DF-_I@QLFFLS-SNG-?=?=?-?3-\_N-?

@M_IUMK FMS\S MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK _MAM DE\ KDBMS BDSDI@IGDS KT ‐K„ \N\U 55 QMJ\K _DM?AD
U\MKG FDM _\SFLSNMS _IMSDM

I`lj8
Klkky Tukdtm A _riblsd M _=337151:5?=2<
Ddk Kurjmymktd _riblsd M _=337151:5?=22
Uustdmkm Awd _riblsd E _=337151:5?=:?

Udm Uifnmkm _riblsd E _=337151:5?=:=

Qrdsfm Rm`lktdkm U _riblsd C _=337151:5??<?
_LNEDNEDKG DKSQDQ\SD
Mkm Sukamrd S.SQ, N.Fle, N_J

_UIGUMN SQ\AD _UIBLSD EDAMK H\U\SMK FLEDAMKMK

_I@QLFFLS FLNLKFLS SLNMUMKG QM. 5?5?/5?5=
FMQM _LKGMKQMU

_uhd syufur fljmadrmt M``mj SWQ ymkg tl`mj nlnelrdfmk rmjnmt amk jdamymj-
Kym sljdkggm fmnd ampmt nlkyl`lsmdfmk `mpirmk fmsus msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu
kdbms bdsdi`igds dkd tlpmt pmam wmftukym.

Mampuk tuhumk amrd plku`dsmk amrd `mpirmk fmsus dkd mam`mj uktuf nlnlkujd
tmrglt plrfu`dmjmk priblsd fledamkmk. Sl`mdk dtu, `mpirmk fmsus dkd hugm elrtuhumk
uktuf nlkmnemj wmwmsmk tlktmkg msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms bdsdi`igds emgd
pmrm plnemcm amk hugm emgd plku`ds.
 Fmnd nlkgucmpfmk tlrdnm fmsdj flpmam Deu Mkm Sukamrd S.SQ, N.Fle, N_J sl`mfu
aislk plnednedkg fmnd ymkg tl`mj nlnednedkg amk nlkgmrmjfmk fmnd am`mn
nlkyl`lsmdfmk `mpirmk fmsus dkd.

Fmnd hugm nlkgucmpfmk tlrdnm fmsdj flpmam slnum pdjmf ymkg tl`mj nlnemgd
slemgdmk plkgltmjumk amk aufukgmkkym sljdkggm fmnd ampmt nlkyl`lsmdfmk
`mpirmk fmsus dkd.

Fmnd nlkymamrd, `mpirmk fmsus ymkg fmnd tu`ds dkd nmsdj hmuj amrd fmtm
slnpurkm. I`lj fmrlkm dtu, frdtdf amk smrmk ymkg nlnemkguk mfmk fmnd kmktdfmk alnd
flslnpurkmmk nmfm`mj dkd.

Slnmrmkg, 54 Alslnelr 5?5?

Fl`inpif

14

EME D _LKAMJ\@\MK

M. @mtmr El`mfmkg

Nmsm kdbms (pistpmrtun) nlrupmfmk nmsm plnu`djmk amrd slned`mk eu`mk

fljmnd`mk amk prisls fl`mjdrmk. Alkgmk plkglrtdmk `mdkkym, nmsm kdbms ymkg
edmsm adsleut hugm nmsm pulrplrdun dkd adnu`md sltl`mj fl`mjdrmk p`mslktm amk
elrmfjdr fltdfm m`mt-m`mt fmkaukgmk flnem`d slplrtd flmammk slel`un jmnd`.
Sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk wmkdtm mfmk nlkgm`mnd nmsm pulrplrdun, uktuf ampmt
nlkglnem`dfmk m`mt glkdtm`dm dktlrkm flam`mn flmammk kirnm`, alkgmk tlkggmkg
wmftu slfdtmr 15 jmrd mtmu lkmn ndkggu mtmu smtu eu`mk tuhuj jmrd
(_rmwdrijmrahi,5?=?).
Nmsm kdbms mtmu pulrplrdun adnu`md sltl`mj fl`mjdrmk p`mslktm amk
elrmfjdr fltdfm m`mt-m`mt fmkaukgmk flnem`d slplrtd flmammk slel`un jmnd`.Nmsm

kdbms elr`mkgsukg fdrm-fdrm sl`mnm 2 ndkggu. _mam nmsm dkd tlrhmad plruemjmk-
plruemjmk bdsdi`igds,ymdtu8
=. _lruemjmk bdsdf
5. Dkvi`usd utlrus amk plkgl`umrmk `icjdm
3. @mftmsd/plkgl`umrmk MSD
1. _lruemjmk psddfds
Am`mn nmsm kdbms, m`mt-m`mt glkdtm`dm dktlrkm nmupuk lfstlrkm mfmk
elrmkgsur-mkgsur pu`dj flnem`d slplrtd flmammk sle`un jmnd`. _lruemjmk plruemjmk
m`mt-m`mt glkdtm` dkd am`mn flsl`urujmkkym adsleut dkvi`usd (_rmwdrijmrahi,5?=?).
_lrmwmtmk pistpmrtun adnu`md slhmf fm`m urd alkgmk nlkgjdkamrfmk
mamkym flnukgfdkmk-flnukgfdkmk plramrmjmk pist pmrtun, amk dkblfsd
(_rmwdrijmrahi, 5?=?).
Msujmk nmsm kdbms adplr`ufmk am`mn plrdial dkd fmrlkm nlrupmfmk nmsm
frdtds emdf emgd deu nmupuk emydkym. Adplrfdrmfmk emjwm 2?% flnmtdmk deu
mfdemt fljmnd`mk tlrhmad sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk, amk <?% flnmtdmk nmsm kdbms
tlrhmad
am`mn 51 hmn plrtmnm V CDQMQDIK Wmj5?= P` =?33 ^.
Elramsmrfmk Survly Alnigrmbd amk Flsljmtmk Dkaiklsdm (SAFD,5?=5), MFD Ad
Dkaiklsdm nlkcmpmd =?4/=??.??? fl`mjdrmk jdaup, Dkblfsd nmsdj nlkyunemkgfmk
mkgfm flnmtdmk pmam deu kdbms hdfm tdamf tlrtmkgmkd mfmk nlkdneu`fmk
finp`dfmsd slplrtd dkblfsd pmam fmkaukg flndj nmupuk dkblfsd

<?

amrd hm`mk `mjdr, dkblfsd dkd tdamf edsm adedmrfmk fmrlkm nlkylemefmk
flnmtdmk pmam deu kdbms slemkymf <?%. Bmftir plkyleme tdkggdkym MFD mam`mj
plramrmjmk (1<%), tlrutmnm plramrmjmk pist pmrtun. Sl`mdk dtu mam flrmcukmk
fljmnd`mk (51%), dkblfsd (==%).

_mam tmjuk 5?=< elramsmrfmk amtm Survld _lkauauf Mktmr Slksus (S\_MS)
MFD ad Dkaiklsdm 3?</=??.??? fl`mjdrmk jdaup. Flnlktrdmk Flsljmtmk nlkgupmymfmk
plkcmpmdmk tmrglt SAGs ymdtu MFD (Mkgfm Flnmtdmk Deu) pmam tmjuk 5?3?
mam`mj 7?/=??.??? fl`mjdrmk jdaup (Flnlkfls UD, 5?=:).
_mam tmjuk 5?=: ad _rivdksd Su`mwlsd Qlkggmrm adampmtfmk hun`mj fmsus
flnmtdmk deu slemkymf 2? fmsus, nlkgm`mnd plkurukmk ad emkadkgfmk hun`mj
fmsus flnmtdmk deu tmjuk 5?=7 ymkg slemkymf 7< fmsus. Fmsus flnmtdmk deu
tlremkymf mam`mj fmsus flnmtdmk deu elrsm`dk slelsmr 57 fmsus, flnmtdmk deu
kdbms slemkymf 5= fmsus amk fmsus flnmtdmk deu jmnd` slemkymf =5 fmsus (Adkfls
_riv. Su`trm, 5?=4).
 Edamk slemgmd tlkmgm flsljmtmk tdamf jmkym elrplrmk am`mn nl`mfufmk
tdkamfmk nlads, tltmpd nlnd`dfd plrmk slemgmd fiksl`ir. Alkgmk ad`mfufmkym
fiksl`dkg fjususkym pmam deu kdbms, adjmrmpfmk ampmt nlnemktu deu am`mn
Nlkhmgm flsljmtmk deu amk emyd emdf bdsdf nmupuk psdfi`igdskym, Nl`mfsmkmfmk
sfrdkdkg ymkg finprljlksdb, nlkaltlfsd nmsm`mj, Nlnelrdfmk plkadadfmk flsljmtmk
plrdjm` plrmwmtmk flsljmtmk adrd, kutrdsd, FE, nlkyusud, plrti`ikgmk dnukdsmsd amk
plrmwmtmk emyd sljmt.
Elramsmrfmk urmdmk ad mtms nmfm runusmk nmsm`mj am`mn `mpirmk
d`ndmj dkd mam`mj, msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms Ky. K usdm 55 tmjuk _ =M?
ad Uumkg FDM _usflsnms _imsdm alkgmk nlkggukmfmk msujmk SIM_.

E. Uunusmk Nmsm`mj
Elramsmrfmk urmdmk ad mtms nmfm runusmk nmsm`mj am`mn `mpirmk
d`ndmj dkd mam`mj, msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms Ky. K usdm 55 tmjuk _ =M?
ad Uumkg
FDM _usflsnms _imsdm alkgmk nlkggukmfmk msujmk SIM_ 9

C. Quhumk _lku`dsmk
=. Quhumk \nun
Nmnpu nl`mfufmk msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms bdsdi`igds

nlkggukmfmk pi`m pdfdr d`ndmj nl`m`ud plkalfmtmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk nlkurut

vmrkly amk nlkaifunlktmsdfmkkym am`mn elktuf cmtmtmk SIM_. <=

5. Quhumk Fjusus
m. Nmnpu nlkhl`msfmk fikslp amsmr tlird kdbms bdsdi`igds
e. Nlkhl`msfmk fikslp amsmr nmkmhlnlk msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms
bdsdi`igds alkgmk nlkggukmfmk plkalfmtmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk

nlkurut vmrkly.
c. Nl`mfsmkmfmk msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms bdsdi`igds
a. Nlkaifunlktmsdfmk msujmk fledamkmk pmam deu kdbms bdsdi`igds am`mn
elktuf aifunlktmsd SIM_.
l. Nl`mfufmk plnemjmsmk mktmrm fikslp tlird amk fmsus ymkg
admned`/admsuj.

A. Nmkbmmt _lku`dsmk
=. Emgd Adrd slkadrd
_lku`ds ampmt nlklrmpfmk tlird, fikslp amk prdksdp fledamkmk am`mn
nlnelrdfmk msujmk fledamkmk pmam Deu Kdbms bdsdi`igds slcmrm ji`dstdf.
5. Emgd _riblsd
 Qlkmgm flsljmtmk ampmt nlnelrdfmk msujmk fledamkmk ymkg tlpmt, clpmt
amk finprljlksdb pmam Deu Kdbms bdsdi`igds slcmrm ji`dstdf.
3. Emgd Dkstdtusd _lkadadfmk
Slemgmd rlblrlksd amk sunelr emcm, fjususkym pmam Msujmk Fledamkmk
pmam Deu Kdbms bdsdi`igds slcmrm ji`dstdf.

<5

EME DD QDKHM\MK QLIUD

=. Qdkhmumk Qlird Nlads

m. _lkglrtdmk

Nmsm Kdbms ( pulrplrdun) nlkurut (Smrwiki, 5??26 Sm`ljm, 5??4)

nlrupmfmk nmsm sltl`mj fl`mjdrmk p`mslktm amk elrmfjdr fltdfm m`mt

fmkaukgmk flnem`d slplrtd flmammk slel`un jmnd`. Nmsm kdbms dkd elr`mkgsukg

2 ndkggu. Ad am`mn nmsm kdbms ad plr`ufmk msujmk nmsm kdbms fmrlkm

plrdial dkd nlrupmfmk plrdial frdtds emdf deu mtmupuk emydkym. _lruemjmk

ymkg tlrhmad pmam nmsm kdbms ymdtu plruemjmk bdsdf, dkvi`usd utlrd,

`mftmsd/plkgl`umrmk mdr susu deu, plruemjmk sdstln tueuj deu amk plruemjmk

psdfds V CDQMQDIK Wmj5?= P` =?33 ^.

e. Qmkam Emjmym _mam Nmsm Kdbms

 Slemgdmk elsmr flnmtdmk deu tlrhmad sl`mnm nmsm pmsfm plrsm`dkmk

(nlnmsufd nmsm kdbms). Fmrlkm dtu smkgmt plktdkg uktuf nlkadadf pmrm deu

amk fl`umrgmkym nlkglkm` tmkam- tmkam emjmym nmsm kdbms sljdkggm deu

ampmt slglrm nlkcmrd plrti`ikgmk nlads hdfm tlrampmt tmkam-tmkam emjmym

nmsm kdbms ymkg adsleutfmk ad emwmj dkd8

=. _lramrmjmk plrvmgdkmn ymkg `umr edmsm tdem- tdem elrtmnemj emkymf

(`ledj amrd plramrmjmk edmsm) nlnlr`ufmk plkggmktdmk plnem`ut 5 – 3 fm`d
am`mn sltlkgmj hmn
5. _lkgl`umrmk vmgdkm ymkg emukym nlneusuf
3. Umsm smfdt ad emgdmk emwmj meainlk/ puggukg
1. Smfdt flpm`m ymkg tlrus nlklrus, kylrd lpdgmstrdf
<. Gmkggumk nmsm`mj plkg`djmtmk/ plkg`djmtmk fmeur
2. _lnelkgfmfmk ad wmhmj mtmu tmkgmk

7. Alnmn, nuktmj, rmsm smfdt wmftu EMF mtmu

nlrmsm tdamf lkmf emamk <3

:. _myuamrm ymkg elruemj nlkkhmad nlrmj, pmkms mtmu tlrmsm smfdt

4. Fljd`mkgmk kmbsu nmfmk am`mn wmftu `mnm
=?. Umsm smfdt, nlrmj, `ukmf, mtmu plnelkgfmfmk pmam fmfd
==. Nlrmsm smkgmt sladj mtmu tdamf nmnpu nlkgmsuj slkadrd emydkym amk
adrd slkadrd
=5. Nlrmsm smkgmt `ltdj mtmu kmbms tlrlkgmj- rlkgmj V CDQMQDIK Emj?4 P`

=?33 ^.

c. Qmjmpmk Nmsm Kdbms

Nlkurut Emjdymtuk (5??4) nmsm kdbms ademgd nlkhmad tdgm tmjmp, ymdtu8

=. _lurplrdun adkd
Nlrupmfmk nmsm plnu`djmk mwm` adnmkm deu adplrei`ljfmk uktuf

elradrd amk elrhm`mk-hm`mk. Deu ymkg nl`mjdrfmk plr vmgdkm tmkpm

finp`dfmsd am`mn 2 hmn plrtmnm sltl`mj fm`m DR admkhurfmk uktuf

nied`dsmsd slglrm.

5. _lurplrdun dktlrnladm`
Sumtu nmsm plnu`djmk adnmkm irgmk-irgmk rlpriaufsd slcmrm

elrmkgsur-mkgsur mfmk flnem`d fl flmammk slel`un jmnd`. Nmsm dkd

elr`mkgsukg sl`mnm furmkg `ledj lkmn ndkggu mtmu 15 jmrd.

 3. Ulnitl _ulrplrdun
Wmftu ymkg adplr`ufmk uktuf pu`dj amk sljmt flnem`d am`mn flmammk

slnpurkm tlrutmnm ed`m deu sl`mnm jmnd` mtmu wmftu plrsm`dkmk

nlkgm`mnd finp`dfmsd. Ulktmkg wmftu rlnitl pulrplrdun elrelam uktuf sltdmp

deu, tlrgmktukg amrd elrmt rdkgmkkym finp`dfmsd ymkg adm`mnd sl`mnm

jmnd` mtmu plrsm`dkmk.

a. _lruemjmk Bdsdi`igds Nmsm Kdbms

_mam nmsm kdbms irgmk rlpriaufsd dktlrkm amk lfstlrkm mfmk nlkgm`mnd

plruemjmk slplrtd slel`un jmnd`. _lruemjmk dkd tlrhmad slcmrm <1

elrmkgsur-mkgsur amk elr`mkgsukg sl`mnm `ledj furmkg tdgm eu`mk. Sl`mdk

irgmk rlpriaufsd elelrmpm plruemjmk bdsdi`igd ymkg tlrhmad sl`mnm nmsm

kdbms mfmk ademjms elrdfut dkd 8

=. Sdstln rlpriaufsd

_lruemjmk bdsdi`igd tlrhmad slhmf jmrd plrtmnm nl`mjdrfmk, mampuk

plruemjmk bdsdf ymkg tlrhmad mam`mj8 pmam nmsm kdbms, m`mt

glkltm`dm lfstlrkm` amk dktlrkm` mfmk elrmkgsur-mkgsur mfmk pu`dj slplrtd fl

fmammk slel`un jmnd`.

m. _lruemjmk pmam vmgdkm amk plrdklun

Lstriglk pmscm pmrtun ymkg nlkuruk elrplrmk am`mn plkdpdsmk nufism

vmgdkm amk rugml. Rmgdkm slnu`m smkgmt tlrlgmkg mfmk flnem`d

slcmrm elrtmjmp flufurmk slel`un jmnd`, 2 smnpmd : ndkggu sltl`mj

emyd `mjdr. Uugml mfmk flnem`d tlr`djmt am`mn ndkggu fl lnpmt,

wm`mupuk tdamf mfmk nlkikhi` pmam wmkdtm ku`dpmrm. _mam

ununkym rugml mfmk nlndpdj slcmrm plrnmklk. Nufism tltmp lftribdf

pmam wmkdtm nlkyusud slfurmkg-furmkgkym smnpmd nlkstrumsd

adnu`md flnem`d. _lklem`mk nufism vmgdkm tlrhmad sldrdkg plnu`djmk

bukgsd ivmrdun. Flfurmkgmk lfstriglk nlkylemefmk hun`mj pl`unms

vmgdkm amk plkdpdsmk nufism vmgdkm flflrdkgmk `icm` rmsm tdamf

 kymnmk smmt fidtus nlkltmp smnpmd bukgsd ivmrdun flnem`d kirnm`

amk nlkstrumsd adnu`md `mgd.

e. _lruemjmk pmam slrvdfs

Slrvdfs nlkhmad `ukmf sltl`mj deu nl`mjdrfmk al`mpmk el`ms hmn

pmscm pmrtun, slrvdfs nlnlkalf amk fiksdstlksdkym nlkhmad `ledj

pmamt amk flnem`d flelktuf slnu`m, slrvdfs sltdkggd slgnlk emwmj utlrus

tltmp lalnmtism tdpds amk rmpuj sltl`mj elelrmpm jmrd deu <<

nl`mjdrfmk. Lfstrislrvdfs (emgdmk slrvdfs ymkg nlkikhi` flvmgdkm)

tlr`djmt nlnutmr amk mam `mslrmsd flcd`.

c. @icjlm

@icjlm mam`mj lfsfrlsd cmdrmk rmjdn sl`mnm nmsm kdbms. @icjlm

nlkgmkaukg amrmj amk sdsm hmrdkgmk alsdaum ymkg klfritdf amrd

am`mn utlrus. @icjlm nlnpukymd rlmfsd emsm/ m`fm`ds ymkg ampmt

nlneumt irgmkdsnl elrflnemkg `ledj clpmt amrd pmam fikadsd msmn

ymkg mam pmam vmgdkm kirnm`. @icjlm nlnpukymd emu mnds/ mkydr

slplrtd amrmj nlkstrumsd, nlsfdpuk tdamf tlr`m`u nlkylkgmt amk

vi`unlkym elrelam-elam pmam sltdmp mamkym dkblfsd. @icjlm

nlnpukymd plruemjmk fmrlkm prisls dkvi`usd. _risls fl`umrkym amrmj

kdbms mtmu `icjlm tlradrd mtms 1 tmjmpmk8

=) @icjlm Uuerm/ Nlrmj (Frulktm). @icjlm dkd nukcu` pmam jmrd

= smnpmd jmrd fl 1 nmsm pistpmrtun. Cmdrmk ymkg fl`umr

elrwmrkm nlrmj fmrlkm elrdsd amrmj slgmr, hmrdkgmk sdsm-sdsm

p`mslktm, adkadkg rmjdn, `lnmf emyd, `mkugi (rmneut emyd) amk

nlfikdun.

