktm ec ecsghermtmfhök
ecsghermtmfhök ec ghcrams gttp4//www.omi.irj/6/x3238s/x3238V21.gtn
mriníthfms. Jumymquh`4
mriníthfms.  Jumymquh`4 Csfuc`m Vupcrhir
Ri`htèfkhfm ec` @htirm`. \?^ Jcmklip`hs, F. D. (122?). Rrifcsis ec trmskpirtc
(122?). Rrifcsis trmskpirtc y
 prhkfhphis ec prifcsis
prifcsis ec scpmrmfhñk ..  
\6^ Ohti, R., Jrmu, M., Amrmt, A., & M`airs, M. (122=). Nèxhfi4 Fikthkcktm`.
 Hktrieuffhök m` scfmei
scfmei ec m`hncktis pir mhrc
fm`hcktc. _m`ckfhm4
fm`hcktc. _m`ckfhm4 Skhvcrshtmt Ri`htçfkhfm ec \:^ Lmrhkm
ec Msphmzu, Dcsshfm Kmvmrrri.
fincrfhm`hzmfhök (s.o.).  Rriycfti
(s.o.). Rriycfti
ec` fmoè ec gmams.
gmams.   
_m`çkfhm.
Jumymquh`4 Csfuc`m Ri`htcfkhfm Vupcrhir ec`
(12=6). C`mairmfhik ec juhök y vheci
\5^ O`ircs, L. N. (12=6). C`mairmfhik @htirm`.
ec uk cstuehi ec `m ipcrmfhñk ec scfmei ck
 pi`vis. Nèxhfi4
 pi`vis. Nèxhfi4 OCV TMQMJITM. \7^ Qàis Mktikhi, Rrmem Mkerçs. (12=2).
 ECVMQQI@@I EC EC SK RQIUIUHRI
RQIUIUHRI EC
SKM NÍ]SHKM EC VCFMEI RMQM
 OQSUMV UQIRHFM@CV.
UQIRHFM@CV. Aufmrmnmkjm.
 Aufmrmnmkjm.
 

