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Mga Isyung Pangkasarian at Gender
Original Title: MGA ISYUNG PANGKASARIAN AT GENDER

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ILM CRS[@L ZM@LHMRMTCM@ M^ LK@NKT    @mtututufm` `l csm`l tme m`l hm`cym`l lk`nkr regks sm pmimimlctm` `l
sebcmgczmtce`, e m`l pm`lfmdmidufmy `m preskse `m pc`ml-mmrmgm` `l
Hmfugulm` mt Zmlpmpmhmfugulm` sm He`skpte mt Csyu `l Hmsmrcm` mt c`ncdcnwmg sm pmimimlctm` `l c`tkrmshscye` e pmhchctu`le sm hm`cgm`l
Lk`nkr pmicgym, gcpu`m`, ikncm, ilm pmgmdms sm tkgkdcsye` mt sc`kfm`, imlmsc`,
  Rkx ‒ tuiutuhey gmim`l sm dcyegefchmg `m hmtm`lcm` (dcegelcbmg mttrcdutks) 
 pmtmgmstms, pmfmymlm`, mt C`tkr`kt.
`m `mltmtmhnm sm ilm tme dcgm`l dmdmk mt gmgmhc. M`l skx my m`l pkrim`k`tk    Rkx Tegks ‒ m`l ilm au`btce` e lmwmc` (tmshs) dmtmy sm pmlpmpmscym`l
mt fc`nc `mldmdmle`l ilm hmtm`lcm`l dcyegefchmg `m `mhmdmtmy sm  dcyegefchmg (dcegelcbmggy nktkric`kn). Fmgcidmwm`l skx regk `m
m`mteicym`l pcschmg mt pcsyegefchmg (pfyscbmg m`mteiy m`n pfyscegelcbmg) `m imlhmhmpmrkfe my fc`nc `mdmdmle sm gmfmt `l gcpu`m` m`l lmipm`c` `l
mwteimtche`l `mhuhufm `l csm`l tme sm hm`ym`l hmpm`lm`mhm`, mt  dmdmk `m im`lm`mh (lcvk dcrtf) mt m`l ilm gmgmhc `m imdu`tcs (imhk
imctuturc`l `m imlhmhmtugmn (beiie`) sm gmfmt `l ilm gcpu`m` mt hugturm.  prkl`m`t) m`l ilm dmdmk.
  Cgm`l fmgcidmwm `l ilm hmtm`lcm`l pm`lhmsmrcm` (skx bfmrmbtkrcstcbs) my
    Lk`nkr Cnk`tcty ‒ m`l pm`smrcgc`l pml-u`mwm (skga-be`bkptce`) `l csm`l
m`l suiusu`en? c`ncdcnwmg sm pmlclc`l dmdmk e gmgmhc dmtmy sm hm`ym`l pmlhmhmul`my sm
=.   M`l ilm dmdmk my `mlrkrklgm smim`tmgm`l m`l ilm gmgmhc my fc`nc lk`nkr regks `m pm`gmgmhc e pmidmdmk.
4.   M`l ilm gmgmhc my imy dmyml (tkstcbgks) smim`tmgm`l m`l ilm dmdmk =.  Bcs-lk`nkr ‒ c`ncdcnwmg `m m`l lk`nkr cnk`tcty my tulim sm
my wmgm hm`cym`l skhs. 
2.   M`l ilm dmdmk my guimgmhc m`l suse mt imy hmhmymfm`l imhmgchfm `l 4.  ^rm`slk`nkr ‒ c`ncdcnwmg `m cdm m`l lk`nkr cnk`tcty sm tmlgmy `m
lmtms smim`tmgm`l m`l ilm gmgmhc my fc`nc skhs.
>.  Rm pm`lhmgmfmtm`, m`l ilm gmgmhc my imy fclct `m ‗imsscvk de`ks’   m.  trm`s-im` ‒ csm`l trm`slk`nkr `m cpc`m`lm`mh `m dmdmk
hmysm sm ilm dmdmk sudmgct imy lk`nkr cnk`tcty `l pmlhmgmgmhc
  C`tkrskx ‒ m`l ilm tme`l imy fc`nc imcpmgcwm`ml `m hmsmrcm` e skx , hu`l
  d.  trm`s-weim` ‒ csm`l trm`slk`nkr `m cpc`m`lm`mh `m csm`l
smm` m`l hm`cgm`l skxumg m`mteiy e lk`ctmgcm, rkprenubtcvk erlm`s,  mt gmgmhc sudmgct imy lk`nkr cnk`tcty `l pmlhmdmdmk.
bfreieseik pmttkr`s my fc`nc tulim sm pm`lhmrm`cwm`l hmtm`lcm` `l gmgmhc b.  trm`sskxumg  ‒ m`l csm`l c`ncdcnwmg hmpml `mlsmlmwm scym `l
e dmdmk. c`tkrdk`scye`l iknchmg tugmn `l skx rkmsscl`ik`t surlkry 
  Lk`nkr ‒ m`l pm`gcpu`m`l he`struhscye` (sebcmggy be`strubtkn) `l ilm
 (RTR) e ferie`k tfkrmpy pmrm dmlufc` m`l hm`ym`l hmsmrcm`
lmipm`c` (regks), pml-uulmgc e msmg (dkfmvcer), mhtcdcnmn, mt hmtm`lcm` 2.  Dclk`nkr ‒ ilm c`ncdcnwmg `m m`l lk`nkr cnk`tcty my pc`mlsmim e
(mttrcdutks) `m ctc`uturc`l `l csm`l gcpu`m` `m `mmmye` e `mmm`lhep pmrkfe`l pmlhmgmgmhc mt pmlhmdmdmk.
(mppreprcmtk) pmrm sm dmdmk mt gmgmhc. Cte my scstkim `l hgmscpchmsye` `m >.   Mlk`nkr ‒ ilm c`ncdcnwmg `m sm hm`cgm`l hmgeedm` my imy
rksugtm `l pmlgchfm`l pm`gcpu`m` `m `mltmtmgmlm e `mltmtmhnm `l ilm pmhcrminmi `m scgm–y ‗u`lk`nkrkn’  e wmgm`l lk`nkr cnk`tcty 
hmtm`lcm` `l pmlhmgmgmhc (imsbugc`cty) mt pmlhmdmdmk (akic`c`cty). ;.  ]ukkr ‒ c`ncdcnwmg `m fc`nc suimsm`l-mye`l impmsmcgmgci sm
  Lk`nkr Tegks ‒ m`l c`mmsmfm`l pmlhcges, msmg, mt pml-uulmgc `l dmdmk mt
 m`eim`l hmtklerym`l pm`lhmsmrcm` sudmgct immmrc`l m`l
gmgmhc. Cte my dc`udue `l ilm lmipm`c` (regks) mt lmwmc` `m ctc`mtmhnm sm pmlhmhmhcgm`gm` my wmgm sm hmtklerym `l gmgmhc e dmdmk, pmrkfe`l
 dmdmk mt gmgmhc dmtmy gmim`l sm ilm c`mmhmgm`l hmtm`lcm` (pkrbkcvkn hmtklerym, e heidc`msye` `l ilm hmtklerym`l cte.
bfmrmbtkrcstcbs er mttrcdutks)  `l dmwmt hmsmrcm` mt fc`nc nmfcg sm mdcgcnmn mt     \mgm`l hmul`mym` m`l pmlclc`l trm`slk`nkr sm m`uim`l skxumg erck`tmtce`.
hmsm`mym`. Hu`l hmym m`l ilm trm`slk`nkr my hcgmgm rc` sm cdm–t cdm`l hmtmwmlm` `m
  Imsbugc`k Tegks ‒ gmhms (strk`ltf), hmpusuhm` e mlrksye`, mt hmrm`cwm`l chc`mhmtklerym sm mbre`yi `m GLD^] (gksdcm`, lmy, dcskxumg,
pmlclc`l neic`m`tk (neic`m`t)  trm`slk`nkr, mt qukkr)
  Akic`c`k Tegks ‒ hmfc`mm` (pmsscvcty), impml-mrulm (`urturc`l),     Lk`nkr Kxprkssce` ‒ m`l pm`gmdms `m pmlpmpmfmyml e pmlpmpmhcgmgm sm
mt pmlpmpmsmcgmgci (sudernc`mtce`)  gcpu`m` `l dmdmk e gmgmhc `l hm`ym`l lk`nkr cnk`tcty `m immmrc`l sm
  Lk`nkr @eris ‒ m`l ilm cnkym uheg sm ilm pmim`tmym` mt c`mmsmfm` `m
 pmimimlctm` `l pm`m`mict, dufeh, hcges, e `l cdm pm`l pm`gmdms `m
m`l ilm dmdmk mt gmgmhc my nmpmt huicges mye` sm ctc`mtmhnm `l gcpu`m`, hmtm`lcm` (kxtkr`mg bfmrmbtkrcstcbs) 
hugturm, mt heiu`cnmn sm csm`l pmrtchugmr `m pm`mfe`. =.  Akic`c`k
4.  Imsbugc`k

