@L[M_LEJ@WEW@

@L[M_LEJ@WEW@

H]N FNEHKEL
@ltmrlej`ses` Fmhmlfuh
Fmhmlfuhneh
neh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty
Hun. Fnehkel
©OYWKH Fuhneh Yrmss, ?9?9

x``` + >0 nejehel6 5> x ?= gh

5. Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty 7. Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel ;. [ejmlte
?. Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer ;. Ymldmhoeldel

@WOL1 04>-2?7-07=4>-9-5

Mk`tcr 1 T`neryel`
Ymlyult`ld 1 Esmp Furl`e

Kmse`l sehpuj kel [ete jmtef

Wcpy Enyer

Ymlmro`t1
OYWKH F]HNEH Yrmss
Aj. _eye Delkuj ‗ G`lmrm Lc.;
Fmgehetel G`lmrm
Fcte Kmpcf, Aewe Oeret
[mjp1 +2??5
+2??54=;95?7
4=;95?7
Mhe`j1 nuhes.opskhfuhnehIdhe`j.gch

Gmtefel pmrtehe, Epr`j ?9?9

Nef g`pte k`j`lkuld` ]lkeld-ulkeld

K`jereld hmhpmroelyef smoed`el eteu smjurun `s` oufu `l` kejeh omltuf kel
kmldel gere epepul telpe sm`a`l ker` Ymlmro`t.
 Ymldelter Ymluj`s

O`sh`jjen wej nehkuj`jjen, smdeje pua` oed` Ejjen WT[ yeld tmjen
hmldeludmrenfel fmsmhpetel kel fmsmnetel fmpeke pmluj`s smn`ldde o`se

hmlymjmse`fel pmluj`sel lesfen ‚@ltmrlej`ses` Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm

]l`vmrs`ty‘. Lesfen `l` hmrupefel nes`j ferye pmluj`s smoede` omltuf
pert`s`pes` kejeh hmhomr`fel rmspcl tmrnekep kmse`l kel stretmd`
pmldmhoeldel suhomr keye helus`e (WKH) kejeh fcltmfs fcltmstes`
dedesel k` mre hesyerefet j`tmres` kul`e. [uj`sel `l` aude hmlaek` omltuf
pmrteldduldaeweoel efekmh`f pmluj`s kejeh hmldmjcje pmldmtenuel teg`t
eteu pmldmtenuel yeld hes`n k` kejeh dedesel pr`oek` hmlaek` pmldmtenuel
mfspj`s`t yeld tmrk`str`ous`fel fmpeke crdel`ses`.
Wmt`ep eke tmhuel oeru, eteu eke fclsmp oeru yeld hmjues, smr`ldfej`
k``r`ld` ekelye dedej beneh eteu beneh fmdedejel. Kuju, fmt`fe L`gcjeus
Gcpmrl`gus hmlyetefel oenwe puset tete surye oufel ouh` tmtep` hetener`,
`e k`neo`s` kel k`
k`oujjy
oujjy cjmn fejeldel dmrmae. Estrclch esej Ycjelk`e `tu
hmlauldf`roej`ffel tmcr` dmcsmltr`s dmrmae kmldel hmldnek`rfel tmcr` oeru
oenwe hetener` smoede` puset tete surye eteu nmj`csmltr`shm. Jeju, kejeh
o`rcfres` eperetur s`p`j lmdere (EWL) seet hulguj fclsmp ert`b`g`ej

`ltmjj`dmlgm (E@) yeld hmlddelt`fel tudes EWL smn`ldde omfmrae o`se ker`
ruhen kel t`kef nerus k` feltcr, smoed`el pmldmjcje ul`t fmpmdewe`el pul
smhpet hmredufel kel nehp`r husten`j hmhoeyeldfel tmrwuauk. Wehpe`
efn`rlye, weoen Gcrclev`rus K`smesm ?950 eteu Gcv`k 50 hmhefse nehp`r
smhue pmdewe` hmld`fut` fmo`aefel wcrf brch nchm (TBN) eteu
hmlymjmse`fel pmfmraeel ker` ruhen.
Wmaeren o`rcfres` @lkclms`e smt`keflye omjuh pmrlen tmraek` dmjchoeld
omser pere pmdewe` hmldmraefel kel hmlymjmse`fel tudes feltcr ker` ruhen.
Fmtmrkmsefel tmjen hmhefse ultuf hmlmhufel pmruoenel kel stretmd`

`v
 elt`s`pes`. [mflcjcd` k`d`tej omd`tu kensyet hmhmlderun` oukeye fmrae
pmdewe` k` smjurun omjenel kul`e kejeh weoen Gcrcle k` smjurun lmdere.
Yujunel tenul o`rcfres` pmhmr`ltenel smjeju k`st`dhe kmldel hmae feltcr
omrtepjef hmae kel weaen-weaen gmhomrut kmldel omoel fmrae yeld k``r`ld`
pmrscejel ruhen kel fmjuerde. Lehul, f`l` pmdewe` o`se omroened`e
hml`fhet` suesele omfmrae seho`j hmldurus` ruhen teldde kel
omrgmldfmrehe kmldel fmjuerde. Fmfueseel kel gere-gere jehe omd`tu gmpet
k`dmsmr cjmn pelkmh`f v`rus Gcv`k-50, smn`ldde fclsmp o`rcfres` k`d`tej
kmldel smrte hmrte kepet k`tmr`he telpe pmlyeldfejel.
Ycjmh`f pmheldfesel msmjcl @@@ kel @R smrte amlaeld k` oewenlye, tmjen
hmhouet smoed`el pmdewe` hmlddmrutu. Oede`hele feltcr kepet omraejel
a`fe amlaeld fcltrcj aeoetel k`fureld` oenfel k`n`jeldfel. Gcv`k-50 tmjen

hmlulauffel oenwe kmldel omfmrae ker` ruhen hefe feltcr tmtep omraejel.
Yeke pcs`s` `l`jen smgere seker eteu t`kef, feltcr-feltcr eteu crdel`ses`
pmhmr`lten kel sweste smsulddunlye nelye k`urus cjmn smk`f`t pmdewe` yeld
hmhmdeld o`keld stretmd`s. Ymdewe`-pmdewe` je`llye omjeaer helk`r` kel
omfmrae helk`r` smsue` kmldel oefet, h`let, kel fmheuel ultuf tmtep
hml`ldfetfel fchpmtmls` `lk`v`ku, hmsf` peke efn`rlye eke aude yeld t`kef
hmldmtenu` epe yeld nerus k`fmraefel.
Oukeye fmhelk`r`el pmdewe` ultuf omjeaer kel omfmrae `l`jen fulg`

utehe Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty (Gcrp])

(Gcrp]).. Gcrp] hmrupefel ‚peor`f‘ yeld
hmjefufel reldfe`el prcsms pmhmrcjmnel, pmhomltufel, pmly`hpelel,
pmlymoerjuesel, kel pmlmrepel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses` fmpeke smjurun
pmdewe`. Gcrp] oufeljen bes`j`tes smpmrt` smfcjen eteu fehpus hmsf`
hmlyelkeld lehe ul`vmrs`tes, tmtep` bes`j`tes kel stretmd` crdel`ses` ultuf
hmlaek`fel smhue pmdewe` omjeaer tmrus hmlmrus ((flcwjmkdmk
flcwjmkdmk wcrfmr) kel
sej`ld omroed` pmldmtenuel smgere omrfms`lehouldel. Gcrp] hmhomr`fel
fmsmhpetel smjurun fchpclml crdel`ses` ultuf tmrj`oet smoede` `lsel
pmhomjeaer smrte tmrfclmfs` kejeh mfcs`stmh pmldmtenuel ultuf mbmft`v`tes

v
pmlgepe`el tuauel crdel`ses`. Ymrju pmhenehel tmlteld pmruoenel-
pmruoenel hmlkeser yeld tmlden tmraek` kejeh pmldmhoeldel
pm ldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`.
Wuostels` ker` pmluj`sel lesfen `l` hmrupefel oed`el ker` smrp`nel
pmldejehel yeld pmluj`s kepetfel kejeh fulauldel omrsehe smauhjen
fcjmde w`kye`swere enj` hekye fm omomrepe fehpus k` W`ldepure, oe`f
Let`clej ]l`vmrs`ty cb W`ldepcrm (L]W), Lelyeld [mgnlcjcd`gej ]l`vmrs`ty,
kel G`v`j Wmrv`gm Gcjjmdm W`ldepcrm. [`lddej kejeh omomrepe weftu k` sele
kmldel hmldehet` prcsms pmhomjeaerel smrte omr`ltmrefs` kmldel henes`swe
kel pere kcsml, fmhuk`el k`pmrfeye kmldel omroede` puoj`fes` `jh`en yeld
k`sea`fel kmldel omroes`s tmflcjcd` k`d`tej hmlyekerfel oenwe nej yeld
tmrpmlt`ld kejeh suetu crdel`ses` ekejen fmsmk`eel sner`ld pmldmtenuel kel
`ltmrefs` fchul`fes` ultuf tmrus hmlmrus omrk`sfus` kejeh fchul`tes

pmldmtenuel.
]jesel hmldmle` bmlchmle gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty k` smauhjen lmdere
smgere smldeae kel t`kef smldeae pmluj`s kepetfel ker` `ltmrefs` smauhjen
fcjmde fehpus, tmrutehe ker` mk`tcr lesfen `l`, T`neryel`. Gefreweje
gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty k`amjesfel omrkeserfel pmldejehel sncrt gcursm
omrsehe sueh`lye fm ]l`vmrs`tm Yer`s 5 Yeltnmcl Wcrocllm kel ]l`vmrs`tes
Jufsmhourd peke pmrtmldenel ?950. [mflcjcd` tmjen hmhouet oetes tmhpet
kel weftu t`kef jed` omraeref kel omrsmfet, smhue kepet hmhoeltu kejeh

upeye pml`ldfetel pmldmtenuel kel fchpmtmls` `lk`v`ku kel crdel`ses`.

Feh` hmldugepfel oelyef tmr`he fes`n fmpeke smjurun p`nef yeld
tmrj`oet kejeh prcsms pmlyusulel lesfen `l`. Wmouen fmncrhetel oed` pmluj`s
ultuf kepet hmldure`fel fclsmp-fclsmp yeld hes`n oeru oed` smoed`el
fejeldel `l`, ultuf hmldure` dehoerel jeldfen hmluau Fmhmlfuhneh
Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty. [mr`he fes`n pmluj`s sehpe`fel fmpeke Fmpeje Oekel
Ymldmhoeldel Wuhomr Keye Helus`e (OYWKH) Nufuh kel NEH, yeld peke
hese smomjuhlye tmjen hmhomr`fel fmpmrgeyeel oed` pmluj`s ultuf hmlaek`
rmv`mwmr pmlmj`t`el omrfe`tel tmlteld stretmd` pmhomltufel Fmhmlfuhneh

v`
 Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty smjehe hmh`hp`l Oekel Ymlmj`t`el kel Ymldmhoeldel
Nufuh kel NEH (Oej`toeld Fuhneh).
Wmoede` smouen fea`el tmltu pmluj`s hmldefu` ekelye oelyef oed`el-
oed`el yeld hmldejeh` fmtmroetesel, tmrutehe fureld kejehlye `lbcrhes`
peke oenesel-oenesel tmrtmltu. Ymluj`s omrnerep lesfen `l` kepet
omrhelbeet oed` pere pmhoege kel hmhomr`fel fcltr`ous` oed` crdel`ses`
kejeh hmheneh` pmjefseleel pmldmhoeldel WKH omroes`s gcrpcretm
ul`vmrs`ty, ye`tu tmromltuflye mfcs`stmh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, tmrfmjcjelye
heleamhml pmldmtenuel, kel pmjefseleel heleamhml tejmlte k` j`ldfuldel
Fmhmlfuhneh.

G`lmrm, ?5 Epr`j ?9?9

Hun. Fnehkel

v``
 Ymldelter Fmtue [`h Fmrae
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp]

Yua` syufur fmpeke [unel Peld Hene Fuese, smn`ldde [`h Fmrae
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty tmjen hmlymjmse`fel prcdreh
pmlyusulel lesfen ‚@ltmrlej`ses` Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty‘.
Lesfen `l` k`fmhoeldfel hmjeju` rmv`mw suostels` `s` smjehe Gcrclev`rus
K`smesm ?950 (R`rus Gcv`k 50) hmweoen k` @lkclms`e, smn`ldde nerus
k`smjmse`fel hmjeju` eft`v`tes fmrae ker` ruhen eteu wcrf brch nchm (TBN).
_mej`tes `l` hmlaek` ouft` oenwe kul`e k`d`tej k` mre rmvcjus` `lkustr` ;.9 kel
scg`mty =.9 tmjen k`ekeptes` k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH.
Ymldmhoeldel suostels` lesfen `l` hmjeju` pmraejelel yeld gufup
pelaeld, ye`tu pmlmltuel sfmhe `s`, pmldfea`el oenel keser, pmlduhpujel
kete jepeldel, rmv`mw pcj`gy or`mb kel nes`j pmlmj`t`el ker` Oej`toeld Nufuh
kel NEH, vej`kes` `s`, repet v`rtuej t`h fmrae, sehpe` peke ua` `s` yeld
hmj`oetfel p`nef-p`nef tmrfe`t. [`h Fmrae aude hmhoenes kejeh smt`ep repet
v`rtuej tmlteld stretmd` `hpjmhmltes` heupul tmhe-tmhe oeru yeld hmlaek`
terdmt pmlgepe`el etes Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp], ye`tu fclsmp crdel`ses`
pmhomjeaer, fclsmp heleamhml pmldmtenuel, kel fclsmp pmldmhoeldel
WKH omroes`s tejmlte. Nej `l` smt`keflye smoede` omltuf fch`thml kejeh

hml`lkefjelaut` ? (kue) rmdujes` pmlt`ld kejeh pmldmhoeldel WKH, ye`tu

Ymreturel Ymhmr`lten Lchcr 55 [enul ?954 tmlteld Heleamhml YLW kel
Ymreturel Hmltmr` Ymlkeyeduleel Eperetur Lmdere kel _mbcrhes` O`rcfres`
Lchcr 7 [enul ?9?9 tmlteld Heleamhml [ejmlte EWL.
[mrfe`t fch`thml etes pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kel heleamhml
tejmlte, OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH tmjen hmlmtepfel smreldfe`el stretmd`
pmlgepe`el. Wmje`l pmlduetel kel pmlyusulel stretmd` `hpjmhmltes`
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp], tmjen k`jefufel aude pmlduetel WKH omrfchpmtmls`
oenese, pmlyusulel prcdreh suostelt`b pmjet`nel pr`cr`tes les`clej,

v```
 pmhoeldulel zcle `ltmdr`tes hmluau TOF/TOOH, tmrhesuf upeye ultuf
pmldmhoeldel `lbrestruftur tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes`. Fmsmhue jeldfen tmrsmout
ekejen upeye omrsehe ultuf hmlgepe` stelker fuej`tes `lk`v`ku heupul
fuej`tes crdel`ses` omrf`lmrae t`ldd` kel omrfmjes kul`e.
[`h Fmrae Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp] hmlyehpe`fel pmldnerdeel kel
ugepel tmr`he fes`n fmpeke smhue t`h yeld tmjen omfmrae d`et kmldel
smheldet yeld t`ldd` smrte fmpeke smhue p`nef yeld tmjen turut elk`j kejeh
pmlymjmse`el pmluj`sel lesfen `l`. Wmhcde kepet k`dulefel smoede` eguel
kejeh `ltmrlej`ses` Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp] smfej`dus dehoerel `hpjmhmltes`
k` smt`ep t`ldfet kel amlaeld crdel`ses`.

Epr`j ?9?9
Fmtue [`h Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty

Lul` Wuryel`

`x
 Ymldelter Fmpeje Oekel
OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH

Wmaeren pmrekeoel helus`e hmlulauffel oenwe suetu oeldse yeld heau

k`oeldul oufel nelye hmldelkejfel fmfeyeel ejeh kel auhjen pcpujes`
refyetlye. Ouft` kel telke fmheauel pmrekeoel suetu oeldse sehpe` seet `l`
tmtep kel t`kef efel omruoen, ye`tu fmhehpuel j`tmres` kel hmldnes`jfel
ferye tuj`s tmrkcfuhmltes` smoede` esmt `ltmjmftuej. Oeldse yeld feye j`tmres`
tmrouft` hmh`j`f` fereftmr yeld fuet, hmh`j`f` smheldet frmet`v`tes yeld
omser, smrte hmh`j`f` keye se`ld t`ldd` kmldel fmhehpuel fchul`fes` yeld
oe`f kejeh kul`e `ltmrles`clej.
Fmhmlfuhneh smjefu oed`el ker` oeldse omser, @lkclms`e, nerus hehpu
hmldmhoeldfel oukeye j`tmres` oed` smt`ep pmedewe`lye. Ymldueseel mleh
j`tmres` yeld tmjen k`smpefet` cjmn Tcrjk Mgclch`g Bcruh peke ?95=, hmlaek`
pmlt`ld ultuf tmr`hpjmhmltes` dule hmlkufuld pmlgepe`el prcdreh
stretmd`s kel f`lmrae crdel`ses`. Yeke pmrel `tujen hefe stretmd` Gcrpcretm
]l`vmrs`ty (Gcrp]) hmlaek` p`j`nel ultuf hml`ldfetfel fuej`tes pmdewe`,
kmldel pmlkmfetel smoede` oed`el ker` crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer.
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp] kmldel smjurun fchpclml crdel`ses` hmh`j`f`
hefsuk ultuf hmlaeh`l j`lf elk hetgn eltere pmhomjeaerel kmldel

pml`ldfetel f`lmrae. Kehpef yeld k`nerepfel ekejen tmraek`lye pml`ldfetel

jeyelel fmpeke hesyerefet @lkclms`e kel hesyerefet djcoej, smrte omoes ker`
preft`f fcrups` eteu pmlymjmwmldel nufuh je`llye. Kmldel pmlgepe`el
fclk`s` tmrsmout, hefe tuauel ultuf hmlaek` crdel`ses` fmjes kul`e oufel jed`
smfeker aerdcl kel ymj-ymj, tmtep` omler-omler tmrwuauk.
Lesfen oufu @ltmrlej`ses` Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty `l`
k`tmro`tfel smoede` sejen setu ruaufel ultuf hmwuaukfel mfcs`stmh
pmhomjeaer yeld feye j`tmres` k` smjurun w`jeyen @lkclms`e, kel pmrwef`jel k`
smauhjen lmdere k` kul`e. Kmh`f`el aude ultuf hmlkepetfel dehoerel pmte

x
 aejel stretmd` pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmlfuhneh yeld
omrkeserfel fmreldfe fmrae crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer kel heleamhml
pmldmtenuel (flcwjmkdm
(flcwjmkdm heledmhmlt).
Ymldnerdeel yeld t`ldd` seye sehpe`fel fmpeke pmluj`s, t`h fmrae Gcrp],
kel smhue p`nef yeld tmrj`oet kejeh pmlyusulel lesfen `l`. Wmhcde
omrhelbeet oed` pmlddmref Gcrp] k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmlfuhneh kel oed`
hesyerefet smrte smjurun pmheldfu fmpmlt`ldel. Yeke efn`rlye,
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp] hmrupefel sejen setu upeye ultuf hmlkufuld
tmromltuflye crdel`ses` yeld omrf`lmrae t`ldd` hmluau Fmhmlfuhneh
omrfmjes kul`e.

Epr`j ?9?9
Fmpeje OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH
Esmp Furl`e

x`
Kebter @s`

Oeo 5 Ymlkenujuel
5 Jeter Omjefeld
7. Kmsfr`ps` W`ldfet
7. Helbeet
;. [uauel Ymhomjeaerel
;. Hetmr` Ycfcf
;. Ymtulauf Omjeaer

Cvmrv`mw Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp]

Oeo ?
4 Ymhoeldulel Nufuh kejeh R`s` H`s`
Ymhmr`ltenel
5? Kmb`l`s` Fuhneh Gcrp]
5= Ymraejelel Fuhneh Gcrp]
50 Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp]

Gcrp] kel Ymhomltufel

Ymhomltufel Crdel`ses`
Oeo 7
Ymhomjeaer
?> Ymldmrt`el Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer
75 W`fjus Ymhomltufel Crdel`ses`
Ymhomjeaer
7; Wuos`stmh Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer
72 Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer k` Fmhmlfuhneh

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

Oeo ;
;; Ymldmrt`el Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel
;4 N`mrerf` Ymldmtenuel kejeh Crdel`ses`
Ymhomjeaer
=? W`fjus kel Wtretmd` Heleamhml
Ymldmtenuel
=7 Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel Wtretmd`s

Fmhmlfuhneh

x``
 Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhm
Heleamhml
l [ejmlte
Oeo =
=4 Ymldmrt`el Heleamhml [ejmlte
29 Gcrp] Tnmmj kel Ymldmhoeldel [ejmlte
2? Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kejeh
Ymldmhoeldel [ejmlte

@hpjmhmltes` Hmluau Fuhneh Gcrp]

Oeo 2
22 Jmerl`ld Yrcgmssms eteu Ymhomjeaerel
45 Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt eteu
Ymldmjcjeel Ymldmtenuel
47 Ymcpjm
4= Lmtwcrf`ld

Oeo 4 Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh Hmluau Gcrp]

4> Ymruoenel Yerek`dhe Omjeaer Helk`r`
>5 Hmhoeldul Oukeye Omroed`
Ymldmtenuel
>7 Wmrt`b`fes` @lk`v`ku kel Crdel`ses`

IHun Fnehkel
Aeferte1 OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH
Epr`j ?9?9
Oeo 5 Ymlkenujuel

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Her` f`te omrsehe-sehe hmhoenes epe urdmls`lye hmheneh`
Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty smoede`hele suken k`geleldfel cjmn Fmhmltmr`el
Nufuh kel NEH. Ymhoenesel `l` efel hmldure`fel tmlteld fclsmp
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kejeh fe`tellye kmldel pmrel smouen crdel`ses`
pmhomjeaer, yeld k`t`laeu ker` smauhjen bmlchmle yeld k`fmlej kmldel `st`jen
nypmrgcllmgtmk scg`mty.
Wmhcde kepet smgere huken k`beneh` ultuf omjeaer helk`r`.

E. Jeter Omjefeld
Eperetur W`p`j Lmdere (EWL) yeld tmrk`r` etes YLW kel Ymdewe`
Ymhmr`lten kmldel Ymraela`el Fmrae (Y7F) hmh`j`f` fmkukufel smoede`
eperetur pmjefsele fmo`aefel yeld k`tmtepfel cjmn p`hp`lel `lstels`
pmhmr`lten. Cjmn fermlelye, ultuf hmlaejelfel fmkukufellye tmrsmout
hefe EWL hmst` hmhmrelfel bulds` smoede` pmjefsele fmo`aefel puoj`f,
pmjeyel puoj`f, smrte pmrmfet kel pmhmrsetu oeldse. Yeke bulds` `l`, hefe
pmrju hmheneh` tultutel pmruoenel kel dmjchoeld hco`j`ses` creld, omlke,
tmflcjcd`, heupul oukeye ultuf hmlmhufel fmsmhpetel-fmsmhpetel oeru
kejeh pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`.
Hus`oen kul`e omrupe v`rus Gcv`k 50 eteu Gcrcle ker` Gn`le, smt`keflye
tmjen hmhmlderun` oukeye oeru hesyerefet. Oukeye omrnuouldel kel
omfmrae hmldelkejfel `ltmrlmt, gjcuk gchput`ld, kel pjetbcrh smauhjen
epj`fes` ultuf fchul`fes` aeref aeun smgere jeldsuld. Nehp`r smjurun
pmfmraeel k`smjmse`fel hmjeju` amaer`ld kul`e heye smn`ldde hmlg`ptefel

pnys`gej k`stelg`ld. Wuetu fclk`s` yeld tmtep hmlaede smsmcreld tmrnuould

smgere scs`ej kejeh omltuf fchul`fes` yeld eft`b.

Ymlkenujuel 5
 Ymfmraeel feltcrel kel pmhmr`ltenel hmldejeh` pmruoenel omltuf
jeyelel hmlddulefel epj`fes` pjetbcrh v`kmc smgere eft`b. Ymr`jefu
hesyerefet omrp`lken fm kejeh epj`fes` refsese smpmrt` Dccdjm, @lstedreh,
Pcutuom, TnetsEpp, kel prckuf ultuf tmjmgclbmrmlgm . Hco`j`ses` pmr`jefu
tmraek` smgere omser-omserel kmldel pmhomrjefuel Tcrf Brch Nchm (TBN),
yeld k`telke` ekelye hmmt`ld clj`lm ker` t`ldfetel elef pre-smfcjen sehpe`
p`hp`lel pmhmr`ltenel tmrt`ldd` lmdere. K` hesyerefet @lkclms`e, epj`fes`
Wfypm ouetel H`grcscbt, Qcch Gjcuk, kel Dccdjm Neldcuts hmrupefel
epj`fes` pr`hekcle ultuf hmlddelt`fel eft`v`tes pmrfeltcrel, pmlk`k`fel,
kel fchul`tes je`l.

Fmtmrkmsefel fmekeel
tmjen hmhefse ultuf
hmlmhufel pmruoenel
kel stretmd` elt`s`pes`.
Yrcdreh fmrae ker`
ruhen smgere hefrc
kepet k`beneh` oenwe
o`rcfres` nerus kepet
hmjefufel mb`s`mls`
suhomr keye kel
mbmft`v`tes f`lmrae.