5) @icjlm smkgudki`lktm. Cmdrmk ymkg fl`umr elrwmrkm flcif`mtmk

amk elr`lkadr. Elr`mkgsukg amrd jmrd fl 1 smnpmd jmrd fl 7

pistpmrtun.

3) @icjlm Slrism. @icjlm dkd elrwmrkm fukdkg flcif`mtmk fmrlkm

nlkgmkaukg slrun, `lufisdt amk rielfmk/ `mslrmsd p`mslktm. Nukcu`

pmam jmrd fl 7 smnpmd jmrd fl =1 pistpmrtun.

 1) @icjlm M`em/ _utdj. Nlkgmkaukg `lufisdt, sl` alsdaum, sl` lpdtl`,

sl`mput `lkalr slrvdfs amk slrmeut hmrdkgmk ymkg nmtd.

@ifdm m`em edsm elr`mkgsukg sl`mnm 5 smnpmd 2 ndkggu.

a. _lruemjmk pmam utlrus

<2

Sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk utlrus/rmjdn mfmk elrfiktrmfsd uktuf nlrmpmtfmk

adkadkg rmjdn sljdkggm tdamf tlrhmad plramrmjmk. Umjdn

elrmkgsur-mkgsur nlkglcd` smnpmd mfjdrkym flnem`d slplrtd slel`un

jmnd`.Qdkggd bukaus utlrd amk elrmt utlrus nmsm dkvi`usd tlr`djmt

pmam

Qmel`8 5.= tmel` tdkggd bukaus utlrd amk elrmt utlrus nlkurut nmsm

dkvi`usd.

Ki. Wmftu dkvi`usd Qdkggd bukaus utlrd Elrmt utlrus

= Emyd ` mjdr Sltdkggd p usmt =??? g rmn 5 _`mslktm `mjdr
Aum hmrd ademwmj 7<? grmn
pusmt
3 = n dkggu _lrtlkgmjmk pusmt-<?? grmn
synpdsds
1 5 n dkggu Qdamf tlrmem admtms 3<? grmn

synpdsds
< 2 ndkggu Elrtmnemj flcd` <? grmn
2 : n dkggu Slelsmr k irnm` 3? g rmn

5. _lruemjmk sdstln plkclrkmmk

Sdstln gmstridktlstdkm` sl`mnm fljmnd`mk adplkgmrujd i`lj elelrmpm jm`,

tdkggdkym fmamr priglstlrikl ymkg ampmt nlkgmkggu flsldnemkgmk cmdrmk

tueuj, nlkdkgfmtfmk fi`lstri` amrmj, amk nl`mnemtfmk fiktrmfsd itit-itit pi`is,

pmscm nl`mjdrfmk fmamr priglstlrikl nlkuruk, kmnuk

alndfdmk bmm` usus nlnlr`ufmk wmftu 3-1 jmrd uktuf flnem`d kirnm`
(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).

3. _lruemjmk sdstln plrflndjmk

Adurlsds ampmt tlrhmad sltl`mj 5-3 jmrd pistpmrtun. Audrlsds tlrhmad

fmrlkm sm`urmk ukdkmrdm nlkgm`mnd ad`mtmsd fikadsd dkd mfmk flnem`d

kirnm` sltl`mj 1 ndkggu pistpmrtun, pmam mwm` pistpmrtun fmkaukg flndj

 nlkgm`mnd lalnm, fikgglstd, amk jdpitlkdf. Jm` dkd adslemefmk i`lj mamkym

ivlradstmksd pmam smmt fm`m DD plrsm`dkmk amk plkgl`umrmk <7

urdk ymkg tlrtmjmk sl`mnm prisls plrsm`dkmk. Sunemtmk pmam urltrm

adslemefmk i`lj mamkym trmunm pmam smmt plrsm`dkmk elr`mkgsukg

trmunm dkd ampmt elrfurmkg sltl`mj 51 hmn pistpmrtun (Mkggrmdkd, 5?=?).

1. _lruemjmk sdstln Nusfu`isfl`ltm`

Sltl`mj prisls plrsm`dkmk sl`lsmd, adkadkg plrut mfmk nlkhmad `ikggmr, flkaur

amk nl`lemr sl`mnm elelrmpm ndkggu mtmu emjfmk smnpmd elelrmpm

eu`mk mfdemt plrlgmkgmk ymkg elgdtu `mnm sl`mnm jmnd`. Mneu`msd

adkd, nied`dsmsd amk slkmn kdbms smkgmt admkhurfmk uktuf nlkgmtmsd

jm` tlrsleut. _mam wmkdtm ymkg mstjlkds tlrhmad admstmsds amrd itit-itit

rlctus meaindkm`ds sljdkggm sli`mj-i`mj slemgdmk amrd adkadkg plrut ad

gmrds tlkgmj jmkym tlradrd amrd plrdtiklun, bmscdm tdpds amk fu`dt.

Qlnpmt ymkg `lnmj dkd nlkikhi` fm`mu elradrd mtmu nlkglhmk

(Nmrdtm`dm, 5?=7).

<. _lruemjmk Lkaifrdk

_lruemjmk-plruemjmk Lkaifrdk, ymdtu8

m. Jirnik _`mslktm

Jirnik p`mslktm nlkuruk alkgmk clpmt sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk. JCG ( Junmk

Cjirdikdc Gikmaitripdk) nlkuruk alkgmk clpmt amk nlkltmp smnpmd =?%

am`mn 3 hmn jdkggm jmrd fl-7 pistpmrtun amk slemgmd inslt plnlkujmk

nmnml pmam jmrd fl-3 pistpmrtun.

e. Jirnik _dtudtmry

_ri`mftdk amrmj mfmk nlkdkgfmt alkgmk clpmt pmam wmkdtm tdamf

nlkyusud, pri`mftdk nlkuruk am`mn wmftu 5 ndkggu. BSJ amk @J mfmk

nlkdkgfmt pmam bmsl fikslktrmsd bi`dfu`lr (ndkggu fl-3) amk

@J tltmp rlkamj jdkggm ifu`msd tlrhmad.

c. Jypitm`mndf _dtudtmry Ivmrdun

<:
 @mnmkym slirmkg wmkdtm nlkampmt nlkstrumsd hugm adplkgmrujd

i`lj bmftir nlkyusud. Slrdkg fm`d nlkstrumsd plrtmnm dkd elrsdbmt

mkivu`msd fmrlkm rlkamjkym fmamr lstriglk amk priglstlrikl.

a. Fmamr lstriglk

Sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk tlrhmad plkurukmk fmam lstriglk ymkg elrnmfkm sljdkggm

mftdbdtms pri`mftdk ymkg hugm suamj nlkdkgfmt ampmt nlnplkgmrujd

fl`lkhmr nmnml am`mn nlkgjmsd`fmk MSD

(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).

2. _lruemjmk tmkam-tmkam vdtm`

Qmkam-tmkam vdtm` nlrupmfmk tmkam-tmkam plktdkg pmam tueuj ymkg

ampmt elruemj ed`m tueuj nlkgm`mnd gmkggumk mtmu nmsm`mj.

Qmkamtmkam vdtm` ymkg slrdkg adgukmfmk slemgmd dkadfmtir emgd

tueuj ymkg nlkgm`mnd gmkggumk mtmu nmsm`mj flsljmtmk mam`mj kmad,

plrkmbmsmk, suju, tlfmkmk amrmj. Qmkam-tmkam vdtm` dkd edmsmkym

sm`dkg nlnplkgmrujd smtu smnm `mdk. Mrtdkym, ed`m suju tueuj nlkdkgfmt.

Nmfm kmad amk plrkmbmsmk hugm mfmk nlkdkgfmt, amk slem`dfkym.

Qmkamtmkam vdtm` ymkg elruemj sl`mnm nmsm kdbms mam`mj8

m. Suju tueuj

Sltl`mj prisls plrsm`dkmk, suju tueuj ampmt nlkdkgfmt slfdtmr ?,< i

Cl`cdus amrd flmammk kirnm` (32iC-37,<iC), kmnuk tdamf `ledj amrd

3:iCl`cdus. Jm` dkd adslemefmk fmrlkm nlkdkgfmtkym nltmei`dsnl tueuj

pmam smmt prisls plrsm`dkmk. Sltl`mj =5 hmn pistpmrtun, suju tueuj

ymkg nlkdkgfmt tmad mfmk flnem`d slplrtd flmammk slnu`m. Ed`m suju

tueuj tdamf flnem`d fl flmammk kirnm` mtmu slnmfdk nlkdkgfmt, nmfm

plrtu adcurdgmd tlrjmamp flnukgfdkmk tlrhmadkym dkblfsd.

<4

e. Kmad

Alkyut kmad kirnm` elrfdsmr mktmrm 2?-:? fm`d plr nlkdt. _mam smmt
 prisls plrsm`dkmk alkyut kmad mfmk nlkgm`mnd plkdkgfmtmk. Sltl`mj

prisls plrsm`dkmk sl`lsmd brlfulksd alkyut kmad ampmt sladfdt `ledj

`mnemt. _mam nmsm kdbms edmsmkym alkyut kmad mfmk flnem`d kirnm`.

c. Qlfmkmk amrmj

Qlfmkmk amrmj kirnm` uktuf systi`l elrfdsmr mktmrm ==?-=1? nnJg amk

uktuf admsti`l mktmrm 2?-:? nnJg. Sltl`mj pmrtus, tlfmkmk amrmj

ampmt sladfdt `ledj rlkamj ademkadkgfmk pmam smmt jmnd` fmrlkm

tlrhmadkym plramrmjmk pmam prisls plrsm`dkmk. Ed`m tlfmkmk amrmj

nlkgm`mnd plkdkgfmtmk `ledj amrd 3? nnJg pmam systi`l mtmu `ledj

amrd =< nnJg pmam admsti`l plr`u adcurdgmd tdneu`kym jdplrtlksd

mtmu prllf`mnsdm pistpmrtun.

a. _lrkmbmsmk

Brlfulksd plrkmbmsmk kirnm` elrfdsmr mktmrm =:-51 fm`d plr nlkdt.

_mam smmt pmrtus brlfulksd plrkmbmsmk mfmk nlkdkgfmt fmrlkm

fleutujmk ifsdglk ymkg tdkggd uktuf tlkmgm deu nlklrmk/ nlkglhmk amk

nlnplrtmjmkfmk mgmr plrsladmmk ifsdglk fl hmkdk tltmp tlrplkujd.

Sltl`mj pmrtus sl`lsmd, brlfulksd plrkmbmsmk mfmk flnem`d kirnm`.

Flmammk plrkmbmsmk edmsmkym elrjueukgmk alkgmk suju amk alkyut

kmad (Nmrdtm`dm, 5?=7).

7. _lruemjmk sdstln fmradivmsfu`lr

Sl`mnm fljmnd`mk vi`unl amrmj kirnm` adgukmfmk uktuf nlkmnpukg m`drmk

amrmj ymkg nlkdkgfmt, ymkg adplr`ufmk i`lj nlkylemefmk tlrhmadkym

adlrlsds amk slcmrm clpmt nlkgurmkgd vi`unl p`mslktm flnem`d pmam

pripirsd kirnm`, m`drmk dkd tlrhmad am`mn 5-1 hmn plrtmnm

sltl`mj fl`mjdrmk emyd. Sl`mnm nmsm dkd deu nlkgl`umrfmk emkymf slfm`d

2?

hun`mj urdkl. Jd`mkgkym priglstlrik nlnemktu nlkgurmkgd rltlksd cmdrmk

ymkg nl`lfmt alkgmk nlkdkgfmtkym vmsfu`lr pmam hmrdkgmk tlrsleut.

(Kurhmkmj aff, 5?=3)

:. _lruemjmk sdstln jlnmti`i`igd

 _mam mwm` pistpmrtun, hun`mj jlnig`iedk, jlnmtifrdt amk lrdtrisdt smkgmt

elrvmrdmsd. Jm` dkd adslemefmk vi`unl amrmj ymkg elruemj-uemj.

Qdkgfmtmk dkd adplkgmrujd i`lj stmtus gdzd amk jdarmsd amrd wmkdtm

tlrsleut. _lkurukmk vi`unl amk plkdkgfmtmk sl` amrmj pmam fljmnd`mk

admsisdmsdfmk alkgmk plkdkgfmtmk jlnmtifrdt amk jlnig`iedk pmam jmrd fl

3-7 pistpmrtun amk mfmk kirnm` am`mn 1-< ndkggu pistpmrtun. Hun`mj

fljd`mkgmk amrmj sl`mnm nmsm plrsm`dkmk +/- 5??-<?? n`,

ndkggu plrtmnm pistpmrtun elrfdsmr <??-:?? n` amk sl`mnm sdsm nmsm

kdbms elrfdsmr <?? n` (Nmrnd, 5?=5).

l. Mamptmsd psdfi`igds nmsm kdbms

m. Qmfdkg Dk
Nlrupmfmk bmsl fltlrgmktukgm ymg elr`mkgsukg amrd jmrd plrtmnm
smnpmd jmrd fl aum sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk. Deu tlrbifus pmam adrdkym slkadrd
sljdkggm clkalrukg pmsdb tlrjmamp `dkgfukgmkkym.
e. Qmfdkg Ji`a

Nlrupmfmk bmsl ymkg elr`mkgsukg mktmrm 3-=? jmrd sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk. Deu
nlrmsm fjmwmtdr amk fltdamfnmnpumk amk rmsm tmkggukg
hmwme am`mn plrmwmtmk emydkym. _lrmsmmk deu `ledj slksdtdbl sljdkggm
nuamj tlrsdkggukg.
c. @ltdkg Gi
Bmsl dkd nlrupmfmk bmsl nlklrdnm tmkggukg hmwme mfmk plrmk
emrukym slemgmd slirmkg deu. Bmsl dkd elr`mkgsukg =? jmrd sltl`mj

nl`mjdrfmk. Ddeu suamj nu`md ampmt nlkylsumdfmk adrd alkgmk

fltlrgmktukgmk emydkym amk sdmp nlkhmad pl`dkaukg emgd emydkym.

_lrmwmtmk deu tlrjmamp adrd amk emydkym slnmfdk nlkdkgfmt. Umsm 2=

plrcmym adrd deu mfmk plrmk emrukym nu`md tuneuj, `ledj nmkadrd am`mn
nlnlkujd fleutujmk adrd amk emydkym (Nmrtm`dm, 5?=7).
b. Quhumk Msujmk Nmsm Kdbms

Quhumk msujmk nmsm kdbms mam`mj slemgmd elrdfut8

=. Nlkhmgm flsljmtmk deu amk emyd, emdf bdsdf nmupuk psdfds.

5. Nl`mfsmkmfmk sfrdkdkg ymkg finprljlksdb, nlkaltlfsd nmsm`mj, nlkgiemtd mtmu

nlruhuf ed`m tlrhmad finp`dfmsd, emdf pmam deu nmupuk emyd.

 3. Nlnelrdfmk plkadadfmk flsljmtmk tlktmkg plrmwmtmk flsljmtmk adrd, kutrdsd,

FE, nlkyusud, plnelrdmk dnukdsmsd flpmam emyd amk plrmwmtmk

emyd sljmt.

1. Nlnelrdfmk pl`mymkmk FE.

<. \ktuf nlkampmtfmk flsljmtmk lnisd.

2. Nlnplr`mkcmr plnelktufmk MSD.

7. Nlkgmhmrfmk deu uktuf nl`mfsmkmfmk plrmwmtmk nmkadrd smnpmd nmsm

kdbms sl`lsmd amk nlnl`djmrm emyd alkgmk emdf, sljdkggm emyd ampmt

nlkgm`mnd plrtuneujmk amk plrflnemkgmk ymkg kirnm`.

V CDQMQDIK Smd=1 P` =?33 ^

g. Fledhmfmk prigrmn Kmsdikm` Kdbms

Nlkurut Nmrdtm`dm (5?=7) fukhukgmk kdbms ad`mfufmk pm`dkg sladfdt 1 fm`d

pmam nmsm kdbms, alkgmk tuhumk uktuf8

=. Nlkd`md fikadsd flsljmtmk deu amk emyd.

5. Nl`mfufmk plkclgmjmk tlrjmamp flnukgfdkmk-flnukgfdkmk mamkym gmkggumk

flsljmtmk deu kdbms amk emydkym.

3. Nlkaltlfsd mamkym finp`dfmsd mtmu nmsm`mj ymkg tlrhmad pmam nmsm

kdbms amk nlkyusud.

25

1. Nlkmkgmkd finp`dfmsd mtmu nmsm`mj ymkg tdneu` amk nlkgmkggu flsljmtmk

deu kdbms amk nmupuk emydkym.

Qmel` 5.=. Brlfulksd Fukhukgmk Nmsm Kdbms

23
 dkblfsd mtmu plramrmjmk mekirnm`.
c. Nln mstdfmk deu n l kamp t cuf up
nmfmkmk, cmdrmk amk m dstdrmjmt.
a. Nlnms tdf mk deun l kyusud alkgmk
emdf amk tmf nlnplr`djmtfmk tmkam-
tmkam plkyu`dt.

l . Nln el rdfmk fiksl `dkg pmam de

u
nlkglkmd msujmk pmam emyd, tm`d
pusmt, nlkhmgm emyd mgmr tltmp
jmkgmt amk nlrmwmt emyd sljmrd-
jmrd.

1 N dkggu f l -2 sl tl `mj m. Nlk mkymfmk m pamdeu tlk tmkg

plrsm`dkmk flsu`dtmk-flsu`dtmk ymkg dm mtmu
emydkym m`mnd.
e. Nlnelrdfmk fiksl`dkg FE slcmrm
adkd.