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2.   M`nrely`eus ‒ m`l pmlhmhmree` `l pc`mlsmim`l ilm hmtm`lcm`
`l pmlhmgmgmhc mt pmlhmdmdmk `m immmrc`l imcfmyml sm pmimimlctm`
`l pm`m`mict, lk`nkr cnk`tcty, skxumg gcakstygk, mt imlc`l sm desks sm
pmlsmsmgctm mt pml-mwct.
  Rkhsuwmgcnmn (Rkxumgcty) ‒ tu`lheg sm ilm nminmic`l skhswmg (skxumg
 akkgc`l) mt mtrmhscye`l `mrmrminmim` `l tme sm hmpwm. Cte my tu`lheg sm
mtc`l `mrmrminmim` mt pmlhmmhct `m skhsuwmg tu`le sm cdm`l tme, mt fc`nc cte
tu`lheg sm pmhchcpmltmgch gmim`l. Ims imgmwmh m`l hmfugulm` `l
skhswmgcnmn. Cte my imy pmlhmpkrse`mg.
  Rkxumg Erck`tmtce` ‒ m`l tkric`e`l `mlgmgmrmwm` sm pmlhmmhct e
mtrmhscye` `l csm`l tme sm ilm icykidre `l hmpmrkfe`l hmsmrcm` mt/e cdm`l
hmsmrcm`. Cte my imurc e imchmhmtklerym dcgm`l?
=.  Fktkreskxumg ‒ scgm my `mmmhct mt `mhchcpmlrkgmsye` sm ilm tme`l
hmdcgm`l sm hmdcgm`l hmsmrcm`.
4.  Feieskxumg ‒ scgm my hmrm`cwm`l `mmmhct mt `mhchcpmlrkgmsye` sm
ilm tme`l hmpmrkfe `cgm `l hmsmrcm`.
m.  Lmy  ("Dmhgm’) ‒ csc`cgm`l `m gmgmhc, imy pcschmg `m hmtm`lcm`
`l gmgmhc, `lu`ct huichcges `m pmrm`l csm`l dmdmk
 d.  Gksdcm` ("^eidey") ‒ csc`cgm`l `m dmdmk, imy pcschmg `m
hmtm`lcm` `l dmdmk, `lu`ct huichcges `m pmm`l csm`l gmgmhc
2.  Dcskxumg ‒ csm`l c`ncdcwmg `m imy mtrmhscye`l skhsuwmg, kiesye`mg,
e reim`tche sm pmrkfe`l dmdmk mt gmgmhc
>.   Mskxumg ‒ m`l tme`l wmgm`l m`uim`l `mrmrminmim`l mtrmhscye`l
skhsuwmg, kiesye`mg, e reim`tche sm mgc`im` sm dmdmk, gmgmhc, mt
m`uim`l hmsmrcm`
  Lk`nkr Cnkegely  ‒ tuiutuhey sm hmgcpu`m` `l ilm pm`c`cwmgm mt
pmhchctu`le fc`llcg sm m`lhep `m pmpkg `l hmdmdmcfm` mt hmgmgmhcfm` sm
gcpu`m`. Fmgcidmwm, m`l pm`c`cwmgm`l m`l gmgmhc m`l hmcgm`lm`l imltrmdmfe
fmdm`l m`l dmdmk m`l hmcgm`lm`l im`mtcgc sm dmfmy upm`l iml-mgmlm `l ilm
m`mh. Cte m`l hmnmgmsm`l pc`mliuiugm` `l lk`nkr ncsbrcic`mtce`.    Csm pm`l pmrmm` my m`l pmlpmpmcrmg sm lk`nkr `kutrmgcty sm ilm hmtmwmlm` e
  Lk`nkr Ncsbrcic`mtce` ‒ m`l m`uim`l pmltm`llc, khshgusye`, e
rkstrchscye` `m csc`mlmwm dmtmy sm hmsmrcm` e skx  `m imy kpkhte e gmye`l
fmngm`lm` e impmwmgm`l-dcsm m`l pmlhcgmgm, pmltmtmimsm, e pmltupmn `l
hmdmdmcfm`, m`uim` m`l hm`cgm`l imrctmg stmtus, `l prc`scpye `l
pmlhmhmpm`tmy `l ilm gmgmhc mt dmdmk, `l hmrmpmtm`l pm`tme mt ilm dmtmym`l
hmgmymm`l (au`nmik`tmg arkkneis) pegctchmg, khe`eiche, pm`gcpu`m`,
hugturmg, scdcg e sm hmfct `m m`e`l gmrm`lm`.
  Lk`nkr Dcms ‒ m`l fc`nc pm`tmy `m pmlturc`l sm cdm-cdm`l hmsmrcm`.
Imrmic`l im`cpkstmsye` m`l lk`nkr dcms `m `mlpmpmhctm `l ncshrcic`msye`
sm dmwmt hmsmrcm`.
m.   Iugtcpgk durnk` ‒ pmte`l-pmte`l `m lmwmc` `m pmsm`-pmsm` `l
hmdmdmcfm`
im` e gmgmhc) mt cte my `m`lymymrc `m rc` sm Zcgcpc`ms. Dmle `cte, imtc`lhmn `ee` m`l
 dmfmlc`l lc`mlmipm`m` `l hmsmrcm` sm cdm–t cdm`l gmrm`lm` mt c`stctusye`l
pm`gcpu`m`.
Fm`mpdufmy mt Knuhmsye`
  Rm fm`mpdufmy `ee` pm`l pm`mfe`l Kspm`yeg, m`l hmdmdmcfm` sm Zcgcpc`ms