[elteldel kel fmtmrkmsefel j`ldfuldel fmrae yeld sufsms

hmhelbeetfel tmflcjcd`, hmhouft`fel oenwe stretmd` pmldmhoeldel
Wuhomr Keye Helus`e t`kef o`se jed` nelye hmldelkejfel s`stmh
fclvmls`clej. Ymhomltufel oukeye fmrae kejeh j`ldfup smoede` crdel`ses`
pmhomjeaer nerus k`fmhoeldfel. Kejeh reldfe hmwuaukfel tuauel tmrsmout,

? Ymlkenujuel
hefe stretmd` Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty (Gcrp]) hmrupefel smouen `fnt`er.
O`rcfres` k`d`tej smoede`hele k`pcpujmrfel cjmn Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH,
Pesclle Jecjy, nerus k``r`ld` ekelye mfcs`stmh k`d`tej ultuf pml`ldfetel
jeyelel, mb`s`mls`, kel pmlkepetel (rmvmlum
(rmvmlum).
Gcrp] hmrupefel stretmd` pmldmhoeldel WKH yeld hmldmkmpelfel
prcdreh tmreren kel s`stmhet`s kejeh pmlgepe`el tuauel suetu crdel`ses`.
Ymhomjeaerel kejeh Gcrp] hmrupefel reldfe`el ker` heleamhml pmruoenel
yeld k`jefufel ultuf hmlutup fmsmlaeldel fchpmtmls`. Kejeh fcltmfs
heleamhml pmruoenel, fchpmtmls` yeld t`hpeld eteu surpjus WKH hefe
kepet k`helbeetfel ultuf hmhmlun` fmoutunel crdel`ses` je`l kejeh
pmlkmfetel fms`stmhel. Nej `l`jen yeld hmlaek` pmlt`ld ultuf hmheneh`
fmtmrfe`tel eltere Gcrp] kmldel heleamhml tejmlte, oenwe Gcrp] ekejen

weken pmlk`k`fel tmrfe`t kmldel pmlamlaeldel fer`r. Yeke pcs`s` `tujen

lesfen `l` nek`r ultuf hmldure` jmlse oeru heleamhml pmldmhoeldel.

O. Kmsfr`ps` W`ldfet
Yere Ymhomjeaer, hetmr` `l` hmhomfej` pmsmrte eder hmheneh` kel
hehpu hmlamjesfel fclsmp Gcrp], pmhomltufel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer,
heleamhml pmldmtenuel, stretmd` pmhomjeaerel kel heleamhml tejmlte, smrte
`hpjmhmltes` hmluau Fuhneh Gcrp].

G. Helbeet
Helbeet yeld kepet k`pmrcjmn kmldel hmhpmjeaer` hetmr` `l` ekejen1
5. Ymsmrte kepet hmheneh` fclsmp Gcrp]
?. Ymsmrte kepet hmlamjesfel nuouldel Gcrp] kel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer
7. Ymsmrte kepet hmlamjesfel Gcrp] kel heleamhml pmldmtenuel
;. Ymsmrte kepet hmlamjesfel stretmd` pmhomjeaerel kel heleamhml
tejmlte
=. Ymsmrte kepet hmlamjesfel `hpjmhmltes` Fuhneh Gcrp].

Ymlkenujuel 7
 K. [uauel Ymhomjeae
Ymhomjeaerel
rel
5. Nes`j Omjeaer
Wmtmjen hmld`fut` hetmr` `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet
hmlamjesfel stretmd` `hpjmhmltes` Fuhneh Gcrp].

?. @lk`fetcr Nes`j Omjeaer

Wmtmjen hmhpmjeaer` hetmr` `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet1
5. Hmlamjesfel fclsmp Gcrp]
?. Hmlamjesfel nuouldel Gcrp] kel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer
7. Hmlamjesfel nuouldel Gcrp] kel heleamhml pmldmtenuel
;. Hmlamjesfel stretmd` pmhomjeaerel kel heleamhml tejmlte
=. Hmlamjesfel `hpjmhmltes` Fuhneh Gcrp]

M. Hetmr` Ycfcf
Hetmr` pcfcf yeld k`oenes kejeh hckuj `l` ekejen1
5. Fclsmp Gcrp]
?. Nuouldel Gcrp] kel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer
7. Nuouldel Gcrp] kel heleamhml pmldmtenuel
;. Wtretmd` pmhomjeaerel kel heleamhml tejmlte
=. @hpjmhmltes` Fuhneh Gcrp]

B. Ymtulauf Omjeaer
Elke smoede` pmhomjeaer, kel eder kejeh prcsms pmhomjeaerel heupul
`ltmrlej`ses` pmhenehel ‚Fuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty
]l`vmrs`ty‘‘ kepet omraejel
jmo`n jelger, kel `lk`fetcr nes`j omjeaer tmrgepe` smgere oe`f, Elke feh`
serelfel ultuf hmhpmjeaer` smgere urut, hmlehoen rmbmrmls` je`l yeld
tmrfe`t, smrte omrk`sfus` kmldel omomrepe p`nef ultuf hmlkepetfel
dehoerel pmhenehel je`l smfej`dus pmlduetel tmlteld Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty.

; Ymlkenujuel
Oeo ? Cvmrv`mw Fmhmlfuhneh
Gcrpcretm
Gcrpc retm ]l`vmrs`ty
]l`vmrs`ty
Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet hmlamjesfel
pmhoeldulel nufuh kejeh v`s` h`s` pmhmr`ltenel ?950-?9?;, pmldmrt`el
Fuhneh Gcrp], pmraejelel Fuhneh Gcrp], kel Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp]

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Fmhehpuel ultuf kepet hmlamjesfel pmldmrt`el Fuhneh Gcrp] kel

Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp] hmlaek` pmlt`ld smoede` oed`el ker` pmldmhoeldel

hetmr` `l`. Ymhoeldulel nufuh kejeh _mlgele Ymhoeldulel Aeldfe
Yelaeld (_YAY) kel _mlgele Ymhoeldulel Aeldfe Hmlmlden (_YAH)
hmrupefel pclkes` k`fmhoeldfellye Fuhneh Gcrp] ultuf mb`s`mls` kel
mbmft`v`tes pmlgepe`el oed` smjurun pmdewe` Fmhmlfuhneh. Cjmn fermle `tu,
s`jefel hmhpmrkejeh k`r` ultuf kepet hmldmhoeldfel fclsmp tmrsmout.

E. Ymhoeldule
Ymhoeldulel
l Nufuh kel R`s` H`s` Ymhmr`ltenel ?950-?9?;
A`fe hmhoeldul suetu fclstrufs` dmkuld, nej yeld pmrju k`pmrnet`fel
kel k`pmrt`hoeldfel kmldel smr`us ekejen fclstrufs` pclkes`. Ymldmsenel
Ymreturel Yrms`kml Lchcr 5> [enul ?9?9 tmlteld rmlgele Ymhoeldulel
Aeldfe Hmlmlden Les`clej [enul ?9?9-?9?; tmrtelddej 54 Aeluer` ?9?9,
hmrupefel pclkes` ewej ultuf hmldmtenu` prcymf pr`cr`tes stretmd`s kejeh
j`he tenul fm kmpel. Yrcymf pr`cr`tes stretmd`s yeld pmlt`ld ultuf
hmlkufuld pmhoeldulel nufuh kel pmldmhoeldel WKH eperetur

fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH sejen setulye ekejen prcymf fm-?2 omrupe
`lbrestruftur [@F ultuf hmlkufuld trelsbcrhes` k`d`tej. Yeke pcs`s` tmrsmout,

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 4

 Fmhmlfuhneh hmjeju` OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH hmhe`lfel pmrel ultuf
pmhelbeetel `lbrestruftur [@F dule pmlgepe`el k`d`tej`ses` jeyelel m-
pmlk`k`fel. Ymhmr`lten suken hmlmfelfel = smftcr stretmd`s rmlgele
pmldmhoeldel p`te jmoer tmrnekep m-pmhmr`ltenel, m-pmlk`k`fel, m-
fmsmnetel, m-pmldekeel, kel m-jcd`st`f.
Omroede` nes`j survm`, oe`f yeld k`jefufel cjmn [nm @ltmrlet`clej bcr [nm
Mvejuet`cl cb Mkuget`clej Egn`mvmhmlt kejeh Yrcdrmss `l @ltmrlet`clej
_mek`ld J`tmregy Wtuky (Y@_JW) tmlteld pmhenehel kel h`let oege
hesyerefet @lkclms`e tmrdcjcld rmlken. @lkclms`e peke ?990 omreke peke
pmr`ldfet fm-;= ker` ;> lmdere yeld k`survm`. Yeke tenul-tenul omr`futlye,
pmr`ldfet @lkclms`e t`kef aeun omrdmsmr eteu hes`n peke urutel ;9-el cjmn
survm` Y@_JW, Yeke survm` yeld k`jefufel Yrcdrehhm bcr @ltmrlet`clej

Wtukmlt Essmsshmlt (Y@WE) peke ?990, @lkclms`e hmlkukuf` urutel fm-=4

ker` 2= lmdere.

@lkclms`e hmheld
suken 4; suken 4;
tenul hmrkmfe. Efel
tmtep`, oelyef nej yeld
omjuh hmlgepe`

fmheauel, sejen
setulye oukeye
hmhoege.
Ker` s`s` fmheuel
hmhoege, @lkclms`e
tmrt`lddej aeun ker`
lmdere-lmdere
tmteldde, yeld
omrkehpef hmlaek`
dmlmres` dedej beneh
kel hmldmhoeldfel

beneh fmdedejel

> Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 Wuetu fclk`s` yeld `rcl`s smfej`dus frcl`s, a`fe kejeh rmlteld setu tenul
t`kef eke setu oufupul yeld tultes k`oege, eteu h`l`hej tultes smperunlye.
Kehpef jeldsuldlye ekejen fmhehpuel hmluj`s yeld seldet rmlken, k`
tmlden oelyef smfej` fmhukenel efsms kel tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes` yeld pmlun
kmldel pustefe. Wmcreld lcvmj`s esej _mpuoj`f Gmfc omrlehe H`jel Fulkmre
pmrlen hmlyehpe`fel ‚A`fe `ld`l hmldnelg
hmldnelgurfel
urfel smouen oeldse kel
pmrekeoel,
pmrekeoel, nelgurfel oufu-oufulye6 hefe pest`jen oeldse `tu efel
huslen.‘
_mlkenlye oukeye j`tmres` yeld k`telke` kmldel rmlkenlye eldfe h`let
oege hesyerefet @lkclms`e, omrkehpef peke rmlkenlye fuej`tes pmrse`ldel
WKH smgere djcoej. [mrkepet 2 j`tmres` yeld hmlaek` beftcr ultuf hehpu
omrse`ld k` fewesel rmd`clej kel djcoej, ye`tu j`tmres` oege tuj`s, j`tmres`

luhmres`, j`tmres` se`ls, j`tmres` k`d`tej, j`tmres` b`lels`ej, kel j`tmres` oukeye
fmwerdeel. Ymrse`ldel k` eoek fm-?5 smoede`hele hulgujlye Hesyerefet
Mfclch` EWMEL (HME) kel fmtmroufeel efsms kejeh nypmrgcllmg
nypmrgcllmgtmk
tmk scg`mty
k`ufur omrkeserfel j`tmres` keser, fchpmtmls`, kel fereftmr.
Wmheldet ultuf hml`ldfetfel fmmleh j`tmres`, k`smrte` pml`ldfetel
fchpmtmls` kel pmhomltufel fereftmr hmrupefel oed`el ker` = h`s`
pmhmr`ltenel Acfcw`-
Acfcw`-He‐rub
He‐rub Eh`l. Fmhmrcsctel omser kejeh j`tmres` `l`
smhmst`lye hmlaek` pmr`ldetel smfej`dus kmtmfs` k`l` fuej`tes WKH. OYWKH

Nufuh kel NEH smoede` oed`el ker` `lst`tus` k` oewen Fmhmlfuhneh

hmlaek` pmrju ultuf hmly`epfel bcrhujes` jmo`n hutefn`r dule
hmluhounfel oukeye j`tmres` aeldfe pelaeld. Hmhoeldul WKH eperetur
hmrupefel fulg` fmomrnes`jel `lcves` kel pmruoenel-pmruoenel efel
tmroeldul, smn`ldde hmhulgujfel mfcs`stmh pmlk`k`fel eteu crdel`ses`
pmhomjeaer, hmjeju` pmldmhoeldel stretmd` Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty.
Fmd`etel pmhmrcjmnel, pmlduhpujel, pmly`hpelel, pmlk`str`ous`el,
kel pmldmjcjeel pmldmtenuel t`kef o`se k`oetes` hmjeju` pmjet`nel, tmtep`
pmrju dmrefel hess`b ultuf hmlkufuld v`s` pmhmr`ltenel ?950-?9?;.

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 0

 Wejen setu v`s` pmhmr`ltenel Acfcw` - He‐rub Eh`l pmr`ckm ?950-?9?;
?950-?9?;
ekejen pmhoeldulel Wuhomr Keye Helus`e. Jeldfen ultuf hmwuaukfel
pmhoeldulel WKH k`jefufel kmldel hml`ldfetfel fuej`tes pmlk`k`fel yeld
k`smrte` kmldel omraejellye heleamhml tejmlte. _mlgele Ymhoeldulel
Aeldfe Hmlmlden Les`clej (_YAHL) ?9?9-?9?; omrfe`tel hml`ldfetfel WKH
omrfuej`tes kel omrkeye se`ld k`tuaufel ultuf hmhomltuf helus`e yeld
smnet, gmrkes, ekept`b, `lcvet`b, tmrehp`j, kel omrfereftmr.
Hmst` k`seker` oenwe keye se`ld helus`e @lkclms`e hes`n kejeh
fmjchpcf yeld rmlken. Djcoej Nuhel Gep`tej @lkmx k` oewen fccrk`les`
Tcrjk Mgclch`g Bcruh (TMB) peke ?954, hmlmhpetfel WKH @lkclms`e
kejeh pcs`s` fm-2= ker` 579 lmdere. Yml`ldfetel prckuft`v`tes kel keye se`ld
smsulddunlye kepet k`ufur omrkeserfel j`tmres` keser, fchpmtmls`, kel

fereftmr. Ymrju k`jefufel stretmd` pr`cr`tes kejeh hmhpmroe`f` jeyelel

pmlk`k`fel yeld omrfuej`tes oed` hesyerefet, smfej`dus jeyelel pmlk`k`fel
kel pmjet`nel yeld ekept`b oed` smjurun eperetur s`p`j lmdere. [mrcocsel
pmhelbeetel `ptmf kel `lcves` smfej`dus prmstes` fmrae yeld smjeres kmldel
amlaeld fer`r, smt`keflye kepet hmluhounfel tmromltuflye mfcs`stmh
`lcves`. Mfcs`stmh `lcves` hmrupefel omltuf je`l ker` mfcs`stmh pmhomjeaer
yeld hmldejeh` bjmfs`o`j`tes fmrae kejeh heleamhml tejmlte (tejmlt
( tejmlt pccj).
Heleamhml tejmlte hmrupefel sejen setu presyeret hmluau Whert EWL.

Nej tmrsmout ehelet ker` eren pmhoeldulel EWL kejeh _YAHL ?9?9-?9?;
omrupe wcrjk gjess dcvmrlhmlt . Gepe`el kmh`f`el kepet hmldegu peke mhpet
`lk`fetcr, ye`tu pmrgmpetel jeyelel, mb`s`mls` jeyelel, efures` jeyelel, kel
bjmfs`o`j`tes fmrae. Whert EWL kepet k`smout aude smoede` k`d`tej tejmlt k`
smjurun omltuf pmjeyelel pmhmr`ltenel. Yeke pcs`s` `l`, hmlaek` pmlt`ld
ultuf k`jefufel pmhmteel fchpmtmls` oed` smjurun pmdewe`, smn`ldde huken
k`jefufel trmethmlt tmrnekep fmfureldel fchpmtmls` heupul k`str`ous`
fchpmtmls` stretmd`s crdel`ses` fm ul`t crdel`ses` je`l hmjeju` stretmd`
Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty.

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 55

 O. Ymldmrt`el Fmhmlfuhn
Fmhmlfuhneh
eh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty

@lk`fetcr tmrgepe`lye wcrjk gjess dcvmrlhmlt smje`l hmh`j`f` wewesel

djcoej aude nerus hmlduese` tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes`, hmh`j`f` amaer`ld jues, smrte
keye auej kejeh pmrse`ldel djcoej. Eren pmhoeldulel EWL yeld hmlerdmtfel
tmrgepe`lye tete pmhmr`ltenel omrfmjes kul`e, fulg` utehe tmrdeltuld peke
fuej`tes eperetur yeld hehpu hmhoeltu pmlgepe`el f`lmrae crdel`ses`.
Fuej`tes eperetur tmltu k`pmlderun` fmhehpuel ultuf hmlkepetfel
pmldmtenuel, smrte fmtmrehp`jel yeld smsue` kmldel tudes kel bulds` k`
tmhpet fmrae. Nej `l` hmhoutunfel kcfuhmltes` pmldmtenuel yeld oe`f,
smfej`dus fmhukenel efsms ultuf hmhpmrcjmn pmldmtenuel pr`cr`tes
stretmd`s kejeh hmlgepe` tuauel crdel`ses`. Wuken seldet uhuh oenwe
pmldmtenuel pr`cr`tes stretmd`s suetu crdel`ses` oufeljen nej yeld nchcdml,
tmtep` seldet omredeh. Fclk`s` tmrsmout hes`n k`pmrsuj`t ultuf k`kepetfel
fermle tmrsmoer k` oelyef tmhpet eteu hes`n hmjmfet peke `lk`v`ku-`lk`v`ku
yeld omjuh tmrkcfuhmltes`.

5? Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 Ymldmhoeldel WKH nerus jmo`n bcfus tmrnekep pmlgepe`el terdmt
f`lmrae, smfej`dus k`kufuld hckmj pmhomjeaerel yeld eppj`get`vm, `hpegtbujj,
rmjmvelt, eggmss`ojm (E@_E). Wtretmd` pmldmhoeldel tmrsmout nerus k`jefufel
hmjeju` fmsmr`usel hmld`ltmdres`fel smhue fchpclml yeld eke k` kejeh
crdel`ses`, oe`f suhomr keye, prcsms, kel creld-creldlye ultuf hmlg`ptefel
pmrbcrhes` yeld tmroe`f ((omst
omst `l gjess), kmldel tmrus hmlmrus hml`ldfetfel
j`tmres` keser, fchpmtmls`, kel fereftmr kejeh mfcs`stmh crdel`ses` yeld
tmrnuould kmldel gepe`el f`lmrae crdel`ses` ((j`lf
j`lf elk hetgn). Fclsmp `l`jen
yeld fmhuk`el k`fmlej kmldel gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty (Gcrp]), kel
k`fmhoeldfel k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH smaef k` jeulgn`ld
peke 5> Lcvmhomr ?950.

Fuhneh Gcrp] hmrupefel heleamhml stretmd`s pmldmhoeldel WKH

yeld bcfus peke prcdreh stretmd`s fmhmltmr`el, kmldel hmldmjcje
`lk`v`ku pmdewe` kejeh mfcs`stmh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, smrte
pmldmjcjeel pmldmtenuel ultuf pmlgepe`el fereftmr uldduj k` o`keld
nufuh kel NEH.
Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty oufel jmhoede eteu `lst`tus` pmlk`k`fel kel
pmjet`nel yeld hmlmhpmj mhomkkmk), tmtep` stretmd` heleamhml eder
tmraek` pmhomjeaerel `lk`v`ku kel pmhomjeaerel
p mhomjeaerel kejeh crdel`ses`, smrte
pmldmjcjeel pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku kel pmldmtenuel stretmd`s crdel`ses`.
Ymhomltufel mfcs`stmh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer hmhomr`fel fmsmhpetel
oed` smjurun fchpclml ultuf omjeaer smt`ep seet kel hmldmhoeldfel
hmldmhoeldfel
k`r` ultuf hmhmlun` stelkerk`ses` pctmls` eteu tejmlte.

Yerek`dhe Gcrpu omrkehpef peke t`de pmruoenel yeld pej`ld hmlclacj,

ye`tu kmse`l pmldmhoeldel WKH, pmlkmfetel elej`s`s fmoutunel
pmhomjeaerel, kel s`lmrd` elter oed`el crdel`ses`. Ymrtehe, jmhoede
pmjet`nel gmlkmruld bcfus peke pmhmlunel fmsmlaeldel etes fchpmtmls`
`lk`v`ku smn`ldde hmldutehefel fuelt`tes ker`peke fuej`tes. Nej `l` omromke
kmldel fclsmps` Gcrp] yeld bcfus peke pmlgepe`el prcdreh stretmd`s

crdel`ses` smn`ldde hmlderen peke spms`ej`ses` pmjet`nel yeld omrkehpef

tmrnekep fmoutunel lyete crdel`ses` kejeh j`ldfup pmjeyelel puoj`f.

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 57

 Fmkue, elej`s`s fmoutunel pmldmhoeldel WKH, oe`f pmlk`k`fel kel
pmjet`nel smr`ldfej` k`jefufel ker` oewen fm etes smn`ldde fmoutunel
crdel`ses` omjuh k`fea` smgere smr`us. Hckmj elej`s`s fmoutunel kejeh fclsmp
Gcrp] jmo`n k`keserfel etes nes`j repet p`hp`lel tmrt`ldd` ((Jmerl`ld
Jmerl`ld Gculg`j
Hmmt`ld) kejeh hmld`kmlt`b`fes` fmoutunel pmldmhoeldel. Wtretmd` elej`s`s
fmoutunel pmldmhoeldel omrkeserfel `su-`su stretmd`s credl`ses` yeld
k`putusfel cjmn heleamhml tmrt`ldd`, efel hmldnes`jfel gmtef o`ru
pmldmhoeldel ultuf tenul omr`futlye. Yeke pcs`s` `l`jen hes`ld-hes`ld ul`t
msmjcl 5 k` Fmhmltmr`el, omrpmrel smoede` ‚kmfel‘ ultuf hmhutusfel sfeje
msmjcl
pr`cr`tes smfej`dus pmhmteel `su stretmd`s prcdreh pmjet`nel.
Fmt`de, jmhoede pmjet`nel suken smaef jehe k`pcs`s`fel smoede`
‚pmhesef‘ kebter hmlu pmjet`nel, yeld hmlmhpetfel pere pmhel dfu
pmheldfu

fmpmlt`ldel smoede` fclsuhml yeld hmhmsel pmjet`nel. Wtretmd` Gcrp]

hmlmhpetfel, smhue p`nef smoede` ‚pmhesef hesefel‘ yeld tmrj`oet kejeh
hmruhusfel prcdreh, pmldmhoeldel, pmjefseleel, sehpe` rmbcrhujes`
hmjeju` tenep mvejues`.

Oed`el suhomr keye

helus`e eteu
fmpmdewe`el, smgere
uhuh tmrj`oet kejeh
pmrmfrutel stretmd`s,
hefe stretmd` Gcrp]
hesuf kejeh bulds`
pmhmteel
fchpmtmls` pmdewe`
oeru kel cr`mltes`
ultuf hmhpmrgmpet
efujtures` pmdewe`
kmldel tuauel
crdel`ses`.

5; Cvmrv`
Cvmrv`mw
mw Fuh
Fuhne
neh
h Gc
Gcrr ]
 Gcrp] omrteldduldaeweo ultuf kepet hmhest`fel oenwe smhue
pmdewe` omjeaer kel hmhpmjeaer` nej-nej smgere omler, kmldel gere
pmlyehpe`el pmhomjeaerel yeld omler. Jeldfen tmrsmout tmltu seldet
hmhoutunfel fmhehpuel kejeh prcsms heleamhml pmldmtenuel, ye`tu
hmhmrcjmn suhomr pmldmtenuel, pmlkcfuhmltes`el, pmlk`str`ous`el
pmldmtenuel, kel pmlmrepel pmldmtenuel.

G. Ymraejelel Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp]

Ymraejelel Fuhneh Gcrp] tmltu omrewej ker` fmomrekeel jmhoede

pmjet`nel yeld eke k` Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH. Yeke 504=, Hmltmr`
Fmnef`hel hmldmsenfel Fmputusel Hmltmr` Fmnef`hel Lchcr PW.;/7/4
[enul 504= tmlteld Wusulel Crdel`ses` kel [ete Fmrae Kmpertmhml
Fmnef`hel, yeld hmldetur ekelye ul`t Yuset Ymlk`k`fel kel Ymjet`nel
(Yusk`fjet). ]l`t oeru k` oewen Wmfrmter`et Amlkmrej `tu omjuh hmh`j`f`
bes`j`tes fmd`etel, smn`ldde hmhelbeetfel dmkuld omrjelte` 2 k` Aejel Oetu

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 5=

 [uj`s _eye Lchcr 55 Aeferte Yuset. Omrfe`tel omjuh ekelye bes`j`tes serele
kel preserele, fmd`etel Yusk`fjet peke hese-hese ewej hes`n
hmldutehefel helbeet ((omlmb`ts
omlmb`ts) f`lmrae smrepel eldderel, kmldel
hmlddulefel dmkuld-dmkuld h`j`f pmhmr`lten
pmhmr` lten je`llye.
Yeke 50>4, Yusk`fjet huje` hmlddulefel bes`j`tes dmkuld oeru k` Aejel
_eye G`lmrm, Kmpcf. Jcfes` smjues smf`ter > nmfter sehpe` smfereld smr`ld
k`smout smoede` Fehpus Ymldeychel. Kejeh pmlymjmlddereel fmd`etel,
Yusk`fjet suken hmldmhoeldfel k`r` ultuf hmhomfej` fmtmrehp`jel fmrae
(aco sf`jj) pmdewe`. K`fjet pmhomltufel nef`h, aefse, kel pmrelgeld
pmrulkeld-ulkeldel huje` omrfmhoeld smoede` `gcl K`fjet k` Delkuj.
Yusk`fjet kejeh pmrellye hmlaek` pmlyea` pmjet`nel kmldel aml`s k`fjet,
pmsmrte, sehpe` fur`fujuh hes`n omrdeltuld peke Wmfrmter`et Amlkmrej.