Sunelr8 Smdbuaadk, 5?=1, _l`mymkmk Flsljmtmk Nmtlrkm` amk Klikmtm`.

j. _lrmk amk tmkggukg hmwme edamk am`mn nmsm kdbms

Nlkurut Kurhmkmj aff (5?=3) edamk nlnd`dfd plrmkmk ymkg smkgmt

plktdkg am`mn plnelrdmk msujmk pistpmrtun. Mampuk plrmk amk tmkggukg

hmwme edamk pmam nmsm kdbms mam`mj8

=. Nlnelrdfmk aufukgmk ymkg elrflsdkmneukgmk sl`mnm nmsm kdbms slsumd

alkgmk fleutujmk deu uktuf nlkgurmkgd fltlgmkgmk bdsdf amk

psdfi`igds pmam nmsm kdbms

5. Slemgmd prinitlr jueukgmk mktmrm deu, emyd, amk fl`umrgm

3. Nlkairikg deu uktuf nlkyusud emydkym alkgmk nlkdkgfmtfmk rmsm kymnmk

1. Nlneumt fledhmfmk, plrlkcmkmmk prigrmn flsljmtmk ymkg elrfmdtmk deu,

mkmf amk nmnpu nl`mfufmk flgdmtmk mandkdstrmsd.

<. Nlkaltlfsd finp`dfmsd amk plr`ukym ruhufmk.

2. Nlkaufukg plkadadfmk flsljmtmk tlrnmsuf plkadadfmk am`mn plrmkkym

slemgmd irmkg tum

21

7. Nlnelrdfmk fiksl`dkg uktuf deu amk fl`umrgmkym nlkglkmd cmrm nlkclgmj

plramrmjmk, nlkglkm`d tmkam-tmkam emjmym, nlkhmgm gdzd ymkg emdf

slrtm nlnprmftdffmk flelrsdjmk ymkg mnmk.

 :. Nl`mfufmk nmklhlnlk msujmk alkgmk cmrm nlkgunpu`fmk amtm, nlklktufmk

admgkism amk rlkcmkm tdkamfmk slrtm nl`mfsmkmfmkkym uktuf

nlnplrclpmt prisls plnu`djmk, nlkclgmj finp`dfmsd alkgmk nlnlkujd fleutujmk

deu amk emyd sl`mnm kdbms.

4. Nlnelrdfmk msujmk slcmrm priblsdikm` V CDQMQDIK Mne=? P` =?33 ^.

d. Fleutujmk amsmr nmsm kdbms

_mam nmsm kdbms nlnd`djd fleutujmk amsmr, ymdtu8

=. Kutrdsd amk cmdrmk

Kutrdsd mtmu gdzd mam`mj zmt ymkg adplr`ufmk i`lj tueuj uktuf

flplr`umk nltmei`dsnlkym. Fleutujmk gdzd pmam nmsm kdbms tlrutmnm

ed`m nlkyusud mfmk nlkdkgfmt 5<%, fmrlkm elrgukm uktuf prisls flslneujmk

sljmeds nl`mjdrfmk amk uktuf nlnpriaufsd MSD ymkg cufup uktuf nlkyljmtfmk

emyd. Slnum dtu mfmk nlkdkgfmt tdgm fm`d amrd fleutujmk edmsm.

Nmfmkmk ymkg adfiksunsd elrgukm uktuf nl`mfufmk mftdvdtms,

nltmei`dsnl, cmamkgmk am`mn tueuj, prisls nlnpriaufsd MSD slrtm slemgmd

MSD dtu slkadrd ymkg mfmk adfiksunsd emyd uktuf plrtuneujmk amk

plrflnemkgmk. Nlku nmfmkmk sldnemkg ymkg jmrus adfiksunsd mam`mj

pirsd cufup amk tlrmtur, tdamf tlr`m`u msdk, plams mtmu elr`lnmf, tdamf

nlkgmkaukg m`fiji`, kdfitdk slrtm emjmk plkgmwlt mtmu plwmrkm.

(Kurhmkmj aff, 5?=3).

Qme`lt tmnemj amrmj (tme`lt bl) amk vdtmndk M hugm ad eutujfmk

pmam nmsm kdbms. Qme`lt tmnemj amrmj jmrus adndkun sltdamfkym

sl`mnm 2<

1? jmrd pmscm elrsm`dk mgmr tdamf tlrhmad mklndm amk nlnelrdfmk MSD

pmam emydkym alkgmk nmfsdnm`. Flnuadmk Ndkun fmpsu` vdtmndk M

(5??.??? ukdt) mgmr edsm nlnelrdfmk vdtmndk M flpmam emydkym nl`m`ud

MSD kym V CDQMQDIK Drm=4 P` =?33 ^.

5. Mneu`msd adkd

Slemgdmk elsmr pmsdlk ampmt nl`mfufmk mneu`msd slglrm sltl`mj

 plrsm`dkmk usmd. Mftdvdtms tlrsleut mnmt elrgukm emgd slnum sdstln

tueuj, tlrutmnm bukgsd usus, fmkaukg flndj, sdrfu`msd amk pmru-pmru. Jm`

tlrsleut hugm nlnemktu nlkclgmj trineisds pmam plneu`uj tukgfmd amk

nlnemktu flnmhumk deu amrd fltlrgmktukgmk plrmk smfdt nlkhmad sljmt.

Mftdvdtms ampmt ad`mfufmk slcmrm elrtmjmp, nlnelrdfmk hmrmf

mktmrm mftdvdtms amk dstdrmjmt. Mneu`msd adkd ( Lmr`y Mneu`mtdi )

mam`mj fledhmfmk uktuf sl`lfms nukgfdk nlnednedkg f`dlk fl`umr amrd

tlnpmt tdaurkym amk nlnednedkgkym sl`lfms nukgfdk elrhm`mk. F`dlk suamj

adplrei`ljfmk emkguk amrd tlnpmt tdaur am`mn 51-1: hmn pistpmrtun.

Fluktukgmk Lmr`y Mneu`mtdik mam`mj8

m) F`dlk nlrmsm `ledj emdf, `ledj sljmt amk `ledj fumt.

e) Bmm` usus amk fmkaukg flkcdkg `ledj emdf.

c) Ampmt `ledj nlnukgfdkfmk am`mn nlkgmhmrd deu uktuf nlrmwmt mtmu

nlnl`djmrm mkmfkym, nlnmkadfmk, a``., sl`mnm deu nmsdj am`mn

plrmwmtmk. (Kurhmkmj aff, 5?=3).

3. L`dndkmsd

m) Eumkg mdr flcd`

Deu adndktm uktuf eumkg mdr flcd` (ndfsd) 2 hmn pistpmrtun. Hdfm

am`mn : hmn pistpmrtun el`un ampmt elrflndj mtmu slfm`d elrflndj el`un

nl`ledjd =?? cc, nmfm ad`mfufmk fmtltlrdsmsd. 22

Mfmk tltmpd, fm`mu tlrkymtm fmkaukg flndj plkuj, tdamf plr`u

nlkukggu : hmn uktuf fmtltlrdsmsd.

e) Eumkg mdr elsmr

Deu pistpmrtun adjmrmpfmk ampmt eumkg mdr elsmr (alblfmsd) sltl`mj

jmrd flaum pistpmrtun. Hdfm jmrd fltdgm el`un hugm EME, nmfm

plr`u adelrd iemt plkcmjmr nmsdj el`un edsm EME, nmfm adgukmfmk

f`dsnm V CDQMQDIK Wmj5?= P` =?33 ^.

1. Jygdkl _lrsikm`/ Flelrsdjmk adrd

Flelrsdjmk adrd deu nlnemktu nlkgurmkgd sunelr dkblfsd amk nlkdkgfmtfmk

plrmsmmk kymnmk pmam deu amk plkylneujmk `ufm

plrdklun. \pmym ymkg jmrus ad`mfufmk ad mktmrmkym8

m) Nmkad
Nmkad tlrmtur ndkdnm` 5 fm`d sljmrd, nlkggmktd pmfmdmk amk m`ms

tlnpmt tdaur, slrtm `dkgfukgmk adnmkm deu tdkggm`, ymkg tlrutmnm

adelrsdjfmk mam`mj putdkg susu amk nmnml ad`mkhutfmk plrmwmtmk

plrdklun.

e) _lrmwmtmk plrdklun

_lrmwmtmk `ufm plrdklun elrtuhumk uktuf nlkclgmj dkblfsd,

nlkdkgfmtfmk rmsm kymnmk amk nlnplrclpmt plkylneujmk. _lrmwmtmk

`ufm plrdklun ampmt ad`mfufmk alkgmk cmrm nlkcucd amlrmj glkdtm`

alkgmk mdr amk smeuk sltdmp fm`d jmeds EMF/EME ymkg adnu`md

alkgmk nlkcucd emgdmk alpmk, emru flnuadmk amlrmj mkus. Slel`un amk

slsuamj deu admkhurfmk uktuf nlkcucd tmkgmk. Mpmed`m sltl`mj eumkg

mdr elsmr mtmu eumkg mdr flcd` plrdklun adelrsdjfmk slcmrm rutdk.

Cmrmkym adelrsdjfmk alkgmk smeuk ymkg `lneut ndkdnm` slfm`d

sljmrd. Edmsmkym deu nlrmsm tmfut pmam flnukgfdkmk hmjdtmkkym

mfmk 27

`lpms, hugm nlrmsm smfdt sljdkggm plrdklun tdamf adelrsdjfmk mtmu

adcucd. Cmdrmk smeuk mtmu slhlkdskym slemdfkym adpmfmd sltl`mj

eumkg mdr flcd` mtmu eumkg mdr elsmr. Adnu`md amrd sdnpdsds

smnpmd mkm` sljdkggm tdamf tlrhmad dkblfsd. Deu adelrdtmju cmrmkym

nlkggmktd

plnem`ut ymdtu emgdmk am`mn hmkgmk smnpmd tlrfiktmndkmsd i`lj

tmkgmk. _lnem`ut ymkg suamj fitir jmrus adgmktd pm`dkg sladfdt 1 fm`d

sljmrd.

Deu adelrdtmju tlktmkg hun`mj, wmrkm, amk emu `icjlm sljdkggm

mpmed`m mam fl`mdkmk ampmt adfltmjud slcmrm adkd. Smrmkfmk deu

uktuf nlkcucd tmkgmk alkgmk smeuk amk mdr slel`un amk slsuamj

nlnelrsdjfmk amlrmj fl`mndkkym. Mpmed`m deu nlnpukymd `ufm

lpdsditind mtmu `mslrmsd, smrmkfmk deu uktuf nlkgjdkamrd nlkylktujmk

 amlrmj `ufm. _lrmwmtmk `ufm plrdklun ampmt ad`mfufmk alkgmk cmrm

nlkcucd amlrmj glkdtm` alkgmk mdr amk smeuk sltdmp fm`d jmeds EMF/

EME ymkg adnu`md alkgmk nlkcucd emgdmk alpmk, emru flnuadmk

amlrmj mkus (Kurhmkmj aff, 5?=3).

<. Dstdrmjmt

Fleutujmk dstdrmjmt smkgmt adplr`ufmk deu elelrmpm hmn sltl`mj

nl`mjdrfmk. _risls plrsm`dkmk ymkg `mnm amk nl`l`mjfmk ampmt nlneumt

deu brustmsd emjfmk alprlsd mpmed`m fleutujmk dstdrmjmt tdamf tlrplkujd.

Ed`m deu nlkgm`mnd flsu`dtmk uktuf tdaur pmam nm`mn jmrd, smtu mtmu

aum plrtmnm sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk, ampmt adelrdfmk emktumk iemt tdaur

alkgmk nlkgfiksu`tmsdfmkkym tlr`ledj au`u alkgmk aiftlr. Dksinkdm pmam deu

kdbms nlrupmfmk sm`mj smtu tmkam plrdkgmtmk uktuf psdfisds kdbms.

Nmsm kdbms smkgmt lrmt fmdtmkkym alkgmk gmkggumk pi`m tdaur

ymkg adm`mnd deu, tlrutmnm slglrm sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk. _mam tdgm jmrd

plrtmnm

2:

ampmt nlrupmfmk jmrd ymkg su`dt emgd deu mfdemt nlkunpufkym fl`l`mjmk

fmrlkm prisls plrsm`dkmk amk kylrd ymkg tdneu` pmam `ufm

plrdklun slcmrm tlirdtds, pi`m tdaur mfmk flnem`d nlkalfmtd kirnm` am`mn 5

smnpmd 3 ndkggu sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk. Fleutujmk tdaur rmtm-rmtm

pmam irmkg alwmsm slfdtmr 7-: hmn plr 51 hmn. Slnmfdk elrtmnemjkym

usdm, nmfm fleutujmk tdaur hugm mfmk slnmfdk elrfurmkg. _mam deu

kdbms, furmkg dstdrmjmt mfmk nlkgmfdemtfmk8

m) Elrfurmkgkym priaufsd Msd.

e) Nlnplr`mnemt prisls dkvi`usd utlrus amk nlkdkgfmtfmk

plramrmjmk.

c) Nlkylemefmk alprlsd amk fltdamfnmnpumk uktuf nlrmwmt emyd

amk adrdkym slkadrd (Nmrdtm`dm, 5?=7).

2. Mftdvdtms slfsum`
 Mftdvdtms slfsum` ymkg ampmt ad`mfufmk i`lj deu nmsm kdbms jmrus

nlnlkujd symrmt elrdfut dkd8

m. Slcmrm bdsdf mnmk uktuf nlnu`md jueukgmk sumnd dstrd elgdtu amrmj

nlrmj elrjlktd amk deu ampmt nlnmsuffmk smtu-smtu aum hmrdkym fl

am`mn vmgdkm tmkpm rmsm kylrd, nmfm deu mnmk uktuf nlnu`md

nl`mfufmk jueukgmk sumnd dstrd fmpmk smhm deu sdmp.

e. Emkymf euamym ymkg nlnpukymd trmadsd nlkukam jueukgmk sumnd

dstrd smnpmd nmsm wmftu tlrtlktu, ndsm`kym sltl`mj 1? jmrd mtmu 2

ndkggu sltl`mj plrsm`dkmk. Flputusmk dkd elrgmktukg pmam pmsmkgmk

ymkg elrsmkgfutmk (Uidti, 5?=3).

7. _lrmwmtmk _myuamrm

Slemdfkym plrmwmtmk pmyuamrm tl`mj adnu`md slhmf wmkdtm jmnd`

supmym putdkg `lnms, tdamf flrms, amk flrdkg slemgmd plrsdmpmk uktuf

nlkyusud emydkym. Nlrmwmt pmyuamrm slhmf jmnd` amk sltl`mj 24

nl`mjdrfmk smkgmt plktdkg slfm`d. Sl`mdk elrgukm emgd flsljmtmk fdtm

slkadrd, hugm elrgukm emgd fleutujmk kutrdsd sd flcd` V CDQMQDIK Kma?4 P`

=?33 ^.

:. MSD Lfsf`usdb

MSD Lfsf`usdb mam`mj plnelrdmk MSD amrd slirmkg deu flpmam

emydkym smnpmd alkgmk 2 eu`mk plrtmnm tmkpm tmnemjmk nmfmkmk

mpmpuk slplrtd susu birnu`m, nmau, mdr putdj, smrd eumj, edscudt mtmu

eueur emyd. Sltl`mj emyd elrunur 2 eu`mk emru`mj emyd adplrflkmkfmk

uktuf adelrdfmk nmfmkmk plkamnpdkg MSD elrupm eueur, smyur mtmupuk

eumj V CDQMQDIK Hu`=4 P` =?33 ^.

_mrm mj`d nlklnufmk emjwm nmkbmmt MSD mfmk smkgmt nlkdkgfmt

ed`m emyd jmkym adelrd MSD smhm sl`mnm 2 eu`mk plrtmnm

fljdaupmkkym. _lkdkgfmtmk dkd slsumd alkgmk `mnmkym plnelrdmk MSD

elrsmnm-smnm alkgmk nmfmkmk pmamt sltl`mj emyd elrunur 2 eu`mk.

Nmkbmmt plnelrdmk MSD emgd emyd 8

=. MSD slemgmd kutrdsd

 MSD nlrupmfmk sunelr gdzd ymkg smkgmt dalm` alkgmk finpisdsd ymkg

sldnemkg amk adslsumdfmk alkgmk fleutujmk plrtuneujmk emyd. MSD

slemgmd nmfmkmk tukggm` mfmk cufup nlnlkujd

fleutujmk tuneuj emyd kirnm` smnpmd usdm 2 eu`mk. Sltl`mj usdm 2

eu`mk, emyd jmrus nu`md adelrd nmfmkmk pmamt, tltmpd MSD ampmt

adtlrusfmk smnpmd usdm 5 tmjuk mtmu `ledj.

5. MSD Nlkdkgfmtfmk amym tmjmk tueuj

Emyd ymkg emru `mjdr slcmrm m`mndmj nlkampmt dnukig`iedk (zmt

flflem`mk tueuj) amrd deukym nl`m`ud mrd-mrd. Kmnuk fmamr zmt dkd

mfmk clpmt slfm`d nlkuruk slglrm sltl`mj emyd `mjdr. Emamk emyd

slkadrd emru nlneumt zmt flflem`mk cufup emkymf sljdkggm

7?

nlkcmpmd fmamr pritlftdb pmam wmftu elrusdm slfdtmr 4-=5 eu`mk.

_mam smmt fmamr zmt flflem`mk emwmmk nlkuruk, slamkgfmk ymkg

adelktuf i`lj emamk emyd el`un nlkcufupd nmfm mfmk tlrhmad

flslkhmkgmk zmt flflem`mk pmam emyd.

3. MSD nlkdkgfmtfmk flclramsmk mkmf

Alkgmk nlnelrdfmk MSD slcmrm lfsf`usdb smnpmd emyd elrusdm 2

eu`mk mfmk nlkhmndk tlrcmpmdkym plkglnemkgmk pitlksd flclramsmk

mkmf slcmrm iptdnm`. Jm` dkd fmrlkm sl`mdk slemgmd kutrdlk ymkg

dalm`, alkgmk finpdsd ymkg tlpmt, slrtm adslsumdfmk alkgmk fleutujmk

emyd, MSD hugm nlkgmkaukg kutrdlk-kutrdlk fjusus ymkg adplr`ufmk

itmf emyd mgmr tuneuj iptdnm`. Kutrdlk ymkg adeutujfmk uktuf

plrtuneujmk itmf emyd ymkg tdamf mam mtmu sladfdt slfm`d tlrampmt

pmam susu smpd, mktmrm `mdk 8 tmurdk, `mftism, msmn `lnmf dfmtmk

pmkhmkg (AJM, MM, inlgm-3, inlgm-2).

1. Nlkyusud nlkdkgfmtfmk hm`dkmk fmsdj smymkg

Emyd ymkg slrdkg elrmam am`mn alfmpmk deu fmrlkm nlkyusu mfmk

nlrmsmfmk fmsdj smykg deukym. Dm hugm mfmk nlrmsm mnmk amk

tlktlrmn, tlrutmnm fmrlkm nmsdj ampmt nlkalkgmr altmf hmktukg

 deukym ymkg tl`mj dm flkm` slhmf am`mn fmkaukgmk. _lrmsmmk

tlr`dkaukg amk ad smymkgd dkd`mj ymkg mfmk nlkhmad amsmr

plrflnemkgmk lnisd emyd amk nlnelktuf flprdemadmk ymkg

plrcmym adrd amk amsmr spdrdtum` ymkg emdf V CDQMQDIK Hu`=4 P` =?33
^.