Rmrm emr pcsi m cstms prucams sc prifcecrí ec `m shjuhcktc

nmkcrm4
MKCWI Vc thckc eis frhtcrhis ec cvm`umfhök pmrm `is ehocrcktcs
RQIUIFI@I EC SVI EC@ VCFMEIQ   pmrínctris, `is nhsnis quc sc nheck fik rc`mfhök m `is
Cs kcfcs
kcfcsmrhi
mrhi hec
heckth
kthohf
ohfmr
mr `ms cspcfh
cspcfhohf
ohfmfh
mfhikc
ikcss y `is vm`ircs tcörhfis iatckheis ck `m shnu`mfhök ec` prifcsi.
 pmrínctris ec fiktri` quc sc nikhtircmk ck c` scfmeir ec Uma`m 14 Frhtcrhis ec cvm`umfhök
tôkc`, pir `i quc sc gmfc kcfcsmrhi c` usi ec ehocrcktcs FQHUCQHIV EC C_M@SMFHIK
cquhpi
cqu hpiss pmrm
pmrm ``c
``cvmr
vmr m fmfmai
ai uk fiktri
fiktri`` cxgmus
cxgmusthv
thvii ec` Mfcptma`c ; :2% ec` emti tcörhfi
oukfhi
oukfhikmn
kmnhck
hckti
ti ec` cquhpi
cquhpi y ec csm oirnm ``cvmr``cvmr uk Qcfgmzmei 0 :2% ec` emti tcörhfi
rc
rcjh
jhst
stri
ri ec `i `iss pi
pish
sha`
a`cs
cs pria
pria`c
`cnm
nmss qu
qucc sc pu pueh
ehcr
crmk
mk
 prcscktmr, mecnís ec hr vcrhohfmkei c` prijrcsi ec` Rmrm tckcr
Rmrm tckcr fikstm
fikstmkfh
kfhmm ec `ms prucam
prucamss ec pritif
pritifi`i
i`i sc
oukfhikmnhckti ec` cquhpi. meduktmrí uk oirnmti eikec sc fi`ifmrík `is pmrínctris
@is pmrínctris quc vmk m scr nikhtircmeis sik `is ec fiktri` tmkti c` tôkc` fik i shk fmrjm.
shjuhcktcs4   Ehnckshikcs
`ms ncehems ec `ms trcs ehnckshikcs fini4 m`turm, `mrji
y mkfgi. Ecack scr cspcfhohfmems ck `m ohfgm tèfkhfm ec`
cquhpi. Rucs scrí kcfcsmrhi pmrm piecr vcrhohfmr c` usi ec
cspmfhi ecktri ec ukm p`mktm eikec sc vmym m hkstm`mr c`
cquhpi.
  Ucnpcrmturm ec` mhrc m` hkjrcsi
Cs oukemncktm` tckcr uk auck scksir (tcrnifup`m) quc
rcjhstrc cstc pmrínctri ym quc ecpckecrí quc c` prifcsi sc
``cvc ec nmkcrm smthsomftirhm. C` niec`i ec tcrnifup`m
ecac scr uki ec tm` oirnm quc nhem tcnpcrmturms pir 
ecamdi ec 122²F.
  Ucnpcrmturm ec` mhrc m `m sm`hem
Umnahèk cs kcfcsmrhi tckcr uk scksir ck `m sm`hem tôkc`
 pmrm vcrhohfmr `ms tcnpcrmturms ec au`ai gôncei y au`ai
scfi ec` mhrc.  _c`ifheme ec amkem trmkspirtmeirm
@m vc`ifheme fik `m quc sc nucvm `m amkem
trmkspirtmeirm m `i `mrji ec` cquhpi scrí frufhm` pmrm `m
coh
cohfhc
fhckfh
kfhmm ec` sc
scfme
fmei.
i. Rir c``i
c``i cs kcfcs
kcfcsmrh
mrhii tckcr
tckcr uk
fiktri` quc pcrnhtm niehohfmr `m vc`ifheme ec `m amkem ec
mfucrei fik `is rcqucrhnhcktis ec` prifcsi.
  Fmpm
Fmpmfhfhem
eme
e ec
ec`` cquh
cquhpi
pi ec scfm
scfmei
ei
(vc`ifheme ec m`hncktmfhök)
Fi
Fikk `i
`iss fí
fí`f
`fu`
u`is
is ec ehsc
ehscýi
ýi cs kcfc
kcfcsm
smrh
rhii pi
piec
ecr 
r 
fiktri`mr `m m`hncktmfhök ec `m sustmkfhm m scfmr, fik c`
cnp`
cnp`ci
ci ec uk ukmm am
am`m
`mkz
kzmm sc prif
prifce
cecr
críí m pcsm
pcsmrr `is
`is
lh`ijrmnis ec nmtcrhm` scfmei.
@ms cs
cspcf
pcfhoh
hohfmf
fmfhik
hikcs
cs ec` cquhpi
cquhpi ecack
ecack tckcr
tckcr m quc
fmpmfh
fmp mfheme
eme níxhnm
níxhnm c` cquhpi
cquhpi iatcke
iatckerí
rí i nmktck
nmktckerí
erí su
cohfhckfhm m` níxhni. @m vc`ifheme ec m`hncktmfhök ecac
scr nikhtircmem pmrm quc c` prifcsi ifurrm ec nmkcrm
fikthkum.
Rrucams vhsum`cs
Cstms prucams fikshstck ck fikstmtmr quc `is c`cncktis
quc fikoirnmk c` cquhpi sc nmktckjmk ck auck cstmei, `ms
 pmrtcs mkm`hzmems scrík
scrík `ms shjuhcktcs
 _crhohfmr quc fmem c`cnckti növh` fini amkem
ec nitir rceuftir sc ckfucktrc mdustmem i riemnhckti ec
fmem ukm ec `ms amkems sc ckfucktrck `uarhfmems.
 Finpriamr quc tieis `is c`cncktis hkstm`meis ck
c` cquh
cquhpi
pi sc ck ckfufuck
cktr
trck
ck firr
firrcf
cftm
tmnc
nckt
ktcc uahf
uahfme
meis
is y
mdustmeis
 _crhoh
_cr hohfm
fmrr hkehfh
hkehfhis
is ec firris
firrishök
hök i ectcrh
ectcrhiri
iri ck
 pmrcecs ec` scfmeir
scfmeir ec tôkc`.
Rrucams hkhfhm`cs y ohkm`cs
Cs kcfcsm
kcfcsmrhi
rhi piecr
piecr tinmr
tinmr ukm nucstrm
nucstrm ec fiktri
fiktri``
tinmkei pcsi hkhfhm` y pcsi ohkm` ec` nmtcrhm` m scfmr.
RQIUIFI@I EC RQSCAMV
 

CNRQCVM4 GIDM =
NM]SHKM4 _CQHOHFMEIQ/CV4
_M@IQ  _M@IQ  MFCRUMEI QCFGMTMEI
RQSCAM
UCIQHFI NCEHEI ;:2% 0:2%
@mrji
Mkfgi
M`turm
Ucnpcrmturm ec
hkjrcsi
Ucnpcrmturm ec

Fmrjmsm`hem
hkhfhm` pir 
girm
Fmrjm scfm pir 
girm
Gunceme hkhfhm`
Gunceme ohkm`
Mdustc ec
c`cncktis
Firrishök ck
 pmrcecs
@uarhfmfhök ec

c`cncktis növh`cs
Oukfhikmnhckti ec
nitir rceuftir 
Cstmei ec amkem
trmkspirtmeirm

MRQIAMEI RIQ4 OHQNM4