]peye pmldmhoeldel k`jefufel eder Yusk`fjet kepet hmlaeldfeu

fmpeke smjurun p`nef k` o`keld nufuh kel NEH. Kejeh pmhoeldulel nufuh
les`clej, Yusk`fjet k`nerepfel hehpu hmlaek` fccrk`letcr pmjefseleel
fmsetuel s`stmh nufuh smn`ldde hmj`oetfel j`ltes eperet pmlmdef nufuh.
Ymldmhoeldel Yusk`fjet aude k`hefsukfel ultuf hmhomr`fel
pmldmhoeldel tmrnekep hesyerefet k` o`keld nufuh kel NEH. Wmheldet `l`
smt`keflye hmhmlderun` p`senlye Yusk`fjet ker` Wmfrmter`et Amlkmrej
hmlaek` ul`t msmjcl 5 omrkeserfel Ymreturel Yrms`kml Lchcr 05 [enul ?992

tmlteld Oekel Ymldmhoeldel Wuhomr Keye Helus`e (OYWKH) Nufuh kel

NEH huje` ? Lcvmhomr ?992.
OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smsulddunlye omltuf ker` fmsmr`usel ultuf
hmlaek`fel Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH smoede` jmek`ld smgtcr
pmldmhoeldel k` o`keld nufuh kel NEH. Ycj`s`, aefse, nef`h, ekvcfet, G`v`j
Wcg`mty Crdel`zet`cl (GWC) o`keld nufuh kel NEH, smrte hesyerefet smgere
fmsmjurunel k`pcs`s`fel smoede` h`tre smfej`dus p`nef yeld kepet hmldefsms
pmldmhoeldel. OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH nek`r ultuf hmlaek` prcojmh
scjv`ld pmhoeldulel nufuh k` @lkclms`e.

52 Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 Ymleteel crdel`ses` smjeju k`jefufel OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smtmjen
hmlaek` msmjcl 5. Wejen setu upeye ultuf hmlduetfel pcs`s` smoede`
pmjefsele pmldmhoeldel pmdewe` k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel
NEH, hefe k`smjmldderefel _epet Fccrk`les` Les`clej (_efcrles) yeld
hmj`oetfel fmsmjurunel ulsur p`hp`lel msmjcl 5 kel ?. Fmd`etel k`jefufel
omrseheel kmldel Ner` Fmoeldf`tel Les`clej, ?9 Hm` ?959. Yeke prcsms
`l`jen hefe k`nes`jfel 7 (t`de) pmreturel smoede` pmkchel utehe OYWKH
Nufuh kel NEH.
Yrcsms pmlduetel pmrel kel pcs`s` OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smoede`
oes`s pmldmhoeldel eperetur Fmhmlfuhneh kel eperetur o`keld nufuh
kel NEH je`llye, hmjeju` pmreturel smoede` omr`fut1
5. Ymreturel Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH _@ Lchcr H.NN-57.KJ.97.9? [enul

?959 tmlteld OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smoede` pmlymjmlddere pmlk`k`fel

kel pmjet`nel k` Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH.
?. Ymreturel Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH _mpuoj`f @lkclms`e Lchcr H.NN-
9=.@L.9;.9? [enul ?959 tmlteld Ymlymjmlddereel Essmshmlt Gmltmr kel
W`stmh @lbcrhes` WKH omroes`s fchpmtmls` k` Fmhmlfuhneh.
7. Ymreturel Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH _mpuoj`f @lkclms`e Lchcr H.NN-
92.@L.9;.9? [enul ?959 tmlteld fmo`aefel pmldmhoeldel WKH
Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH.

_efcrles ?959 hmrupefel upeye rmpcs`s` yeld k`jefufel OYWKH

Nufuh kel NEH kejeh prcsms pmhomltufel oukeye fmrae hmluau `lstels`
yeld fuet. Fmfuetel kel fmsufsmsel crdel`ses` smt`keflye omrsuhomr ker` ?
(kue) mjmhml utehe, ye`tu sp`r`t kel stretmd`. Wp`r`t pmruoenel suken
omrusene k`jefufel kmldel ekelye smheldet hmjen`rfel 7 (t`de) pmreturel
yeld hmhpmrfuet pcs`s` OYWKH.
Fclsmp pmldmhoeldel WKH yeld hmlaek` ehelet fmomrekeel OYWKH
smt`keflye suken hmhmlun` fchpclml utehe. Ymrtehe, pmldmhoeldel
crdel`ses` hmjeju` pmreturel yeld hmhomr`fel fmwmleldel hmlmtepfel

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 54

 fmo`aefel pmldmhoeldel WKH. Fmkue, pmldmhoeldel fer`mr hmjeju`
pmreturel yeld hmhomr` fmwmleldel essmsshmlt gmltmr kel s`stmh `lbcrhes`
WKH omroes`s fchpmtmls`. Fmt`de, pmldmhoeldel pmjet`nel hmjeju` pmreturel
yeld hmhomr` fmwmleldel pmlymjmlddereel pmlk`k`fel kel pmjet`nel.
Wmjehe omomrepe tenul smtmjen tmro`tlye pmreturel yeld hmhomr`fel
smauhjen fmwmleldel tmrnekep OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH, stretmd` hmlaek`
mjmhml keser ultuf mfsmfus` mxgmjjmlt. Wtretmd` `hpjmhmltes` etes pmreturel-
pmreturel utehe oed` OYWKH tmrfmsel omjuh hmlmhufel fmomrs`lehouldel
(suste`leojm drcwtn). Ymldmhoeldel pmdewe` hes`n k`beneh` smoetes
pmjet`nel smn`ldde omjuh hmlmhufel hchmltuh eteu gcrpcretm gujturm etes
fmwmleldel fmo`aefel pmldmhoeldel WKH. Msmls` ekelye fmwmleldel
essmsshmlt gmltmr omjuh aude hmlmhufel sp`r`t keser eteu gcrpcretm

pn`jcscpny, smn`ldde pmrel pmhmteel fchpmtmls` kel pmhomltufel tejmlte

omjuh omraejel. Yeke pcs`s` kmh`f`el, hefe pmrju k`jefufel pmruoenel `hedm
crdel`ses` kmldel `l`s`es` Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty peke ?950, kel r`lt`sel ultuf
hmjefufel pmldmhoeldel heleamhml pmldmtenuel peke ?9?9 kel hese-
hese omr`futlye.

5> Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 @oeret tufeld oetu, hmhoeldul gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty hmst` omrb`f`r
hmde ((hmde
hmde tn`lf`ld). [ufeld oetu pmrtehe hmhoeldul oeldulel ultuf
hmlkepetfel upen ?99 r`ou pmrner` dule hmlebfen` fmjuerde, `l`jen omrb`f`r
h`frc. [ufeld oetu fmkue, omfmrae hmhoeldul ruhen ultuf hmhuesfel s`
pmh`j`f oeldulel smn`ldde omfmrae kmldel smoe`f huldf`l, `l`jen omrb`f`r
hefrc. [ufeld oetu fmt`de, omfmrae smoede` omltuf kmk`fes` kel fmg`lteel
smpmlun net` smsue` pess`cl yeld k`g`lte`. @l`jen omrb`f`r hmde, yeld nerus
k`kcrcld cjmn pmh`hp`l.

K. Ncusm cb Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp]

A`fe hmhoeldul suetu fclstrufs` dmkuld, nej yeld pmrju k`pmrnet`fel
kel k`pmrt`hoeldfel kmldel smr`us ekejen fclstrufs` pclkes`lye. Kejeh

fclsmp Gcrp] smoede` smouen oeldulel ruhen, hefe pclkes`lye ekejen

fmpest`el tete fmjcje (stretmdy
(stretmdy dcvmrlelgm) smn`ldde kepet k`jefufel stretmd`
`hpjmhmltes`.

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] 50

 Fclstrufs` oeldulel Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp] kepet k`beneh` smoede`
omr`fut1
e. [ete Fmjcje Wtretmd` Ymldmhoeldel,,
Ymldmhoeldel hmrupefel omltuf crdel`ses`
pmjefsele gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty, smfej`dus heleamhml kel tete fmjcje
fccrk`les` dule hmldn`lker` `r`sel heupul omlturel fmwmleldel elter
pmjefsele pmldmhoeldel
o. Bcfus pmldmhoeldel,
pmldmhoeldel, hmrupefel kche`l eteu rueld j`ldfup kel amlaeld
pmldmhoeldel yeld k`jefufel kejeh pcs`s` ul`t pmjefsele gcrpcretm
ul`vmrs`ty
g. Heleamhml pmldmtenuel,, hmrupefel prcsms `kmlt`b`fes`,
pmldmtenuel geptur`ld,
pmly`hpelel, k`str`ous`, kel pmhelbeetel pmldmtenuel
k. @lbrestruftur pmldmhoeldel, hmrupefel serele pmhomjeaerel b`s`f kel

lcl-b`s`f omrupe jeyelel, oe`f omrupe shert gjessrcch kel pmlduetel

jmerl`ld heledmhmlt systmh (JHW)
m. Ers`tmftur scjus` pmldmhoeldel, hmrupefel kmse`l pmhomjeaerel, pmte
fmoutunel, kel stretmd` `hpjmhmltes` pmhomjeaerel, yeld k`fuetfel
ekelye ul`t essmsshmlt gmltmr, pmldmjcje omes`swe pmlk`k`fel, smfcjen
pmldmhoeldel fekmr fmpmh`hp`lel, kel ul`t pmlmj`t`el pmhomjeaerel.
b. W`stmh pmlyehpe`el kel pmldmhoeldel, hmrupefel hckmj eteu bcrhet
pmlymjmlddereel pmhomjeaerel smgere tmr`ltmdres` eltere `lput, prcsms,

kel cutput pmhomjeaerel kmldel f`lmrae kel tejmlte

d. Ymjefsele efekmh`f kel pmlk`k`fel, hmrupefel ul`t cpmres`clej tmfl`s
kel teft`s kejeh pmldmhoeldel pmlk`k`fel tmrepel eteu vcfes`clej
o`keld ncfuh kel NEH.
Kmse`l oeldulel tmrsmout sej`ld omrfms`lehouldel kejeh upeye
hmlkufuld mbmft`v`tes pmlgepe`el tuauel stretmd`s crdel`ses`, smrte
hmhmrelfel ehelet ]lkeld-]lkeld Lchcr = [enul ?95; tmlteld Eperetur
W`p`j Lmdere, peke pesej =5 yeld hmlyetefel oenwe heleamhml EWL
k`smjmldderefel omrkeserfel s`stmh hmr`t. Hmr`tcfres` kejeh pmldmjcjeel

?9 Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

EWL hmrupefel fclk`s` yeld hmldmkmpelfel prcsms pmldmhoeldel, smoede`
fclsmfumls` hmlmhpetfel pmdewe` smoede` gep`tej.

5. [ete Fmjcje Wtretmd` Ymldmhoeldel

Ymrel hes`ld-hes`ld ul`t eteu p`nef-p`nef tmrfe`t pmrju
pmhenehel yeld sehe. Nej tmrsmout ultuf hmlyetufel tuauel oenwe
uauld fmo`aefel kel cutput stretmd` gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty ekejen fmo`aefel
smrt`b`fes` fchpmtmls`, `lcves` pmhomjeaerel, stretmd` pmldmhoeldel kel
fmraesehe, smrte `hpjmhmltes` heleamhml pmldmtenuel. Fmamjesel tudes
smrte prcsms fccrk`les` hmrupefel fulg` fmsufsmsel stretmd` gcrpcretm
ul`vmrs`ty yeld tmr`ltmdres` kmldel heleamhml tejmlte kel f`lmrae.

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] ?5

 Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH smoede` pmh`hp`l tmrt`ldd` k`
Fmhmltmr`el, hmrupefel Gn`mb Mxmgut`vm Cbb`gmr (GMC) kel
hmlmhpetfel Wmfrmter`s Amlkmrej smoede` R`gm Mxmgut`vm Cbb`gmr (RMC).
Yeke pcs`s` Gn`mb Flcwjmkdm elk Jmerl`ld Cbb`gmr k`fmlkej`fel cjmn
Fmpeje OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH, yeld omrfccrk`les` kmldel pere Kmel
eteu Kmfel yeld k`aeoet cjmn hes`ld-hes`ld p`hp`lel ul`t msmjcl 5.
Wtretmd` `hpjmhmltes` peke efn`rlye efel tmrpuset k` OYWKH Nufuh kel
NEH smoede` `lst`tus` pmjefsele smrt`b`fes` fchpmtmls`, `lcves`
pmhomjeaerel, fmraesehe pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, smrte fccrk`letcr
heleamhml pmldmtenuel.
Fmomrnes`jel pmjefseleel tete fmjcje stretmd` pmldmhoeldel pmrju
k`kufuld ekelye rmdujes` yeld hmlamjesfel omltuf fccrk`les` smrte

pmjefseleel pmrel. Nej kmh`f`el hmlaek` pmlt`ld eder t`kef tmraek`

kupj`fes` fmwmleldel heupul fmfcscldel teldduld aeweo ultuf
hmld`ltmdres`fel cutput ker` tuauel pmldmhoeldel `tu smlk`r`.

?. Bcfus Ymldmhoeldel eteu Y`jer ]tehe

Oeldulel Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp] t`kef efel omrk`r` telpe ekelye
? (kue) t`eld pmlyeldde yeld sehe-sehe fuet, ye`tu heleamhml
pmldmtenuel ultuf hmhpmrfuet f`lmrae `lk`v`ku kel `lbrestruftur
pmldmhoeldel ultuf hmhpmrfuet f`lmrae crdel`ses`. @hpjmhmltes`
Gcrp] smsulddunlye `ld`l hmlg`ptefel tmromltuflye smouen crdel`ses`
yeld smhue elddctelye kepet omjeaer helk`r`. Oukeye fmhelk`r`el
pmdewe` ultuf omjeaer telpe oetes kmldel fmgmpetel ekeptes` j`ldfuldel
tmrsmout k`hefsukfel ultuf hmhmlun` fchpmtmls` smsue` tultutel fmrae
yeld smgere helk`r` heupul omrkeserfel essmsshmlt gmltmr k`seker`
pmrju pmldmhoeldel.

Heleamhml pmldmtenuel smoede` pmlyeldde utehe `hpjmhmltes`

Gcrp] hmrupefel ‚peor`f‘ kejeh prcsms pmhmrcjmnel suhomr

?? Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 pmldmtenuel, pmhomltufel pmldmtenuel ker` suhomr yeld hes`n
tmrsmoer, pmly`hpelel pmldmtenuel kejeh keteoesm , heupul trelsbmr
pmldmtenuel kel pmlmrepel. OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH hmlaek` pmjefu
utehe kejeh hmjefufel bcrhujes` pmldmtenuel teg`t kel mxpj`g`t
smn`ldde kepet k`jefufel k`smh`les`.
Heleamhml pmldmtenuel nerus k`aejelfel omrseheel kmldel
fms`epel `lbrestruftur pmldmhoeldel. Omomrepe nej yeld hmlyeldfut
`lbrestruftur smpmrt` fmtmrsmk`eel shert gjessrcch, shert epps elk
`lbcrhet`cl sytmhs, shert ou`jk`ld, mb`s`mls` o`eye pmhomjeaerel, kel
prcdreh pmldmhoeldel tejmlte heupul fmpmh`hp`lel.
Fmkue pmlyeldde yeld fcfcn, peke efn`rlye kepet hmhmlderun`
bcfus fmo`aefel pmldmhoeldel hmlaek` ehelet Gcrp]. Bcfus

pmldmhoeldel Gcrp] hmlaek`fel pmrju ekelye pmhmteel sfeje pr`cr`tes

kel stretmd` mbmft`b kejeh hmlgepe` tuauel stretmd`s crdel`ses` hmjeju`
`lcves`-`lcves` yeld k`fmhoeldfel. Bcfus pmldmhoeldel Gcrp]
hmhoutunfel fmraesehe yeld fuet kejeh prcsms pmldmhoeldel
fchpmtmls` kel heleamhml pmldmtenuel ker` smjurun p`nef yeld
hmh`j`f` fmenj`el tmfl`s tmrtmltu.

7. Ers`tmftur Wcjus` Ymldmhoeldel

Ymldmhoeldel

Ers`tmftur hmrupefel pmrpekuel eltere bulds` oeldulel, mstmt`fe,

kel ps`fcjcd`s. Kejeh fcltmfs Ncusm cb Fuhneh Gcrp], ers`tmftur scjus`
pmldmhoeldel hmh`j`f` tuauel yeld sehe, ye`tu hmldnek`rfel oeldulel
Gcrp] yeld amjes omltuf kmldel tmtep hmhpmrnet`fel fmul`fel (ul`qum
( ul`qum
k`bbmrmlt`et`cl) yeld t`kef k`h`j`f` crdel`ses` je`l. Wmouen crdel`ses`
fcrpcres` hmlaek` uldduj peke keserlye oufel fermle fmfeyeel b`lels`ej
eteu fmfeyeel ejeh yeld k`h`j`f`, tmtep` fereftmr. Crdel`ses` eteu suetu
lmdere hmlaek` nmoet fermle hmh`j`f` creld-creld yeld nmoet, yeld

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] ?7

 tmromltuf fermle fereftmr yeld fuet kel k`tuhoun suourfel ker`
dmlmres` fm dmlmres` omr`futlye.
Ymhomltufel fereftmr nmoet kejeh j`ldfup crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer,
k`jefufel hmjeju` s`fjus pmrsclej hestmry eteu fmsekerel tmlteld pctmls`
k`r`lye smlk`r`. Yctmls` k`r` hes`ld-hes`ld elddcte omrdmref smsue`
kmldel jelkesel fmpmrgeyeel keser ((oes`g
oes`g omj`mb) eteu a`we crdel`ses`.
Oes`g omj`mb eteu k`fmlej aude smoede` hmltej hckmjs crdel`ses` `tujen
yeld hmlaek` pmhelku oed` suetu crdel`ses` kejeh hmlyusul tuauel kel
eren fmheauel k` hese-hese hmlketeld kmldel gepe`el yeld tmrufur
kel tmreren. @tu smoeolye fmt`fe suetu crdel`ses` fcrpcres` `ld`l hmlaek`
fmjes kul`e, hefe efel k`susul fepel weftulye hmlgepe` tnm omst k`
fmjes jcfej, tnm omst k` fmjes les`clej, tnm omst k` fmjes rmd`clej, kel tnm

w`llmr k` fmjes djcoej.

Eke 7 espmf yeld pmrju k`fmhoeldfe

k` fmhoeldfell kejeh kmse`l ers`tmftur
ers` tmftur
pmldmhoeldel.
pmldmhoelde l. Ymrtehe, Jmerl`ld Kr`vmr. Hmfel`shm yeld
yeld hmhest`fel
smjeres kel tmr`ltmdres`lye nuhel gep`tej jmerl`ld kel pmldmhoeldel
prcdreh pr`cr`tes. Fmkue, Crdel`zet`cl. OYWKH omrteldduldaew
omrteldduldaeweo eo kejeh
cpmres`clej`ses` stretmd` kel fccrk`les` kejeh nuhel gep`tej jmerl`ld kel
pmldmhoeldel
pmldmhoelde l WKH. Fmt`de, Wtretmdy. Hmldmhoeldfel stretmd`
pmhomjeaerel kel pmldmhoeldel WKH yeld tmr`ltmdres` kmldel
pmlgepe`el tuauel pr`cr`tes kel tuauel stretmd`s crdel`ses`.

Ers`tmftur pmldmhoeldel kejeh Gcrp] smt`keflye k`hefsukfel

ultuf hmjefufel = (j`he) trelsbcrhes` kejeh crdel`ses`. Ymrtehe,
trelsbcrhes` WKH kmldel fmamjesel pmjefsele k` o`keld pmldmhoeldel
efekmh`f pmjet`nel kel pmlk`k`fel. Fmkue, trelsbcrhes` o`sl`s kmldel
fmamjesel pmjefsele essmsshmlt gmltmr k` o`keld pmhmteel fchpmtmls`
kel smrt`b`fes` fchpmtmls`. Fmt`de, trelsbcrhes` oukeye kmldel fmamjesel
pmjefsele k` o`keld fekmr`ses` pmh`hp`l smrte pmhomltufel oukeye

fcrpcres`. Fmmhpet, trelsbcrhes` struftur kmldel fmamjesel hmfel`shm

?; Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

 fmrae kel prcsmkur fmrae ker` tete jefsele fclvmls`clej yeld eke, kmldel
ekelye o`keld fnusus `lcves`, fmraesehe pmldmhoeldel, kel pmlmj`t`el
pmldmhoeldel. Fmj`he, trelsbcrhes` `lbrestruftur kel s`stmh kmldel
fmamjesel stelker shert gjessrcch, shert epps elk `lbcrhet`cl sytmhs ,
smrte shert ou`jk`ld.

;. W`stmh Wcjus` Ymlyehpe`el Ymldmhoeldel

Ymldmhoeldel Kmj`vmry Wystmh )
W`stmh pmlyehpe`el kejeh Gcrp] hmrupefel prcsms yeld jeldsuld
omrnekepel kmldel `hpjmhmltes` stretmd` pmldmhoeldel WKH. Kejeh
struftur Ncusm cb Fuhneh GcrY], s`stmh pmlyehpe`el omrpmrel smoede`
weaen tehp`jel yeld pmrtehe fej` ker` smoede` rmprmsmltes` omltuf Gcrp]
`tu smlk`r`. Cjmn fermlelye, k`pmrjufel ekelye pmlymhpurleel

@kmlt`b`fes` Fmoutunel K`fjet (@FK) eteu Elej`s`s Fmoutunel K`fjet (EFK)

smoede` oes`s kete hmruhusfel suetu fur`fujuh pmlk`k`fel kel
fur`fujuh pmjet`nel yeld smsue` mfspmfstes` stefmncjkmr .
Kmse`l fur`fujuh yeld omrkeserfel etes nes`j @FK/EFK peke
efn`rlye kepet hmldnes`jfel ver`el prcdreh pmldmhoeldel. Ymrtehe,
pusn tre`l`ld yeld k`wea`ofel oed` smauhjen pmdewe` fermle aeoetellye.
Fmkue, pujj tre`l`ld yeld k`omr`fel fmpeke smjurun pmdewe` yeld `ld`l
hml`ldfetfel fchpmtmls` tmfl`s smsue` fmoutunel pmjefseleel tudes.

Fmt`de, jmekmrsn`p egekmhy yeld k`omr`fel ultuf hmhoeltu pmdewe`

hmh`j`f` fchpmtmls` fmpmh`hp`lel yeld uldduj.
Rer`es` stretmd` pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kejeh fcltmfs Gcrp]
hmh`j`f` terdmt ultuf hmldmjcje kel hmldmhoeldfel fmhehpuel
pmdewe` smgere omrfms`lehouldel kejeh hmlgepe` pulgef tmrt`ldd`
fer`r kel f`lmraelye. Yrcsms kmh`f`el k`fmlej smoede` nuhel gep`tej
heledmhmlt. Yeke pcs`s` `l`, eked`uh yeld smr`ld k`dulefel ekejen
pmh`hp`l smoede` pmldeaer ((jmekmr
jmekmr es tmegnmrs). Ymldmhoeldel

Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp] ?=

 fur`fujuh smrte hmtckm pmhomjeaerel yeld k`tultut eder ekept`b kmldel
pmruoenel kul`e fmrae, hmhmlderun` fchpcs`s` 491?9159.

Fchpcs`s` 49 pmrsml hmrupefel pmhomjeaerel yeld jmo`n

hml`t`fomretfel tudes yeld hmlelteld ( aco ess`dlhmlt
ess`dlhmlt) kel pmldejehel

jeldsuld k` tmhpet fmrae. Fchpcs`s` ?9 pmrsml hmjeju` scg`ej jmerl`ld

omrupe nuouldel kel uhpel oej`f smpmrt` gcegn`ld kel hmltcr`ld.
Fchpcs`s` 59 pmrsml ekejen pmhomjeaerel hmjeju` pmjet`nel bcrhej.
Kmse`l kmh`f`el hmlaek` omltuf `ltmrlej`ses` oed` smt`ep pmdewe` ultuf
tmrus hmlmrus hmlmhufel, hmly`hpel, hmldmjcje, hmlyehpe`fel, kel
hmld`hpjmhmltes`fel pmldmtenuel yeld k`pmrcjmn.