4. Fl`umrgm Elrlkcmkm

Dalm`kym pmsmkgmk jmrus nlkukggu slfurmkg-furmkgkym 5 tmjuk

slel`un deu jmnd` flnem`d. Edmsmkym deu pist pmrtun tdamf nlkgjmsd`fmk
tl`ur (ivun) slel`un nlkampmtfmk jmdakym sl`mnm nlkltlfd, i`lj fmrlkm dtu
Mnlkirl @mftmsd ampmt adpmfmd slel`un jmda
plrtmnm flnem`d uktuf nlkclgmj tlrhmadkym fljmnd`mk. Slel`un 7=

nlkggukmfmk nltial FE, jm`-jm` elrdfut slemdfkym adhl`msfmk amju`u

pmam deu, nl`dputd 8
m) Emgmdnmkm nltial dkd ampmt nlkclgmj fljmnd`mk slrtm nltialkym
e) Fl`ledjmk amk fluktukgmk
c) Lblf smnpdkg

a) Flfurmkgmkkym
l) Emgmdnmkm nlnmfmd nltial dtu
b) Fmpmk nltial dtu ampmt nu`md adgukmfmk uktuf wmkdtm pmscm
plrsm`dkmk ymkg nlkyusud.
g) Hdfm pmsmkgmk nlnd`dj nltial FE tlrtlktu, mam emdfkym uktuf

elrtlnu alkgmkkym `mgd am`mn 5 ndkggu uktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj mam

ymkg dkgdk adtmkymfmk i`lj deu mtmu pmsmkgmk amk uktuf nl`djmt
mpmfmj nltial tlrsleut elflrhm alkgmk emdf(Uufdymj, 5?==).
=?. Dkblfsd Nmsm Kdbms

Dkblfsd pulrpurm`ds mam`mj dkblfsd pmam trmftus glkltm`dm sltl`mj

plrsm`dkmk, edmsmkym amrd lkainltrdun elfms dkslrsd p`mslktm(Sm`ljm, 5?
=3).
m. Dkblfsd vu`vm, vmgdkm, slrvdf =)
Ru`vdtds

_mam dkblfsd elfms smymtmk lpdsditiny mtmu `ufm plrdkdun

hmrdkgmk slfdtmrkym nlnelkgfmf, tlpd `ufm nlkhmad nmrmj amk
elkgfmf,
hmjdtmk nuamj `lpms, slrtm `ufm ymkg tlreufm nlkhmad u`fus amk
nlkgl`umrfmk pus.
5) Rmgdkdtds
Dkblfsd vmgdkm edsm tlrhmad slcmrm `mkgsukg pmam `ufm pmgdkm
mtmu
 nl`m`ud plrdklun. _lrnufmmk nufism nlnelkgfmf amk flnlrmjmk, tlrhmad
u`fus, slrtm gltmj nlkgmkaukg kmkmj ymkg fl`umr amrd amlrmj u`fus.
_lkylemrmk ampmt tlrhmad, tltmpd pmam ununkym dkblfsd tdkggm`
tlremtms.
3) Slrvdsdtds
Dkblfsd slrvdf slrdkg hugm tlrhmad, tltmpd edmsmkym tdamf
nlkdneu`fmk emkymf glhm`m. @ufm slrvdf ymkg am`mn amk nl`ums
ampmt `mkgsukg flamsmr `dgmnlktun `mtun sljdkggm nlkylemefmk
dkblfsd nlkhm`mr flpmrmnltrdun.Glhm`m f`dkds ymkg adrmsmfmk
pmam slrvdsdtds mam`mj8

75

 Kylrd amk rmsm pmkms pmam amlrmj dkblfsd

 Fmamkg plrdj ed`m EMF

 Alnmn alkgmk suju emamk 34-1?

e. Qrineib`led`dtds
_lkylemrmk dkblfsd nl`m`ud vlkm slrdkg tlrhmad amk nlrupmfmk

plkyleme tlrplktdkg amrd flnmtdmk fmrkm dkblfsd pulrpurm`ds. Umamkg

vlkm gi`ikgmk = adsleut trineib`ledtds pl`vds amk dkblfsd vlkm-vlkm
gi`ikgmk 5 adsleut trineib`ledtds blnirm`ds.
=) Qrineib`ledtds pl`vds. Qrineib`ledtds pl`vds ymkg slrdkg nlrmamkg
mam`mj vlkmivmrdfm fmrkm nlkgm`drfmk amrmj amk `ufm elfms
p`mslktm adamlrmj bukaus utlrd.
5) Qrineib`ledtds blnirm`ds. Qrineib`ledtds blnirm`ds ampmt nlkhmad
Qrineib`ledtdsvlkm smblkm nmgkm mtmu plrmamkgmk vlkm blnirm`ds
slkadrd, plkhm`mrmk trineib`ledtds vlkm utlrdk, amk mfdemt
pmrmnltrdtds.

3) _lrdtikdtds. Dkblfsd pulrpurm`ds nl`m`ud sm`urmk gltmj elkdkg ampmt

nlkhm`mr flplrdtikdun jdkgm tlrhmad plrdtikdtds mtmu flpmrmnltrdun
nlkylemefmk pmrmnltrdtds.
1) _mrmnltrds ampmt tlrhmad alkgmk 3 cmrm tlrsleut
 nl`m`ud rielfmk slrvdf ymkg am`mn.

 plkhm`mrmk lkainltrdtds mtmu `ufm slrvdf ymkg tlrdkblfsd nl`m`ud

sm`urmk gltmj elkdkg.
 slemgmd `mkhutmk trineib`ledtds pl`vds.

c) _lramrmjmk am`mn nmsm kdbms

_lkyleme amrd plkamrmjmk nmsm kdbms mam`mj slemgmd elrdfut.
 Sdsm p`mslktm amk pi`dp p`mslktm
 Lkainltrdtds purpurm`ds

 Sleme-sleme pukgsdikm`
  _lramrmjmk `ufm

a. Dkblfsd sm`urmk flndj

Flhmadmk dkblfsd sm`urmk flndj pmam nmsm kdbms rl`mtdvl tdkggd amk
jm` dkd adjueukgfmk alkgmk jdpitikd fmkaukg flndj mfdemt trmunm
fmkaukg flndj wmftu plrsm`dkmk, plnlrdfsmmk am`mn ymkg tlr`m`u
slrdkg, fiktmndkmsd funmk amrd plrdklun mtmu fmtltlrdsmsd ymkg slrdkg.

73

l. _uttdkg susu `lclt

 flsm`mjmk am`mn tlfkdf nlkyusud, emyd tdamf nlkyusud smnpmd mlri`m
tlrtutup i`lj nu`ut emyd.
 niki`dmsds pmam nu`ut emyd ymkg nlku`mr pmam putdkg susu deu.

 mfdemt amrd plnmfmdmk smeuk, m`ciji`, frdn, mtmu zmt drdtmk

`mdkkym

uktuf nlkcucd putdkg susu.

 pmam emyd `damj ymkg plkalf sljdkggm nlkylemefmk emyd su`dt
nlkgjdsmp.
 rmsm kylrd hugm ampmt tdneu` mpmed`m deu nlkgjlktdfmk nlkyusud
alkgmk furmkg jmtd-jmtd
b. _myuamrm elkgfmf
_lnelkgfmfmk pmyuamrm tlrhmad fmrlkm MSD tdamf adsusud alkgmk
malfumt, sljdkggm sdsm MSD tlrfunpu` pmam sdstln auftus ymkg
nlkgmfdemtfmk tlrhmadkym plnelkgfmfmk. _myuamrm elkgfmf dkd slrdkg
tlrhmad pmam jmrd fltdgm mtmu fllnpmt slsuamj nl`mjdrfmk.

Stmtds pmam plneu`uj amrmj amk `dnbl mfmk nlkgmfdemtfmk nlkdkgfmkym

tlfmkmk dktrmfmuam`, ymkg mfmk nlnplkgmrujd slgnlk
pmam pmyuamrmkym, sljdkggm tmfmkmk pmam pmyuamrm nlkdkgfmt.
Mfdemtkym, pmyuamrm slrdkg tlrmsm plkuj, tlgmkg slrtm kylrd. Flnuadmk
addfutd i`lj plkurukmk priaufsd MSD amk plkurukmk `lt aiwk. _lkggukmmk Erm
ymkg fltmt hugm edsm nlkylemefmk slgnlktm` lkgirglnlkt, alndfdmk pu`m
putdkg ymkg tdamf elrsdj ampmt nlkylemefmk sunemtmk pmam auftus
(Sm`ljm, 5?=3).
g. Sm`urmk susu tlrsunemt
=) _mam wmkdtm ymkg furus, glhm`mkym tlr`djmt alkgmk hl`ms amk
`ukmf

pmam plrmemmk.
5) _myuamrm pmam amlrmj ymkg nlkgm`mnd plkyunemtmk tlrmsm kylrd
amk elkgfmf ymkg tlr`ifm`dsdr
j. Elkaukgmk MSD
Elkaukgmk MSD mam`mj tlrhmadkym plnelkgfmfmk pmam pmyuamrm
fmrlkm plkdkgfmtmk m`drmk vlkm amk `dnbl sljdkggm nlkylemefmk
 elkaukgmk MSD amk rmsm kylrd adslrtmd flkmdfmk suju emamk
(_rmwdrijmrahi, 5?=?).
d) Nmstdtds
Nmstdtds mam`mj rmamkg pmam pmyuamrm,

glhm`mkym 8 71

 Elkgfmf, kylrd pmam sl`uruj pmyuamrm/kylrd `icm`.

 Flnlrmjmk pmam sl`uruj pmyuamrm mtmu jmkym `icm`.

 _myuamrm flrms amk elrelkhi`-elkhi`.

 _mkms emamk amk rmsm smfdt unun.

h. Mesls pmyuamrm

Jmrus adelamfmk mktmrm nmstdtds amk mesls. Mesls pmyuamrm nlrupmfmk

fl`mkhutmk/finp`dfmsd amrd nmstdtds. Jm` dkd adslemefmk fmrlkm
nl`umskym plrmamkgmk am`mn pmyuamrm tlrsleut
(_rmwdrijmrahi, 5?=?).

==. Slkmn Kdbms

Emkymf admktmrm slkmn pistpmrtun slelkmrkym smnm alkgmk slkmn

mktlkmtm`. Jm` ymkg pm`dkg plktdkg emgd deu mam`mj mgmr slkmnslkmn

tlrsleut jlkamfkym ad`mfufmk slcmrm plr`mjmk amju`u `m`u slnmfdk `mnm

slnmfdk slrdkg/ fumt. Slkmn ymkg plrtmnm pm`dkg emdf pm`dkg mnmk

uktuf nlnplrfumt amsmr pmkggu` mam`mj slkmn flgl`.

Slglrm `mfufmk slkmn flgl` pmam jmrd plrtmnm pistpmrtun ed`m nlnmkg

nlnukgfdkfmk. Nlsfdpuk fmamkg-fmamkg su`dt uktuf slcmrm nuamj

nlkgmftdbfmk itit-itit amsmr pmkggu` dkd sl`mnm jmrd plrtmnm mtmu flaum,

mkhurfmk mgmr deu tlrsleut tltmp nlkciemkym. Slkmn flgl` mfmk nlnemktu

plkylneujmk pistpmrtun alkgmk hm`mk nlneumt

fiktrmfsd amk pl`lpmsmk slcmrm elrgmktdmk pmam itit-itit amsmr pmkggu`.

@mfufmk slkmn dkd fmpmk smhm. @mfufmk smnpmd =?? fm`d am`mn

sljmrd. \ktuf nlkgfiktrmfsd pmsmkgmk itit-itit dkd, emymkgfmk emjwm mkam

slamkg EMF amk `m`u mkam tdem-tdem nlkmjmkkym mtmu emymkgfmk

emjwm amsmr pmkggu` nlrupmfmk sleumj l`lvmtir, slcmrm plr`mjmk mkam

nlkhm`mkfmk smnpmd `mktmd 5 `m`u flnuadmk fl `mktmd 3 amk sltlruskym,

amk flnuadmk em`df turuk slcmrm plr`mjmk.

Slcmrm unun8

7<

_mam ndkggu-ndkggu plrtmnm pmrm deu slrdkg nlkgm`mnd

plklgmkgmk ymkg tlrmsm smfdt adpukggukg mtms ymkg adslemefmk i`lj

pmyuamrm ymkg elrmt slrtm plnelrdmk MSD ymkg slrdkg tlrpmfsm

ad`mfufmk alkgmk pisdsd ymkg fmfu amk `mnm adplrjmtdfmk. Slkmn tmkgmk

amk emju slcmrm tlrmtur smkgmt plktdkg uktuf nlkglkaurfmk fltlgmkgmk dkd,

amk hugm alkgmk nlkggukmfmk glrmfmk tueuj ymkg emdf, sdfmp ymkg emdf

slrtm pisdsd ymkg kymnmk pmam wmftu nlnelrd MSD.

m. _lrkmpmsmk plrut

Elremrdkg`mj admtms tlnpmt tdaur/ `mktmd alkgmk `utut adtlfuf.

@mfufmk plrkmpmsmk plrut alkgmk cmrm nlkmrdf kmbms am`mn amrd

jdaukg `m`u fl`umrfmk amrd nu`ut slcmrm plr`mjmk-`mjmk sl`mnm 3-<

altdf.

Gmnemr 5.=

Sunelr (Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?)

e. _lrkmpmsmk meainlk cmnpurfmk amk supdkl pl`vdc

Elremrdkg alkgmk `utut adtlfuf. Smned` nlkmrdf kmbms am`mn, putmr

pukggukg emgdmk pl`vds alkgmk nlkamtmrfmk pukggukg emwmj

ad`mktmd/ tlnpmt tdaur . fl`umrfmk kmbms alkgmk plr`mjmk, tltmpd

alkgmk nlkglrmjfmk tlkmgm slnlktmrm nlkgfiktrmfsdfmk itit plrut amk

nlkglkcmkgfmk eifikg, tmjmk sl`mnm 3-< altdf smned` nlkgl`umrfmk

kmbms. Ud`lfs.

72
 Gmnemr 5.5

Sunelr (Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?)

c. Slktuj `utut

Elremrdkg alkgmk `utut adtlfuf. Slnlktmrm nlkmrdf kmbms am`mn,

slktujfmk emgdmk emwmj amgu flamam smned` nlkgl`umrfmk kmbms.

Mkgfmt flpm`m amk emju slcmrm plr`mjmk amk jm`us upmymfmk

nlkylktuj `utut alkgmk `lkgmk adrlkggmkgfmk. Queuj jmkym ei`lj kmdf

pmam emgdmk pukggukg slnlktmrm pdkggmkg tltmp elrmam ad`mktmd

mtmu tlnpmt tdaur. _lr`mjmk-`mjmk turukfmk flpm`m amk emju flpisdsd

slnu`m. Ud`lfs.

Gmnemr 5.3

(Mnemrwmtd 5?=?)

a. Mkgfmt eifikg

77

Elremrdkg alkgmk emktumk `lkgmk `utut adtlfuf, amk fmfd nlkamtmr.

Alkgmk plr`mjmk kmdffmk eifikg, amk `lkgfukgfmk pukggukg amk

flnem`d plr`mjmk-`mjmk flpisdsd slnu`m.

 Gmnemr 5.1

Sunelr (Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?)

l. Nlnutmr flaum `utut

Elremrdkg alkgmk `utut adtlfuf. _lrtmjmkfmk emju nlkamtmr amk fmfd

admn. Alkgmk plr`mjmk amk jm`us putmr `utut flfdrd smnpmd nlkylktuj

`mdktmd/ tlnpmt tdaur. _lrtmjmkfmk glrmfmk ymkg jm`us, putmr `utut

flfmkmk smnpmd nlkylktuj `mktmd/tlnpmt tdaur amk flnem`d flpisdsd

slnu`m amk rd`lfs.

Gmnemr 5.<

Sunelr (Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?)

b. Nlnutmr smtu `utut

Elremrdkg admtms pukggukg alkgmk tukgfmd fmkmk ad`urusfmk amk

tukgfmd fdrd adtlfuf pmam `utut. _lrtmjmkfmk emju amtmr, slcmrm

plr`mjmk putmr `utut fdrd flfmkmk smnpmd nlkylktuj `mktmd/ tlnpmt

tdaur amk flnem`d flpisdsd slnu`m. Gmktd pisdsd tukgfmd putmr `utut

7:

fmkmk flfdrd smnpmd nlkylktuj tlnpmt tdaur amk flnem`d flpisdsd

slnu`m.

Gmnemr 5.2
 Sunelr(Mnemrwmtd,5?=?)

g. _utmr tukgfmd

Elremrdkg alkgmk flaum tukgfmd `urus. _lrtmjmkfmk emju tltmp amtmr

amk flaum tukgfmd `urus, alkgmk plr`mjmk amk jm`us mkgfmt tukgfmd

fdrd amk putmr slalndfdmk rupm sljdkggm nlkylktuj `mktmd amk tlnpmt

tdaur adsdsd fmkmk amk flnem`d flpisdsd slnu`m. \`mkgd glrmfmk dkd

alkgmk tukgfmd fmkmk amk adputmr nlkylktuj `mktmd/ tlnpmt tdaur

adsdsd fdrd tueuj. Ud`lfs.

Gmnemr 5.7

Sunelr(Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?)

j. Mkgfmt tmkgmk

Elremrdkg alkgmk `lkgmk admkgfmt smnpmd nlnelktuf suaut 4? alrmhmt

tlrjmamp tueuj. Mkgfmt `lkgmk elrsmnm-smnm sljdkggm 74

tl`mpmf tmkgmk ampmt elrslktujmk turukfmk slcmrm pl`mjmk.

(Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?).

Gmnemr 5.:
 Sunelr (Mnemrwmtd, 5?=?).