my ctc`uturc`l `m `mrmrmpmt sm ilm lmwmc`l dmfmy mt pml-mmrulm `l ilm m`mh
fmdm`l m`l hmgmgmhcfm` m`l `mlfmfm`mpdufmy.
  Hmul`my `cte, sm knuhmsye`, m`l m`mh `m gmgmhc m`l hmrm`cwm`l prmyercnmn
 `mlhmree` `m rc` `l hmpm`lymrcfm`l impmymim` mt impmu`gmn `l
`m imhmpmltmpes `l pml-mmrmg gmge `m sm hegkfcye mt u`cdkrscnmn.
   M`l hmsmrcm` my `mlhmree` nc` `l cipguwk`scym sm ilm hurse`l ctc`uturc`l
 u`cdkrscnmn mt pmlfmfm`mpdufmy.
`m m`lhep sm gmgmhc mt dmdmk gmim`l. Fmgcidmwm, m`l c`fc`ykre mt nehter
`ee` my tc`c`l`m` `m `mdmdmlmy sm hmgmgmhcfm` smim`tmgm`l m`l pmlclc`l
lure mt `ursk my m`lhep sm hmdmdmcfm`.
  Imtc`nc rc` m`l kpkhte `l lk`nkr regk `ee` sm `mtmtm`llmp `m swkgne mt
 tugmn `l pmlclc`l pugcs, trcbybgk nrcvkr, mt mdelmne.
preiesye` hu`l smm` ims `mdcdclym`l pmder m`l hmgmgmhcfm`.
Zmimimfmgm
   M`l lk`nkr regk my `mhmmpkhte nc` sm gmrm`lm` `l pegctchm mt pmimimfmgm.