?2 Cvmrv`mw Fuhneh Gcrp]

Oeo 7 Gcrp] kel Ymhomltufel
Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer
Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pmsmrte k`nerepfel kepet
kepe t hmlamjesfel pmldmrt`el
crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, s`fjus pmhomltufel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, suo-s`stmh
crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, kel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer k` Fmhmlfuhneh

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Wmhcde smheldet k`r` ultuf hmlaek` pmhomjeaer smaet` t`kef hulkur
smtmjen hmhpmjeaer` oenesel utehe tmlteld fclsmp keser gcrpcretm

ul`vmrs`ty. Yeke oed`el `l`, crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smoede` mfcs`stmh yeld

k`omltuf omrseheel kmldel `hpjmhmltes` Fuhneh Gcrp] hmlaek` oenesel
utehe. Bmlchmle djcoej`ses` yeld hmlge`rfel oetes tmhpet, oetes weftu, kel
oetes rueld hmlymoeofel k`leh`fe crdel`ses` smhef`l gmpet omruoen.
Ymfmrae yeld omrpmldmtenuel ((flcwjmkdmk
flcwjmkdmk wcrfmr) kejeh kul`e yeld
tmrfclmfs` `lbcrhes`, hml`houjfel fmgmpetel omjeaer smgere helk`r` ultuf
hmhmlun` fmulddujel fchpmt`t`b. _mej`tes `l`jen yeld hmlaek`fel pmlt`ld
smt`ep crdel`ses` heupul `lk`v`ku pmrju hmhoeldul crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer.

Gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty Gcrp]) t`kef nerus omrupe

omrupe bes`j`tes smpmrt`
smpmrt` smfcjen
wejeupul hmlyelkeld lehe ul`vmrs`tes. Efel tmtep`, Gcrp] jmo`n jmo` n tmpet
k`smout smoede` bes`j`tes pmjet`nel
pmj et`nel yeld hmlkcrcld smjurun elddcte crdel`ses`
ultuf tmrus hmlmrus hmlger`, hmlduhpujfel, hmly`hpel, hmldcjen,
hmlk`str`ous`fel, kel hmlmrepfel smauhjen pmldmtenuel yeld k`pmrcjmn
smgere omrfms`lehoulde
omrfms`lehouldel. l.
Wtretmd` Gcrp] hmhomr`fel fmsmhpetel oed` smjurun fchpclml kejeh suetu
crdel`ses` ultuf smjeju omjeaer, smjeju tmrfclmfs` kejeh mfcs`stmh
pmldmtenuel, kel smjeju pmhelbeete
p mhelbeetel l tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes` smoede`

`lbrestruftur utehe kejeh pmlgepe`el tuauel crdel`ses`.

crd el`ses`.

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer ?4

 E. Ymldmrt`el Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer Jmerl`ld Crdel`zet`cl )
@hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] peke keserlye hmhoutunfel suetu fclk`s`
smouen crdel`ses` yeld hehpu hmhouet elddctelye ultuf tmrus
hmlmrus hmjefufel prcsms pmhomjeaerel helk`r` ((smjb
smjb jmerl`ld), kel
omrkehpef peke crdel`ses` yeld gmpet omrt`lkef ultuf hmrmspcl
omredeh pmruoenel. Ymhomjeaerel hmrupefel suetu fmd`etel yeld
k`erenfel peke pmhmrcjmnel kel pmldmhoeldel pmldmtenuel,
fmtmrehp`jel, kel pmlmrepellye. Yrcsms `l`jen yeld fmhuk`el k`fmlej
kmldel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer.

Jmerl`ld crdel`zet`cls VermX

crdel`zet`cls wnmrm pmcpjm
gclt`luejjy mxpelk tnm`r
gepeg`ty tc grmetm tnm rmsujts
tnmy trujy kms`rm wnmrm lmw
elk mxpels`vm pettmrls
cb tn`lf`ld erm lurturmk
wnmrm gcjjmgt`vm
esp`ret`cl `s smt brmm elk
wnmrm pmcpjm erm
gclt`luejjy jmerl`ld tc
smm tnm wncjm tcdmtnmr.

Ymtmr Wmldm, [nmB`btn

K`sg`pj`lm1[nmErtelk
Yregt`gmcbtnmJmerl`ld
Crdel`zet`cl,, Nej. 7
Crdel`zet`cl

Ymtmr H. Wmldm omrpmlkepet oenwe crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer

hmhomr`fel fmsmhpetel oed` smjurun elddcte crdel`ses` ultuf tmrus
omjeaer kel hmldmhoeldfel k`r`. Crdel`ses` t`kef jed` omrdeltuld peke

erenel ker` jmvmj etes, tmtep` ekelye prcsms trelsbmr flcwjmkdm smgere
tmrus hmlmrus. Fmhelk`r`el pmdewe` ultuf hmhomltuf, hmhmrcjmn, kel

?> Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

hmh`lkenfel pmldmtenuel ((grmetm
grmetm, egqu`rm, elk trelsbmr flcwjmkdm)
tmltu seldet hmhoeltu smouen crdel`ses` ultuf omrekeptes` kel
hmldelt`s`pes` pmruoenel yeld t`kef tmrkude, smrte jmo`n gmpet omrdmref
ker` fchpmt`tcr.
Herquerkt hmlkmb`l`s`fel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smoede` crdel`ses`
yeld elddctelye hmh`j`f` fmhehpuel omjeaer yeld t`ldd` kel k`jefufel
omrsehe-sehe ultuf hmhpmroe`f` f`lmrae smgere omrfmjelautel. Yrcsms
omrfms`lehouldel `tu k`jefufel ker` prcsms pmlduhpujel, pmldmjcjeel,
kel pmlmrepel pmldmtenuel ultuf fmheauel crdel`ses`. Cjmn fermle `tu,
crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer kepet tmromltuf kmldel hmhomrkeyefel espmf
pmhomjeaerel, crdel`ses`, helus`e, pmldmtenuel, kel tmflcjcd`.
Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smoede`hele pelkeldel Ymtmr H. Wmldm kel

Herquerkt hml`houjfel ekelye nuouldel 7 (t`de) eft`v`tes. Ymrtehe,

pmhomjeaerel `lk`v`ku (`lk`v`kuej
(`lk`v`kuej jmerl`ld), ye`tu fch`thml k`r` (smjb
(smjb
rmgcdl`t`cl) ultuf tmrus omjeaer fermle fmsekerel ekelye fmhehpuel
yeld pmrju k`fmhoeldfel, smrte fmsekerel pctmls` yeld pmrju k`t`ldfet.
Yeke pcs`s` `l`, hes`ld-hes`ld `lk`v`ku hmh`j`f` fmsekerel ultuf
hmjefufel pmldmhoeldel smgere omrfms`lehouldel smtmjen hmjefufel
essmsshmlt k`r`.
Fmkue, pmhomjeaerel crdel`ses` ((crdel`zet`clej
crdel`zet`clej jmerl`ld) smoede`

suetu prcsms pmldmhoeldel, yeld k`jefufel hmjeju` pmhomjeaerel

ejeh`en omrkeserfel fea`el efekmh`f. Yrcsms pmhomjeaerel `l` bcgus peke
`lk`v`ku-`lk`v`ku ultuf hmh`j`f` pmldmtenuel kel fmtmrehp`jel `lk`v`ku
smoede` nes`j etes kmtmfs` kel fcrmfs` tmrnekep f`lmrae crdel`ses`.
Fmt`de, f`lmrae crdel`ses` ((crdel`zet`clej
crdel`zet`clej pmrbcrhelgm), ye`tu
tctej`tes nes`j fmrae crdel`ses` kejeh hmlgepe` tuauel yeld tmjen
k`tmtepfel terdmtlye, oe`f weftu pmlgepe`el, ufurel pmlgepe`el, l`je`
yeld k`dulefel, smrte stelker-stelker fmrae yeld tmrufur. Yeke prcsms `l`,
pmrju fmhehpuel ultuf prmk`fs` fmrae kel ekeptes` etes pmruoenel.

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer ?0

 [ctej`tes nes`j fmrae crdel`ses` kejeh hmlgepe`
tuauel yeld smomjuhlye suken k`tmtepfel
ufurel heupul l`je` pmlgepe`ellye

Fch`thml k`r` ultuf Wuetu prcsms Fclk`s` suetu crdel`ses`

dmher omjeaer yeld pmhomjeaerel yeld tmraek` yeld smjeju hmjefufel
hmhoutunfel smgere ejeh`en hmjeju` stretmd` pmldmhoeldel
pmhomjeaerel eft`b smgere j`ldfuldel fmrae smner`- omrkeserfel `su stretmd`s
omrfmjelautel. Yrcsms `l` ner`, yeld k`keser` ekelye kel pmldejehel preft`f k`
tmrdeltuld `lk`v`ku ultuf fea`el efekmh`f ultuf ul`t setuel fmrae
hmldmhoeldfel pctmls` hmldmhoeldfel `lk`v`ku crdel`ses`, smn`ldde
kel fchpmtmls` (esmshml smoede` oed`el ker` hmhulgujfel hmhcr`
k`r` smlk`r`) hmjeju` kmtmfs` k`l` smfej`dus crdel`ses` smoede` kete
pmlger`el suhomr-suhomr fcrmfs` tmrnekep prmk`ft`b kel ekept`b
pmldmtenuel yeld pmlgepe`el f`lmrae tmrnekep pmruoenel smrte
k`outunfel crdel`ses` telteldel crdel`ses`
 Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smsulddunlye omrpmrel ultuf hmjefselefel
s`fjus fmrae yeld telpe nmlt` kejeh hmlkufuld pmdewe` ultuf tmrus
omjeaer, hmldmhoeldfel k`r`, kel sej`ld omroed` pmldmtenuel. Wtretmd`
ultuf hmhco`j`ses` `lk`v`ku heupul fmjchpcf, smr`ldfej` k`pmlderun`
hmhcr` crdel`ses` omrfe`tel espmf fmsmaerenel kel ers`p fmcrdel`ses`el.

O. W`fjus Ymhomltufe
Ymhomltufel
l Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer
@lt` ker` crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer ekejen omjeaer yeld omrfmjelautel
smrte ekelye fmsmhpetel ultuf omroed` ker` smt`ep pmldejehel omjeaer.
Ymtmr H. Wmldm hmlddehoerfel = k`s`pj`l yeld hmst` k`fmhoeldfel
kejeh prcsms pmhomltufel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, ye`tu pmrsclej
hestmry, hmltej hckmj, ou`jk`ld snermk v`s`cl, tmeh jmerl`ld, kel systmh

tn`lf`ld .
Fmhehpuel crdel`ses` ultuf tmrus omrekeptes` tmrnekep
j`ldfuldel hmjeju` prcsms omjeaer yeld gmpet kel mbmft`b, hmhefse
crdel`ses` ultuf hml`lddejfel fereftmr`st`f trek`s`clejlye kel
omrfmhoeld hmlaek` crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer. Hmlurut Herquerkt,
crdel`ses` aml`s oeru `l` nerus hmh`j`f` fereftmr`st`f eltere je`l
pmldmtenuel yeld jmo`n jues, bjmfs`o`j`tes, fmgmpetel, fmfuetel kel
fmhehpuel ultuf omjeaer kejeh hmldnekep` pmrdmsmrel fmoutunel etes

j`ldfuldel yeld oeru.

Wuetu crdel`ses` kepet k`omkefel hmlaek` ; fmjchpcf omrkeserfel

fmgmlkmruldel pmrsmps` pmdewe`. Ymrtehe
Ymrtehe crdel`ses` yeld hmldejeh`
hmldejeh`
fmfmgmweel ef`oet p`hp`lel seldet nmoet tmtep` elddctelye t`kef o`se
hmjefufellye. Fmkue crdel`ses` yeld hml`houjfel fmfmgmweel smoede`
smoede`
ef`oet pmdewe` yeld nmoet lehul t`kef k``hoeld` cjmn p`hp`lel. Fmt`de
crdel`ses` yeld stedlel ef`oet t`kef hehpulye p`hp`lel kel pmdewe`
hmjefufel tuauel crdel`ses`. Fmmhpet crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer yeld
k`pmlderun` p`hp`lel kel elddcte sej`ld omr`ltmrefs` kel omjeaer
omrsehe smgere omrfms`lehouldel.

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer 75

 Wmr`ldfej` crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer tmromltuf austru fermle ekelye
fmsejenel eteu upeye fcrmft`b crdel`ses` ultuf hmlymoerfel pmldejehel
tmlteld fmdedejel hese jeju. Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smt`keflye hmld`fut`
pmpeten ‚Elke efel hmlkepetfel epe yeld Elke ufur‘, ye`tu stretmd`
pmlymjeresel smjurun pmdewe` ultuf hmlgepe` tuauel yeld suken k`ufur.
Nej yeld pmlt`ld ekejen pmhenehel tmlteld seserel yeld spms`b`f,
tmrufur, smrte hmlelteld yeld hmj`oetfel smhue elddcte crdel`ses`
smsue` kmldel oetesel kel fmhehpuel fcltr`ous`lye hes`ld-hes`ld.
hes`ld -hes`ld.

G. Wuo-s`stmh Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

Ymhomltufel smouen crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer hmhoutunfel
smauhjen fchpclml ultuf pmldmhoeldel. Herkquerkt hmlymout kmldel

`st`jen suo-s`stmh, yeld tmrdehoer etes = (j`he) nej.

Wuos`stmh pmrte he ekejen pmhomjeaerel, yefl` suos`stmh yeld
pmrtehe
hmruauf fmpeke t`ldfetel kel t`pm pmhomjeaerel yeld frus`ej oed` prcsms
omjeaer k` kejeh crdel`ses` kel fmtmrehp`jel yeld rmjmvel kejeh
omrcrdel`ses`. Ymhomjeaerel kepet omrs`bet pmhomjeaerel `lk`v`ku smsue`
oefet kel h`let yeld k`p`j`n smlk`r` smsue` kmldel peldd`jel net` eteu
pess`cl. Ymhomjeaerel kepet omrs`bet fmjchpcf, ye`tu ekelye pmh`letel
yeld sehe eteu stetus kel `kmlt`tes yeld hmlyetufel smn`ldde hmlaek`
t`h pmhomjeaer. Ymhomjeaerel kepet omrs`bet crdel`ses` kmldel
`ltmrlej`ses` oukeye fmrae, pjetbcrh crdel`ses`, v`s` h`s` kel tuauel
crdel`ses`, smrte stretmd` omrsehe.
Fmkue, suos`stmh crdel`ses`, hmrupefel pmldeturel kel oekel
tmhpet tmraek`lye prcsms omjeaer. K`hmls` utehe kejeh suos`stmh
crdel`ses` hmj`put` v`s`, oukeye, stretmd`, kel struftur. Wuo-s`stmh fmt`de
ekejen suhomr keye helus`e (pmcpjm), yeld kejeh fcltmfs pmhmr`ltenel,
tmrk`r` ker` p`hp`lel, pmdewe`, pmlmr`he jeyelel, kel hesyerefet smf`ter.
Hes`ld-hes`ld fmjchpcf omrhelbeet ultuf crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer,

7; Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

smn`ldde nerus k`omrkeyefel kel k`omr` efsms ultuf omjeaer heupul
trelsbmr pmldmtenuel.
Fmmhpet, suos`stmh pmldmtenuel. Kejeh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer,
suos`stmh `l` omrtudes hmldetur pmldmtenuel yeld tmjen k`pmrcjmn kel
k`nes`jfel, tmrhesuf k` kejehlye efu`s`s`, pmhouetel, pmly`hpelel,
elej`s`s kel pmlddej`el kete, trelsbmr kel k`smh`les`, smrte epj`fes` kel
vej`kes` pmldmtenuel. Fmj`he, suos`stmh yeld tmrefn`r ekejen tmflcjcd`,
yeld tmrk`r` ker` aer`ldel tmflcjcd` kel `lbcrhes` tmr`ltmdres` pmlkufuld,
smn`ldde hmhuldf`lfel efsms pmrtuferel `lbcrhes` kel pmhomjeaerel.

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer 7=

 Hmlurut Herkquerkt, k`pmrjufel pmhenehel hmlkejeh kel
pmldmhoeldel tmrnekep fchpclml suos`stmh tmrsmout ultuf kepet
hmlaeh`l pmhomltufel kel fmomrjelautel smouen crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer.
Wuos`stmh crdel`ses`, suhomr keye helus`e, pmldmtenuel, kel tmflcjcd`
k`outunfel ultuf hmldmhoeldfel suos`stmh pmhomjeaerel. Yeke pcs`s`
je`l, suos`stmh pmhomjeaerel efel hmrmsep` fmmhpet suos`stmh je`llye.
Wmn`ldde, fmomrekeel smjurun suos`stmh k` etes hmlaek` pmlt`ld fermle
smt`ep suo-s`stmh sej`ld tmrfe`t kel sej`ld hmjmldfep` ultuf
hmldelt`s`pes` pmruoenel smrte hmhpmrtenelfel hmhcr` crdel`ses`.

K. Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer k` Fmhmlfuh

Fmhmlfuhneh
neh
Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH smoede` smouen crdel`ses`, hmh`j`f`

pctmls` smfej`dus tultutel ultuf hmlaek` oed`el ker` crdel`ses`

pmhomjeaer. Yeke Aul` ?950, auhjen pmdewe` Fmhmlfuhneh yeld
hmlgepe` 29.5>5 creld hmrupefel pctmls` suhomr keye helus`e yeld
seldet omser, kmldel omredeh pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku kel hmhcr` `lk`v`ku
etes crdel`ses`. Nej tmrsmout tmltu hmhoutunfel stretmd` pmleldelel
kejeh pmhomjeaerel yeld k`kufuld pmldcrdel`ses`el yeld oe`f
omrkeserfel pmlkmfetel suo-s`stmh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaerel hckmj
Herquerkt.
OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smjefu ul`t utehe yeld hmleldel` o`keld
pmldmhoeldel WKH, hmlaek` jmek`ld smgtcr kejeh pmhomltufel
crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer. Ymrhmlpel _O Lchcr 59 tenul ?950 tmlteld
Ymhoeldulel Qcle @ltmdr`tes hmluau T`jeyen Omoes ker` Fcrups` kel
T`jeyen O`rcfres` Omrs`n kel Hmjeyel`, k`amjesfel oenwe sejen setu
fchpclml pmlduldf`t kmldel ococt seldet t`ldd` smoede` beftcr pmlmltu
pmlgepe`el Qcle @ltmdr`tes hmluau TOF kel TOOH ekejen pmleteel
s`stmh heleamhml WKH. Wejen setu `lk`fetcr omrfe`tel heleamhml WKH
ekejen stretmd` tmlteld pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` ((gepeg`ty
gepeg`ty ou`jk`ld)

72 Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

kel pmhomr`el fmsmhpetel oed` pmdewe` ultuf `fut pmjet`nel kel
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` je`llye.
Ymrel OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smoede` pmleldduldaeweo k` o`keld
pmldmhoeldel WKH, pmrju hmly`fep` kmldel hmldmhoeldfel 7 kmse`l
pmhomjeaerel, ye`tu pmhomjeaerel `lk`v`ku, pmhomjeaerel fmjchpcf, kel
pmhomjeaerel crdel`ses`. Ymhomjeaerel `lk`v`ku pmlt`ld k`omr`fel eder
hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe` kepet hmlmltufel p`j`nel pmldmhoeldel
fchpmtmls` smsue` fmsekerel yeld k`h`let`, smsue` kmldel pess`cl.
Ymhomjeaerel fmjchpcf k`kmse`l ultuf hmhoeldul fcjeocres` kel
pmrcjmnel omrsehe smsue` kmldel fmjchpcf tudes, fmjchpcf aeoetel,
heupul fmjchpcf pmh`letel. Ymhomjeaerel crdel`ses` k`kmse`l ultuf
hmrmspcl stretmd` ekeptes` kel mbmft`v`tes pmlgepe`el tuauel crdel`ses`.

OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH kepet hmlyusul tejmlt hepp`ld hmjeju`

essmsshmlt gmltmr smoede` oes`s kete pmlyusulel rmlgele pmldmhoeldel
pmdewe` omrkeserfel prcdreh stretmd`s crdel`ses`. Yeke prcsms `l`,

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer 74

 s`stmh pmrmlgeleel kel prcsmkur fmoutunel pmldmhoeldel
k`fetmdcr`fel omrkeserfel elej`s`s f`lmrae pmdewe`, elej`s`s ruhpul
aeoetel eteu suostels` fmjmhoedeel, kel elej`s`s crdel`ses`. Elej`s`s
fmoutunel yeld hmj`oetfel fmsmjurunel oed`el ker` ul`t utehe sehpe`
ul`t pmjefsele tmfl`s, cjmn OYWKH k`ouet kmse`l pmldmhoeldel hmjeju`
pmjet`nel eteupul hmtckm pmldmhoeldel je`l.
@lbrestruftur ultuf stretmd` pmldmhoeldel pul hutjef tmrsmk`e
ultuf hmlaeldfeu fmsmjurunel pmdewe` hmh`j`f` fmsmhpetel efsms kel
hmlkepetfel prcsms pmldmhoeldel pej`ld smk`f`t ?9 aeh pmjeaerel. M-
jemrl`ld smoede` sejen setu hmtckm, tmjen omrjeldsuld smaef ?95; kmldel
omomrepe b`tur aml`s pmjet`nel. Yeke tenep `l`, OYWKH kepet
hmldmhoeldfel pjetbcrh kejeh hckmj epj`fes` pmjet`nel kel

pmldmhoeldel ultuf hmlkepetfel tmjmlt hep yeld smsue` fmoutunel

crdel`ses`.

7> Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

 Dehoerel pmhmteel tejmlte k` etes, hmld`justres`fel tmlteld fctef-
fctef fmjchpcf kejeh prcsms pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`. [mrkepet 7
(t`de) t`lkefel yeld kepet k`jefufel, ye`tu efsmjmres` fer`r,
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, kel pml`ldfetel fuej`b`fes`. Wmfrmter`et
Amlkmrej kel fmpeje ul`t kepet hmhpmrt`hoeldfel efsmjmres` fer`r peke
fmjchpcf ‚ster‘ kel fchpmtml hmjeju` smfcjen fekmr gejcl pmh`hp`l.
Kejeh espmf pmldmhoeldel tejmlte, fmjchpcf pmrbcrhmr kmldel jmvmj
f`lmrae kel fchpmtmls` peke sfeje rmlken kepet k`jefufel hmjeju`
pmjet`nel, pmhomjeaerel k` feltcr, eteu omltuf pmldmhoeldel je`llye.
Fmjchpcf-fmjchpcf yeld k`elddep hmh`j`f` jmvmj rmlken smgere
fmsmjurunel, pmrju k`jefufel pmlymderel tejmlte, smpmrt` rctes` eteu
pmludesel fnusus smsue` fmfureldel ker` hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe`.

Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer hmlmfelfel pmh`hp`l yeld kepet

hmrelgeld, hmldmjcje, smfej`dus hmlaek` pmldeaer kel `fut omjeaer kejeh
prcsms pmhomjeaerel
pmhomjeaerel.. Ymh`hp`l hmlaek` creld yeld nerus hehpu
hmlaeoerfel stretmd` pmlgepe`el tuauel crdel`ses`, smfej`dus hmh`hp`l
kcfuhmltes` pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku heupul pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`.
Ymrel kmh`f`el pmrju fmtmrehp`jel hmhoeldul v`s` omrsehe (ou`jk`ld
( ou`jk`ld
snermk v`s`cl), dule hmhulgujfel hckmj-hckmj hmltej (hmltej
( hmltej hckmj)
kejeh hmluhounfel pcje omrb`f`r yeld s`stmh`f. Hes`ld-hes`ld fmpeje

ul`t crdel`ses` nerus hmh`j`f` fch`thml ultuf hmhomr` kufuldel

tmrnekep smhue pmdewe` kejeh hmldmhoeldfel fchpmtmls` smgere
omrfms`lehouldel.
Fmnmoetel smouen crdel`ses` gmlkmruld k`tmltufel nelye cjmn 79
pmrsml creld ker` auhjen fmsmjurunel elddcte. Wmauhjen 79 pmrsml `tu
pul smoede` ef`oet ker` pcs`s` yeld stretmd`s. Wmoede` `justres`, seet weoen
gcrclev`rus k`smesm ?950 (Gcv`k 50) hmlymoeofel smauhjen `lstels`
hmruhenfel pmdewe` kel hmlmrepfel pcje fmrae ker` ruhen ((Tcrf
Tcrf
Brch Nchm). Yeke fclk`s` tmrsmout, mbmft`v`tes fmrae feltcr smt`keflye

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer 70

 nelye k`pmrelfel cjmn creld-creld yeld hmldurus` o`keld stretmd`s kel
v`tej. Ymrtelyeellye, oede`hele suetu crdel`ses` kepet hmjefufel
`kmlt`b`fes` pcs`s` stretmd`s kel hmh`j`f` pmlderun yeld seldet pmlt`ld3

Wtretmd` pmldmhoeldel smoede`hele kejeh fctef-fctef pmhmteel

tejmlte kepet omraejel kmldel `kmej, tmltu hmhoutunfel fch`thml
fmsmjurunel p`nef. Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smsulddunlye hmldeheletfel
fclk`s` suetu crdel`ses` yeld hmlaede fmtmrsmk`eel fekmr pmh`hp`l

;9 Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

smrte tmtep tmraedelye fuej`tes elddcte kmldel stretmd` pmldmjcjeel yeld
tmrmlgele kel omrfms`lehouldel. Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH kejeh
prcsms tmrsmout, pmrju kufuldel fmtmrsmk`eel prcdreh pmrmlgeleel k`
smhue jmvmj kel ul`t fmrae, omsmrte smauhjen creld yeld s`ep kel smkeld
k`pmj`nere ultuf hmlkukuf` pcs`s` stretmd`s, smrte fekmr-fekmr tmroe`f
yeld k`fmhoeldfel ultuf k`prchcs`fel kejeh fmpmh`hp`lel stretmd`s,
heupul fmpest`el rmlgele pmldmhoeldel pctmls` oed` smt`ep pmdewe`.