5. Qdkhmumk Qlird Msujmk Fledamkmk

m. _lkglrtdmk Msujmk Fledamkmk
Msujmk fledamkmk mam`mj prisls plnlcmjmk nmsm`mj ymkg ad gukmfmk
slemgmd nltial uktuf nlkgirgmkdsmsdfmk pdfdrmkamk tdkamfmk elramsmrfmk
tlird d`ndmj, plklnumk-plklnumk fltlrmnpd`mk am`mn rmkgfmdmk/tmjmpmk
ymkg `igds uktuf plkgmned`mk sumtu flputusmk ymkg elrbifus pmam f`dlk Msujmk
fledamkmk tlradrd amrd tuhuj `mkgfmj ymkg elrurutmk, ymkg ad nu`md alkgmk
plkgunpu`mk amtm amsmr amk elrmfjdr alkgmk lvm`umsd. Quhuj `mkgfmj tlrsleut
nlnelktuf flrmkgfm ymkg `lkgfmp amk edsm ad mp`dfmsdfmk am`mn sumtu
sdtumsd (Rmrkly, 5?=5).
e. Qmjmpmk Msujmk Fledamkmk
Am`mn prmftdfkym edamk nlkggukmfmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk am`mn
nlnelrdfmk msujmk fledamkmk. Nlkurut Rmrkly (5?=5), nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk
mam`mj prisls plnlcmjmk nmsm`mj ymkg adgukmfmk slemgmd nltial uktuf
nlkgirgmkdsmsdfmk pdfdrmk amk tdkamfmk elramsmrfmk tlird d`ndmj, plklnumk-
plklnumk, fltlrmnpd`mk-fltlrmnpd`mk am`mn rmkgfmdmk/ tmjmpmk ymkg `igds
uktuf plkgmned`mk sumtu flputusmk elrbifus pmam f`dlk. Nlkurut Rmrkly (5?=5),
`mkgfmj-`mkgfmj nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk tlrsleut slemgmd elrdfut8
=. @mkgfmj D (_lkgunpu`mk Amtm Amsmr)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd adfunpu`fmk slnum dkbirnmsd ymkg mfurmt amk
`lkgfmp ymkg elrfmdtmk alkgmk fikadsd f`dlk. _lkalfmtmk dkd jmrus

:?

elrsdbmt finprljlksdb nl`dputd amtm suehlftdb, iehlftdb, amk jmsd`

plnlrdfsmmk.
5. @mkgfmj DD (Dktlrprltmsd Amtm Amsmr)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd ad`mfufmk dalktdbdfmsd tlrjmamp admgkisds mtmu
nmsm`mj amk fleutujmk f`dlk elramsmrfmk dktlrprltmsd ymkg elkmr mtms
amsmr amtm-amtm ymkg tl`mj adfunpu`fmk. Amtm amsmr ymkg tl`mj
adfunpu`fmk addktlrprltmsdfmk sljdkggm ampmt nlrunusfmk admgkism amk
nmsm`mj ymkg splsdbdf.
3. @mkgfmj DDD (Nlkgdalktdbdfmsd Admgkism mtmu Nmsm`mj _itlksdm` amk
Nlkgmktdsdpmsd _lkmkgmkmkkym)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd fdtm nlkgdalktdbdfmsd nmsm`mj mtmu admgkism
pitlksdm` `mdk elramsmrfmk rmkgfmdmk nmsm`mj amk admgkisds ymkg tl`mj
addalktdbdfmsdfmk.
1. @mkgfmj DR (Nlkltmpfmk Fleutujmk Qlrjmamp Qdkamfmk Slglrm)
 Nlkgdalktdbdfmsd plr`ukym tdkamfmk slglrm i`lj edamk mtmu aiftlr amk
mtmu uktuf adfiksu`fmk mtmu adtmkgmkd elrsmnm alkgmk mkggitm tdn
flsljmtmk ymkg `mdk slsumd alkgmk fikadsd f`dlk.
<. @mkgfmj R (Nlkyusuk Ulkcmkm Msujmk ymkg Nlkyl`uruj)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd ad`mfufmk plrlkcmkmmk ymkg nlkyl`uruj, adtlktufmk
`mkgfmj-`mkgfmj slel`unkym. @mkgfmj dkd nlrupmfmk fl`mkhutmk nmkmhlnlk
tlrjmamp admgkisds mtmu nmsm`mj ymkg tl`mj addalktdbdfmsd mtmu
admktdsdpmsd, pmam `mkgfmj dkd dkbirnmsd/amtm amsmr ymkg tdamf
`lkgfmp ampmt ad`lkgfmpd.
2. @mkgfmj RD (_l`mfsmkmmk @mkgsukg Msujmk Lbdsdlk amk Mnmk)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd, rlkcmkm msujmk ymkg nlkyl`uruj ad `mkgfmj fl`dnm
jmrus ad`mfsmkmfmk slcmrm lbdsdlk amk mnmk.
7. @mkgfmj RDD (Nlkglvm`umsd Jmsd` Qdkamfmk)
_mam `mkgfmj dkd ad`mfufmk lvm`umsd fllblftdbmk amrd msujmk ymkg
suamj adelrdfmk. Ulkcmkm ampmt admkggmp lblftdb hdfm nlnmkg elkmr
lblftdb am`mn pl`mfsmkmmkkym.
c. _lkaifunlktmsdmk Nmkmhlnlk Msujmk Fledamkmk
=. Amtm Sueylftdb (S)
Amtm suehlftdb nlrupmfmk plkaifunlktmsdmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk
nlkurut Jl`lk Rmrkly `mkgfmj plrtmnm (plkgfmhdmk amtm), tlrutmnm amtm
ymkg adplri`lj nl`m`ud mkmnklsds.

:=

m) Kmnm F`dlk amk _msmkgmk

Adgukmfmk uktuf nlnplr`mkcmr finukdfmsd am`mn msujmk, sljdkggm
mktmrm edamk amk pmsdlk nlkhmad `ledj mfrme (Sdwd, 5?=<).
e) \nur
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud nmsm rlpriaufsd f`dlk elrlsdfi tdkggd mtmu
tdamf, 0 =2 tmjuk mtmu ; 3< tmjuk (Sdwd, 5?=<).
c) Mgmnm
\ktuf nlklktufmk emgmdnmkm fdtm nlnelrdfmk aufukgmk pmam deu
sl`mnm nlnelrdfmk msujmk. Dkbirnmsd dkd tlrfmdt alkgmk plktdkgkym
mgmnm am`mn fljdaupmk f`dlk, trmadsd mgmnm am`mn fljmnd`mk amk
`mdk – `mdk (Sdwd, 5?=<).
a) Sufu Emkgsm
Adfmhd uktuf nlklktufmk mamt dstdmamt mtmu euamymkym. Ums, ltkds,
amk flturukmk jmrus addalktdbdfmsd am`mn rmkgfm nlnelrdfmk plrmwmtmk
ymkg plfm euamym flpmam f`dlk (Sdwd, 5?=<).
l) _lkadadfmk
 Qmkymfmk tdkgfmt plkadadfmk tlrtdkggd f`dlk. Nlkgltmjud plkadadfmk f`dlk
elrplkgmruj am`mn tdkamfmk fledamkmk amk uktuf nlkgltmjud slhmuj
nmkm tdkgfmt dktl`lftum`kym, sljdkggm edamk ampmt nlnelrdfmk
fiksl`dkg slsumd alkgmk plkadadfmkkym (Sdwd, 5?=<).
b) _lflrhmmk
Nlkgltmjud plflrhmmk f`dlk mam`mj plktdkg uktuf nlkgltmjud flnukgfdkmk
plkgmruj `dkgfukgmk flrhmk pmsdlk tlrjmamp fljmnd`mk ymkg ampmt nlrusmf
hmkdk, amk plrsm`dkmk prlnmtur (Sdwd, 5?=<).
g) M`mnmt
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud flmammk `dkgfukgmk amk tlnpmt tdkggm` f`dlk,
sljdkggm `ledj nlnuamjfmk pmam smmt mfmk elrsm`dk slrt nlkgltmjud
hmrmf runmj alkgmk tlnpmt pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk(Sdwd, 5?=<).
j) M`msmk Amtmkg
Adtmkymfmk uktuf nlkgltmjud m`msmk amtmkg fl edamk/ f`dkdf, mpmfmj
uktuf nlnlrdfsmfmk flmamkkym mtmu uktuf nlnlrdfsmfmk fl`ujmk `mdk
ymkg adsmnpmdfmk alkgmk fmtm – fmtmkym slkadrd(Sdwd, 5?=<).

:5

d) Fl`ujmk \tmnm
Fl`ujmk utmnm adtmkymfmk uktuf nlkgltmjud m`msmk pmsdlk amtmkg fl
fl bmsd`dtms flsljmtmk(Sdwd, 5?=<).
h) Udwmymt Flsljmtmk
Udwmymt flsljmtmk nlrupmfmk dalktdbdfmsd fl`ujmk slfmrmkg,
plkymfdt unun ymkg plrkmj adalrdtm, slrtm plkymfdt ymkg adm`mnd
amju`u (Nmrnd, 5?=5). Ad dsd alkgmk rdwmymt plkymfdt ymkg plrkmj
mtmu slamkg ad alrdtm emdf f`dlk mtmupuk mkggitm fl`umrgm,
tlrutmnm
plkymfdt – plkymfdt ymkg ampmt nlnplkgmrujd flsljmtmk rlpriaufsd
slplrtd DNS, JDR/ MDAS, Jlpmtdtds E, Nm`mrdm, plymfdt tdamf nlku`mr
(Admeltls, fmkflr, jdplrtlksd), plkymfdt glkltdf, amk nmsm`mj flsljmtmk
hdwm(Sdwd, 5?=<).
f) Udwmymt Iestltrd
=) Nlkmrcj8 Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud fmpmk plrtmnm fm`d pmsdlk

nlkstrumsd. \nunkym nlkmrcjl tlrhmad pmam usdm =5-=3 tmjuk

(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
5) Sdf`us8 Sdf`us nlrupmfmk hmrmf mktmrm nlkstrumsd ymkg adm`mnd

alkgmk nlkstrumsd elrdfutkym, am`mn jdtukgmk jmrd. Adfmhd

 tlrmtur mtmu tdamfkym sltdmp eu`mk. Edmsmkym slfdtmr 53-35
jmrd (Sdwd, 5?=<).
3) @mnmkym8 `mnmkym jmda ymkg kirnm` mam`mj furmkg `ledj 7 jmrd.
Mpmed`m suamj nlkcmpmd =< jmrd elrmrtd suamj mekirnm` amk
flnukgfdkmk mamkym gmkggumk mtmupuk plkymfdt ymkg
nlnplkgmrujd(Sdwd, 5?=<).
1) Kylrd jmda8 Kylrd jmda plr`u adtmkymfmk uktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj

f`dlk nlkalrdtm mtmu tdamf ad tdmp jmda.Kylrd jmda hugm nlkhmad

tmkam fiktrifsd utlrus f`dlk elgdtu jlemt sljdkggm nlkdneu`fmk kylrd
jmda(Sdwd, 5?=<).
<) Emkymfkym8 Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud elrmpm emkymf amrmj ymkg

fl`umr smmt. Kirnm`kym ymdtu 5 fm`d gmktd plnem`ut am`mn

sljmrd.Mpmed`m amrmjkym tlr`m`u elr`ledjmk,dtu elrmrtd tl`mj
nlkukhufmk glhm`m fl`mdkmk emkymfkym amrmj jmda(Sdwd, 5?=<).

`) Udwmymt Fljmnd`mk _lrsm`dkmk, amk Kdbms ymkg `m`u

\ktuf nlklktufmk msujmk ymkg mfmk adelrdfmk elramsmrfmk elrmpm fm`d

jmnd`, mkmf ymkg `mjdr jdaup, plrsm`dkmk tlpmt wmftu, plrsm`dkmk :3

prlnmturl flgugurmk plrsm`dkmk alkgmk tdkamfmk (alkgmk birclp

vmfun, mtmu slfsdi slsmrdm), rdwmymt plramrmjmk pmam plrsm`dkmk,
jdplrtlksd pmam fljmnd`mk tlramju`u, elrmt emamk emyd furmkg amrd
5<?? grmn mtmu `ledj amrd 1??? grmn(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
n) Udwmymt FE
\ktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj f`dlk suamj plrkmj nlkggukmfmk fiktrmslpsd
mtmu el`un, hdfm suamj plrkmj emgmdnmkm plkgm`mnmk fiktrmslpsd
ymkg adpmfmd (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
k) _i`m _lnlkujmk Fleutujmk Sljmrd – Jmrd
=) _i`m Kutrdsd
Elelrmpm jmsd` ymkg plr`u adtmkymfmk pmam pmsdlk elrfmdtmk
alkgmk pi`m nmfmk mam`mj nlku, brlfulksd, hun`mj plr jmrd amk
pmktmkgmk (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
5) _i`m L`dndkmsd
EME amk EMF slplrtd brlfulksd plrjmrd, wmrkmkym, mam nmsm`mj
sl`mnm EME/EMF mtmu tdamf (Sdwd, 5?=<).
 prlnmturl, f l gugur mk, plrsm`dkm al kgmk tdkamfm (al kgmk birclp,
k k

3) _lrsikm` Jygdlkl
\ktuf nlkgltmjud flelrsdjmk adrd pmsdlk. Admkhurfmk uktuf nmkad
ndkdnm` 5 fm`d sljmrd, gmktd emhu ndkdnm` = fm`d, gmktd cl`mkm
am`mn ndkdnm` 5 fm`d sljmrd, elrflrmnms `ledj slrdkg amk nlkhmgm
flelrsdjmk fufu (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<). 1) _i`m Dstdrmjmt Qdaur
\ktuf nlkgltmjud flcufupmk dstdrmjmt pmsdlk. Dstdrmjmt smkgmt
adplr`ufmk cm`ik plkgmktdk. @mnm tdaur sdmkg jmrd kirnm`kym =–
5 hmn, nm`mn jmrd ymkg kirnm` mam`mj 2-: hmn (Su`dstymwmtd,
5?=<).
<) _i`m Mftdvdtms amk I`mjrmgm
Nlkgfmhd mftdvdtms sljmrd-jmrd pmsdlk uktuf gmnemrmk tlktmkg
slelrmpm elrmt mftdvdtms pmsdlk (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
2) Fledmsmmk ymkg Nlrugdfmk Flsljmtmk
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj deu nlnd`dfd fledmsmmk slplrtd

ndkun hmnu, nlrifif, ndkun-ndkunmk flrms, amk iemt tlr`mrmkg amk

fledmsmmk `mdkkym(Sdwd, 5?=<). :1

i) Udwmymt _sdfisisdm` Spdrdtum`

=. Udwmymt _lrfmwdkmk
m) Fmhd usdm deu 8 smmt plrtmnm fm`d nlkdfmj, stmtus plrfmwdkmk,

elrmpm fm`d nlkdfmj amk `mnm plrkdfmjmk. \sdm plrkdfmjmk

adplr`ufmk fmrlkm mpmed`m f`dlk nlkgmtmfmk emjwm nlkdfmj ad
usdm nuam slamkgfmk f`dlk pmam smmt fukhukgmk mwm` fl
tlnpmt
edamk tlrsleut suamj tmf `mgd nuam amk fljmnd`mkkym ymkg
plrtmnm,mam flnukgfdkmk emjwm fljmnd`mkkym smmt dkd mam`mj
fljmnd`mk ymkg smkgmt adjmrmpfmk.jm` dkd elrplkgmruj emgmdnmkm
msujmk fljmnd`mk(Sdwd, 5?=<).
e) _lrkdfmjmk ymkg fl elrmpm8 plktdkg uktuf adfmhd fmrlkm amrd

amtm dkd mfmk nlkampmtfmk gmnemrmk nlkglkmd sumsmkm

runmj tmkggm pmsmkgmk (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
c) @mnm nlkdfmj (nlkgltmjud elrmpm `mnm sltl`mj nlkdfmj deu nlkuhu

rlkcmkm fljmnd`mk) (Sdwd, 5?=<).

5. Fldkgdkmk jmnd` dkd adjmrmpfmk mtmu tdamf
 ) y p

Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj rlkcmkm fljmnd`mk dkd adjmrmpfmk mtmu

tdamf i`lj deu, sumnd amk fl`umrgm amk emgmdnmkm rlspik fl`umrgm
tlrjmamp rlkcmkm fljmnd`mk deu(Sdwd, 5?=<).
3. Nlfmkdsnl fipdkg
1. _lkgmned` flputusmk utmnm
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud sdmpm plkgmned` flputusmk utmnm am`mn
fl`umrgm smmt tlrhmad nmsm`mj am`mn fl`umrgm, tlrutmnm
mpmed`m tlrhmad flgmwmtamrurmtmk pmam deu sl`mnm jmnd`
(Sdwd, 5?=<).
<. Mamt dstdmamt
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud mpmfmj deu amk fl`umrgm nmsdj
nlkggukmfmk euamym sltlnpmt am`mn rlkcmkm fljmnd`mk. Nlkurut
(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<)emjwm nmsdj adhunpmdkym mamt dstdmamt
ymkg nlrugdfmk flsljmtmk deu jmnd` sljdkggm tlkmgm flsljmtmk jmrus
edsm nlkydfmpd jm` tlrsleut alkgmk edhmfsmkm.
2. _lkgjmsd`mk _lreu`mk
Adfmhd uktuf nlkgltmjud elrmpm plkgjmsd`mk deu/ sumnd plreu`mk,
cufup mtmu tdamf uktuf nlnlkujd fleutujmk fl`umrgmkym.
Flmammk lfikind smkgmt nlnplkgmrujd fljmnd`mk deu fmrlkm :<

elrjueukgmk alkgmk plnlkujmk fleutujmk deu sl`mnm fljmnd`mk

kmktdkym(Sdwd, 5?=<).
p) Qdkgfmt _lkgltmjumk

5. Amtm Ieylftdb (I)

Amtm ieylftdb nlrupmfmk plkaifunlktmsdmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk nlkurut Jl`lk
Rmrkly plrtmnm (plkgfmhdmk amtm), tlrutmnm amtm ymkg adplri`lj nl`m`ud
ieslrvmsd ymkg huhur amrd plnlrdfsmmk bdsdf pmsdlk,plnlrdfsmmk `meirmtirdun
mtmu plnlrdfsmmk admgkistdf `mdk.
m. _lnlrdfsmmk \nun =.
Flmammk unun
\ktuf nlkgltmjud amtm dkd fdtm cufup alkgmk nlkgmnmtd
flmammk pmsdlk slcmrm flsl`urujmk, ymdtu 8 Emdf, hdfm pmsdlk
nlnplr`djmtfmk rlspiks ymkg emdf tlrjmalmp `dkgfukgmk amk irmkg
`mdk, slrtm slcmrm bdsdf pmsdlk tdamf nlkgm`mnd fltlrgmktukgmk
 am`mn elrhm`mk, amk adfmtmfmk `lnmj, pmsdlk adnmsuffmk am`mn
frdtlrdm dkd hdfm dm furmkg mtmu tdamf nlnelrdfmk rlspik ymkg
emdf tlrjmamp `dkgfukgmk amk irmkg `mdk amk pmsdlk suamj tdamf
nmnpu `mgd uktuf elrhm`mk slkadrd (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
5. Flsmamrmk
\ktuf nlkampmtfmk gmnemrmk tlktmkg flsmamrmk pmsdlk, fdtm
ampmt nl`mfufmk plkgfmhdmk tdkgfmt flsmamrmk nu`md amrd
flmammk cinpisnlktds smnpmd alkgmk finm (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<)
3. Qlfmkmk amrmj
_lkgufurmk tlfmkmk amrmj ad`mfufmk uktuf nlkaltlfsd mamkym jdplrtlksd
(tlfmkmk amrmj ; =1?/4? nnJg). Nlkurut (Sdwd, 5?=<)tlfmkmk amrmj
kirnm` elrfdsmr systi`l/admsti`l ==?/:?
– =5?/:? nnJg
1. Kmad
Qmel` F`msdbdfmsd Alkyut Kmad
Al k yut K mad _ l rn l kdt F `msdbdf msd

0 2? E rmadf mrad

2?– = ?? K i rn m̀

:2

<. Suju
Suju tueuj slslirmkg ampmt adufur nl`m`ud fltdmf/ mfsd`m ymkg
ad`mfufmk alkgmk nl`ltmffmk tjlrninltlr ad fltdmf (Flnlkfls UD, 5?5?).
Qmel` F`msdbdfmsd Suju Queuj
S uj u Queuj C F l smk

0 32, < J dpi tl rn d

32, < – 3 7, < K i rn m`

37, < – 3 7, 4 A l n mn

; 37, 4 A l n mn Qdkggd

2. Ulspdrmsd
_lnlrdfsmmk brlfulksd plrkmbmsmk ad`mfufmk alkgmk nlkgjdtukg
hun`mj plrkmbmsmk, ymdtu dkspdrmsd ymkg addfutd

lfspdrmsd am`mn smtu nlkdt plkuj.