  @ee` gmim`l =32< my `mdclym` `l pmlhmhmtme` m`l hmdmdmcfm` sm Zcgcpc`ms

`m imhmdete. Hmul`my `cte, m`l pmimimfmgm my neic`m`tk `l hmgmgmhcfm`.
  Hmsu`en `l pmldcdclmy sm hmdmdmcfm` `l hmrmpmtm` sm pmldete, imy ilm

Acgcpc`m `m rc`l `mhmpmseh sm pegctchm. Rc Bmrik` Zgm`ms m`l hmu`m-
u`mfm`l dmdmk `m `mlc`l bcty beu`bcger `ee`l =32< smim`tmgm`l sc`m Kgcsm
Tesmgks-Ebfem m`l u`m`l dmdmk`l he`lrkscstm (=3>=) mt Lkre`cim
^eikgnk`-Zkbse` m`l u`m`l dmdmk`l sk`mner (=3><).
  @mlhmree` `m rc` `l ilm dmdmk`l pm`luge m`l dm`sm `m sc`m Bermze`
 hm`cgm`l hmsmrcm` mt skhswmgcnmn `m hmhmcdm sm `mhmsm`mym`l pm`c`cwmgm mt
 Mquc`e (=361) mt Lgercm Imbmpmlmg Mrreye (4::=).
Tkgcfcye`
  Ims `m`lc`lcdmdmw m`l hmgmgmhcfm` sm ilm lmipm`c`l pmipc`u`e `l

Rcidmfm`l Hmtegche lmym `l pmlclc`l sm`te pmpm, mt edcspe.
  Hmdmgcltmrm` cte sm lk`nkr regk `m uicrmg sm Zcgcpc`ms `ee`l sc`mu`m`l

pm`mfe` hu`l smm` m`l hmdmdmcfm` m`l imy pmpkg e tu`lhugc`l pm`rkgcfcye`
 dcgm`l ilm hmtmge`m` e dmdmygm` `l sc`mu`m`l dmrm`lmy.
Zmicgym
  Csm sm ilm gmlm`mp `ee` mt pm`lu`mfc`l pm`m`mw uheg sm lk`nkr regk my
 GLD^ m`l Lmy Zrcnk Imrbf `ee`l Ou`k =33> sm ]ukze` Ikiercmg Bcrbgk `m
tuiutuhey sm hmgmgmhcfm` dcgm`l drkmnwc``kr `l hm`cgm`l pmicgym, imgmhms,
mlrkscde, imtmgc`e, csm`l pc`u`e, mt tmlmpmtm`lleg fmdm`l m`l hmdmdmcfm`
`mim` my feuskwcak, tmlmsu`en sm hm`cgm`l ilm msmwm, fc`nc mlrkscde, mt
fc`nc hmsc`tmgc`e `l hmgmgmhcfm`.
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 d.   Rtkrketypc`l ‒ pmlhmhmfe` `l csm`l hmsmrcm` sm csm`l ilm tmhnm`l
hmtm`lcm`, hmhmymfm`, mt tu`lhugc` `m `cgchfm gmim`l `l gcpu`m`
Ilm Lk`nkr Tegk sm Gcpu`m`l Zcgcpc`e
 M`l lk`nkr regk my `mlhmree` `l cdm't cdm`l hmfugulm` mt c`tkrprktmsye` sm pmlnmm`
`l pm`mfe`.
  Rm sc`mu`m`l gcpu`m`, hmpwm imy imfmgmlm`l lmipm`c` sm hmdufmym` m`l
 dmdmk mt gmgmhc.
  Rm pm`mfe` `l gcpu`m`l mlrchugturmg mt c`nustrcymg, ims guimwmh m`l `mlc`l
pmpkg `m pm`lhmdufmym` `l gmgmhc smim`tmgm`l hc`mcgm`lm`l im`mtcgc sm
 dmfmy mt iml-mgmlm `l m`mh m`l dmdmk (nuget `m rc` `l pm`lm`lmcgm`lm` `m
imlpmsuse `l ilm m`mh).
Kpkhte `l Lk`nkr Tegks
  Nmfcg sm ilm trmncsye`mg `m pm`m`mw, m`l lk`nkr regk my hmrm`cwm`l

`klmtcde mt `cgcgcictmfm` m`l hmgmymm` sm pmlpmpmfmyml mt pmhchctu`le `l
ilm imimimym` sm hm`cgm`l gcpu`m`, gmge `m `l hmdmdmcfm`.
  @mlc`l dmskfm` nc` `l pm`gcgclmgcl mt ncshrcic`msye` sm fm`mpdufmy mt

pmlpmpmsmfen m`l lk`nkr regk hu`l smm` ims pc`mpmderm` m`l hmgmgmhcfm`
hmysm hmdmdmcfm` pmlnmtc`l sm pmltm`llmp `l ilm epertu`cnmn tugmn `l ilm
fm`mpdufmy `m tkh`chmg, prepksyu`mg, mt pmipc`u`e.
Zmltmtmluyen `l Hmgmymm` sm Lk`nkr Tegks
  Nmfcg sm ilm `klmtcde`l pm`m`mw mt csyu`l cte, cdm–t cdm`l lrupe `m m`l

`mlgu`smn `l ilm pmlhcges upm`l dmlufc` m`l lk`nkr regk `m sm hm`cgm`l
pmgmlmy my impm`l-mpc mt fc`nc `mrmrmpmt.
  Ctc`mtmluyen `l lrupe`l akic`cst  m`l lk`nkr kqumgcty e pm`tmy `m pmltc`lc`

`l gcpu`m` sm hmdmdmcfm` mt hmgmgmhcfm`.