Oede` smouen ruhen hefel smcreld fcf` ekejen pcs`s` yeld seldet v`tej
oufel fes`r eteu prehusea`.
Oede` H`grcscbt eteu Dccdjm smcreld prcdrehhmr
prcdrehhmr ekejen pcs`s` yeld
seldet pmlt`ld oufel oed`el b`lels`ej eteupul gustchmr smrv`gm.
smrv`gm.
Ejesellye seldet smkmrnele smcreld prehusea` yeld seldet nmoet t`kef
efel hmhomr` kehpef yeld s`dl`b`fel etes fmheauel ruhen hefel.
Kmh`f`el aude b`lelgm heledmr yeld nmoet t`kef efel hmhomr` kehpef
s`dl`b`fel tmrnekep fmheauel H`grcscbt eteu Dccdjm.
Cjmn fermlelye pcs`s` stretmd`s yeld hmhmlderun` fmheauel crdel`ses`
pmrju k`jefufel pmrmoutel het`-het`el ultuf hmlkepetfel tejmlte
supmr kmldel jmvmj supmr`cr. Yeke pcs`s` lcl-stretmd`s eteu yeld
omrbulds` peke kufuldel prcsms
prcsms o`sl`s pmdewe` yeld hmhmlun`
hmhmlun` stelker
fchpmtmls` seae suken seldet gufup kmldel hmj`net pctmls` oefet yeld
k`h`j`f`.

Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer ekejen crdel`ses` yeld hmldnek`rfel

cpt`h`shm pmdewe` ultuf tmrus hmlmrus omrfmhoeld hmluau jmvmj
tmroe`f. Wmt`ep pmdewe` hmh`j`f` aejur pmrs`epel smfej`dus aejur p`j`nel
kejeh hmluau pcs`s` pulgef fer`r. Yeke pcs`s` `l`jen hefe smhue pmdewe`
k`oeldf`tfel kel tmrhct`ves` ultuf smjeju hmh`j`f` nerepel hmluau
pulgef fer`r, fermle n`kup telpe nerepel ekejen het`. Ymdewe` yeld
suken pupus nerepel etes pmldnerdeel crdel`ses` ekejen telke fmhet`el
crdel`ses` `tu smlk`r`. Crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer hmrupefel mfcs`stmh yeld

hmluhounfel smheldet cpt`h`shm kmldel fmpest`el aejur fer`r heupul

aejur pmldmhoeldel kejeh pmldueseel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`.

Gcrp] kel Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer ;5

Oeo ; Gcrp] kel Heleamhml
Ymldmtenuel

Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet hmlamjesfel pmldmrt`el
heleamhml pmldmtenuel, n`mrerf` pmldmtenuel kejeh crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, s`fjus
kel stretmd` heleamhml pmldmtenuel, hckmj pmldmtenuel tex`t kel mfspj`s`t, kel
heleamhml pmldmtenuel stretmd`s Fmhmlfuhneh

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Fej` `l` f`te efel hmhoenes hmldmle` heleamhml pmldmtenuel smoede`

sejen setu p`jer utehe gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty. Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH
kmldel auhjen pmdewe` hmlgepe` 29-el r`ou, a`fe pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku
k`fmjcje kmldel oe`f hefe kepet hmlaek` oclus kmhcdreb` pmdewe`, smfej`dus
tmrsmk`e pmldmtenuel crdel`ses` yeld seldet hmj`hpen.
Ymldmjcjeel heleamhml pmldmtenuel smgere pmrcreldel hmrupefel nej
yeld smr`ld k`jefufel telpe k`seker` cjmn `lk`v`ku pmdewe` heupul
crdel`ses`. Yeke seet hmly`hpel b`jm kejeh bcjkmr-bcjkmr tmrtmltu fmhuk`el
hmldefsms b`jm peke weftu yeld omrje`lel, hefe weftu yeld k`dulefel ultuf
hmlkepetfel b`jm tmrsmout seldet k`pmlderun` stretmd` pmldmjcjeel
pmldmtenuel. Fclk`s` `l`jen gmrh`lel t`ldfet fmhehpuel pmldmjcjeel
pmldmtenuel yeld k`h`j`f` cjmn `lk`v`ku. Wmelke`lye b`jm yeld k`outunfel
t`kef kepet k`ger` eteu k`efsms, hefe heu t`kef heu pmldmtenuel `tu nerus
k`tuj`s ujeld. Fmaek`el `tu tmltu hmlymoeofel prcsms hmldfrmes` kel
hmld`lcves` pmldmtenuel smgere `lk`v`ku hmlaek` t`kef mb`s`ml.
Heleamhml pmldmtenuel ((Flcwjmkdm
Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt/FH) kepet
k`peneh` smoede` suetu jeldfen-jeldfen s`stmhet`s kejeh hmldmjcje esmt
`ltmjmftuej omrupe pmldmtenuel kel omroede` `lbcrhes` ker` `lk`v`ku kel

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml

H eleamhml Ymldmtenuel ;7
 crdel`ses` ultuf hmlg`ptefel fmulddujel kejeh omrse`ld kel
hmhefs`hejfel l`je` tehoen smrte `lcves` crdel`ses`. FH t`kef k`oetes` peke
pmreldfet tmflcjcd` nerkwerm kel scbtwerm, tmtep` hmhbcfusfel peke
`lvmstes` pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kel pmldmtenuel pere pmfmraelye
smn`ldde hmrmfe o`se omr`lcves`.

E. Ymldmrt`el Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

Hmhoenes tmlteld heleamhml pmldmtenuel, hefe pmrju hmldmtenu`
tmrjmo`n kenuju hmldepe pmldmtenuel pmrju prcsms pmldmjcjeel. Ymldmtenuel
omro`gere epe yeld creld peneh` tmlteld suetu nej, fclsmp, `km, tmcr`,
prcsmkur, preft`f, kel gere hmjefufel smsuetu. Yeke pcs`s` `tu, pmldmtenuel
kepet omrupe pmldmtenuel yeld suken tmrgetet ((mxpj`g`t)
mxpj`g`t) kel pmldmtenuel
yeld hes`n kejeh b`f`rel smsmcreld (teg`t)
( teg`t).
[elteldel yeld hulguj ekejen oede`hele eder pmldmtenuel teg`t kepet
hulguj smn`ldde hmlaek` smsuetu yeld tmrkcfuhmltes`fel eteu pmldmtenuel
mxpj`g`t . Yrcsms `l` k`smout kmldel heleamhml pmldmtenuel, ye`tu prcsms
hmhpmrcjmn, hmlkepetfel, hmhouet, hmhoed`fel, kel hmlddulefel
pmldmtenuel ultuf hml`ldfetfel pmhomjeaerel kel pmldejehel k`
crdel`ses`. A`fe smsmcreld hml`lddejfel crdel`ses`, hefe pmldmtenuel tmtep
efel o`se omrfmjelautel fermle flcwjmkdm fmy pmrscl tmtep eke kejeh

crdel`ses`. Wmr`ldfej` tmraek` oenwe fmp`lkenel smcreld feryewel efel

k``fut` kmldel pmruoenel fmpmrgeyeel puoj`f eteu pmjelddel tmrnekep
f`lmrae crdel`ses`. Wmsulddunlye pmldmtenuel eke peke hes`ld-hes`ld
creld, hmsf`pul s`stmh pulye kete kel `lbcrhes` yeld kepet hmhoeltu
prcsms pmldmtenuel.
Wmoede` dehoerel, Oekel Ymlmj`t`el Ymldmhoeldel (Oej`toeld) Nufuh
kel NEH peke ?95> hmluj`sfel getetel pmraejelel Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel
NEH hmre`n prmk`fet T`jeyen Omoes ker` Fcrups` (TOF) oed` 59 setuel
fmrae. Fmsufsmsel t`h peke ?95> pmrju k`tujerfel peke setuel fmrae je`l eder

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml

He leamhml Ymldmtenuel
;;
`l`s`et`b hmhoeldul jmhoede yeld omr`ltmdr`tes k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmltmr`el
Nufuh kel NEH smgere hess`b kepet tmrwuauk kmldel oe`f.
Esmp Furl`e smjefu fmpeje Oej`toeld Nufuh kel NEH hmhmr`ltenfel
[ules Ymldeychel ultuf hmreldfe` gmr`te kmldel hmlgetet pmldejehel
p`hp`lel yeld smfej`dus hmlaek` Wmfrmter`s [`h Ymhoeldulel Qcle
@ltmdr`tes Fmhmlfuhneh. Wmoelyef ?; GYLW yeld k`tudesfel k` Oej`toeld
Nufuh kel NEH hmldure`fel pmr`st`we, pmldejehel, prcsms, smrte stretmd`
kejeh hmldewej hes`ld-hes`ld ul`t setuel fmrae ultuf hmre`n prmk`fet
TOF. Wetu ul`t fmrae seae hehpu hmre`n prmk`fet TOF, suken gufup smoede`
fmomrnes`jel oed` Wmfrmter`s Amlkmrej, smoede`hele k`uterefel kejeh _epet
_mlgele Fmrae Wteb Enj` kel Wteb Fnusus [enul ?95>, peke ? Aeluer` ?95>.
Hmsf` k`terdmtfel gufup setu ul`t, t`h peke efn`rlye hehpu hmwuaukfel 59

setuel fmrae hmre`n TOF peke ?95>. Hmst` k`fmtenu` oenwe smtenul
smomjuhlye, Fmhmlfuhneh dedej hmre`n prmk`fet TOF peke ?954.
Yrcsms `l`s`et`b, pmrmlgeleel prcdreh pr`cr`tes, smrte pmhomltufel
fmjchpcf fmrae (Ycfae) k` t`ldfet puset kel [`h Yml`je` @ltmrlej ([Y@)
k`jefufel fureld ker` tmhpc ? oujel. Wmouen gmr`te fmomrnes`jel t`h yeld
k`getet kejeh oufu omraukuj Hmhoeldul G`te Hmre`n TOF k` Fmhmlfuhneh
hmrupefel upeye hmldeoek`fel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses` yeld hes`n
tmrsmhouly` kejeh pmldejehel kel pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku. Wtretmd`

hmleldfep `km `tujen yeld fmhuk`el hmlmltufel keye se`ld smrte

hulgujlye `lcves`-`lcves` ultuf k`fmhoeldfel smfej`dus k`rmpj`fes`.

Nej yeld v`tej kejeh heleamhml pmldmtenuel ekejen tmromltuflye

j`ldfuldel omjeaer yeld fclkus`b, smn`ldde pere pmdewe` tmrhct`ves` ultuf
tmrus omjeaer, hmhelbeetfel `lbcrhes` eteu pmldmtenuel yeld k`smk`efel
crdel`ses`, kel hmluhoun fmhoeldfel
fmhoeldfel pmldmtenuel `lk`v`kuejlye smn`ldde
heu omroed` pmldmtenuel oeru yeld k`kepetlye ultuf hmlaek` pmldmtenuel
crdel`ses`. Heleamhml pmldmtenuel bcfus eder pmdewe` prckuft`b
hmluhoun fmhoeldfel pmldmtenuel kel heu omroed` pmldmtenuel yeld
k`h`j`f`lye.

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

;=
 Kejeh pmhmteel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`, fchpcs`s` yeld uhuh tmraek`
ekejen ;? pmrsml pmldmtenuel hes`n omreke k` ctef `lk`v`ku pmdewe`, ?2
pmrsml pmldmtenuel omreke k` ers`p fmrtes, ?9 pmrsml pmldmtenuel omreke k`
ers`p-ers`p mjmftrcl`f, kel 5? pmrsml pmldmtenuel omreke kejeh keteoesm
crdel`ses`. Kmldel kmh`f`el, prcsms k`ejcd kel rueld fchul`fes` j`ltes
pmdewe` hmlaek` fulg` ultuf sej`ld hmlehoen pmldmtenuel kel `lbcrhes`
dule hmlduldfep ;? pmrsml yeld tmrsmoer k` hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe`.

Heleamhml pmldmtenuel hmrupefel prcsms hmlmramhenfel pmjeaerel

yeld k`pmjeaer`, yeld eke kejeh p`f`rel smsmcreld hmlaek` `lbcrhes` yeld
kepet k`dulefel smt`ep creld. Heleamhml pmldmtenuel hmhoutunfel creld
yeld fchpmtml smoede` suhomr pmldmtenuel, tmhpet ultuf hmjefufel
k`sfus`, kel `s` ker` k`sfus` `tu smlk`r`. Fmheauel [@ tmjen hmhmlderun`
tmraek`lye k`sfus` telpe fmnek`rel smgere b`s`f, smoede`hele `hpjmhmltes`
Tcrf Brch Nchm (TBN) ef`oet weoen Gcrclev`rus K`smesm ?950 (Gcv`k 50).

;2 Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

O. N`mrerf` Ymldmtenuel kejeh Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer

Yeke s`tues` pmlujerel v`rus Gcv`k-50 yeld seldet hmhpr`net`lfel

peke ewej ?9?9, Fmhmltmr`el Nufuh kel NEH hmldeho`j fmo`aefel ultuf
hmjefufel prcdreh es`h`jes` kel `ltmdres` fmpeke jmo`n ker` 7= r`ou werde
o`leel pmhesyerefetel (TOY) k` juer Jmhoede Ymhesyerefetel (Jepes).
Hulguj smauhjen pelkeldel k` hesyerefet oenwe Fmhmlfuhneh smcjen
hmhelbeetfel weoen Gcrcle ultuf ‚corej‘ pmhomoesel r`ouel lerep`kele.
Efel tmtep`, eprms`es` pcs`t`b k`omr`fel cjmn Fch`s` Les`clej Nef Eses`

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml

H eleamhml Ymldmtenuel ;4
 Helus`e (Fchlesneh) etes fmo`aefel yeld k`tmtepfel cjmn Hmltmr` Nufuh
kel NEH kejeh hmrmspcl keruret v`rus Gcv`k-50.
A`fe hmhpmjeaer` tmlteld fclsmp pmho`leel pmhesyerefetel, prcdreh
es`h`jes` kel `ltmdres` smsulddunlye kepet k`omr`fel tmrnekep TOY yeld
suken hmlaejel` ?/7 hese nufuhel, smoede` oed`el omltuf ker` prcsms
pmho`leel. Efel tmtep`, hesyerefet uhuh hmhelkeld oenwe pmldmhoej`el
TOY k` tmlden hesyerefet austru smoede` stretmd` ultuf hmlmoer tmrcr
fermle ekelye smauhjen TOY yeld omrujen fmhoej` seet hmlaejel` es`h`jes`
kel `ltmdres` k` tmlden pelkmh` Gcv`k-50. Hesyerefet smgere uhuh omjuh
hmheneh` tmcr` pmh`keleel yeld suken k`elut smrte k`aejelfel k` @lkclms`e,
oenwe nef`fet ker` pmhesyerefetel ekejen pmho`leel oufel pmlamreel.
Bmlchmle k` etes hmrupefel setu ker` smf`el gcltcn ekelye pmromkeel

tmlteld pmldmtenuel mhp`r`s etes suetu fmaek`el. [mrjmpes ker` `su yeld
omrhuetel pcj`t`s tmrnekep fmaek`el yeld k`sehpe`fel kejeh hmk`e hesse
kel hmk`e scs`ej, bmlchmle pmldmhoej`el TOY fm fmjuerde ultuf n`kup
lcrhej smoede` oed`el ker` hesyerefet kepet k`beneh` omrkeserfel t`ldfetel
pmldmtenuel smsmcreld. [`ldfetel `tu smt`keflye k`keser` etes kete sehpe`
hmlaek` smouen fmoea`fel (w`skch
(w`skch) kejeh prcsms pmldeho`jel fmputusel.
Fmo`aefel Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH hmrupefel prcsms fmputusel yeld
smt`keflye tmjen hmlkeserfel smauhjen fea`el, oe`f pmrspmft`b nufuh p`kele,

ps`fcjcd` scs`ej, eltrcpcjcd` hesse, sehpe` peke fmsmnetel kel fmehelel.

Fea`el tmrsmout tmltu k`pmlderun` cjmn omomrepe `lbcrhes` omrfe`tel kmldel
pmrtelyeel epe ((wnet
wnet), hmldepe (wny
(wny), k` hele (wnmrm
(wnmrm), fepel (wnml
(wnml),
s`epe (wnc
(wnc), kel oede`hele (ncw
(ncw).
Fmo`aefel es`h`jes` kel `ltmdres` TOY k` tmlden hesyerefet hmrupefel
dehoerel oede`hele pmldmtenuel teg`t tmlteld pmho`leel pmhesyerefetel
yeld fmhuk`el k`fchul`fes`fel, k`peneh`, kel k`tmramhenfel fm kejeh
omltuf fmo`aefel yeld jmo`n tmrstruftur. [mltu fmo`aefel `tu omrsuhomrfel
peke pmldejehel kel `ltu`s` pr`oek` smauhjen p`hp`lel smsue` fcltmfsly
fcltmfslye.
e.

;>
Gcrp] kel Heleamhml
H eleamhml Ymldmtenuel
 Y`reh`ke heleamhml pmldmtenuel tmrk`r` ker` ; (mhpet) mjmhml, ye`tu1
5. Kete, mjmhml pej`ld keser yeld omjuh k`prcsms, smn`ldde omjuh hmh`j`f`
hefle utun fmguej` smfeker nes`j ker` pmldj`netel eteu v`suej`ses`. Gcltcn1
eldfe, fete, fckm, teomj, k`edreh, kel dehoer.
?. @lbcrhes`, mjmhml yeld sej`ld tmrnuould smoede` nes`j pmhrcsmsel
p mhrcsmsel tmrnekep
kete, smn`ldde hmh`j`f` suetu hefle. @lbcrhes` `l` omrprcsms smsue` kmldel
fmhehpuel smsmcreld eteu crdel`ses` ultuf hmldnuouldfel kete setu
kmldel kete je`llye. Gcltcn1 hmldnuouldfel kete omrfe`tel tmlteld epe
(fclsmp), eteu hmldnuouldfel kete omrfe`tel kmldel s`epe (suoymf).

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel ;0

 7. Ymldmtenuel ekejen mjmhml yeld hmlduhpujfel smauhjen `lbcrhes` yeld
suken tmrcrdel`s`r tmlteld suetu o`keld yeld k`peneh`, smoede`hele
tmlteld
tmlteld tmcr` pmh`keleel kel pmhesyerefetel, fmreldfe fmrae pmldewesel
creld es`ld, kel `lk`fes` dmcdreb`s suetu prckuf yeld k`pmlderun`
fereftmr`st`f fnusus j`ldfuldel ejeh heupul hesyerefet jcfej smpmrt`
fcp` kel tmlul `fet.
;. Fmpeferel yeld k``r`ld` fmoea`fel ((w`skch
w`skch) smn`ldde hmlaek` fepeo`j`tes
smsmcreld. Mjmhml `l` hmrupefel nes`j pmlmrepel ker` pmldmtenuel yeld
hmlaek` keser kejeh pmldeho`jel fmputusel eteu suetu fmo`aefel.
Gcltcnlye omrupe kcfuhmltes` oufu fea`el `jh`en tmlteld nufuh kel
NEH, s`stmh pmrj`lkuldel `lk`fes` dmcdreb`s ultuf nes`j `lkustr`, eteu
pr`ls`p-pr`ls`p pmrelgeldel pmreturel pmrulkeld-ulkeldel.

Ymldmtenuel hmrupefel suetu nej yeld k`leh`s kel kepet omruoen

omltuf ker` teg`t hmlaek` mxpj`g`t, eteu smoej`flye. Cjmn fermle `tu pmrju hckmj
prcsms pmlg`pteel pmldmtenuel yeld hmhuldf`lfel crdel`ses` kepet
hmldmjcje prcsms `tu smgere mbmft`b.

Ymldmtenuel teg`t ekejen pmldmtenuel yeld hes`n kejeh pmh`f`rel fmpeje

helus`e. Ymldmtenuel `l` omjuh tmrfchul`fes`fel, omjuh tmrbeneh`, kel
omjuh k`tmramhenfel kejeh omltuf epepul, fermle hes`n omrs`bet
pmldejehel kel `ltu`s` pr`oek`.
Ymldmtenuel mxpj`g`t ekejen pmldmtenuel yeld suken k`rmprmsmltes`fel
kejeh hmk`e smn`ldde huken kel kepet k`fchul`fes`fel, k`beneh`, smrte
k`tmramhenfel smgere tmrstruftur yeld k`fmjcje kejeh W`stmh Heleamhml
Ymldmtenuel Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt Wystmh).

]ltuf tmtep fchpmt`t`b, smouen crdel`ses` nerus hehpu smgere mbmft`b

kel mb`s`ml hmlg`ptefel, hmlmhufel, hmleldfep, kel omroede` pmldmtenuel
crdel`ses`. Jeldfen `l` eder hmhukenfel smt`ep pmdewe` hmldmhoeldfel
fchpmtmls` kel pctmls` kmldel omjeaer tmrus hmlmrus ker` pmldmtenuel
mxpj`g`t yeld tmjen tmrkcfuhmltes`fel kejeh keteoesm pmldmtenuel.

=9 Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

 @HYJMHML[EW@

Wtretmd` hmldeoek`fel pmldmtenuel

Crdel`ses` smr`ldfej` fmn`jeldel esmt
`ltmjmftuej yeld seldet omrnerde sm`r`ld
crdel`ses` hmjeju` pmleldfepel
kmldel ekelye pmdewe` yeld hml`lddej pmldmtenuel teg`t `lk`v`ku pmdewe`
kul`e, p`lken tmhpet fmrae, kel pmls`ul, hmlaek` esmt `ltmjmftuej crdel`ses`
smomjuh tmrkcfuhmltes`fel pmldmtenuel-
pmldmtenuell yeld k`h`j`f`lye
pmldmtenue

Omst @lk`v`kuej _mpcs`tcry

Yregt`gm
Wuetu hckmj, tmfl`f, stretmd`,
kel prcsmkur yeld tmjen
tmrouft` hmhoeltu crdel`ses`
hmlgepe` tuauel stretmd`s kel
hmldnes`jfel prckuf
Yregt`gm
Ymldmtenuel preft`s smoede`
nes`j pmldejehel fmrae kejeh
hmjefselefell tudes kel bulds`
hmjefselefe
yeld k`elddep mbmft`b kel
mbms`ml ker` `lk`v`ku pmdewe`
Flcwjmkdm
Fmfeyeel pmldmtenuel tmfl`s
yeld k`h`j`f` cjmn crdel`ses`,
smn`ldde hmlulauffel ekelye
fmul`fel kel hmldeldfet
`kmlt`tes crdel`ses` tmrsmout

Fml`sgeyeel [mrnekep
Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel
Ymldmtenuel hmrupefel oed`el tmrpmlt`ld
ker` fmfuetel omrtenel smouen crdel`ses`
heupul `lk`v`ku. Cjmn fermlelye, fmoutunel

ultuf hmhoeldul
pmldmtenuel
pmldmtenue s`stmh
l smhef`l heleamhml
t`ldd` oed` smouen
crdel`ses` yeld hmldnmlkef` omrf`lmrae
t`ldd` kmldel smauhjen `lcves`.
 G. W`fjus kel Wtretmd` Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel
Ymldmtenuel

Yrcsms `hpjmhmltes` heleamhml pmldmtenuel kepet aude k`smout

smoede` s`fjus kel stretmd` pmhomltufel pmldmtenuel, yeld tmrdehoerfel
hmjeju` ; (mhpet) prcsms yeld smjeju omrputer kel omrfms`lehouldel1
5. [enep geptur`ld, yeld k`jefufel kmldel scs`ej`ses` eteu hmlyehpe`fel
pmldmtenuel teg`t `lk`v`ku kmldel j`ldfuldel crdel`ses`.

=? Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

?. [enep crdel`z`ld, yeld k`jefufel kmldel pmlgetetel kel
pmlkcfuhmltes`el fclsmp, smpmrt` pmld`lkmfsel, pmlyer`ldel,
pmldnuouldel, kel pmldfckmel.
7. [enep rmb`l`ld, yeld k`jefufel kmldel fcho`les` pmlyusulel
pmldmtenuel mfspj`s`t smfej`dus hmldcrmfs` eteu hmldmhoeldfel fclsmp
pmldmtenuel yeld suken tmrkcfuhmltes`fel
tmrkcfuhmltes`fel hmjeju` `lcves`-`lcves`.
`lcves`-`lcves`.
;. [enep trelsbmr eteu `ltmrlej`ses`, yeld t`lkefel `hpjmhmltes` etes
smauhjen pmldmtenuel lyete ultuf pml`ldfetel f`lmrae kel pmldejehel
oeru.

K. Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel Wtretmd`s Fmhmlfuhneh

Fmhmlfuhneh
Wmouen pmruseneel peke efn`r ?950, hmrmfrut pmdewe` oeru omrlehe

]her, ultuf hmlddelt`fel smcreld heleamr yeld hmldulkurfel k`r`. Y`nef

heleamhml omrnerep, ]her kepet hmhpmrtenelfel f`lmrae pmruseneel. O`se
aek`, ]her austru hehpu hmjehpeu` f`lmrae heleamr smomjuhlye. Yrcsms
smouen pmruseneel hmjefufel efu`s`s` etes k`r` ]her hmrupefel omltuf
nuhel gep`tej, ye`tu nerepel oed` pmruseneel ultuf hmlaek`fel `s` fmpeje,
fmtmrehp`jel, fmenj`el, kel nej-nej peke k`r` ]her smoede` hckej pmruseneel.
J`ldfuldel pmruseneel oeru, oed` ]her hmh`j`f` suesele yeld seldet
omromke kmldel pmruseneel omfmrae smomjuhlye. Ymruseneel smomjuhlye
jmo`n hmlmfelfel sml`cr`tes smrte omrs`bet bcrhej, smkeldfel pmruseneel
oeru jmo`n fesuej kel hmhomr` fmjmjueseel omrmfsprms` kel omrpmlkepet.
Ejesel je`l yeld hmhouet ]her lyehel ekejen amlaeld fer`r k` tmrufur
smsue` f`lmrae kel hmh`j`f` pmte aejel hmlgepe`lye ((germmr
germmr petn). Kejeh
pmraejelellye, ]her hmlkepet kufuldel pmlun ker` j`ldfuldel pmruseneel
kmldel fmhukenel efsms `lbcrhes` kel tmhel-tmhel smrte etesel yeld
fepel seae kepet k`eaef omrk`sfus`. _mej`tes kmh`f`el yeld smr`ld k`lehefel
scg`ej gep`tej, ye`tu hckej fchul`tes yeld sej`ld hmlkufuld kel omroed`
pmldmtenuel ultuf omrsehe hmlgepe` tuauel stretmd`s crdel`ses`.

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel =7

 Ymruseneel k` hele ]her omfmrae, hmjefufel trelsbcrhes` kejeh
prcsms o`sl`s kmldel hmlmrepfel oukeye k`d`tej. Esmt pmldmtenuel
pmruseneel smpmrt` kete kel `lbcrhes` yeld k`outunfel kejeh fmd`etel
`lvmstes` kel fmueldel pmruseneel, tmrs`hpel rep` k` kejeh keteoesm.
Kmh`f`el aude pmreturel-pmreturel kel stelker cpmres`clej prcsmkur (WCY)
tmrsmk`e smgere s`stmhet`s. Ymly`hpelel kel pmldcjenel kete tmrfe`t
pmldmtenuel `l` k`fetmdcr`fel smoede` gcltcn crdel`zet`cle
crdel`zet`clejj gep`tej.
Dehoerel fmt`de fclsmp k` etes, yeld tmrk`r` etes nuhel gep`tej, scg`ej
gep`tej, kel crdel`zet`clej gep`tej hmrupefel deouldel ker` heleamhml
pmldmtenuel stretmd`s crdel`ses`, tmrhesuf oed` Fmhmlfuhneh. Heleamhml
pmldmtenuel smoede`hele `justres` f`sen ]her, smt`keflye hmh`j`f` 7 (t`de)
fchpclml utehe, ye`tu creld, prcsms, kel tmflcjcd`.

=; Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

 Yeke prcsms geptur`ld, smt`ep ul`t crdel`ses` kepet hmhoeldul bcruh
omrtufer pmldmtenuel smgere omrfms`lehouldel. Bcruh k`ejcd omrbulds`
ultuf hmhbes`j`tes` kel hmlduldfep pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku yeld omjuh
tmruldfep eteu omjuh k`fmtenu` cjmn `lk`v`ku yeld je`l. Yeke efn`rlye, kepet
k`fmtenu` fmpeferel peke suostels`-suostels` tmfl`s Fmhmltmr`el.
[enep omr`futlye, prcsms crdel`z`ld k`jefufel kmldel hco`j`ses`
pmdewe` kejeh fchul`tes heupul pcrtej pmldmtenuel. Wmt`ep pmdewe`
smt`keflye suken tmrcrdel`s`r kejeh ruhpul-ruhpul pmldmtenuel heupul
ruhpul fchpmtmls` yeld hmhukenfel ultuf pmlkcfuhmtes`el pmldmtenuel
fcjmft`b. Yeke tenep `l`jen Fmhmlfuhneh Jmerl`ld Gmltmr (FJG) smrte
Gchhul`ty cb Yregt`gm (GcY) hmhe`lfel pmrelel kejeh hmldcrdel`ses`
pmldmtenuel `lk`v`ku hmlaek` pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`.

[enep fmt`fe k`smout kmldel rmb`l`ld , ye`tu prcsms pmlkcfuhmltes`el

eteu ‚f`jeld‘ ker` fmsmjurunel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses` yeld tmjen tmrcrdel`s`r
efel hmlaek` esmt crdel`ses`. Ycs`s` `l` smt`keflye k`pmrelfel cjmn gn`mb
flcwjmkdm cbb`gmr (GFC) eteu pulgef p`hp`lel jmhoede yeld hmldmpeje`
bcrhujes` stretmd` pmldmjcjeel kejeh kcfuhmltes` oufu, aurlej, keteoesm
pmldmtenuel smgere mjmftrcl`f, smfej`dus `lcves` kel hmldn`lker` fmn`jeldel
pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`. Fmomrekeel OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH Yrmss hmlaek`
pmhe`l utehe prcsms pmlkcfuhmltes`el pmldmtenuel.

[enep tmrefn`r, trelsbmr kel pmlymoerjuesel pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`

yeld suken tmrkcfuhmltes` hmjeju` pmjet`nel, puoj`fes`, kel pmldmhoeldel
pmldmtenuel je`llye. Gn`mb Jmerl`ld Cbb`gmr omrpmrel kejeh hmlkmse`el
prcdreh smrte pcje kel aml`s pmldmhoeldel yeld kepet omrkehpef peke
hulgujlye pmldmtenuel teg`t oeru kejeh hmldnes`jfel `lcves` k` crdel`ses`.
Eke suetu per`oenese yeld seldet pcpujmr k` hesyerefet, deaen het`
hml`lddejfel dek`ld, ner`heu het` hml`lddejfel omjeldlye . Her`
hmlgmrhet` hefle per`oenese `tu kejeh pmfmraeel kel fmomrekeel f`te k`
tmlden-tmlden hesyerefet. Wmsmcreld a`fe suken pmrd` ker` suetu crdel`ses`,

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel ==

 oe`f hml`lddej, p`lken fmrae, eteu ejesel yeld je`l, hefe yeld k``ldet ekejen
ouft` ferye yeld k`t`lddejfel. Oeyeldfel, omtepe oelyef pmdewe` k`rmfrut
sehpe` hese pmls`ul, pmldejehel kel ferye epe yeld kepet k`resefel smrte
k`pmjeaer` cjmn dmlmres` yeld oeru keteld hmlddelt`fel eteu yeld peke hese-
hese omr`futlye efel nek`r.
Yeke fclk`s` `tujen hefe hmlgmr`tefel, hmluj`sfel, smrte peke
hmlk`str`ous`fel kel hmlmrepfel smauhjen pmldejehel kel pmldmtenuel
tmlteld fmsufsmsel yeld tmjen k`jefufel smcreld pmdewe` hmlaek` pmlt`ld.
Wmouen crdel`ses` nerus hmh`j`f` esmt `ltmjmftuej ultuf k`fmleld smfej`dus
k`trelsbmrfel dule omjeaer etes fmomrnes`jel-fmomrnes`jel yeld creld je`l
suken jefufel, omsmrte stretmd` hmldetes` hesejen yeld tmjen k`jefufel.

Gcrp] kel Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel

=2
Oeo = Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel

Heleamhml
Heleamhml [ejmlte
Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pere pmhomjeaer
pmhomje aer k`nerepfel kepet hmlamjesfel nuouldel
heleamhml tejmlte kel pmldmhoeldel WKH, Gcrp] Tnmmj, kel stretmd` pmhomjeaerel
kejeh pmldmhoeldel tejmlte.

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Wmhcde pmhoenesel ker` oeo-oeo smomjuhlye t`kef hmlymoeofel t`t`f

fmamhuel. Yeke oed`el `l`, f`te efel hmhoenes tmlteld suetu prcsms
heleamhml yeld omrtuhpu peke prcsms smsmcreld hesuf, omrfmhoeld, kel
hmh`fet omomrepe p`nef ultuf fchpmt`s` omrdeould kejeh suetu crdel`ses`.
Wtretmd` tmrsmout smr`ld k`smout smoede` heleamhml tejmlte, eteu heleamhml
crdel`ses` yeld hml`t`fomretfel peke oefet kel pctmls`.

E. Ymldmrt`el Heleamhml [ejmlte

@st`jen heleamhml tejmlte pmrtehe fej` k`pmrfmlejfel cjmn HgF`lsmy
elk Gchpely Bcjjcw`ld hmjeju` sejen setu stuk` peke 5004. Wmgere fnusus,
heleamhml tejmlte hmlaek` sejen setu aukuj oufu yeld k`tuj`s fcjmft`b cjmn Mk
H`gnemjs, Nmjml Nelkb`mjk Aclms, kel Omtn Exmjrck omraukuj [nm Ter bcr
[ejmlt peke ?995. Yreft`f heleamhml tejmlte hmlmfelfel pmrse`ldel k` jmvmj
fmhehpuel `lk`v`ku. A`fe crdel`ses` hmlkepetfel `lk`v`ku-`lk`v`ku yeld
omrfmhehpuel oe`f, hefe crdel`ses` tmrsmout efel hmlaek` jmo`n oe`f ker`
crdel`ses` je`llye.

Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte =4

 Heleamhml tejmlte smoede` omltuf prcsms heleamhml WKH, seldet
tmrfe`t kmldel 7 (t`de) prcsms pmldmjcjeel WKH. Ymrtehe, prcsms
hmldmhoeldfel kel hmhpmrfuet pmdewe` seet pmrtehe fej` hesuf
pmruseneel ((clocerk`ld
clocerk`ld). Fmkue, hmhmj`nere smfej`dus hmldmhoeldfel
pmdewe` yeld suken eke k` kejeh pmrseneel.
p mrseneel. Fmt`de, hmler`f smoelyef
s moelyef
huldfl pmdewe` yeld hmh`j`f` fchpmtmls`, fch`thml, fereftmr, kel pctmls`
tmroe`f pmruseneel.
Heleamhml tejmlte hmrupefel oed`el yeld t`kef tmrp`senfel ker`
preft`f heleamhml fmpmh`hp`lel. Cjmn fermlelye, smouen crdel`ses`
fcrpcret yeld hmhomr` bcfus fmpeke heleamhml tejmlte smr`ldfej` hmh`j`f`
pmrmlgeleel sufsms` ((suggmss`cl
suggmss`cl pjell`ld) yeld oe`f, hmjeju` prcsms
fekmr`ses`, rmdmlmres`, kel sufsms`. Yeke prcsms tmrsmout, s`stmh hmr`t efel

seldet hmlkufuld. Wmouen fmo`aefel heleamhml k`keserfel peke fuej`b`fes`,

fchpmtmls`, kel f`lmrae smgere ek`j kel weaer kmldel telpe hmhomkefel
jeter omjefeld pcj`t`f, res, werle fuj`t, edehe, esej usuj, aml`s fmjeh`l, stetus
pmrl`fenel, uhur, heupul fclk`s` fmgegetel oekel.

Yreftmf heleamhml tejmlte ekejen ultuf hmldcpt`hejfel pmrel WKH

yeld k`h`j`f` crdel`ses`. Ymldmjcjeel WKH kejeh fcltmfs heleamhml
tejmlte hmlddulefel prcsms elej`s`s, pmldmhoeldel, kel pmhelbeetel
tejmlte yeld omrfmjelautel kel mbmft`b ultuf hmldmhoeldfel fmulddujel
fchpmt`t`b gchpmt`t`vm ekveltedm) crdel`ses`. Kejeh prcsmslye,
heleamhml tejmlte hmhoed` smauhjen pmdewe` hesuf kejeh fctef
fchpmtmls` yeld tmjen k`ua` kel k`ufur kmldel omomrepe `lstruhml.
Yrcsms pmhmteel WKH crdel`ses` `tu jmo`n k`fmlej kmldel fmd`etel tejmlt
hepp`ld hmjeu` essmsshmlt gmltmr.

Wmfmjchpcf creld yeld hmh`j`f` fuej`b`fes` tejmlte tmrtmltu ((tejmlt

tejmlt
pccj), peke efn`rlye kepet k`omr`fel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` fnusus
ultuf hmhpmrtenelfel fmulddujel crdel`ses`. Kejeh prcsms fekmr`ses` kel

sufsms` fmpmh`hp`lel, hefe tejmlt pccj efel kepet hmlmhpetfel creld

yeld hmh`j`f` fchpmtmls` eteu pctmls` t`ldd` heupul smkeld smsue` kmldel

=> Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte

tuauel f`lmrae crdel`ses`. Cjmn fermle `tu, pmldmhoeldel gcrpcret
gcrpcretm
m ul`vmrs`ty
efel hmlaer`ld fmjchpcf felk`ket tmroe`f ultuf hmld`fut` prcdreh
heleamhml tejmlte, sehpe` peke sufsms` fmpmh`hp`lel kejeh crdel`ses`.

Ymlymjmlddereel heleamhml tejmlte hmrupefel reldfe`el fmd`etel

kejeh j`ldfup pmldmhoeldel crdel`ses` yeld hmj`put` omomrepe fmd`etel.

Jeldfen ewej ekejen efu`s`s` tejmlte. Fmd`etel `l` k`jelautfel kmldel ekelye
elej`s`s fmoutunel tejmlte, stretmd` efu`s`s` yeld k`jmldfep` ekelye stelker
pml`je`el kel pmhmteel, smfej`dus pmlmtepel fmjchpcf rmlgele sufsms`.
Fmomrekeel essmsshmlt gmltmr hmlaek` pmlt`ld kejeh hmjefufel `kmlt`b`fes`
smrte hmhomr`fel tmjeenel tmrfe`t pmhmteel tejmlte kel elej`s`s fmoutunel
tejmlte.
[ejmlte yeld suken tmrpmtefel kejeh 0 (Wmho`jel) fctef heleamhml
tejmlte, k`jefufel omomrepe prcsms pmldmhoeldel tejmlte. Ymrtehe, prcsms

Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte =0

 efsmjmres` fer`r kmldel hmlaek` oed`el ker` fekmr sufsms` fmpmh`hp`lel.
Fmkue, pmldmhoeldel tejmlte hmjeju` pmjet`nel, hckmj pmhomjeaerel k`
kejeh kel k` juer feltcr, smrte pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` je`l. Fmt`de,
pml`ldfetel fuej`b`fes` kmldel tudes omjeaer eteu pmlk`k`fel peke amlaeld
jmo`n t`ldd`.

O. Gcrp] Tnmmj kel Ymldmhoeldel

Ymldmhoeldel [ejmlte
Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty ekejen mlt`tes fmd`etel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`
yeld omrpmrel smoede` serele stretmd`s ultuf hmlkufuld pmlgepe`el tuauel
pmhoeldulel les`clej kejeh omltuf pmleldelel `su-`su stretmd`s hmjeju`
prcsms pmhomjeaerel tmhet`f kel tmr`ltmdres`, kmldel hmj`oetfel `lstels`
tmrfe`t kel tmlede enj` ker` kejeh heupul juer `lstels`.

Wmouen `justres` ultuf hmlddehoerfel nuouldel Gcrp] Tnmmj kel

pmldmhoeldel tejmlte smoede` omr`fut1

Eh`re hmld`fut` ; mhpet) prcdreh pmldmhoe

pmldmhoeldel
ldel smsue` kmldel rmlgele
rmlgele
pmldmhoeldel `lk`v`ku, ye`tu Aco Wnekcw`ld, Aco Es`dlhmlt, Hmltcr`ld,
pmjet`nel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` tmfl`s, smrte pmludesel tehoenel ultuf
fclbmrmls` juer lmdmr` o`keld
o` keld nef fmfeyeel `ltmjmftuej.
Ker` ; prcdreh pmldmhoeldel yeld k``fut` Eh`re, omsmrte 5 pmludesel
tehoenel fm juer lmdmr`, hes`ld-hes`ld k`omr` l`je` cjmn t`h pml`je`
fchpmtmls`, pmlymjmlddere prcdreh pmldmhoeldel, eteu p`nef-p`nef yeld
k`tulauf smoede` pmldmvejues` tejmlte. Nes`j mvejues` pml`je`el pmldmhoeldel
omrbulds` ultuf hmlmhpetfel seuker` Eh`re peke fctef pmhmteel tejmlte
kmldel fetmdcr` rmeky lcw eteu s`ep hmld`fut` sufsms` fmpmh`hp`lel, lmmk
kmvmjcphmlt eteu pmrju k`omr`fel pmldmhoeldel tejmlte, smrte mx`t eteu
k`fmjuerfel ker` fctef pmhmteel kel k`tmhpetfel smt`ldfet jmo`n rmlken ker`
fctef smomjuhlye.

Kejeh `justres` k` etes, eke pmlymoutel omomrepe aml`s pmldmhoeldel

tejmlte yeld k`jefufel Eh`re, ye`tu aco snekcw`ld, aco ess`dlhmlt,
hmltcr`ld , smrte pmjet`nel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` tmfl`s. Aml`s
pmldmhoeldel tmrsmout hmrupefel `hpjmhmltes` ker` drelk kms`dl tmlteld

29 Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte

pmldmhoeldel pmdewe` yeld smsue` kmldel aejel fer`r (germmr
( germmr petn) kel pmte
pmhomjeaerel ((jmerl`ld
jmerl`ld acurlmy). Kejeh prcsms pmldmhoeldel, suken
tmrsmk`e kmse`l pmldmhoeldel yeld smsue` kmldel fr`tmr`e elddcte fmjchpcf
suetu fctef tejmlte, fmhehpuel yeld nerus k`h`j`f` etes suetu aeoetel, smrte
nuouldel kmldel heleamhml pmldmtenuel kejeh fcltmfs pmlymoerjuesel
pmldmtenuel teg`t hmlaek` pmldmtenuel mfspj`s`t smoede` esmt `ltmjmftuej
crdel`ses`.

Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte 25

 Ymjefseleel pmldmhoeldel tejmlte smsulddunlye oed`el ker`
pmjefseleel heleamhml pmldmtenuel. Ymldmhoeldel tejmlte oufel nelye
hml`ldfetfel fmhehpuel `lk`v`ku, lehul k`erenfel peke efsmjmres`
pmldmtenuel crdel`ses` hmjeju` oukeye omroed` pmldmtenuel. Cjmn fermle `tu,
pmldmhoeldel tejmlte kejeh hckmj pmhomjeaerel yeld k`jefufel cjmn Eh`re
smoede` `justres`, kepet fetmdcr`fel etes 7 (t`de) omltuf, ye`tu pmhomjeaerel
tmr`ltmdres` k` tmhpet fmrae, pmhomjeaerel fcjeocret`b kejeh omltuf
fmjchpcf, kel pmhomjeaerel hmjeju` pmjet`nel.
Ymhomjeaerel smoede` sejen setu rcke omrdmreflye Gcrp], hmrupefel
setu ker` omltuf prcdreh pmldmhoeldel tejmlte. Yrcdreh pmldmhoeldel
tejmlte smlk`r` kepet k`omr`fel oed` [ejmlt eteu pmdewe` ultuf hmlkepetfel
fmenj`el oeru, k`jefufel smgere s`hujtel kmldel tmtep hmjefselefel tudes

rut`l, kel fcho`les` hmtckm cl tnm aco tre`l`ld kel cbb tnm aco tre`l`ld eteu k`
fmjes smgere tetep hufe.
Nes`j efn`r pmhmteel tejmlte smoede`hele brehmwcrf heleamhml
tejmlte, efel hmlderen peke 7 (t`de) jeldfen t`lkef jelaut. Ymrtehe, rmeky
lcw yeld omrert` pmdewe` s`ep ultuf hmld`fut` efsmjmres` fmpmh`hp`lel
kejeh prcdreh smfcjen fekmr kel rmdmlmres`. Fmkue, lmmk kmvmjcphmlt yeld
omrert` pmrju upeye pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`-fchpmtmls` etes fmsmlaeldel
ker` nes`j essmsshmlt heupul omltuf pml`je`el je`llye. Fmt`de, mx`t eteu

pmldmjuerel ker` fctef pmhmteel tejmlte yeld k`tmhpet` kmldel fclsmfumls`

pmlmhpetel peke fctef k` oewen pcs`s` smomjuhlye eteu hmldnekep` smjmfs`
k`fmjuerfel ker` crdel`ses`.

G. Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kejeh Ymldmhoeldel [ejmlte

Gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty kejeh fe`tellye kmldel stretmd` pmhomjeaerel
jmo`n pcpujer hmlddulefel pmlkmfetel hckmj 49/?9/59. Bcrhuje
pmldmhoeldel pmhomjeaerel tmrsmout, k`fmhoeldfel cjmn H`gnemj Jchoerkc
kel _comrt M`gn`ldmr kejeh oufu [nm Germmr Ergn`tmgt Kmvmjcphmlt Yjellmr

2? Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte

peke 5002.
5002. Hckmj 49 % ekejen prcsms pmludesel ( aco ess`dlhmlt
ess`d lhmlt) k` tmhpet
fmrae yeld hmldutehefel pmldmtenuel ker` pmldejehel pmdewe` k` s`tues`
fmrae yeld smsulddunlye. Hckmj ?9 % ekejen pcje fcjeocret`b fmjchpcf eteu
nuouldel t`hoej oej`f kue creld eteu jmo`n, smn`ldde pmldmtenuel omresej
ker` `ltmrefs` pmdewe` tmrnekep j`ldfuldel scs`ejlye. Hckmj 59 % k`jefufel
hmjeju` pmjet`nel bcrhej k` kejeh fmjes.

Ymrtehe, pmhomjeaerel hmjeju` pmjet`nel kel omjeaer helk`r`. Wtretmd`

pmldmhoeldel tejmlte aejur `l` k`fmjcje cjmn jmhoede k` o`keld pmlk`k`fel
kel pmjet`nel, yeld k`jefselefel smgere fjes`fej eteu lcl-fjes`fej. Omltuf
fjes`fej omrupe tetep hufe eltere pmldeaer eteu leresuhomr kel pmsmrte k`
kejeh fmjes, smpmrt` pmjet`nel, smh`ler, fursus, kel o`ho`ldel tmfl`s. Yeke

Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte 27

 omltuf lcl-fjes`fej, k`jefselefel t`kef k` kejeh fmjes yeld sehe, smpmrt` m-
jmerl`ld, pmjet`nel aeref aeun, eteu wmo`ler.
Fmkue, pmhomjeaerel fcjeocret`b kejeh smouen fchul`tes eteu
o`ho`ldel eteu k`smout kmldel scg`ej jmerl`ld. Yrcsms `l` k`kmse`l kejeh
s`tues` tmrkepet kue eteu jmo`n creld omjeaer smsuetu smgere omrsehe-sehe.
Creld yeld tmrj`oet kejeh pmhomjeaerel fcjeocret`b `l` sej`ld hmhelbeetfel
suhomr keye kel fmtmrehp`jel setu sehe je`l, oe`f `lbcrhes`, mvejues` `km,
eteu hmhelteu pmfmraeel setu sehe je`l. Omltuf hmtckm `l` ekejen
pmhelbeetel epj`fes` Jmerl`ld Heledmhmlt Wystmhs (JHW) ultuf fmjes
v`rtuej, GHG (gculsmj`ld,
(gculsmj`ld, hmltcr`ld, gcegn`ld), kel Jmerl`ld Gchhul`ty yeld
tmr`ltmdres` hmjeju` eft`v`tes pmludesel djcssery clj`lm eteu w`f` clj`lm.
Fmt`de, pmhomjeaerel tmr`ltmdres` k` tmhpet fmrae ((Tcrf
Tcrf Oesmk

Jmerl`ld). Ymhomjeaerel `l` hmhelbeetfel tmhpet fmrae ultuf hmlmrepfel

pmldejehel-pmldejehel jeldsuld smoede` prcsms omjeaer hedeld
(smgclkhmlt), tmrhesuf pmrtuferel pmdewe` pmhmr`lten kmldel sweste eteu
smoej`flye. Yeke pcs`s` `l`jen smsmcreld efel hmlkepetfel oelyef
pmldejehel fermle hmldmraefel tudes omrfe`tel kmldel gcrm ous`lmss kel
gepe`el f`lmrae crdel`ses`.
F`te yef`l, tmcr` telpe preft`f ekejen s`e-s`e oed` smouen crdel`ses`
fcrpcret. Kejeh nej weftu kel suhomrkeye yeld k`jet`n, crdel`ses` fcrpcret

hmldegu peke cutput smfej`dus cutgchm yeld efel k`tmr`he cjmn crdel`ses`.
Beftcr utehe fmomrnes`jel pmldmhoeldel pmdewe` a`fe hmldelut peke
hckmj pmhomjeaerel 49/?9/59 ekejen fmtmrsmk`eel etesel yeld selddup
hmlaek` smcreld gcegn kel kufuldel pmrel nuhel gep`tej heledmhmlt oe`f
yeld hmho`keld` pmjet`nel heupul heleamhml tejmlte smtmjen ekelye
fch`thml ultuf hmhomr`fel fmsmhpetel pmdewe` hmldmhoeldfel
pctmls`lye smgere tmrus hmlmrus smsue` kmldel fctef pmhmteel tejmlte dule
hmhmlun` pmte pmhomjeaerel (jmerl`ld
(jmerl`ld acurlmy) kel pmte fer`r (germmr
(germmr petn).