Qmel` F`msdbdfmsd Brlfulksd Kmbms

; =?? Qmf df mrad

 Brlfulksd Kmbms F`msdbdfmsd
_lrnlkdt (UU)

0 =3 E rmadpkl m

=1 – 5? K i rn m̀

; 5? Qmf dpkl m

7. Elrmt Emamk

Elrmt emamk mam`mj pmrmnltlr mktripinltrd ymkg smkgmt `med`.

Am`mn flmammk kirnm`, adnmkm flmammk flsljmtmk emdf amk
flsldnemkgmk mktmrm fiksunsd amk fleutujmk zmt gdzd tlrhmndk,
elrmt emamk elrflnemkg nlkgdfutd plrtmnemjmk unur.

Slekm`dfkym am`mn flmammk ymkg mekirnm`, tlrjmamp aum

flnukgfdkmk plrflnemkgmk emrmt emamk, ymdtu ampmt elrflnemkg

clpmt mtmu `mnemt amrd flammk kirnm`. Elrmt emamk jmrus sl`m`u

adnikdtir mgmr nlnelrdfmk dkbirnmsd ymkg nlnukgfdkfmk dktlrvlksd gdzd

ymkg prlvlktdb sladkd nukgfdk gukm nlkgmtmsd flclkalrukgmk plkurukmk

mtmu plkmnemjmk elrmt emamk ymkg :7

tdamf adfljlkamfd. Elrmt emamk jmrus sl`m`u adlvm`umsd am`mn

fiktlfs rdwmymt elrmt emamk ymkg nl`dputd gmym jdaup nmupuk
stmtus elrmt emamk ymkg tlrmfjdr. _lklktumk elrmt emamk ad`mfufmk
alkgmk cmrm nlkdnemkg(Mkggrmlkd, 5?=5).
:. Qdkggd Emamk
Qdkggd emamk nlrupmfmk sm`mj smtu pmrmnltlr ymkg ampmt
nl`djmt flmammk stmtus gdzd slfmrmk amk flmammk ymkg tl`mj `m`u.
_lrtuneujmk tdkggd/pmkhmkg emamk tdamf slplrtd elrmt emamk,
rl`mtdb furmkg slksdtdb pmam nmsm`mj flfurmkgmk gdzd pmam
wmftu sdkgfmt (Mkggrmlkd, 5?=5).
Sm`mj smtu cmrm uktuf nlklktufmk stmtus gdzd ymdtu alkgmk
nlnemkadkgfmk elrmt emamk amk tdkggd emamk.
DNQ > EE (Fg)/ QE5 (am`mn nltlr) (=) \ktuf
_lrlnpumk

Furus 8 0 = 7 F g/n5
Kirnm` 8 =7 – 53 Fg/ n5
 Flglnufmk 8 53 – 57 Fg/ n5
Ielsdtms 8 ; 5 7 Fg/ n 5
(5) \ktuf @mfd – @mfd
Furus 8 0 = : F g/n5

Kirnm` 8 =: – 5< Fg/ n5

Flglnufmk 8 5< – 57 Fg/ n5
Ielsdtms 8 ; 5 7 Fg/ n 5
4. @D@M
\furmk @D@M ymkg kirnm` mam`mj 53,< cn, adufur slel`un jmnd`.
Ed`m adtlnufmk plkgufurmk furmkg amrd 53,< cn nmfm
stmtus gdzd deu furmkg (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
e.Stmtus _rlslkt
=. Flpm`m8 \ktuf nlkgltmjud flelrsdjmk flpm`m. Kirnm`kym elktuf

nlsicjlpm`, fu`dt flpm`m elrsdj amk rmneut tdamf

riktif(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
5. Nmtm8 \ktuf nlkgltmjud wmrkm sf`lrm (dftlrdf mtmu tdamf, nlkd`md
fl`mdkmk bukgsd jmtd) amk wmrkm fikhukgtdvm (pucmt mtmu cufup
nlrmj, slemgmd gmnemrmk tlktmkg mklndm slcmrm fmsmr) amk
slcrlt (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).

::

3. Jdaukg8 _mam nmsm slel`un jmnd` plnlrdfsmmk dkd elrtuhumk

uktuf nlkgltmjud mamkym gmkggumk plnelktufmk jdpibdsds ymkg
elrjueukgmk alkgmk flnukgfdkmk mamkym gmkggumk bukgsd sdstdn
rlpriaufsd slfukalr. Cmrm plnlrdfsmmkkym mam`mj alkgmk
nlrmkgsmkg dkalrm plkcdunmk nlkggukmfmk emjmk ymkg elremu.
Kirnm`kym bukgsd plkcdunmk emdf, tdamf mam pi`dp, tdamf mam
slptun alvdmsd(Mkggrmlkd, 5?=5).
1. Nu`ut8 Kirnm`kym ededr tdamf flrdkg, tdamf tlrampmt stinmtdtds,
gdgd elrsdj tdamf mam fmrdls, tdamf mam gdgd pm`su.
<. Ql`dkgm8 Adfmhd uktuf nlnlrdfsm flelrsdjmk amk flnukgfdkmk mamkym

fl`mdkmk. Kirnm`kym mam`mj sdnltrds amk tdamf mam slrunlk

elr`ledj(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
 2. @ljlr8 Kirnm`kym tdamf mam plnelsmrmk fl`lkhmr tdrida, tdamf mam
plnelsmrmk fl`lkhmr `dnbl, tdamf mam elkaukgmk vlkm hugu`mrds
(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
7. Fltdmf8 \ktuf nlnlrdfsm flnukgfdkmk mamkym nmssm mtmu
plnelsmrmk pmam mfsd`m. Kirnm`kym tdamf mam elkhi`mk
(Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
:. Amam8 Kirnm`kym sdnltrds, alkyut hmktukg tlrmtur, amk tdamf mam

gmkggumk plrkmpmsmk (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).

4. Meainlk8 Adfmhd mam tdamf elfms `ufm iplrmsd, mam nmssm mtmu tdamf,
tlrampmt kylrd tlfmk meaindkm` mtmu tdamf, tlrampmt plnelsmrmk jlpmr/
`dnpm mtmu tdamf (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
=?. Glkltm`dm8 _mam flmammk kirnm` tdamf tlrampmt emu eusuf, amk

tdamf mam cikad`inm. _mam vu`vm nukgfdk adampmt cmdrmk hlrkdj

mtmu sladfdt elrwmrkm putdj tdamf elremu, pmam flmammk kirnm`,
tlrampmt plkgl`umrmk cmdrmk tdamf mam rmsm gmtm`, `ufm mtmu
plramrmjmk(Sdwd, 5?=<).
==. _ukggukg8 Qlrmem `urus, tdamf mam `uemkg mtmu fl`mdkmk elktuf.
=5. Mkus8 Kirnm`kym tdamf mam jmlnirida (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).
=3. Lfstrlndtms8 _lnlrdfsmmk tmkgmk amk fmfd ymkg adfmhd uktuf

nlkgltmjud mamkym lalnm slemgmd tmkam mwm` prllf`mnpsdm amk

wmrkm fufu ymkg fledrumk slemgmd glhm`m mklndm. Kirnm`kym
flaum tmkgmk amk fmfd tdamf ilaln, gmkggumk plrglrmfmk tdamf
mam (Su`dstymwmtd, 5?=<).

:4

c. _lnlrdfsmmk _lkukhmkg
3 Mkm`dsm (M)
Mkm`dsm nlrupmfmk plkaifunlktmsdmk jmsd` mkm`dsm amk dktlrprltmsd
(flsdnpu`mk) amrd amtm suehlftdb amk iehlftdb. Mkm`dsm nlrupmfmk
plkaifunlktmsdmk nmkmhlnlk fledamkmk nlkurut Jl`lk Rmrkly `mkgfmj flaum,
fltdgm amk fllnpmt sljdkggm nlkcmfup jm`-jm` elrdfut dkd8
admgkisds/nmsm`mj fledamkmk, admgkisds/nmsm`mj pitlksdm` amk fleutujmk
slglrm jmrus addalktdbdfmsd nlkurut flwlkmkgmk edamk nl`dputd tdkamfmk
nmkadrd, tdkamfmk fi`meirmsd, amk tdkamfmk nlruhuf f`dlk.
3. Mkm`dsm (M)

m) Admgkism8 Ky... unur... deu kdbms alkgmk fleutujmk.

e) Nmsm`mj8 Nmsm`mj slrdkg elrfmdtmk alkgmk jm`-jm` ymkg slamkg
adm`mnd wmkdtm ymkg addalktdbdfmsd i`lj edamk slsumd alkgmk jmsd`
plkgfmhdmk,kirnm`kym tdamf tlrhmad nmsm`mj .
c) Admgkism _itlksdm`8 _mam flmammk kirnm`, admgkism pitlksdm` ampmt
admemdfmk
a) Qdkamfmk Slglrm8 _mam flmammk kirnm`, `mkgfmj dkd ampmt admemdfmk

1. _lkmtm`mfsmkmmk (_)
_lkmtm`mfsmkmmk mam`mj nlneumt rlkcmkm msujmk smmt dkd amk
ymkg mfmk amtmkg. Ulkcmkm msujmk adsusuk elramsmrfmk jmsd` mkm`dsm
amk dktlrprltmsd amtm _ am`mn SIM_ nl`dputd plkaifunlktmsdmk nmkmhlnlk
fledamkmk nlkurut Jl`lk Rmrkly `mkgfmj fl`dnm, fllkmn amk fltuhuj.

4?
 EME DDD QDKHM\MK FMS\S

MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK _MAM DE\ KDBMS BDSDI@IGDS KT ‐K„ \N\U 55 QMJ\K _DM?AD U\MKG FDM _\SFLSNMS _IMSDM

M. _LKGFMHDMK
Jmrd, tmkggm` Slkdk, =1 Alslnelr 5?5?
Wmftu ? 4.3? w dtm
Qlnpmt _ usflsnms _ imsdm
Ediamtm 8
Kmnm _msmkgmk

Kmnm Ky. ‐K„ Kmnm 8 Qk. ‐U„

\nur 5 5 t mjuk \nur 8 5 < t mjuk

Sufu E ugds Sufu 8 E ugds

Mgmnm Ds `mn Mgmnm 8 Ds `mn

_lkadadfmk S NM _lkadadfmk 8 S NM

_lflrhmmk D UQ _lflrhmmk 8 S WMSQM

M`mnmt Mkggilym M`mnmt 8 Mkggilym

E.

AMQM S\ETLFQDB
<. M`msmk Amtmkg 8 Deu dkgdk nlnlrdfsmfmk flmammkkym
2. Fl`ujmk \tmnm 8 Deu nlkgmtmfmk pmam `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun tlrmsm elkgfmf
amk kylrd.
\rmdmk Fl`ujmk \tmnm 8 Nu`md ad rmsmfmk pmam tmkggm` =5-=5-5? (jmrd fl
tdgm) sltl`mj deu nl`mjdrfmk. \smjm deu nlkgmtmsd
kylrdkym alkgmk emkymf elremrdkg, elrglrmf slcmrm

plr`mjmk-`mjmk.
7. Udwmymt Iestltrd
Udwmymt Jmda
Nlkmrcjl 8 =< tmj uk Kylrd jmda Tm, smmt mwm` jmda

4=

Sdf`us 8 5 : j mrd @mnmkym < -7 j mrd

Wmrkm amrmj 8 nlrmj, flcif`mtmk Nmsm`mj tdamf mam
Emkymfkym 8 5 fm`d gmktd
 E mk ymf ky m 85 f m̀d gmktd

e. Udwmymt plrsm`dkmk amk kdbms ymkg `m`u 8 tdamf mam

c. Udwmymt plrsm`dkmk slfmrmkg
_mrdtms 8 = (smtu). Meirtus 8 tdamf plrkmj
Qlnpmt plrsm`dkmk 8 _usflsnms _imsdm. Ad ti`ikg i`lj edamk
Hlkds plrsm`dkmk 8 spiktmk
Nmsm`mj am`mn plrsm`dkmk8 tdamf mam nmsm`mj
Flmammk tm`d pusmt 8 emdf
Flmammk emyd 8 sljmt. Hlkds fl`mndk 8 `mfd-`mfd
Qmkggm`/hmn `mjdr 8 ?4-=5-5?5?/?<.?? wdtm. Mpgmr scirl 7/:
EE 8 3??? gr, _E 14 cn, @F 33 cn, @A 3= cn
Fl`mdkmk emwmmk 8 tdamf mam
a. Udwmymt flsljmtmk

=) Udwmymt flsljmtmk
Deu nlkgmtmfmk tdamf slamkg nlkalrdtm plkymfdt hmktukg gdkhm`, QEC,
msnm, AN a``.
5) Udwmymt plkymfdt am`mn fl`umrgm
Deu nlkgmtmfmk fl`umrgm tdamf mam ymkg nlkalrdtm plkymfdt hmktukg,
gdkhm`, QEC, msnm, AN a``.
l. Udwmymt FE 8 deu el`un plrkmj nlkggukmfmk FE
Ulkcmkm FE 8 deu el`un nlkgltmjud hlkds FE ymkg mfmk adgukmfmk
b. _i`m plnlkujmk fleutujmk sljmrd-jmrd

=) Kutrdsd

m) Nmfmk
Brlfulksd nmfmk pifif 8 3 x plrjmrd
Finpisdsd 8
◉ Kmsd 8 3 x O = pdrdkg (slamkg)
◉ @muf
8 3 x O = pitikg (slamkg), hlkdskym tlnpl amk tmju

◉ Smyurmk 8 3 x O ¾ nmkgfuf smyur hlkds emymn, `meu a``

◉ Eumj 8 fmamkg-fmamkg 6 hlkds pdsmkg amk plpmym
◉ Cmnd`mk 8 = x sljmrd6 hlkds edsfudt amk girlkgmk

45

_mktmkgmk 8 tdamf mam

plnem`ut
 e) Ndkun
Hun`mj titm` =: gl`ms plrjmrd6 hlkds mdr putdj, amk susu
5)
- Brlfulksd plrjmrd 8 4 x 6 wmrkm flfukdkgmk
- Fl`ujmk/nmsm`mj 8 tdamf mam fl`ujmk e) Eumkg Mdr Elsmr
L`dndkmsd
- Brlfulksd plrjmrd 8 = x 6 wmrkm fukdkg flcifl`mtmk
fiksdstlksd `lnelf
- Fl`ujmk/nmsm`mj 8 tdamf mam fl`ujmk

3) _lrsikm` jygdlkl
- Nmkad 8 5 x sljmrd
- Flrmnms 8 3 x slndkggu
- Gisif gdgd 8 5 x sljmrd

- Gmktd pmfmdmk 8 5 x sljmrd6 cl`mkm am`mn 5-3 x sljmrd

1) Jueukgmk slfsum` pmsdlk el`un nl`mfufmk jueukgmk slfsum`
<) Dstdrmjmt/tdaur

- Qdaur n m`mn 8 < h mn

- Qdaur sdmkg 8 = hmn (fmamkg-fmamkg)
- Fl`ujmk/nmsm`mj 8 slrdkg elgmamkg uktuf nlkyusud
emydkym
2)
Mftdvdtms bdsdf amk i`mj rmgm deu el`un nl`mfufmk mftdvdtms bdsdf
(nlkympu, nlkcucd, a``), i`mj rmgm amk slkmn kdbms.
7) Fledmsmmk ymkg nlrugdfmk flsljmtmk

- Nlrifif 8 deu nlkhmad plrifif pmsdb

fmrlkm sumnd plrifif
- Ndkunmk elrm`fiji` 8 Qdamf
- Iemt-iemtmk 8 Q damf
- Hmnu 8 Q damf ma m
- Slx E lems 8 Q damf

:) _i`m nlkyusud 8 sltdmp emydkym tlremkguk

4) Udwmymt _sdfisisdm` Spdrdtum`
m. Udwmymt _lrfmwdkmk

43

m) Eumkg Mdr Flcd`

- Stmtus _lrfmwdkmk 8 Nlkdfmj

 - \sdm wmftu nlkdfmj 8 5= tmjuk
- _lrkdfmjmk dkd ymkg fl = smj `mnmkym ½ = tmjuk
- Jueukgmk alkgmk sumnd emdf

)
f. Fljmnd`mk dkd adjmrmpfmk / tdam f* i`lj deu, sumnd, fl`umrgm6

Ulspik & aufukgmk fl`umrgm tlrjmamp kdbms dkd 8 fl`umrgm nl`mrmkg

pmsdlk uktuf tlr`m`u elrglrmf
c. Nlfmkdsnl fipdkg (Cmrm plnlcmjmk nmsm`mj) 8_msdlk elradsfusd
alkgmk sumnd.
a. Deu tdkggm` slrunmj alkgmk 8 Sumnd
l. _lkgmned` flputusmk utmnm am`mn fl`umrgm 8 Sumnd
b. Am`mn fikadsd lnlrglksd, deu ampmt/tda mf * nlkgmned` flputusmk
slkadrd.
g. Irmkg tlralfmt deu 8 Irmkg tum
j. Tmkg nlklnmkd deu uktuf fukhukgmk _KC 8 irmkg tum
d. Mamt dstdmamt ymkg ad`mfufmk deu elrfmdtmk alkgmk kdbms 8
- Deu ad `mrmkg i`lj irmkg tum nmfmk-nmfmkmk ymkg mnds,
slplrtd dfmk amk amgdkg mgmr hmjdtmk clpmt slneuj.

p*)
h. _lkgjmsd`mk plreu`mkUp 3.???.??? Cufup/ QdamfCufu
g. _rmftlf mgmnm ymkg elrjueukgmk alkgmk kdbms 8 tdamf mam
`. Flymfdkmk deu tlktmkg pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk8 deu ampm tnlklrdnm
slgm`m elktuf pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk ymkg adelrdfmk i`lj kmfls wmkdtm
nmupuk prdm6ei`lj nlklrdnm trmksbusd amrmj6 ei`lj adplrdfsm amlrmj
glkdtm`dm
n.Qdkgfmt plkgltmjumk deu 8
- Jm`-jm` ymkg suamj adfltmjud deu 8 deu el`un mam
plkgltmjumk sl`mnm dkd
- Jm`-jm` ymkg dkgdk adfltmjud deu 8
 Deu dkgdk nlkgltmjud tlktmkg tmkam emjmym pmam nmsm kdbms

 deu dkgdk nlkgltmjud cmrm nlkgurmkgd kylrd amk plrmwmtmk

`ufm plrlkdun amk glkltm`dm pmscm elrsm`dk

C. AMQM IETLFQDB
=. _LNLUDFSMMK BDSDF

41
 m. _lnlrdfsmmk \nun
- Flmammk unun 8 Emdf
- Flsmamrmk 8 Cinpisnlktds
- Qlksd 8 = ??/7? n nJg
- Suju 8 32 ,<iC
- Kmad 8 : ? x / n lkdt