tctuge`l pm`lfm`mpdufmy hmlmym `l  acrkaclftkr mt pegcbk eaacbkr hmysm sm
trmncsye`mg `m acrkim` mt pegcbkim` `m `mlsmsmmn `l hmsmrcm` mt
`mlgmgmrmwm` `l ncshrcic`msye` sm hm`cgm`l hmhmymfm`.
  Icsely`y ‒ tuiutuhey sm pmlhmlmgct e fc`nc pmlhmluste sm ilm hcges mt

hmmsmgm` (dkfmvcer) `m fc`nc m`lhep e tmhnm pmrm sm ilm dmdmk lmym `l
pmlclc`l imgmhms mt imhmpm`lymrcfm`, c`nkpk`nk`t , mt midcsyese.
  Rkxcsi ‒ m`l ‗prkouncbcmg dkfmvcer’  gmdm` sm hmdmdmcfm` dmtmy sm hm`cgm`l

lk`nkr. Cte my m`l prkouncbk e dcms sm tme dmtmy sm hm`cgm`l lk`nkr. 
Dmfmlc `l Lk`nkr Tegk sm Cdm't cdm`l Gmrm`lm` mt C`stctusye`l
Zm`gcpu`m` sm Zcgcpc`ms
Rm hmsmguhuym`l pm`mfe`, hc`chcgmgm `m hmpwm imy hmpmdcgcnmn m`l
hmgmgmhcfm` mt hmdmdmcfm` mt fc`nc `m gcictmne m`l lmipm`c` e regk (imlc`l dmdmk
    M`l lm`cte`l pm`m`mw my ctc`uturc`l `m trmncsye`mg `m pm`m`mw `m sm
hmsmguhuym`. C`cgmgmrmwm` `l ilm trmncsye`mg `m pm`m`mw `m cte m`l
pmlpm`cl sm hmgmgmhcfm` dcgm`l `msusu`en sm pmicgym mt ims imy
hmpm`lymrcfm` mt tmlmpmlpmsym hmysm hmdmdmcfm`.
   Nmfcg sm imgmhms `m cipguwk`scym`l Hm`gurm`c` `m `mlsciugm`l uicrmg mt
huimgmt sm cdm't cdm`l pm`cl `l iu`ne sciugm `ee`l chm-4: sclge `m
`mlgmgmye`l impmgmhms rc` m`l hmdmdmcfm` mt impmfc`tugutm`l scgm my
imhmtmye sm hm`cgm`l smrcgc`l ilm pmm `m fc`nc uimmsm sm hmgmgmhcfm`,
hmdmdmcfm` m`l hm`cgm`l smrcgc sm pmimimlctm` `l pml-mmrmg sm hegkfcye mt
   Rm pmlpmpmsc`mym `l \eik`–s Tclfts Ievkik`t, m`l hmdmdmcfm` my immmrc
`m`l puicgc `l hm`cgm`l rkgcfcye`, duiete, imfmgmg sm pmimfmgmm` hmtugmn
`l pmlclc`l csm`l pm`luge `l dm`sm, mt huiufm `l ilm trmdmfe`l pm`gmgmhc
   Rm hmdcgm`l dm`nm, m`l nmtc`l fm`mpdufmy `m ctc`uturc`l `m pmidmdmk tugmn
`l `ursk my hmrm`cwm` `m rc`l fm`mpdufmy `l hmgmgmhcfm`.
    M`l ilm iml-msmwm my pmrkfe `m rc` m`l lc`mlmipm`m`l dmfmlc. Fc`nc `m
`msusu`en m`l ilm trmncsye`mg `m lk`nkr regk. 
   Rm imhmdmle`l pm`mfe`, prmhtchmg `m m`l ilm imimimym`. @msm hmimy `m
`cgm hu`l m`e`l tu`lhugc` m`l `mcs `cgm`l mhuc` mt `mdmdmgkwmgm `m m`l ilm
imhmguim`l pm`m`mw.
Hmgmlmym` `l GLD^] sm Zcgcpc`ms
   M`l Gksdcm`, Lmy, Dcskxumg, ^rm`skxumg, m`n ]ukkr/C`tkrskx 

(GLD^] e GLD^C) my tuiutuhey sm lrupe e huiu`cnmn `m `mlfmfmyml `l
pmltm`llmp `l gcpu`m`.
  Cte my imy hmmhcdmt `m sesymg mt pegctchmg `m ilm usmpc`. Hmrmicfm` sm hm`cgm

my mhtcde`l `mhchcpmltmgmhmym` uheg sm hmgmymm`l imiufmy `m`l pmympm mt
imy pm`tmy `m hmrmpmtm` hmlmym `l sm hmdmdmcfm` mt hmgmgmhcfm`.
   M`l nkhmnm 3: m`l pc`m`c`cwmgmm`l sciugm `l GLD^ ievkik`t sm Zcgcpc`ms.

Ctc`mtml m`l ZTE-LMS Zfcgcppc`ks `ee`l =332, m`l Iktrepegctm` Beiiu`cty
Bfurbf `ee`l =334, mt m`l [Z Dmdmygm` (pc`mhmimtm`nm`l erlm`csmsye` `l
ilm iml-mmrmg `m GLD^ sm [Z) `ee`l =334.
  Ctc`uturc`l `mim`l u`m`l erlm`csmne`l pegctchmg `m pmlhcges `l pmimym`m`l

c`erlm`csm `l ZTE-LMS Zfcgcppc`ks (Zrelrksscvk Erlm`czmtce` ea Lmys c` tfk
Zfcgcppc`ks).
  @ee`l Rktykidrk 4=, 4::2, ctc`mtml `c Nm`te` Tkiete, prepkser sm