- UU 8 5 = x /nlkdt - EE 8 2< fg
- QE 8 =< 7 cn
e. Stmtus prlslkt
- Flpm`m 8 Qdamf mam ilalnm, wmhmj elrsdj
- Nufm 8 Qdamf pucmt, tdamf mam ilalnm
- Nmtm 8 M kmklnds
- Jdaukg 8 Qdamf mam pi`dp
- Nu`ut 8 Qdamf mam gdgd elr`uemkg, tdamf mam smrdmwmk
- Ql`dkgm 8 Elrsdj, tdamf mam plkgl`umrmk

- @ljlr 8 Qdamf mam plnelkgfmfmk

- Fltdmf 8 Qdamf mam elkhi`mk
- Amam 8 Qdamf mam rltrmfsd amam, sumrm plrkmpmsmk kirnm`
- Meainlk 8 Qdamf mam elfms iplrmsd, tdamf mam plnelsmrmk plrut
- @dpmt pmjm 8 Qdamf mam vmrdsls, tdamf mam plnelsmrmk nmssm
- Ru`vm 8 tdamf ilaln, tdamf mam vmrdsls
- Lfstrlndtms 8 Qdamf mam ilalnm, plrglrmfmk emdf
- _ukggukg 8 Qdamf mam fl`mdkmk tu`mkg pukggukg
- Mkus 8 tdamf mam jlnirida
c. Stmtus Iestltrdf

- Nufm 8 tmnpmf mamkym c`imsnm grmvdamrun

- Nmnml 8 Qdamf mam elkhi`mk, plkgl`umrmk MSD
- Meainlk 8 Qdamf mam elfms iplrmsd, QB\ =/5 pusmt amk
sdnpjysds
- Glkltm`dm 8 __R 8 `iflm ruerm
@ufm plrdklun8 alrmhmt DD, hmjdt hl`uhur
5. _lnlrdfsmmk plkukhmkg 8 tdamf ad`mfufmk

A. MKM@DSM

4<
 plrmwmtmk amlrmj
glkltm`dmkym

Ky. K \sdm 55 tmjuk _DM?, pist pmrtun jmrd fl `dnm

Nmsm`mj 8 kylrd `ufm hmjdtmk, amk el`un nlkgltmjud tmkam emjmym kdbms amk
plrmwmtmk amlrmj glkltm`dmkym
Fleutujmk 8 dkbirnmsd tlktmkg bdsdi`igds kdbms, nlkgurmkgd kylrd `ufm hmjdtmk,
tmkam emjmym kdbms amk plrmwmtmk amlrmj glkltm`dmkym

L. _L@MFSMKMMK
Jmrd/tmkggm`8 Slkdk/=1-=5-5?5? Hmn 8 ?4.<? wdtm
=. Nlnelrdtmju deu jmsd` plnlrdfsmmk bdsdf emjwm deu am`mn flmammk sljmt
(QA 8 =??/7? nnJg, suju 8 32,<iC, Kmad 8 :?x/nlkdt, UU 8 5=x/nlkdt,
QB\ 8 ¾ pusmt amk sdnpjysds)
Jmsd` 8 Deu nlkglrtd emjwm dm am`mn flmammk emdf amk kirnm`.
5. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf nlkmrdf kmbms pmkhmkg ymdtu alkgmk cmrm nlkmrdf
kmbms nl`m`ud jdaukg amk nlkgl`umrfmkkym nl`m`ud nu`ut, tlfkdf dkd
adkmnmfmk tlfkdf rl`mfsmsd kmbms pmkhmkg amk adgukmfmk uktuf nlkgurmkgd
kylrd pmam `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun.

Jmsd` 8 Deu nlkglrtd amk elrsladm nl`mfufmk tlfkdf rl`mfsmsd kmbms pmkhmkg
uktuf nlkgurmkgd kylrd.
3. Nlnelrdfmk plkfls flpmam deu nlkglkmd kutrdsd uktuf nlnplrclpmt
1. Nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu tlfkdf plrmwmtmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun ymdtu
nlnelrsdjfmk alkgmk mdr edmsm flnuadmk adflrdkgfmk alkgmk jmkauf mtmu tdsu
flrdkg, nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf rmhdk nlkggmktd plnem`ut mpmed`m sltl`mj EME,
EMF, amk hdfm adrmsm suamj `lneme.
Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk ymkg adsmnpmdfmk.

42

<. Nlkgmhmrfmk pmam deu uktuf finprls adkgdk pmam `ufm plrdklun uktuf
plkylneujmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun ymdtu nmfmk nmfmkmk ymkg emkymf
nlkgmkaukg pritldk slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg, dfmk, mymn, slrtm addnemkgd alkgmk
nlkgiksunsd nmfmkmk ymkg emkymf nlkgmkaukg vdtmndk C, slrmt amk emkymf
ndkun mdr putdj. Slrtm nlnelrdtmju deu tdamf nlkgfiksunsd dfmk amk amgdkg
nlnplrclpmt plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun mam`mj jm` ndtis. Qmkpm pritldk slemgmd
zmt plnemkguk ymkg cufup, nmfm deu kdbms mfmk nlkgm`mnd fltlr`mnemtmk
plkylneujmk emjfmk elrpitlksd dkblfsd ed`m
 amym tmjmk tueuj furmkg mfdemt pmktmkg nmfmkmk elrgdzd. _ritldk hugm
adplr`ufmk uktuf plnelktufmk MSD.
Jmsd` 8 Deu elrsladm nlkgfiksunsd nmfmkmk fmym pritldk (slplrtd dfmk, amgdkg,
mymn)slrtm eumj amk smyur `ledj emkymf amrd edmsmkym

nlnemktu nlkgurmkgd kylrd amk plnelkgfmfmk

Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk ymkg adsmnpmdfmk.
2. Nlnelrd tmju deu nlkglkmd tmkam emjmym pist pmrtun (sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk), ymdtu
mamkym plkgl`umrmk amrmj ymkg elr`ledjmk adslrtmd rmsm pusdkg amk fukmkg
fukmkg, fiktrmfsd tdamf mam, elkgfmf ad nufm, tmkgmk, fmfd, deu

nlkgm`mnd alprlsd, pmyuamrm elkgfmf, amk nlnlrmj

Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd emjwm tmkam emjmym pist pmrtun (sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk), ymdtu mamkym plkgl`umrmk amrmj
ymkg elr`ledjmk adslrtmd rmsm pusdkg amk fukmkg fukmkg, fiktrmfsd tdamf mam, elkgfmf ad nufm, tmkgmk, fmfd,
deu nlkgm`mnd alprlsd, pmyuamrm elkgfmf, amk nlnlrmj

:. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf nlnelrdfmk MSD smhm pmam emydkym sl`mnm 2

eu`mk. MSD nlrupmfmk nmfmkmk d`ndmj emgd emyd ymkg prmftds, lfikinds,
nlnd`dfd gdzd ymkg slsumd emgd emyd amk slsumd plkclrkmmk emyd. Sl`mdk dtu
alkgmk nlkyusud deu ampmt `ledj alfmt alkgmk smkg emyd. Jmsd` 8 deu pmjmn
amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk

4.
Nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu nlkglkmd kutrdsd deu kdbms, ymdtu deu nlneutujfmk
nmfmkmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg pritldk tdkggd slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg dfmk slemgmd

sunelr plnu`djmk tueuj, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg zmt elsd slplrtd smyur smyurmk
elrwmrkm jdhmu,nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg vdtmndk C slplrtd hlruf, amk deu
tdamf mam pmktmkgmk am`mn nmfmk, slrtm nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu uktuf
nmfmk 5x amrd pirsd nmfmk slel`un jmnd`.
Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd emjwm kutrdsd deu kdbms, ymdtu deu nlneutujfmk
nmfmkmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg pritldk tdkggd slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg, dfmk slemgmd
sunelr plnu`djmk tueuj, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg zmt elsd slplrtd smyur smyurmk
elrwmrkm jdhmu, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg vdtmndk C slplrtd hlruf,

47

amk deu tdamf mam pmktmkgmk am`mn nmfmk, slrtm nmfmk 5x amrd pirsd
nmfmk slel`un jmnd`.
=?. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf tltmp nlkgfiksunsd vdtmndk amk tme`lt BL amrd
7. Nlkgmhmrfmk deu cmrm nlkyusud ymkg elkmr ymdtu alkgmk nlkyusud emyd slslrdkg nukgfdk, sltdmp 5 hmn
slfm`d (ik alnmka), hdfm emyd tdaur ;5 hmn, emkgukfmk `m`u susud, susud smnpmd pmyuamrm tlrmsm fisikg,
`m`u pdkamj fl pmyuamrm sdsd ymkg `mdk.
Jmsd` 8 Deu nlkglrtd cmrm nlkyusud ymkg elkmr ymdtu alkgmk nlkyusud emyd

slslrdkg nukgfdk, sltdmp 5 hmn slfm`d, hdfm emyd tdaur ;5 hmn, emkgukfmk `m`u
susud, susud smnpmd pmyuamrm tlrmsm fisikg, `m`u pdkamj fl pmyuamrm sdsd
ymkg `mdk
 pusflsnms slsumd mkhurmk tlkmgm flsljmtmk.
Jmsd` 8 deu elrsladm nlkgfiksunsd vdtmndk amk tme`lt BL amrd pusflsnms

Cmtmtmk _lrflnemkgmk
Kmnm _ msdl k 8 Ky. K

Kmnm E da mk 8 Uustdmkm Awd S. Dkam

Qlnpmt 8 Uunmj Ky. K

CMQMQMK _LUFLNEMKGMK

Kmnm
Qmkggm` amk CMQMQMK

Hmn amk
_LUFLNEMKGMK (SIM_)
_mrmb

5= Alslnelr Suehlftdb 8
5?5? - K y. K n l k gmtmfmk tdam
f mamf l `uj mk smmt dkd

- Ky . K nl kgmtmfmk suamj tdamf nl r msmf mk

=3 .?? wdtm
kylrd pmam `ufm plrdklunkym

Iehlftdb 8
=. Fl mammk un un 8 Emdf
5. Fl smamrmk 8 Ci np i snl k tds
3. QA 8 = =? /4 ? n n J g
1. Kmad 8 7: f m̀d/n l kdt
<. UU 8 55 f m`d/n l k dt

4:

EME DR _LNEMJMSMK

44

2. S uju 8 32 ,2i C
7. Stmtus _rl slk t 8 Am`mn emtms kir n m`
 Elramsmrfmk plkgfmhdmk pmam tmkggm` =5 Alslnelr 5?5? msujmk fledamkmk
pmam Ky.K usdm 55 tmjuk alkgmk fleutujmk msujmk fledamkmk kdbms kirnm`. @mkgfmj
mwm` ad`mfufmk plkgfmhdmk ymkg nl`dputd amtm sueylftdb amk amtm ieylftdb nl`m`ud
mkmnklsm `mkgsukg pmam pmsdlk amk elelrmpm plnlrdfsmmk. Elramsmrfmk dalktdtms
pmsdlk adfltmjud emjwm pmsdlk elrkmnm Ky. K elrusdm 55 tmjuk, sufu emkgsm Eugds,

elrmgmnm Ds`mn, plkadadfmk tlrmfjdr SNM, plflrhmmk deu slemgmd deu runmj tmkggm,
amk elrm`mnmt ad Mkggilym, Fitm Flkamrd. Elramsmrfmk mkmnklsm pmam fukhukgmk
 d b

plrtmnm Ky.K slamkg am`mn nmsm pistpmrtun amk deu nlkgl`uj kylrd amk tlrmsm elkgfmf
pmam `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun.
_lkgfmhdmk amtm suehlftdb ad`mfufmk alkgmk 5 nltial, ymkg plrtmnm
m``imkmnklsm adnmkm nlkmkymfmk flpmam irmkg `mdk eufmk pmsdlk tlrfmdt, slamkgfmk
muti mkmnklsm, ymdtu mkmnklsm ymkg ad`mfufmk `mkgsukg pmam pmsdlk ymkg
elrsmkgfutmk (Rmrkly mka Hmk N.F, 5?=?). Mkmnklsm pmam fmsus Ky.K ad`mfufmk alkgmk
nltial muti mkmnklsm fmrlkm slcmrm bdsdf nmupuk psdfi`igds nmnpu nl`mfufmk finukdfmsd
alkgmk emdf. Smmt nl`mfufmk msujmk fledamkmk kdbms

bdsdi`igds pmam Ky.K adcmktunfmk tmkggm`, hmn amk tlnpmt slemgmd euftd mtmu
cikslkt
emjwm plku`ds suamj nl`mfufmk msujmk pmam tmkggm`, hmn amk tlnpmt slplrtd ymkg
adtu`dsfmk am`mn `lnemr tdkhmumk fmsus.
Amtm suehlftdb elrdsd plkgfmhdmk elrupm dalktdtms pmsdlk. Dalktdtms pmsdlk
elrdsd kmnm, unur, mgmnm, plkadadfmk, plflrhmmk, amk m`mnmt. (_uspdtmsmrd, 5?=1)
nlkyleutfmk kmnm pmsdlk plr`u adfmhd uktuf nlkcdptmfmk flplrcmymmk mktmrm
plnelrd msujmk alkgmk pmsdlk amk nlnelamfmk hdfm mam flsmnmmk kmnm alkgmk
pmsdlk ymkg `mdk.
Slamkgfmk uktuf amtm iehlftdb plkgfmhdmk plnlrdfsmmk stmtus prlslkt amk
iestltrdfus. _lnlrdfsmmk stmtus prlslkt hugm ad`mfufmk alkgmk `lkgfmp nu`md amrd

jlma ti til. Qmkam-tmkam dkblfsd hugm tdamf adtlnufmk pmam pmsdlk ampmt ad`djmt
amrd jmsd` plnlrdfsmmk emjwm suju tueuj pmsdlk am`mn flmammk kirnm` 32,< iC, tlfmkmk
amrmj pmsdlk =??/7? nnJg tdamf adtlnufmk mamkym fl`mdkmk mtmu mekirnm`dtms ymkg
nlkgmrmj pmam nmsm`mj flsljmtmk.
Nmnml ad`mfufmk plnlrdfsmmk iestltrdf uktuf nlkgltmjud mamkym nmssm mtmu
elkhi`mk ymkg mekirnm` pmam pmyuamrm alkgmk nlndhmt amlrmj pmyuamrm. Jmsd`
plnlrdfsmmk pmyuamrm pmam Ky.K tdamf mam flnlrmjmk amk elkhi`mk, tdamf mam
emgdm

=??

pmyuamrm ymkg nlkglrms. Fi`istrun suamj fl`umr.

Mkm`dsm amtm ad`mfufmk sltl`mj nl`mfufmk mkmnklsds amtm suehlftdb amk
mkmnklsds amtm iehlftdb. Mkm`dsds adam`mnkym nlkcmkgfup admgkisds mftum` amk
slplr`ukym nlkgdalktdbdfmsd fleutujmk tdkamfmk slglrm uktuf mktdsdpmsd nmsm`mj
(Rmrkly mka Hmk N.F, 5?=?). Admgkisds pmam Ky.K mam`mj Ky.K usdm 55 tmjuk _ =M? pist
pmrtun jmrd fl `dnm.

Elramsmrfmk jmsd` plkgfmhdmk ymkg ad`mfufmk pmam tmkggm` =5 Alslnelr 5?5?

pufu` ?4.<? WDQM, plkmtm`mfsmkmmk ymkg adelrdfmk flpmam KT.K ymdtu8
==. Nlnelrdtmju deu jmsd` plnlrdfsmmk bdsdf emjwm deu am`mn flmammk sljmt (QA 8
=??/7? nnJg, suju 8 32,<iC, Kmad 8 :?x/nlkdt, UU 8 5=x/nlkdt, QB\ 8 ¾ pusmt amk
sdnpjysds)
Jmsd` 8 Deu nlkglrtd emjwm dm am`mn flmammk emdf amk kirnm`.
=5. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf nlkmrdf kmbms pmkhmkg amrd jdaukg flnuadmk adfl`umrfmk
plr`mjmk `lwmt nu`ut uktuf nlkgurmkgd nu`ls ymkg adrmsmfmk deu amk kylrd pmam
`ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun.
Jmsd` 8 Deu nl`mfufmk tlfkdf rl`mfsmsd kmbms pmkhmkg, nu`ls pmam plrut amk kylrd
pmam `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun ymkg adrmsmfmkkym elrfurmkg.
Jm` dkd slhm`mk alkgmk plkl`dtdmk ymkg ad`mfufmk i`lj Adtm Mndtm, aff pmam
plkl`dtdmkkym tmjuk 5?=: alkgmk huau` _lkgmruj Qlfkdf Ul`mfsmsd Kmbms Am`mn
Qlrjmamp Dktlksdtms Kylrd _mam _msdlk _mscm Sm`dk Kirnm` Ad Uunmj Smfdt
Elkgfu`u ymdtu jmsd` plkl`dtdmk nlkukhuffmk alkgmk ad`mfufmk rl`mfsmsd kmbms
am`mn ampmt nlkgurmkgd dktlksdtms kylrd pmam pmsdlk alkgmk ad`mfufmk tlfkdf
rl`mfsmsd ampmt nlkurukfmk dktlksdtms kylrd. Smmt ad`mfufmk tlfkdf rl`mfsmsd
kmbms am`mn, pmsdlk nlrl`mfsmsdfmk itit-itit sfl`lt ymkg nlkgm`mnd spmsnl ymkg
adslemefmk i`lj plkdkgfmtmk pristmg`mkadk sljdkggm tlrhmad vmsiad`mtmsd
plneu`uj amrmj amk mfmk nlkdkgfmtfmk m`drmk amrmj fl amlrmj ymkg nlkgm`mnd
spmsnl amk dsflndf. Flnuadmk hugm nmnpu nlrmkgsmkg tueuj uktuf nl`lpmsfmk ipidia
lkaiglk ymdtu lkairpjdk amk lkflbm`dk, ymkg nmkm ipidia