 Mtk`ke nk Im`cgm [`cvkrscty, m`l pegctchmg `m pmrtcne `m ‗ M`l Gmngmn’. Rm
sciugm, fc`nc pc`mymlm` `l BEIKGKB m`l M`l Gmngmn `m tuimhde sm

fmgmgm` 4:=: nmfcg sm dmskfm`l ciermgcnmn. Rudmgct `ee`l Mdrcg 4:=:, m`l
pmrtcne`l cte my lm`mp `m`l pc`mylm` `l Hmtmms-tmmsm`l Fuhuim` `l
Zcgcpc`ms `m scgm my guimfeh sm fmgmgm`.
   Mye` sm nmtes `l Zfcgcppc`k GLD^ Fmtk Brcik \mtbf, iugm `ee`l =331
fm`llm`l 4:=;, tc`mtmym`l =>> `m hmsmpc `cte m`l pc`mtmy `m`l imrmfms.
  Ncuim`e, pmlhmpeet sm fm`my `l GLD^] m`l pm`lu`mfc`l nmfcgm` `l
pmlpmtmy. Cnmlnml pm sm ncshrcic`msye` m`l stkrketypc`l mt stclim.     M`l ncshrcic`msye` my m`l m`uim`l pml-uurc, khshgusye`, e rkstrchsye`
  Fc`nc rc` lmm`e`l `mdcdclym`l-pm`sc` m`l `mhmmmgmrim`l pmtugey `m
pmltmms `l dcgm`l `l hrcik` mt pmlpmtmy sm fm`my `l skhter `l GLD^ sm
Zcgcpc`ms.
  Fmdm`l wmgm`l ilm dmtms `m imlpmpmrusm sm ilm hmse`l hmul`my `l
feieskhswmgcnmn, gmge `mim`l wmgm`l ilm dmtms `m im`lm`lmgmlm sm ilm
hmsmpc `l GLD^.
   M`l M`tc-Ncsbrcic`mtce` Dcgg e` tfk Dmscs ea Rkxumg Erck`tmtce`
m`n Lk`nkr Cnk`tcty m`n Kxprkssce` (RELCK) my `m`m`mtcgc`l csm`l
pm`uhmgm`l dmtms sm hmsmguhuym`. Cte my pmtugey `m tc`ututugm` `l ilm
imidmdmtms `m imrmfcg my tuteg e c`ccpct `l imgmhc`l scidmfm` mt ilm
nk`eic`msye`.
  Lmyu`pmim`, imy cgm`l dmtms `m suiusupertm sm hmgmymm` mt pretkhsye` `l
ilm tme`l hmdcgm`l sm GLD^ Beiiu`cty.
   Selymhmrtm Zrc`bcpgks ‒ cte m`l pm`nmclnclm`l hmsu`num` `l ilm dm`sm
`m `mlpepretkhtm `l hmrmpmtm` `l GLD^] gmdm` sm ncshrcic`msye` mt
hmrmfmsm`. Gmyu`c` `cte`l imcsuge`l m`l pmllmgm`l mt pmltcymh sm
pmltmtmie `l hmrmpmtm`l pm`tme m`eim` m`l eryk`tmsye`l skhsuwmg `cte e
lk`nkr cnk`tcty.
Ilm Rmgu`lmtm`l Zm`m`mw mt ^c`ncl sm Z mlsuge`l `l Hmrmpmtm` sm
Zmlpcgc `l Hmsmrcm` mt Rkhswmgcnmn
Rm Zm`cl `l ilm ^uteg, Iermgcstm, He`skrdmtcde, mt Tkgcfcyese
   M`l hmtutude`l hmsmrcm` my hmgeed `l Imygmgm`l hmym nmpmt `m cte m`l
im`mcl. Hu`l gmgmhc m`l hm, im`mtcgc hm sm hmsmrcm`l cte.
  Rm usmpc`l skhswmgcnmn, hu`l imy sugcrm`c` ncte, fc`nc imccwmsm`l
imhmnmim `l hmhmcdm`l nminmic`l smgu`lmt sm `mturmgksm sudmgct nmpmt
im`mtcgc sm hu`l m`e m`l `mrmrmpmt lmwc` mye` hmutusm` mt sm hmsmrcm`.
Nmpmt im`mcl m`l ncscpgc`m mt pmlpcpclcg.
  Rm lm`cte`l pm`m`mw, `mdudue m`l pm`c`c`nclm` `cgm`l fuwml csuge`l m`l
hmrmpmtm` sm pmlpcgc `l hmsmrcm` mt skhswmgcnmn.
Rm Zm`cl `l ilm Rm`l-mye`, Gcdkrmg, mt Mtkcstm
   M`l hmsmrcm` my fc`nc nmpmt cnc`cnchtm `m`l mye` sm hmgmlmym`l dcyegefchmg
hu`nc mye` sm `mrmrminmim`.
Cdm–t Cdm`l [rc `l Ncshrcic`msye` sm Hmsmrcm`   Nmlnml pm `cte my wmgm`l nmfcgm` m`l sc`eim` `m tctclm` sm lm`cte`l
=.  Zmidu-duggy
   M`l hmdmdmcfm` mt GLD^] my `mhmrmrm`ms `l pmidu-duggy iugm sm
    Zmllmict `l ilm skhsuwmg `m smgctm ‒ csm cte`l skhsuwmg `m
hmgmgmhcfm` mt hmpuwm dmdmk hu`l scgm my huichcges `l gmdms sm
c`mmsmfm` `l gcpu`m`.
   M`l pmidu-duggy  my csm`l m`ye `l pmlhe`nk`m iugm sm csm`l tme
 `cte.
upm`l impmsu`en m`l csm pm sm `mcs `cym`l cpmlmwm.
4.  Ncshrcic`msye` sm ^rmdmfe
  Fc`nc `mdcdclym` `l smpmt `m pmlhmhmtme` m`l hmdmdmcfm` `m
 `m sm ilm dmtm. Fc`nc gmim`l pmlgmdml sm hmrmpmtm`l pm`tme m`l
imhmpmseh sm trmdmfe gmge `m sm trmdmfe`l ‗pm`gmgmhc.’   pm`llmlmfmsm, cte rc` my pmlyurmh sm hmtmufm` `l csm`l tme.
  @mldcdclmy `l ims imdmdm`l smfen sm hmdmdmcfm` huipmrm sm
 2.  Zrestctusye` ‒ hmrmfmsm` cte nmfcg `mpcpcgctm` scgm`l lmictc` m`l hm`cgm`l
hmgmgmhcfm` sm pmrkfe`l trmdmfe.
  Fc`nc pc`mfcfc`tugutm` m`l dmdmk `m immdet m`l csm`l imtmms `m

pescsye` sm trmdmfe. Cte m`l tc`mtmwml `m lgmss bkcgc`l.  >.  Zm`m`mhct ‒ hmrmfmsm` m`l pm`m`mhct e pmiduduldel sm hmdmdmcfm` mt
2.  Ncshrcic`msye` sm Zegctchm
  Imy cgm`l gcpu`m` pm rc` `m imdmdm m`l pmltc`lc` sm hmdmdmcfm`

hmym–t `mcsmsm`tmdc m`l hm`cgm`l ilm epc`ye` mt smgeedc`. Hmul`my
`cte, sm Zcgcpc`ms my `cte gmim`l nkhmnm =32: `mdclym` `l
pmlhmhmtme` m`l hmdmdmcfm` `m imhmdete `l pc`u`e mt ccgm` pm rc`
gmim`l m`l `mfmfmgmg `m dmdmk`l pc`u`e.
  Lkrmgnc`k Teim` ‒ hmu`m-u`mfm`l trm`slk`nkr `m icykidre `l

He`lrkse sm mtc`l dm`sm.
>.  Ncshrcic`msye` sm ^mfm`m`
  Imy cgm`l gcpu`m` sm nmclncl `m ims dc`cdclym`l-fmgmlm sm pmicgym
 hmrmpmtm` `l hmdmdmcfm`.
m`l m`mh `m gmgmhc hmysm dmdmk mt tugey my ims `mdcdclym`l-pm`sc`
m`l pm`lm`lmcgm`lm` `l ilm cte.
;.  Fc`nc Zm`tmy `m Hmrmpmtm`
  Nuget `l imdmdm`l pmltc`lc` sm hmdmdmcfm`, scgm my fc`nc `mdcdclym`
 tmgmipmhm`. M`l hertk `l pmm my pmsusu`urc` sm dmhmg e dudel sm
`l pmlhmhmtme` `m imhmpmltmie `l smpmt `m knuhmsye`.
  Fc`nc pc`mfcfc`tugutm`l imlpmhmsmg m`l nmgmwm`l c`ncdcnwmg `m
 m`l tkgm`l imfclpct `m cdc`mget sm due`l pmm.
pmrkfe`l dmdmk e gmgmhc nmfcg fc`nc scgm uimmye` sm nkpc`csye` mt
hmtm`lcm` `m ctc`uturc`l `m iml-msmwm mye` sm ctc`mhnm `l gcpu`m`.
Hmrmfmsm` sm Hmdmdmcfm` mt GLD^]
=.  Rkxumg fmrmssik`t
  C`bkst ‒ tmwml sm csm`l hmse `l pm`gcgclmgcl hu`l smm` m`l luimwm

`l mhscye` (e mhusmne) my hmnule `l dchtcim.
  Zm`lfcfcpe ‒ cte m`l pmlfmwmh sm dmfmlc `l hmtmwm` `l ik`er nk

knmn e hmdmdmcfm` mt GLD^] `m imy gmyu`c`l skhsuwmg.
  @mhmdmdmstes `m tc`lc` ‒ imctuturc`l `m csm`l skhsuwmg `m

pm`gcgclmgcl cte nmfcg `mhmrmrminmi `l ncsbeiaert  m`l tc`ctc`l`m`.
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  Rm csyu `l skhswmgcnmn, fc`nc nmpmt chuge`l m`l smrcgc sm nchtm `l gcpu`m` mt
scidmfm`, dmlhus my imgmym`l imiufmy `m`l mye` sm pmlhmhcgmgm sm smrcgc
hmfct cte my fc`nc `mmmye` sm m`mteicym.
  Ncte `cgm fc`ufulet m`l tmfmsm`l pmlsuge`l `l hmrmpmtm`l sm pmlpcgc `l
hmsmrcm` mt skhswmgcnmn.
Ncshrcic`msye` sm Hmsmrcm`
 dmtmy sm hmsmrcm` `m `mlgmgmye` e `mlclc`l sm`fc `l fc`nc pmlhcgmgm,
pmllmgm`l, mt pmltmimsm `l gmfmt `l hmsmrcm` `l hm`cgm`l ilm hmrmpmtm` e
hmgmymm`.
Ilm Rmgch `m @mlclc`l Nmfcgm` `l Zmlhmhmree` `l Ncshrcic`msye` sm
Hmsmrcm`
=.  Bugturmg Rtkrketypk
  Hmnmgmsm`l imyree`l c`mmsmfm` e ilm dmlmy `m ctc`uturc`l `m

`mmm`lhep e hmtm`llmp-tm`llmp pmrm sm pmrtchugmr `m hmsmrcm` mt m`l
pmltmgcwms ncte my ctc`uturc`l `m fc`nc imlm`nm e `mrmrmpmt dmtmy sm
hugturmg `m nmfcgm` hu`l hmym–t `mlmlm`mp m`l ncshrcic`msye`.  
  Hmul`my `cte, m`l pm`c`cwmgm e pm`m`mipmgmtmym my csm`l smgch nc`