2=

dkd elrbukgsd slemgmd (mkm`glsdf m`mnd) uktuf nlne`ifdr rlsptir pmam sl`-sl` smrmb
sljdkggm nlkggmkggu trmksndsd sdkym` rmsm smfdt. Nmfm ampmt nlkylemefmk
brlfulksd kylrd pmam pmsdlk pmscm elrsm`dk kirnm` nmupuk pist iplrmsd slctdi
cmlsmrlm ampmt elrfurmkg (Mndtm, Blrkm`dm mka Tu`lkamsmrd, 5?=:).
Kylrd plrdklun pmam deu kdbms ampmt adslemefmk i`lj hmrdkgmk plrdklun ymkg
tlrfiymf fmrlkm plrsm`dkmk, prisls plkgmned`mk l`mstdsdtms plrdklun sltl`mj
 plrsm`dkmk, rielfmk pmam symrmb ad slfdtmr `ufm, hmjdtmk plrdklun, elkgfmf mtmu
`lclt pmam slfdtmr vmgdkm amk plklfmkmk flpm`m emyd smmt `mjdr. \ktuf
nlkgurmkgd kylrd plrdklun ymkg adrmsmfmk ad`mfufmk alkgmk tlfkdf rl`mfsmsd

kmbms am`mn. Mam plrelammk kylrd plrdklun slel`un amk slsuamj rl`mfsmsd kmbms
am`mn. Jmsd` plkl`dtdmk nlkukhuffmk emjwm smmt nl`mfufmk rl`mfsmsd deu mfmk
nlrmsm rd`lfs, tlkmkg amk smktmd, plrmsmmk dkd mfmk nlkgurmkgd dnpu`s kylrd
ymkg smnpmd fl itmf sljdkggm kylrd ymkg adrmsmfmk mfmk elrfurmkg. Sltl`mj
ad`mfufmk rl`mfsmsd kmbms am`mn deu nlkgm`mnd plkurukmk rmsm kylrd fmrlkm
deu nlrmsm `ledj tlkmkg amk rd`lfs sljdkggm dnp`us kylrd ymkg adrmsmfmk elrfurmkg,
Jm` dkd slsumd alkgmk tlird emjwm rm`mfsmsd ampmt nlnemktu nlkgurmkgd kylrd
(Nmfzdzmtukkdsm, Fusymtd mka Jdamymj, 5?=5).
=3. Nlnelrdfmkplkfls flpmam deu nlkglkmd kutrdsd uktuf nlnplrclpmt
plkylneujmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun ymdtu nmfmk nmfmkmk ymkg emkymf

nlkgmkaukg pritldk slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg, dfmk, mymn, slrtm addnemkgd alkgmk
nlkgiksunsd nmfmkmk ymkg emkymf nlkgmkaukg slrmt amk emkymf ndkun mdr

putdj.
Jmsd`8 Deu elrsladm nlkgfiksunsd nmfmkmk fmym pritldk, eumj amk smyur `ledj
emkymf amrd edmsmkym
Dkblfsd tlrhmad fmrlkm amnpmf stmtus gdzd ymkg tdamf malfumt ampmt
nlkggmkggu prisls plkylneujmk `ufm sljdkggm nlkylemefmk plkylneujmk `ufm tlrtukam,
`ufm frikds amk tlrhmad dkblfsd. Elelrmpm bmftir ampmt nlkylemefmk gmkggumk
plkylneujmk `ufm alkgmk nlnplkgmrujd smtu mtmu

25

`ledj bmsl amrd prisls plkylneujmk `ufm tlrsleut, sm`mj smtukym stmtus gdzd slemgmd
bmftir plktdkg ymkg nlnplkgmrujd plkylneujmk `ufm. Bmftir gdzd tlrutmnm pritldk
smkgmt nlnplkgmrujd prisls plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun fmrlkm plrgmktdmk hmrdkgmk
smkgmt nlneutujfmk pritldk. I`lj fmrlkm dtu,albdsdlksd pritldk ampmt nlnplr`mnemt
plkylneujmk `ufm. Elramsmrfmk sl`uruj smnpl` ymkg adtl`dtd adfltmjud emjwm
slemkymf 24,5% rlspikalk nlnpukymd tdkgfmt fiksunsd pritldk furmkg alkgmk fikadsd
plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun `mnm. Elramsmrfmk jmsd` plkl`dtdmk nmfm ampmt
adsdnpu`fmk emjwm mam jueukgmk ymkg sdgkdbdfmk mktmrm tdkgfmt fiksunsd
pritldk alkgmk fikadsd
plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun alrmhmt DD. Slemgdmk elsmr deu kdbms ymkg nlnd`dfd
tdkgfmt fiksunsd pritldk furmkg nlkgm`mnd fikadsd plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun `mnm
(Mzdz, Silnmradkd mka Kugriji, 5?=2).
=1. Nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu tlfkdf plrmwmtmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun ymdtu nlnelrsdjfmk
alkgmk mdr edmsm flnuadmk adflrdkgfmk alkgmk jmkauf mtmu tdsu flrdkg,
nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf rmhdk nlkggmktd plnem`ut EME, EMF, amk hdfm adrmsm
suamj `lneme.
Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk ymkg adsmnpmdfmk.
Ru`vm jygdlkl smkgmt`mj plktdkg uktuf flslneujmk `ufm. _lrmwmtmk `ufm
plrdklun elrtuhumk uktuf nlkclgmj dkblfsd, nlkdkgfmtfmk rmsm kymnmk amk
nlnplrclpmt plkuneujmk. _lrmwmtmk `ufm plrdklun ampmt ad`mfufmk alkgmk cmrm
nlkcucd amlrmj glkdtm` alkgmk mdr amk smeuk sltdmp fm`d jmeds EMF mtmu EME
ymkg adnu`md alkgmk nlkcucd emgdmk alpmk, emru flnuadmk amlrmj mkus. Slel`un
amk slsuamjkym deu admkhurfmk uktuf nlkcucd tmkgmk. _lnem`ut jlkamfkym adgmktd
ndkdnm` 5 fm`d sljmrd. Qlfkdf plrmwmtmk ampmt nlnplkgmrujd flslneujmk `ufm
hmjdtmk plrdklun. Qlfkdf plrmwmtmk ymkg elkmr mfmk nlkylemefmk `ufm hmjdtmk
slneuj alkgmk emdf. Amk vu`vm jygdlkl ymkg emdf mfmk nlnplkgmrujd flclpmtmk
flslneujmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun. Slnmfdk emdf

23

vu`vm jygdlkl nmfm slnmfdk clpmt flslneujmk `ufm hmjdtmk plrdklun(Jmrty, 5?=<).

=<. Nlkgmhmrfmk pmam deu uktuf finprls adkgdk pmam `ufm plrdklun uktuf nlnemktu
nlkgurmkgd kylrd amk plnelkgfmfmk

Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk ymkg adsmnpmdfmk.

_mam _lkl`dtdmk Lvm Sd`vdmkm Umjnmwmtd pmam tmjuk 5?== alkgmk

huau` _lkgmruj Finprls Adkgdk Qlrjmamp _lkgurmkgmk Kylrd @ufm _lrdklun _mam
Deu Kdbms ad E_S Sdtd M`bdramus Fdkgfdkg Fmeupmtlk Quemk ymdtu jmsd`
plkl`dtdmk slel`un adelrdfmk plr`mfumk finprls adkgdk slemgdmk elsmr Ulspiksalk
nlkgm`mnd kylrd slamkg =5 (2?%), kylrd rdkgmk amk elrmt 1
(5?%) amk sltl`mj adelrdfmk plr`mfumk finprls adkgdk slemgdmk elsmr
Ulspiksalk nlkgm`mnd kylrd rdkgmk =< (7<%), kylrd slamkg 1 (5?%) slrtm =

(<%) ymkg nlkgm`mnd kylrd elrmt. Sljdkggm ampmt adsdnpu`fmk mam plkgmruj finprls
adkgdk tlrjmamp plkgurmkgmk kylrd `ufm plrdklun pmam deu kdbms.

Alkgmk adelrdfmkkym finprls adkgdk dkd deu mfmk nlrmsm kymnmk, fmrlkm
lblf mkm`gltdf amrd finprls adkgdk ymkg nlkurukfmk flclpmtmk jmktmrmk symrmb
sljdkggm dnp`us kylrd ymkg smnpmd fl itmf `ledj sladfdt sljdkggm nlkurukfmk slksmsd
 kylrd ymkg adrmsmfmk, sl`mdk nlrmsm kymnmk alkgmk adelrdfmkkym finprls
adkgdk slcmrm tdamf `mkgsukg mfmk tlrcdptm jueukgmk emdf mktmrm pmsdlk amk
tlkmgm flsljmtmk. Deu kdbms ampmt nlkhm`mkd nmsm kdbmskym alkgmk mnmk
amk kymnmk fmrlkm finprls adkgdk dkd nlrupmfmk nltial slalrjmkm ymkg ampmt
adgukmfmk uktuf nlkgurmkgd kylrd sl`mdk alkgmk nlkggukmfmk iemt-iemtmk (Lvm
Sd`vdmkm, 5?==).

=2. Nlnelrd tmju deu nlkglkmd tmkam emjmym pist pmrtun (sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk), ymdtu
mamkym plkgl`umrmk amrmj ymkg elr`ledjmk adslrtmd rmsm pusdkg amk fukmkg
fukmkg, fiktrmfsd tdamf mam, elkgfmf ad nufm, tmkgmk, fmfd, deu nlkgm`mnd alprlsd,
pmyuamrm elkgfmf, amk nlnlrmj

21

Jmsd`8 deu nlkglrtd emjwm tmkam emjmym pist pmrtun (sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk), ymdtu
mamkym plkgl`umrmk amrmj ymkg elr`ledjmk adslrtmd rmsm pusdkg amk fukmkg
fukmkg, fiktrmfsd tdamf mam, elkgfmf ad nufm, tmkgmk, fmfd, deu nlkgm`mnd
alprlsd, pmyuamrm elkgfmf, amk nlnlrmj

=7. Nlkgmhmrfmk deu cmrm nlkyusud ymkg elkmr ymdtu alkgmk nlkyusud emyd slslrdkg
nukgfdk, sltdmp 5 hmn slfm`d (ik alnmka), hdfm emyd tdaur ;5 hmn, emkgukfmk `m`u
susud, susud smnpmd pmyuamrm tlrmsm fisikg, `m`u pdkamj fl pmyuamrm sdsd ymkg
`mdk.
Jmsd` 8 Deu nlkglrtd cmrm nlkyusud ymkg elkmr ymdtu alkgmk nlkyusud emyd slslrdkg
nukgfdk, sltdmp 5 hmn slfm`d, hdfm emyd tdaur ;5 hmn, emkgukfmk `m`u susud, susud
smnpmd pmyuamrm tlrmsm fisikg, `m`u pdkamj fl pmyuamrm sdsd ymkg `mdk
Erlmstblladkg ampmt nlkgjlktdfmk plkamrmjmk sltl`mj nl`mjdrfmk alkgmk
nlrmkgsmkg tdneu`kym fiktrmfsd utlrus, fmrlkm pmam wmftu emyd nlkgjdsmp
putdkg susu deu tlrhmad rmkgsmkgmk fl jdpibdsds pistlrdir sljdkggm ampmt
adfl`umrfmk ifsdtisdk ymkg elrbukgsd uktuf nlkdkgfmtfmk fiktrmfsd itit pi`is ad slfdtmr
m`vli`d fl`lkhmr mdr susu deu (MSD) sljdkggm MSD ampmt adfl`umrfmk amk tlrhmad
rmkgsmkgmk pmam itit pi`is rmjdn sljdkggm rmjdn mfmk clpmt flnem`d slplrtd slnu`m.
_risls dkvi`usd ampmt elr`mkgsukg clpmt mtmu `mnemt. Mampuk bmftir ymkg
nlnplkgmrujd dkvi`usd utlrus, ymdtu nlkyusud adkd, stmtus gdzd,
plkadadfmk, usdm, pmrdtms, amk nied`dsmsd. Deu ymkg nl`mfufmk erlmstblladkg
mfmk nlnplrclpmt dkvi`usd utlrus fmrlkm plkgmruj jirnik ifsdtisdk adtmkamd alkgmk
 rmsm nu`ms fmrlkm rmjdn ymkg elrfiktrmfsd. _mam prisls nlkyusud mam rlb`lf `lt aiwk
amrd dsmpmk emyd ymkg nlrmkgsmkg jdpibdsl pistlrdir nlkgl`umrfmk jirnik ixytisdk
ymkg i`lj amrmj jirnik dkd admkgfmt nlkuhu utlrus amk nlnemktu utlrus elrfiktrmfsd
sljdkggm prisls dkvi`usd utlrus tlrhmad. Jmsd` plkl`dtdmk nlkyleutfmk mam jueukgmk
mktmrm erlmstblladkg alkgmk dkvi`usd utlrus (Wdaymwmty mka Tukdmrtd, 5?=:).

2<

=:. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf nlnelrdfmk MSD smhm pmam emydkym sl`mnm 2 eu`mk. MSD
nlrupmfmk nmfmkmk d`ndmj emgd emyd ymkg prmftds, lfikinds, nlnd`dfd gdzd ymkg
slsumd emgd emyd amk slsumd plkclrkmmk emyd. Sl`mdk dtu alkgmk nlkyusud deu
ampmt `ledj alfmt alkgmk smkg emyd.
Jmsd` 8 deu pmjmn amk elrsladm nlkgdfutd mkhurmk
=4. Nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu nlkglkmd kutrdsd deu kdbms, ymdtu deu nlneutujfmk
nmfmkmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg pritldk tdkggd slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg dfmk slemgmd sunelr
plnu`djmk tueuj, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg zmt elsd slplrtd smyur smyurmk
elrwmrkm jdhmu,nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg vdtmndk C slplrtd hlruf, amk deu tdamf
mam pmktmkgmk am`mn nmfmk, slrtm nlkhl`msfmk pmam deu uktuf nmfmk 5x amrd
pirsd nmfmk slel`un jmnd`.
Jmsd` 8 deu nlkglrtd emjwm kutrdsd deu kdbms, ymdtu deu nlneutujfmk nmfmkmk
ymkg nlkgmkaukg pritldk tdkggd slplrtd tl`ur, amgdkg, dfmk slemgmd sunelr
plnu`djmk tueuj, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg zmt elsd slplrtd smyur smyurmk
elrwmrkm jdhmu, nmfmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg vdtmndk C slplrtd hlruf, amk deu tdamf
mam pmktmkgmk am`mn nmfmk, slrtm nmfmk 5x amrd pirsd nmfmk slel`un jmnd`.
5?. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf tltmp nlkgfiksunsd vdtmndk E. Cinp`lx amk tme`lt Su`bmt
Blrisus amrd pusflsnms slsumd mkhurmk tlkmgm flsljmtmk.
Jmsd` 8 deu elrsladm nlkgfiksunsd vdtmndk E. Cinp`lx (5x=) amk tme`lt
Su`bmt Blrisus (=x=) amrd pusflsnms
5=. Nlkgmkhurfmk deu uktuf amtmkg fl bmsd`dtms flsljmtmk mpmed`m mam fl`ujmk.
Jmsd` 8 Deu elrsladm nl`mfufmkkym
 22

EME R _LK\Q\_
M. Sdnpu`mk
Nmsm kdbms mam`mj nmsm pu`djkym irgmk rlpriaufsd wmkdtm fl flmammk
slel`un jmnd` amk nmsm kdbms elr`mkgsukg sl`mnm fdrm-fdrm 5-2 ndkggu .
_mam ununkym msujmk nmsm kdbms dkd elrtuhumk uktuf nlnu`djfmk

flsljmtmk unun pmsdlk, nlnplrtmjmkfmk flsljmtmk psdfi`igds, nlkclgmj dkblfsd amk

finp`dfmsd, nlnplr`mkcmr priaufsd mdr susu deu, nlkgmkhmrfmk deu uktuf
nl`mfsmkmfmk plrmwmtmk nmkadrd smnpmd nmsm kdbms sl`lsmd amk nlnl`djmrm
emyd alkgmk emdf, sljdkggm emyd ampmt nlkgm`mnd plrtuneujmk amk plrflnemkgmk
ymkg kirnm`.
Alkgmk ad`mfufmkkym plkgfmhdmk slrtm plnmktmumk kdbms pmam Ky. K ad
_usflsnms _imsdm slrtm fukhukgmk fl runmj Ky. K nmfm slemgmd tlkmgm flsljmtmk
ampmt nlnelrdfmk msujmk fledamkmk ymkg finprljlksdb slsumd alkgmk stmkamr
pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk deu kdbms.
E. Smrmk

=. Emgd _ msdlk
Slemdfkym pmsdlk nlkhmgm mtmu nlkdkgfmtfmk flsljmtmk slkadrd slplrtd
nmfmk - nmfmkmk ymkg nlkgmkaukg gdzd sldnemkg deu kdbms gukm nlnplrclpmt
prisls plkylneujmk `ufm plrdklun amk nlkdkgfmtfmk plrsikm` jygdlkl tlrutmnm
emgdmk m`mt glkltm`dmkym.
5. Emgd _l`mymkmk Flsljmtmk
Adjmrmpfmk slemgmd pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk tlrutmnm pusflsnms ampmt
nlnelrdfmk pl`mymkmk flsljmtmk amk nlnplrtmjmkfmk jueukgmk flrhmsmnm ymkg
emdf mktmrm tdn flsljmtmk nmupuk f`dlk, sljdkggm ampmt nlkdkgfmtfmk nutu
pl`mymkmk msujmk fledamkmk ymkg iptdnm` pmam ununkym amk ampmt

nlkgmp`dfmsdfmk elelrmpm plkmtm`mfsmkmmk uktuf msujmk kdbms slsumd

alkgmk tlird tlremru amk lvdamkcl emsla ymkg mam.

27

3. Emgd Dkstdtusd plkadadfmk

 Ampmt nlkdkgfmtfmk nutu pl`mymkmk plkadadfmk ymkg `ledj elrfum`dtms sljdkggm
ampmt nlkgjmsd`fmk edamk ymkg priblssdikm`, tlrmnpd`, dkivmtdb amk elrnutu
am`mn nlnelrdfmkk pl`mymkmk fledamkmk sclcmrm ji`dstdf
elramsmrfmk d`nu tlird tlremru amk lvdamkcl emsla slrtm fial ltdf ymkg mam.

2:

AMBQMU _\SQMFM

Mnemrwmtd, a. (5?=?). MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK NMSM KDBMS. Tigymfmrtm8 Ndtrm

Clkadfdm.

Mndtm, A., Blrkm`dm mka Tu`lkamsmrd, U. (5?=:) ‚_lkgmruj Qlfkdf Ul`mfsmsd Kmbms
Am`mn Qlrjmamp Dktlksdtms Kylrd _mam _msdlk _mscm Sm`dk Kirnm` Ad Uunmj
Smfdt Elkgfu`u—, Hurkm` Flsljmtmk Ji`dstdf , =5(=), pp. 52–5:.

Mkggrmdkd, T. (5?=?). MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK NMSM KDBMS. Hmfmrtm8 Tmpdkam Hmym

Memad.

Mkggrmlkd, M. C. (5?=5) Msujmk Gdzd6 Kutrdtdikm` Cmrl _riclss. Tigymfmrtm8 Grmjm

D`nu.
Mzdz, S. S. A., Silnmradkd mka Kugriji, B. M. (5?=2) ‚Jueukgmk Qdkgfmt Fiksunsd _ritldk,
Xmt Elsd (Bl) amk Xdkc (Xk) alkgmk Fikadsd _lkylneujmk @ufm _lrdklun Alrmhmt DD
pmam Deu Kdbms—, Nmhm`mj Flsljmtmk BF\E, 3(3).

Emjdymtuk, S. S. (5??4). E\F\ MHMU MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK KDBMS KIUNM@. Hmfmrtm8

Eufu Flaiftlrmk LGC.

Alwd Nmrdtm`dm, S. N. (5?=7). E\F\ MS\JMK FLEDAMKMK _MAM DE\ KDBMS.