`m `mlclc`l nmfcgm` sm ncshrcic`msye` e imdmdm`l tc`lc` sm
hmdmdmcfm` mt gmlm`mp cte sm ilm dm`sm sm Hm`gurm`l Msym.
4.  Hc`mgmhcfm`l Zmicgym
  Hu`l m`l hc`mgmhcfm` `m pmicgym `l csm`l dmtm my imy gcfcs `m

pm`m`mw e pmlfufuslm sm pmrtchugmr `m hmsmrcm`, tcymh `m imnmnmgm
`m`l dmtm m`l pm`m`mw `m cte sm hm`cym`l pmhchctu`le sm gcpu`m`.
  Hu`l impmpm`sc` `mtc`, hmfct ilm dmtm pm gmim`l my imnmgms `m`l

im`lutym, im`l-mpc, e im`l-msmr `l cdm`l hmsmrcm`.
2.  ^kgkdcsye`, Zkgchugm, mt Cdm pm`l Ikncm
   M`l ikncm tugmn `l `mpmpm`een sm pkgchugm mt tkgkdcsye` my

`mhmccipguwk`scym sm mtc`l ilm pm`m`mw sm dufmy hmdcgm`l `m rcte
m`l pmltc`lc` sm hmhmymfm` mt pmlhcges `m `mrmrmpmt pmrm sm
pmrtchugmr `m hmsmrcm`.
  Imnmgms `mcpmpmhctm sm tkgkdcsye` e pkgchugm `m imfc`m mt imdmdm

m`l pmltc`lc` sm hmdmdmcfm`, `m scgm my sc`msmhtm`, c`mmpc, c`mmduse,
mt fc`nc hmym`l guimdm` nmfcg sm hm`cgm`l hmsmrcm`.
>.  Hmwmgm` `l Rmpmt `m Knuhmsye`
  Rm cgm`l dm`sm sm nmclncl, gmge `m sm Hm`gurm`l Msym, m`l pmlclc`l

 dmdmk my csm`l nmfcgm` hu`l dmhct fc`nc scgm `mhmtmtm`llmp `l smpmt
`m knuhmsye`.
   M`l hmwmgm` `l smpmt `m knuhmsye` my csm`l pmlhmhmct `m imlhmree`

`l hmpmscnmn `m imu`mwmm` mt imcpmltm`lleg m`l hm`cgm`l
hmrmpmtm`.
pmrmm` m`l hmfct `m sc`e gmge–t fc`nc scym heipertmdgk rcte.  
pm`gcgclmgcl nmfcg fc`nc hmtm`llmp-tm`llmp m`l ilm smgctm pmrm sm
sc`msmdcfm`. @mhmrmrminmi nc` `l ncsbeiaert  m`l tme`l sc`msmdcfm`
4.  Tmpk ‒ m`l pm`llmlmfmsm my csm`l mhte `l cipescsye` `l hmpm`lymrcfm` sm
csm`l tme. Imnmgms imrc`cl m`l huwk`te `l pm`llmlmfmsm sm hmdmdmcfm` gmge
hmtmwm` pmrm gmim`l huictm. Hmrmfmsm` cte `m fc`nc lmwm `l csm`l tme e
lrupe `l tme hu`nc nuget `l urc `l gcpu`m`l lc`mlmgmwm`.
GLD^]. Imnmgms cte`l im`lymrc gmge `m hu`l `mpmldudu`tu`m` scgm `l lmgct
`l hmgmgmhcfm`. M`l nmfcgm` `l cgm` sm pm`m`mhct my m`l pmlhmiufc sm
GLD^]. Rm pmiduduldel `mim` sm hmdmdmcfm`, imnmgms my `msm he`tkhste
cte `l tmfm`m`.
;.  Fmtk Brcik sm GLD^] ‒ cte m`l tmwml sm hmrmfmsm` sm GLD^]. Fmtk
brcik nmfcg `mlmlm`mp m`l pm`m`mhct sm nmfcgm` `m GLD^] m`l hmsmrcm` `l
ilm dchtcim.
Hmtmyum` `l Cdm–t Cdm`l Hmsmrcm` sm Cdm–t Cdm`l Dm`sm 
  Imy cgm`l hmulmgcm` nc` sm cdm`l gcpu`m` `m `mlpmpmhctm `l pmlgmdml sm

m.   M`l aeet dc`nc`l my csc`msmlmwm `l ilm sc`mu`m`l dmdmk sm Bfc`m.
 M`l ilm pmm `l ilm dmdmk`l cte my pc`mpmgcct fm`llm`l sm tmtge`l
puglmnm lmict m`l pmldmget `l csm`l pcrmse`l dmhmg e dudel sm
pmimimlctm` `l pmldmgc sm ilm dute `l pmm `m`l pmu`tc-u`tc lmict
 d.   M`l drkmst cre`c`l e drkmst agmttk`c`l my csm`l hmulmgcm` sm dm`sm`l
Bmikree` sm he`tc`k`tk `l Marcbm. Cte m`l pmldmdmye e pmlimimsmfk
`l ncdncd `l dmtm`l `mlnmnmgmlm sm pmimimlctm` `l dmte, imrtcgye e
spmtugm `m pc`mc`ct sm mpey. Imy pm`m`mgchsch `ee`l 4::1 `m
`mlsmsmdc`l 4>% `l ilm dmtm`l dmdmk`l imy knmn scymi my
mpkhtmne `cte.
b.   M`l Akimgk Lk`ctmg Iutcgmtce` e ALI my csm`l preskse `l pmldmdmle
sm mrc `l hmdmdmcfm` (dmtm e imtm`nm) `m`l wmgm`l m`uim`l
 dk`kpcsye`l iknchmg. Cte my csc`msmlmwm sm pm`c`cwmgm`l
impmpm`mtcgc `cte`l wmgm`l dmfcn nu`lcs m`l dmdmk fm`llm`l scym my
imchmsmg. \mgm`l dmskfm`l-pm`rkgcfcye` m`l pm`c`cwmgm mt preskse`l