2; Wtretmd` Ymhomjeaerel kel Heleamhml [ejmlte

Oeo 2 Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Hmluau

Fuhneh Gcrp]
Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet hmlamjesfel stretmd`
`hpjmhmltes` pmhomltufel crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer, stretmd` pmldmjcjeel heleamhml
pmldmtenuel, kel stretmd` pmldmhoeldel WKH kmldel pmlkmfetel tejmlte smrte
fmraesehe.

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

F`te efel hmhoenes `lt` ker` oeo `l`, ye`tu stretmd` `hpjmhmltes`
Fuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty. Jeldfen-jeldfen stretmd`s yeld k`jefufel
tmtep omrkeserfel fchpclml `lt` pmhomltuf Gcrp].

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 2=

 E. Jmerl`ld Yrcgmssms Ymhomjeaerel)
Wtretmd` Gcrp] seldet omrpmlderun tmrnekep pmhomltufel crdel`ses`
pmhomjeaer, yeld hmlmfelfel smjurun pmdewe` ultuf tmrus hmlmrus omjeaer.
Wmr`ldfej` oelyef pmdewe` eteu elddcte crdel`ses` yeld hmh`j`f` smheldet
omjeaer t`ldd`, tmtep` omjuh omrpmlderun peke pmlgepe`el f`lmrae crdel`ses`.
Yeke pcs`s` `l`, seldet k`huldf`lfel tmraek` ekelye prcsms pmldmhoeldel
WKH hmjeju` omjeaer smgere helk`r` eteu tmrstruftur t`kef hmh`j`f`
pmrmlgeleel yeld tmr`ltmdres` kmldel fer`r.

5. Ymlyusulel Drelk Kms`dl kel jum Yr`lt Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrp]

Wmaef ?95;, Fmhmlfuhneh suken hmlyetefel k`r` omrs`ep ultuf

hmlaek` fmhmltmr`el fmjes kul`e. Hers fmhmltmr`el yeld smt`ep ner`

k`kmlduldfel kejeh hchml epmj pmdewe`, smt`keflye hmhpmrtmdes tuauel
stretmd`s tmrsmout. Fmo`aefel kel prcdreh pr`cr`tes k`tmtepfel, smpmrt`
pmlgeleldel o`rcfres` k`d`tej cjmn Hmltmr` Nufuh kel NEH peke Aul` ?952.
Jmo`n spms`b`f pmlgepe`el jmvmj kul`e k`geleldfel cjmn K`rmftcret Amlkmrej
Fmfeyeel @ltmjmftuej (KAF@) ultuf hmlaek` [nm Omst @Y Cbb`gm `l [nm Tcrjk.
Yeke efn`r ?950, trelsbcrhes` WKH K`d`tej hmlaek` tedj`lm cjmn Hmltmr`
Nufuh kel NEH, Pesclle N. Jecjy hmjeju` gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty.
gcrpcretm
Ymlyusulel drelk kms`dl hmlaek` seldet pmlt`ld ultuf hmlkepetfel
prcsms o`sl`s utehe gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty1
e. Ymlgepe`el flcwjmkdm heledmhmlt ultuf pmldmhoeldel pmhomjeaerel
yeld tmr`ltmdres` omrkeserfel Jmerl`ld Uuej`ty Wystmh
o. Ymlgepe`el stelker pmdewe` k`d`tej omrfmjes kul`e
g. Ymlgepe`el heleamhml tejmlte ultuf pmldmhoeldel fer`r kel crdel`ses`
k. Ymlgepe`el `lbrestruftur kel tmflcjcd` k`d`tej yeld hmlkufuld
`hpjmhmltes` nuhel gep`tej heledmhmlt

22 Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp]

m. Ymlgepe`el prcsms kel pmrel kejeh pmhoeldulel nufuh les`clej smoede`
oed`el ker` hesyerefet kul`e.

?. Elej`s`s Fmoutunel
Fmoutunel Ymhomjeaerel EFY) Yrcdreh Wtretmd`s
Ymhomjeaerel ekejen hmfel`shm trelsbmr `jhu pmldmtenuel,
pml`ldfetel fmtmrehp`jel, smrte pmhomltufel s`fep kel pmr`jefu ultuf
pmldmhoeldel suhomr keye helus`e Fmhmlfuhneh yeld k`jefufel kmldel
gere hmld`ltmdres`fel omroede` hmtckm kel suhomr kejeh omltuf
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` smje`l pmlk`k`fel, smrte k`jefufel hmjeju` aejur
fjes`fej kel lclfjes`fej ultuf hmlkufuld pmlgepe`el terdmt f`lmrae
Fmhmlfuhneh. Dule hmjefufel kmse`l pmldmhoeldel, hefe pmrju
k`jefufel elej`s`s fmoutunel.

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 24

 EFY hmrupefel smreldfe`el prcsms elej`s`s tmrnekep fmsmlaeldel
pmldmtenuel, fmtmrehp`jel, kel s`fep kejeh reldfe pmldmhoeldel suhomr
keye helus`e kmldel prcdreh pmhomjeaerel dule hmlkufuld pmlgepe`el
terdmt f`lmrae crdel`ses` k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmlfuhneh. EFY k`jefselefel
cjmn OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smjefu pmlymjmlddere prcdreh pmldmhoeldel
kel ]l`t Ymlddule, smrte omrfccrk`les` kmldel Wmfrmter`et Amlkmrej.
Amlkmrej .
EFY kepet k`jefselefel smgere rmdujer smomjuh tenul pmhomjeaerel
eteu k`jefufel smgere `ls`kmltej smpelaeld tenul omraejel. Ekepul aml`s
gepe`el elej`s`slye kepet hmlderen peke EFY stretmd`s, EFY aeoetel, kel EFY
`lk`v`ku. Wejen setu bcruh ultuf hmlmltufel EFY ekejen Jmerl`ld Gculg`j
Hmmt`ld eteu Ymrtmhuel Kmwel Ymhomjeaerel. Jmerl`ld Gculg`j smlk`r`
tmrk`r` etes Hmltmr`, Wmfrmter`s Amlkmrej, Y`hp`lel ]l`t Ymldmjcje

Ymldmhoeldel (OYWKH), Y`hp`lel ]l`t Ymlddule (Msmjcl 5), ]l`t Ymjefsele

EFY ]tehe (Yuset Ymldmhoeldel OYWKH) kel ]l`t Ymjefsele EFY ]l`t Fmrae
(Oeje` K`fjet).
Jelkesel pmjefseleel EFY hmj`put` rmlgele stretmd`s crdel`ses`, f`lmrae
crdel`ses`, pmruoenel prcsms o`sl`s crdel`ses`, pmrfmhoeldel tmflcjcd`,
pmruoenel rmdujes`, stelker fchpmtmls` heleamr`ej, stelker fchpmtmls`
tmfl`s, jmerl`ld acurlmy eteu pmte pmhomjeaerel, rmlgele pmldmhoeldel
aeoetel, kel rmlgele pmldmhoeldel `lk`v`ku. Kejeh nej EFY Aeoetel,

smt`keflye hmlddulefel fums`clmr eteu `lstruhmlt je`l yeld k`susul

omrkeserfel tudes kel bulds`, ure`el aeoetel, jepcrel `lk`v`ku essmsshmlt
gmltmr, nes`j tms pctmls`, nes`j pmldufurel fchpmtmls` tmfl`s, kel pmkchel
je`l yeld k`tmltufel OYWKH. Ymrju k`smk`efel pmkchel pmlymjmlddereel
pmldmhoeldel pmhomjeaerel oe`f pmlk`k`fel omrdmjer ker` jmvmj k`pjches`
sehpe` kcftcrej, pmhomjeaerel fjes`fej, kel pmhomjeaerel
pmhomjeaere l lcl-fjes`fej.
Fmamjesel eren kel hckmj pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` hmrupefel setu
`lk`fetcr utehe omraejellye nuhel gep`tej heledmhmlt kejeh smouen
crdel`ses` yeld hmldmkmpelfel s`stmh hmr`t eteu prmstes`.

2> Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp]

7. Ymlyusulel Ymkchel Hckmj Ymldmhoeldel WKH
Ymkchel hckmj pmldmhoeldel WKH kejeh pmlyusulel hmst`
hmhpmrt`hoeldfel fmoutunel ker` hes`ld-hes`ld fctef tejmlte. Nej
tmrsmout dule hmld`ltmdres`fel eltere hckmj pmhomjeaerel kmldel jmerl`ld
acurlmy (pmte pmhomjeaerel) kel pmte fer`r kejeh suetu crdel`ses`. Wtretmd`
pmlyusulel aude kepet hmhpmrnet`fel jmerl`ld pepmr yeld k`tuj`s ker`

hes`ld-hes`ld `lk`v`ku omrfe`tel kmldel tudes kel aeoetel yeld k`kukuf`.

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 20

 Hckmj pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kel pmldmhoeldel tejmlte crdel`ses`
smt`keflye kepet k`fmjchpcffel omrkeserfel fctef tejmlte smoede` omr`fut1

Fctef Hckmj Ymldmhoeldel Fchpmtmls` kel

Wgcrm Ymhmteel
[ejmlte [ejmlte

0 F`lmrae ≭44,7; Aco mlr`gnhmlt
mlr`gnhmlt
mljerdmhmlt (pmlehoenel
(pmrjuesel pmfmraeel),
fmwmleldel), aco
pmjet`nel
 Fchpmtmls` ≭>=
fmpmh`hp`lel, pmjet`nel heleamr`ej, aco
snekcw`ld (hmldehet` pmfmraeel creld je`l),
hedeld, smfcjen fekmr, kmtesmr`ld (pmludesel
peke tmhpet tmrtmltu kel kejeh aeldfe tmrtmltu)
>  F`lmrae ≭44,7; Yrcamgt ess`dlhmlt (pmludesel pmlmrepel),
 Fchpmtmls` Gcegn`ld, tudes omjeaer, omlgnherf`ld,
4= - >;,00 kmtesmr`ld
4  F`lmrae Yrcamgt ess`dlhmlt (pmludesel pmlmrepel),
==,7; ‗ 44,77 Gcegn`ld, tudes omjeaer, omlgnherf`ld,
 Fchpmtmls` ≭ >= kmtesmr`ld
2  F`lmrae ≭44,7; Flcwjmkdm sner`ld, j`tmreturm stuky, m-jmerl`ld
 Fchpmtmls` : 4=
=  F`lmrae Gnejjmld`ld tesf (pmludesel fnusus), wcrfsncp,
==,7; ‗ 44,77 pmjet`nel tmfl`s, m-jmerl`ld
 Fchpmtmls`
4= ‗ >;,00
;  F`lmrae :==,=7 _ctes`, fclsmj`ld, k`sg`pj`lery hmesurms, omjeaer
 Fchpmtmls` ≭>= helk`r`, m-jmerl`ld
7  F`lmrae Ymjet`nel tmfl`s, egt`cl ‗ oesmk jmerl`ld, omjeaer
==,=7 ‗ 44,77 helk`r`, m-jmerl`ld
 Fchpmtmls` :4=
?  F`lmrae :==,=7 Ymjet`nel tmfl`s, egt`cl ‗ oesmk jmerl`ld,
 fcsmj`ld, hmltcr`ld
Fchpmtmls`
4= ‗ >;,00
5  F`lmrae :==,=7 Fclsmj`ld, hmltcr`ld
 Fchpmtmls`
:4=

Wgcrm pmhmteel hmrupefel efuhujes` l`je` yeld k`pmrcjmn kejeh

rmlteld weftu tmrtmltu omrkeserfel ococt l`je` prcdreh pmldmhoeldel,
smrte pml`je`el etes f`lmrae kel l`je` fchpmtmls` ker` t`h pml`je` hes`ld-
hes`ld k` smt`ep jmvmj eteu amlaeld.

49 Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp]

O. Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt Ymldmjcjeel Ymldmtenuel)
Wtretmd` Gcrp] seldet hmlmfelfel tmromltuflye j`ldfuldel omjeaer
yeld fclkus`b, smn`ldde pere pmdewe` tmrhct`ves` ultuf tmrus omjeaer,
hmhelbeetfel `lbcrhes` eteu pmldmtenuel yeld k`smk`efel crdel`ses`, kel
hmluhoun fmhoeldfel pmldmtenuel `lk`v`kuejlye smn`ldde heu omroed`
pmldmtenuel oeru yeld k`kepetlye ultuf hmlaek` pmldmtenuel crdel`ses`.
Yrcsms tmrsmout hmhmlderun` pmldmjcjeel pmldmtenuel ultuf hmlaede
trek`s` kel oukeye omroed` pmldmtenuel yeld k`h`j`f`lye

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 45

 5. Fuhneh Jmerl`ld Gmltmr FJG)
Fuhneh Jmerl`ld Gmltmr (FJG) kepet k`ouet kejeh omltuf s`tus wmo
eteu scbtwerm pcrtej pmldmtenuel ‚_uhen Omjeaer Fuhneh‘
Fuhneh‘,, smfej`dus kepet
omrupe pjetbcrh epj`fes` yeld o`se k`efsms eteu k`k`str`ous`fel fm helepul
kel k` helepul hmjeju` dmlddehel nelkpnclm hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe`.
Wmauhjen b`tur kepet k`huet smoede` fcltml FJG, kmldel tmtep
hmhpmrnet`fel jmvmj efsms essmt `ltmjmftuej. Jmvmj efsms smt`keflye kepet
k`fetmd`r`fel etes keser jmvmj 5 ((smgrmt
smgrmt), jmvmj ? (gclb`kmlt`ej
( gclb`kmlt`ej), jmvmj 7
(snermeojm), jmvmj ; ( puoj`g). Fcltml yeld eke k` kejeh FJG hmrupefel nes`j
kcfuhmltes` pmldmtenuel kel prckuf `ltmjmftuej pmdewe` yeld k`aek`fel
smoede` essmt `ltmjmftuej crdel`ses` ultuf kepet k`oed` peke smhue pmdewe`.

?. Gchh ul`ty cb Yregt`gm GcY)

Gchhul`ty cb Yregt`gm (GcY) ekejen fchul`tes yeld tmromltuf fermle
hmh`j`f` h`let eteu fmpmlt`ldel etes suetu nej yeld sehe. Cjmn fermle `tu, k`
kejeh fchul`tes `l` smjeju tmraek` fchul`fes` kel `ltmrefs` kmldel tmrus
hmhpmroeneru` pmldmtenuel, omfmraesehe hmlymjmse`fel pmrhesejenel,
smn`ldde kepet hml`ldfetfel fuej`tes f`lmrae.
Wtretmd` GcY `l` hmj`oetfel fchul`tes yeld tmrk`r` etes pere pmaeoet kel
pmdewe` kmldel pmldejehel fmrae jeldsuld hmlddulefel pmldmtenuel

spms`b`f tmrtmltu. Fchul`tes `l` fmhuk`el hmruhusfel `l`s`et`b kel hmtckm

tmroe`f kejeh hmlymjmse`fel `su-`su tmrfe`t kmldel pmfmraeellye. Ymruhusel
`l`s`et`b kel hmtckm pmhmgenel k`hefsukfel smoede` sner`ld flcwjmkdm
yeld kepet k`pmrdulefel kejeh pmlymjmse`el pmfmraeel k` tmhpet je`l.
GcY oufel bcruh fuhpuj-fuhpuj pere ejuhl` pmjet`nel, tmtep`
fchul`tes preft`s` k` o`keld tmrtmltu, smoede`hele bcruh omlkenere, bcruh
efultel, bcruh pmldmjcje OHL, bcruh elej`s eldderel, oenfel o`se aek` bcruh
pmdewe` kmldel spms`b`fes` fmenj`el tmrtmltu. Aek` GcY smoede` smouen
fchul`tes, a`fe k`fmhoeldfel kmldel oe`f hefe efel eke yeld omrpmrel

4? Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp]

smoede` gcegn smn`ldde mbmft`b hmlkcrcld pml`ldfetel fepes`tes smsmcreld
smoede` oed`el ker` elddcte GcY.
Wmcreld omlkenere h`sejlye, k` seet nerus hmlyusul jepcrel fmueldel,
hefe omlkenere `tu kepet omrtelye fm hele seae k` kejeh fchul`tes GcY.
Yeke seet pmrtelyeel k`sehpe`fel k` kejeh fchul`tes GcY hefe aeweoel-
aeweoel omrhulgujel smn`ldde smcreld omlkenere t`kef jed` hmlulddu jehe
aeweoel ker` feltcr puset, fmlket` smcreld omlkenerewel smkeld omreke k`
juer fcte eteu k` juer lmdmr` smfej`pul.

7. OYWKH Fuhneh Yrmss

OYWKH Fuhneh Yrmss ekejen ul`t yeld hmhe`lfel pmrel pmlt`ld
ultuf hmleldfep pmldmtenuel-pmldmtenuel teg`t yeld hes`n eke k` hes`ld-

hes`ld pmdewe`, ultuf hmlaek` pmldmtenuel mfspj`s`t eteu essmt `ltmjmftuej

crdel`ses`. Ymrel `l` k`jefufel hmjeju` pmlkcfuhmltes`el pmldmtenuel yeld
k`fccrk`l`r cjmn Gn`mb Flcwjmkdm Cbb`gmr (GFC) eteu pulgef p`hp`lel
jmhoede, kmldel ekelye oufu, aurlej, keteoesm pmldmtenuel, smrte `lcves`-
`lcves` yeld kepet hmld`lsp`res` pmdewe` je`llye.

G. Ymcpjm
Wtretmd` pmldmhoeldel tmrnekep pmdewe` kejeh pmlkmfetel Gcrp]
tmrk`r` etes pmrmlgeleel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, pmjefseleel
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, smrte pmhelteuel kel mvejues` pmldmhoeldel.
Espmf-espmf pmldmhoeldel hmj`put` fchpmtmls` tmfl`s aeoetel, fchpmtmls`
j`ltes bulds` yeld hmlaek` bulds` utehe fmhmltmr`el, fchpmtmls` helamr`ej,
kel fchpmtmls` scs`cfujturej. Cjmn fermlelye, `hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] kejeh
pmldmhoeldel WKH ekejen fmpest`el tmlteld pmte fer`r aeoetel kel pmte
pmhomjeaerel ((jmerl`ld
jmerl`ld acurlmy) yeld hmlkufuld tmrjefselelye heleamhml
tejmlte. Yeke pcs`s` `l` hefe fmo`aefel tejmlt pccj kel pmlmtepel stelker
fchpmtmls` aeoetel tmfl`s hmlaek` hmlkmsef kel nerus k`jefufel.

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 47

K. Lmtwcf`ld
Fmraesehe hmrupefel fulg` pmjefseleel Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm
]l`vmrs`ty yeld seldet omrpmlderun ultuf mbmft`v`tes smrte mb`s`mls`
`hpjmhmltes` prcdreh. Kejeh fmtmrfe`tel kmldel stretmd` pmldmhoeldel
WKH, fmraesehe-fmraesehe yeld pmrju k`oeldul smt`keflye hmlgefup
smoede` omr`fut1

Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp] 4=

 OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smjefu jmek`ld smgtcr pmldmhoeldel
fchpmtmls`, nerus hehpu hmhmrelfel fmraesehe mfstmrlej kejeh
pmjefseleel pmldmhoeldel WKH o`keld nufuh kel NEH. Ymldmhoeldel
fchpmtmls` kejeh hckmj pmhomjeaerel hmjeju` pmjet`nel smt`keflye kepet
hmlaek` prcojmh scjv`ld oed` smauhjen pmhmr`lten kemren ultuf `fut
hmlkufuld pmhoeldulel nufuh kel NEH smgere hmlymjurun.
Ymldmhoeldel kejeh hckmj smgclkhmlt eteu pmlmhpetel j`ltes `lstels`
eteu omlgnherf`ld aude hmst` suken tmroeldul eltere Fmhmlfuhneh
kmldel `lstels` pmhmr`lten yeld je`l, eteu p`nef sweste yeld hmh`j`f` prcsms
o`sl`s smsue` kmldel tudes bulds` Fmhmlfuhneh.
Ymldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` hmjeju` aejur pmlk`k`fel pmrju k`oeldul
fmraesehe eltere Ycj`tmfl`f @jhu Ymhesyerefetel (Ycjtmf`p) kel Ycj`tmfl`f

@h`dres` (Ycjtmf`h) kmldel omroede` ul`vmrs`tes k` kejeh lmdmr` heupul k`

juer lmdmr`. Efrmk`tes` fehpus omsmrte prcdreh stuk` kmldel sfeje l`je`
tmroe`f, amjes hmhoutunfel fch`thml fmh`treel kejeh pmjefseleel tr`
knerhe pmrduruel t`ldd` omrupe pmlk`k`fel kel pmldeaerel, pmlmj`t`el kel
pmldmhoeldel, smrte pmldeok`el hesyerefet. Fmoutunel pmldmhoeldel
pmlk`k`fel hmrupefel nej yeld hmlkmsef ultuf hmldelt`s`pes` mre rmvcjus`
`lkustr` ;.9, yeld hmlmfelfel pcje k`d`tej mgclchy, ert`b`g`ej `ltmjj`dmlgm, o`d
kete, kel rcoct`g, eteu k`fmlej kmldel bmlchmle k`srupt`vm `llcvet`cl.

Kejeh upeye pmlymjeresel s`stmh `lbcrhes` heupul keteoesm tmlteld

pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, OYWKH pmrju hmhpmrfuet fmraesehe `ltmrlej
kejeh hmlkufuld tmrwuauklye t`h jmerl`ld gculg`j eteu smhouen mfcs`stmh
pmldmtenuel omrupe kmwel pmhomjeaerel. Ycs`s` kmwel pmhomjeaerel seldet
stretmd`s ultuf hmlmtepfel elej`s`s fmoutunel pmhomjeaerel k` j`ldfup
Fmhmltmr`el, k`smrte` ekelye aeh`lel hutu tmlteld s`stmh `lbcrhes` heupul
pcrtej eteu pjetbcrh ultuf fmomoesel hmldefsms essmt `ltmjmftuej crdel`ses`.

42 Wtretmd` @hpjmhmltes` Gcrp]

Oeo 4 Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh
Hmluau Gcrp]

Wmtmjen hmhoege oeo `l`, pere pmhomjeaer k`nerepfel kepet hmlamjesfel fms`epel
`lk`v`ku Eperetur W`p`j Lmdere (EWL) k` j`ldfuldel Fmhmlfuhnehhmjeju` pmruoenel
perek`dhe pmhomjeaerel, pmhoukeyeel trek`s` omroed` pmldmtenuel (sner`ld
(sner`ld), smrte
smrt`b`fes` fchpmtmls` `lk`v`ku kel crdel`ses`.

Wejeh Yere Ymhomjeaer.

Wmtmjen hmheneh` stretmd` `hpjmhmltes` peke oeo smomjuhlye, nej yeld
pmrju f`te fmtenu` ekejen telteldel-telteldel kejeh `hpjmhmltes`. Gcrp]
oufel smfeker fmo`aefel hmld`fut` trmlk heleamhml kul`e, tmtep` jmo`n peke
pmruoenel perek`dhe eteu gere b`f`r kejeh fcltmfs heleamhml pmruoenel.

Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh 44

 E. Ymruoenel Yerek`dhe Ymhomjeaerel Helk`r`
Helus`e pmhomjeaer ekejen smsmcreld yeld kejeh smt`ep eft`v`teslye
k`hefle` smoede` prcsms omjeaer. Kejeh hmldnekep` rmvcjus` `lkustr` ;.9 kel
Wcg`mty =.9 kmldel k`leh`slye pmrfmhoeldel tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes` kel
fchul`fes`, fereftmr smoede` helus`e pmhomjeaer yeld k`fep`tej`ses` hmlaek`
crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer hutjef seldet k`outunfel. Wmt`ep `lstels` pmhmr`lten
h`sejlye, nerus hmldelt`s`pes` kmldel hmjefufel pmruoenel perek`dhe
ultuf hmlaede kel hmlaek` Crdel`ses` Omrf`lmrae [`ldd` (CO[) smoede` upeye
trelsbcrhes` hmlaek` o`rcfres` omrfmjes kul`e kel WHE_[ EWL peke ?9?;.
WHE_[ EWL smlk`r` hmrupefel terdmt pmhoeldulel EWL peke ?950
yeld hml`t`fomretfel smt`ep EWL hmh`j`f` 7 (t`de) fereftmr`st`f utehe, ye`tu
omrwewesel djcoej, hmlduese` tmflcjcd` `lbcrhes` kel fchul`fes` ([@F),

smrte pmldueseel oenese @lkclms`e yeld oe`f kel oenese es`ld. [erdmt EWL
Whert k`nerepfel hehpu hmh`j`f` hmhomltuf `lk`v`ku eperetur kmldel
lmtwcrf`ld jues kel sf`jj hujt`tesf`ld yeld prcpcrs`clej.
Ymreturel Ymhmr`lten Lchcr 55 [enul ?954 [mlteld Heleamhml YLW,
peke pesej ?97 tmjen hmldeheletfel oenwe EWL hmh`j`f` nef hmlkepetfel
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` pej`ld smk`f`t ?9 AY (aeh pmjeaerel) smtenul. Nef
pmldmhoeldel tmrsmout suken smjeyeflye hmlmrepfel hckmj pmhomjeaerel
49/?9/59 yeld tmrk`r` ker` 49% ker` pmldejehel fmrae (egt`cl
( egt`cl jmerl`ld). ?9%

omjeaer kmldel fcjmde ((Gcegn`ld

Gcegn`ld elk Hmltcr`ld), kel 59% fjes`fej. Yeke
pcs`s` `l` hefe pmrelel etesel jeldsuld hmlaek` seldet seldet omser.
Ymldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` k`jefufel omrkeserfel peke nuouldel fmrae
yeld nerhcl`s eltere etesel jeldsuld kmldel oewenellye. Etesel kel
oewenel nerus smjeju omrfchul`fes` tmlteld tudes yeld smkeld k`aejelfel,
terdmt yeld efel k`gepe`, kel fchpmtmls` epe yeld k`pmrjufel ultuf
hmjefselefel tudes kmldel jmo`n mbmft`b. K`ejcd tmlteld pmldmhoeldel kepet
jmo`n bcfus peke pmhmlunel fmsmlaeldel fchpmtmls` yeld smkeld k`h`j`f`
kmldel stelker fchpmtmls` aeoetel.

4> Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh

 AEH YMJEAE_EL

E. Aejur Ymlk`k`fel
Fclvmrs` AY
Lc Omltuf kel Aejur Wetuel
Les`clej @ltmrles`clej
5 Ymlk`k`fel [`ldd` amlaeld Wmhmstmr 5 Wmhmstmr smtere ?9 AY
k`pjche/W5/W?/W7

O. Aejur Ymjet`nel / Fjes`fej

Fclvmrs` AY
Lc Omltuf kel Aejur Wetuel
Les`clej @ltmrles`clej
5 Ymjet`nel Fekmr Fmpmh`hp`lel AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh -
? Ymjet`nel k` t`ldfet les`clej AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh -
7 Ymjet`nel Heleamr`ej AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh
; Ymjet`nel [mfl`s AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh

= Ymjet`nel Bulds`clej AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh K`tehoen ?9% ker`

2 Ymjet`nel Wcs`cfujturej AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh AY Yrcdreh
4 Fursus AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh
> O`ho`ldel [mfl`s AY Wmsue` AY prcdreh
0 Wmh`ler, Fclbmrmls`, Wcs`ej`ses` Ner` 5 ner` smtere ; AY 5 ner` smtere 2 AY
59 Tcrfsncp / Jcfeferye Ner` 5 ner` smtere = AY 5 ner` smtere 4 AY

G. Aejur Lcl Fjes`fej

Fclvmrs` AY
Lc Omltuf kel Aejur Wetuel
Les`clej @ltmrles`clej
Ymrtuferel pmdewe` elter
5 `lstels`/sweste/O]HL/K Fmd`etel 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY
? Hedeld Fmd`etel 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY
7 Omlgnherf`ld Fmd`etel 5 fej` smtere 59 AY 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY
K`tehoen ?9 % ker`
; Ymjet`nel Aeref Aeun AY Wmsue` AY Yrcdreh
AY Yrcdreh
= Gcegn`ld Fmd`etel - 5 fej` smtere ? AY - 5 fej` smtere ; AY
2 Hmltcr`ld Fmd`etel - Hefs ? x/oujel - Hefs ? x/oujel
4 Kmtesmr`ld / Wmgclkhmlt Fmd`etel 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY 5 fej` smtere ?9 AY
> Mjmerl`ld AY Wmsue` AY Yrcdreh Wmsue`
Wmsue` AY Yrcdreh
0 Omjeaer Helk`r` AY Hefs ? AY / ner` Hefs ? AY / ner`
59 Fchul`tes Omjeaer (GcY) AY Hefs ? AY/ ner` Hefs ? AY / ner`
55 Ymludesel Je`l Fmd`etel 5 fej` smtere ; AY 5 fej` smtere 2 AY

Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh

40
 Hefle fchpmtmls` ekejen pmldmtenuel, fmtmrehp`jel, kel s`fep eteu
pmr`jefu smcreld pmdewe` yeld kepet k`ehet`, k`ufur, kel k`fmhoeldfel
kejeh hmjefselefel tudeslye. EWL smlk`r` nerus hmh`j`f` 7 aml`s fchpmtmls`
ye`tu fchpmtmls` tmfl`s, heleamr`ej, kel scs`ej fujturej. Ker` fmt`de
fchpmtmls` `tu, t`ep lehe aeoetel nerus suken tmrsmk`e stelker fchpmtmls`
aeoetel yeld hmldure`fel kebter fchpmtmls` t`ep lehe aeoetel yeld eke k`
Fmhmlfuhneh

Ymldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` nerus omrbcfus peke upeye hmld`s` fmsmlaeldel

Dep) eltere fclk`s` seet `l` kmldel fclk`s` yeld k`pmrsyeretfel kejeh
Wtelker Fchpmtmls`
Fchpmtmls` Aeoetel WFA). ]peye hmld`s`
hmld`s` fmsmlaeldel
fmsmlaeldel fchpmtmls`
kepet k`jefufel hmjeju` gere Fjes`fej kel Lcl-Fjes`fej.
Fmd`etel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` pmdewe` nerus k`jefselefel kel
k`pelteu cjmn etesel jeldsuld kmh` tmrgepe`lye nef pmdewe` ye`tu h`l`hej ?9
Aeh Ymjeaerel AY) kejeh smtenul. Etesel jeldsuld kel
kel oewenellye
oewenellye nerus
hmlaej`l fchul`fes` kel fccrk`les` smgere nerhcl`s ultuf hmld`lvmlter`s`r
fmoutunel fchpmtmls`.
Fmd`etel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` nerus k`kcfuhmltes`fel smoede` ouft`
ekh`l`stres` pmhmlunel ?9 AY kejeh smtenul.

Epeo`je p`hp`lel ul`t pmlddule ((usmr

usmr) hmh`lte k`fjet-k`fet tmrtmltu
fmpeke ul`t pmldmjcje k`fjet (OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH) telpe heu omrk`sfus`
epe yeld hmlaek` tuauel ker` k`fjet smrte tuauel yeld `ld`l k`gepe` kejeh
crdel`ses` pmlddule, hefe jeldfen `tu smpmrt` smcreld pmh`j`f ruhen yeld
hmh`lte tufeld hmhoeoet ruhput telpe tenu hefsuk kel tuauel
pmldn`jeldel ruhput `tu. Wmoej`flye a`fe pmjet`nel k`jefufel telpe keser
elej`s` fmoutunel yeld hmlamjesfel fmoutunel `lk`v`ku heupul crdel`ses`,
hefe sehe kmldel pmlkef` dululd yeld hmlkef` dululd fermle eke dululd.
[uauel pmjet`nel ekejen hmldn`lker` tmraek`lye pmrscejel crdel`ses` k` hese
kmpel, smn`ldde t`kef hmldujeld-ujeld pmrscejel yeld sehe. Kmldel

kmh`f`el, pmjet`nel kel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kejeh fcltmfs gcrpcretm

>9 Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh

ul`vmrs`ty ekejen prcsms pmhomr`el fmhehpuel yeld kepet hmhprmk`fs`
pmrscejel k` hese yeld efel keteld, ultuf pmlgepe`el prcdreh stretmd`s.
Wmauhjen stretmd` kel hckmj pmhomjeaerel yeld omrfmhoeld sehpe`
seet `l`, hmlaek`fel crdel`ses` nerus s`ep hmlymk`efel pmkchel kel
pmrseheel pmrsmps`. Ymldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` t`kef jed` nelye k`beneh`
hmjeju` pmjet`nel yeld k`fccrk`l`r cjmn OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH, tmtep` kepet
omrewej ker` `l`s`et`b ul`t-ul`t pmlddule kel ul`t-ul`t pmldmjcje
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kmldel tmtep hmhpmrnet`fel stelkerk`ses` yeld
tmjen k`tmtepfel.
Ymruoenel perek`dhe nerus omruoen oenwe pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`
t`kef jed` nelye hmjeju` pmjet`nel, tmtep` oelyef gere kel hmtckm. Ymreturel
Ymhmr`lten Lchcr 55 [enul ?954 [mlteld Heleamhml YLW, peke pesej ?59

sehpe` ??= hmhpmrtmdes ekelye omomrepe hckmj pmldmhoeldel. Kejeh

teomj fchperes` yeld k`fclvmrs` kejeh aeh pmjeaerel smt`keflye hmlaek`
dehoerel oenwe pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` kepet k`jefufel hmjeju` aejur
pmlk`k`fel, aejur pmjet`nel fjes`fej, kel pmldmhoeldel lcl-fjes`fej.
Fmhmlfuhneh Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty peke efn`rlye hmlamhoetel` prcsms
pmldmhoeldel nerus kepet k`jefufel smgere huken, tmpet dule, kel tmpet
weftu hmjeju` epj`fes` pjetbcrh k` kejeh nelkpnclm hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe`.

O. Hmhoeldul Oukeye Omroed` Ymldmtenuel

Ymldmtenuel Wner`ld )
Fmfuetel tmromser crdel`ses` pmhomjeaer smoede` fchpclml pmhomltuf
gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty ekejen oukeye sej`ld omroed` pmldmtenuel. Fmsejenel
kel fmomrnes`jel smsmcreld, kepet k`smoerfel ultuf creld je`l eder t`kef
tmraek` pmldujeldel fmsejenel smfej`dus kepet k`jefufel pml`ldfetel f`lmrae
k` hese yeld efel keteld. Wmr`ldfej` tmraek` oenwe smsmcreld smaef pmrtehe
fej` omrdeould sehpe` pmls`ul eteu p`lken hml`lddejfel tmhpet fmrae, t`kef
pmrlen tmrkcfuhmltes` pmldejehel, fmhehpuel tmfl`s, kel fmhehpuel
pmhmgenel hesejen. Ef`oetlye, crdel`ses` fmn`jeldel esmt `ltmjmftuej oed`

Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh >5

 dmlmres`-dmlmres` pmlmrus. Crdel`ses` omrfmhoeld t`kef hmldejeh` prcsms
fmomrs`lehouldel ker` dmlmres` pmrtehe sehpe` dmlmres` tmrefn`r, smn`ldde
t`kef hmh`j`f` efer fereftmr yeld fuet smoede` pclkes` crdel`ses`.

Ymdewe` Fmhmlfuhneh smgere fmsmjurunel pmrju hmlaek` scscf yeld

s`ep ultuf sej`ld omroed` pmldmtenuel. [`pcjcd` pmdewe` tmrsmout smt`keflye
nerus hmh`j`f` fmenj`el ultuf hmluj`s, omrfchul`fes` yeld mbmft`b, smfej`dus
hehpu hmldcpmres`fel fchputmr. [mltu oufel nej yeld suj`t, k` seet f`l`
smhue fmtmrehp`jel kepet k`fuese` hmjeju` nelkpnclm. Ymhelbeetel b`tur
kel smauhjen epj`fes` tmjen hmhpmrhuken tmraek`lye sner`ld pmldmtenuel
eteu hmhpuoj`fes` pmldmtenuel hmjeju` pcrtej heleamhml pmldmtenuel,
s`tus wmo, eteu pjetbcrh pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`.

>? Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh

 Helus`e yeld oe`f ekejen scscf yeld omrhelbeet oed` creld je`l. Yr`ls`p
tmrsmout nerus tmroeldul kejeh k`r` pere pmhomjeaer oenwe pmldmtenuel
`lk`v`ku ((teg`t
teg`t) jeyef k`kcfuhmltes`fel smoede` esmt `ltmjmftuej crdel`ses`.
Jeldfen hmlkcfuhmltes` pmldmtenuel hmrupefel aejel fmeoek`el `jhu
pmldmtenuel.

G. Wmrt`b`fes` @lk`v`ku kel Crdel`ses`

[uauel aeldfe pelaeld o`rcfres` @lkclms`e peke ?9?; ekejen
tmromltuflye o`rcfres` fmjes kul`e, smfej`dus WHE_[ EWL. [uauel aeldfe
pelaeld smaef ?99= `tu, smt`keflye `ld`l hmlaeweo telteldel pmrse`ldel
djcoej. Yeke pcs`s` `tu, pmrju pmrs`epel oed` smjurun eperetur ultuf hmlaejel`
smrt`b`fes` fmhehpuel kel fmenj`el hmjeju` ua` fchpmtmls`. Nej kmh`f`el

hmlaek` pmlt`ld eder hes`ld-hes`ld pmdewe` suken hmlmltufel spms`ej`ses`

fmenj`el yeld hmh`j`f` stelker djcoej, oe`f peke t`ldfet les`clej, rmd`clej,
heupul `ltmrles`clej.
Crdel`ses` smgere fmsmjurunel nerus s`ep ultuf hmhest`fel suken
smsue` kmldel stelker les`clej, rmd`clej, kel `ltmrles`clej. ]l`t pmldmjcje
pmjet`nel kel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, nerus s`ep kmldel stelker
pmlaeh`lel hutu. Oekel Wtelkerk`ses` Les`clej (OWL) yeld aude smoede`
elddcte @ltmrlet`clej Crdel`zet`cl bcr Wtelkerk`zet`cl (@WC) hmrupefel
sejen setu h`tre kejeh hmjefufel ekcps` kel hck`b`fes` stelker @WC kel
Wtelker Les`clej @lkclms`e (WL@). Wtelkerk`ses` kepet omrupe fuej`tes hutu
jeyelel puoj`f, fuej`tes hutu prckuf, kel fuej`tes hutu fmsmjehetel.
Oekel Les`clej Wmrt`b`fes` Yrcbms` (OLWY), tmrhesuf h`tre yeld hmst`
s`ep ultuf hmlaek` pmlaeh`l hutu fchpmtmls` eperetur. Ymrse`ldel djcoej
yeld k``fut` stretmd` pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` omrupe pmrtuferel pmdewe`
pmhmr`lten kmldel sweste eteu juer lmdmr`, kmtesmr`ld , smgclkhmlt eteu
pmludesel kejeh furul weftu tmrtmltu smoede` pmdewe` crdel`ses` je`l,
hutjef hmhoutunfel pmldefuel stelker fchpmtmls`. Yeke pcs`s` `l`jen

Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh >7

 hefe Fmhmlfuhneh hmjeju` OYWKH Nufuh kel NEH smjefu ul`t pmldmjcje
pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls`, nerus s`ep hmldnekep` telteldel smoede`
jmhoede pmhomr` smrt`b`fes` prcbms` o`keld nufuh kel NEH, eteu hmlaek`
coymf smrt`b`fes` cjmn jmhoede-jmhoede smrt`b`fes` prcbms` je`llye.
Gefupel o`keld suostels` tmfl`s yeld seldet omser kel jues, hmrupefel
fmfuetel tmrsmlk`r` oed` Fmhmlfuhneh. J`smls` yeld k`h`j`f` ultuf
hmjefufel prcsms efrmk`tes` kepet kjefufel kmldel hmldmhoeldfel sfmhe
smrt`b`fes` o`keld nufuh tmrepel. Jeldfen hmlaek` jmhoede smrt`b`fes` prcbms`
pmrju k`jefufel kmldel fmheuel kel fmhehpuel hmldmfsmfus` fuej`b`fes`
fchpmtmls` fmrae les`clej heupul fchpmtmls` fmrae rmd`clej kel
`ltmrles`clej. O`keld tmfl`s suostelt`b fmfeyeel `ltmjmftuej h`sejlye, suken
hmh`j`f` `lkuf crdel`ses` kul`e omrlehe Tcrjk @ltmjmjmgtuej Yrcpmrty

Crdel`zet`cl (T@YC) yeld omrherfes k` Amlmwe Ww`ss. Kmh`f`el aude

Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty, smt`keflye tmjen hmh`j`f` fclsmlsus `ltmrles`clej
kmldel fmelddcteel hmlgepe` jmo`n ker` =.999 Gcrp] k` smjurun kul`e,
omrlehe Djcoej Gculg`j cb Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty (Djcoej GG]).
W`stmh `lbcrhes` WKH omroes`s fchpmtmls` eteu Gchpmtmlgy Oesm
Nuhel _mscurgm @lbcrhet`cl Wystmh (GON_@W) yeld tmjen k`h`j`f` OYWKH
smaef ?955, hmrupefel p`ltu hesuf oed` smjurun pmdewe` Fmhmlfuhneh
ultuf hmjefufel pml`je`el k`r` smlk`r` ((smjb
smjb essmsshmlt) tmlteld

fchpmtmls`lye hes`ld-hes`ld. @ltmdres` kete eltere GON_@W kmldel W`stmh

Fmpmdewe`el (W`hpmd) peke efn`rlye kepet hmhulgujfel ? (kue) fmfuetel
omser kejeh s`stmh pmldmjcjeel pmdewe`. Ymrtehe fmtmrsmk`eel pcje fer`r
(germmr petn) yeld hmldetur tmlteld stelker fchpmtmls` hes`ld-hes`ld
aeoetel, kel fmkue ekejen pcje pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` eteu pcje
pmhomjeaerel ((jmerl`ld
jmerl`ld acurlmy) yeld hmhomr` eren p`j`nel smsmcreld
hmjmwet` pmraejelel pmldmhoeldel fchpmtmls` ultuf tejmlte, fer`r, kel
flcwjmkdm heledmhmt.

>; Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh

 Gcrpcretm ul`vmrs`ty nerus hehpu hmlaek`fel smhue pmdewe` hmh`j`f`
fereftmr yeld fuet kel crdel`ses` yeld nmoet. Creld-creld yeld hmh`j`f`
fereftmr fuet t`kef hmhmrjufel hct`ves` ker` creld je`l, smoeo hmrmfe efel
hmhct`ves` k`r`lye smlk`r`, oenfel hmlaek` `lsp`res` oed` creld je`l.
Kmh`f`el aude crdel`ses` yeld nmoet t`kef nelye hmh`f`rfel pmdewe` nelye
ultuf crdel`ses` `tu smlk`r`, tmtep` hehpu hmlymk`efel supje` tejmlte, supje`
fekmr pmh`hp`l, kel supje` enj`-enj` kmldel spms`ej`ses` tmfl`s ultuf
crdel`ses`-crdel`ses` je`l k` t`ldfet les`clej, rmd`clej, kel `ltmrles`clej.
Yregt`gms tc om tnm w`llmr .

Fms`epel EWL Fuhneh >=

 Kebter Yustefe

Oufu
Oercrcn Jmster` kel [enmr Ejneosa`. Yreft`f Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel kel

F`lmrae @lcves`
Orew`aeye kejeh @lkustr` Helubeftur (Hejeld1 ]l`vmrs`tes
Yrmss, ?957)
Ocooy Elkrm Elknere kel Be`ze _etle ]herc. Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt1
Wtretmd` Hmldmjcje Ymldmtenuel Eder ]ldduj k` Mre K`srups` (Aeferte1
Drehmk`e Yustefe ]tehe, ?95>).
Oryel Omrdmrcl. Mssmlt`ejs cb Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt (Lmw Amrsmy1 Acnl
Tj`my & Wcls, ?997)
Kel _mhmly`. =tn Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt elk @ltmjjmgtuej Gep`tej Mxgmjjmlgm
Ewerks ?950 et MGFH 50 (Jclkcl1 Egekmh`g Gclbmrmlgms elk
Yuoj`sn`ld @ltmrlet`clej-EGY@J, ?950)

Kerh`l Enhek Ymjje kel Eb`ben @leyet`. [ejmlt Heldmhmlt1 Hmldmhoeldfel

WKH ]ltuf Hmlgepe` Ymrtuhounel kel F`lmrae Yr`he (Aeferte1
Drehmk`e, ?955)
Ner`scl G`trewel, Hml`t` Wtretmd` Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty1 _mbjmfs`
Fmhmlfuhneh Wmoede` Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer (Aeferte1
Oej`toeldfuhneh Yrmss, ?950)
Nmrhewel Ferteaeye kel Mkw`l Nerk`, [nm Omst ?= @lkclms`e gesms Tm Erm
Yrcuk Cb (Aeferte1 Drehmk`e Yustefe ]tehe, ?95;).
@el Tetscl. Eppjy`ld Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt1 [mgnl`qums bcr Ou`jk`ld
Gcrpcretm Hmhcr`ms (Wel Brels`sgc1 Hcrdel Feubhell Yuoj`snmr,

?997).
Ambbrmy T. Drmlzmr. Kmvmjcp`ld elk @hpjmhmlt`ld e Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty
(Hessegnussmtts1 N_K Yrmss, ?992)
Fmv`l Tnmmjmr. [nm Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty Tcrfoccf, Jeulgn`ld tnm ?5 st
Gmltury Jmerl`ld Crdel`zet`cl (Wel Brelg`sgc1 Ybm`bbmr, ?99=).
F`h`z Kejf`r. Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt `l [nmcry elk Yregt`gm (Jclkcl1 [nm
H@[ Yrmss, ?954)
Fjeus Lcrtn kel D`te Fuhte. Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt1 Rejum Grmet`cl
[nrcudn Crdel`zet`clej Jmerl`ld (Ww`tzmrjelk1 Wpr`ldmr, ?95>)
Fjeus Lcrtn kel _clejk He`mr. Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt `l K`d`tej Gneldm,
Lmw B`lk`lds elk Yregt`gej Gesms (Ww`tzmrjelk1 Wpr`ldmr, ?95>)
Herf Ejjml, [nm Gcrpcretm ]l`vmrs`ty Nelkoccf1
Nelkoccf1 Kms`dl`ld, Heled`ld, elk
Drcw`ld e Wuggmssbuj Yrcdreh (Lmw Pcrf1 Ehegch, ?99?).
Hcle Oml Gncu`fne. Crdel`zet`clej Kms`dl bcr Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt
(Jclkcl1 @W[M Jtk, ?952)
Hunehhek _csy`nel Nmlkrewel, Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel, Fclsmp kel
Yreft`f Omrpmldmtenuel peke Crdel`ses` Ymhomjeaer (Hejeld1 ]O
Yrmss, ?950).
Lccr Buek kel Dcbur Enhek, @ltmdretmk Nuhel _mscurgms Kmvmjcphmlt
Omrekeserfel Ymlkmfetel GO-N_H, [O-N_H, GO[, kel GYK (Aeferte1
Dres`lkc, ?990)
Yet`g`e Crkclmz km Yeojcs kel ^` Qneld, @llcvet`vm Heledmhmlt
Heledmhmlt elk Ous`lmss
ms `l Es`e (Nmrsnmy1 @D@ Djcoej, ?9?9)
Yregt`gms
Yregt`g
Ymtmr H. Wmldm, [nm B`btn K`sg`pj`lm6 [nm Ert elk Yregt`gm cb tnm Jmerl`ld
Crdel`zet`cl (Lmw Pcrf1 Kcuojmkey, ?992)
Ymtmr Hess`ldneh, Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt6 [mcry `l Yregt`gm (Jclkcl1 Wedm,
?950)
Wetyc Betwel kel Ejmx Kmll`, @lkclms`el HEFM1 Wtuky elk Jmsscls Jmerlmk
brch tnm T`llmrs (Aeferte1 Drehmk`e Yustefe ]tehe, ?990).

Ymreturel
Ymreturel Ymhmr`lten Lchcr 55 [enul ?954 tmlteld Heleamhml YLW
Ymreturel Yrms`kml Lchcr >5 [enul ?959 tmlteld Drelk Kms`dl _mbcrhes`
O`rcfres`
Ymreturel Hmltmr` Lmdere Ymlkeyeduleel Eperetur Lmdere kel _mbcrhes`
O`rcfres` Lchcr 5; [enul ?955 tmlteld Ymkchel Ymjefseleel
Yrcdreh Heleamhml Ymldmtenuel (Flcwjmkdm
(Flcwjmkdm Heledmhmlt)
Ymreturel Hmltmr` Ymlkeyeduleel Eperetur Lmdere kel _mbcrhes` O`rcfres`
Lchcr 7 [enul ?9?9 tmlteld Heleamhml [ejmlte EWL
 O`ckete Ymluj`s

Hun. Fnehkel

T`kye`swere Enj` Hekye `l` hmlmhpun stuk`

prcdreh kcftcrej (W7) k` ]@L Wyer`b
N`keyetujjen Aeferte, fclsmltres` Edehe kel
Wtuk` Ymrkehe`el, kmldel aukuj k`smrtes`
‚Ycj`t`f @kmlt`tes k` @lkclms`e1 Fcltmstes`
Dmrefel Wcs`ej kejeh Ymh`j`nel Yrms`kml
?95;-?950‘. Ymlk`k`fel amlaeld W-?W-? kmldel
fclsmltres` yeld sehe, k`tmhpun peke
ejhehetmr yeld sehe puje.

Eft`b kejeh omomrepe r`smt k` o`keld

tmrcr`shm, rmscjus` fclbj`f, scs`cjcd` edehe,
kel ps`fcjcd` pcj`t`f, oe`f kmldel jmhoede
pmhmr`lten heupul omomrepe G`v`j Wcg`mty Crdel`zet`cl (GWC). Y`f`rel-
p`f`rellye tmrpuoj`fes` k` omroede` hmk`e, oe`f suret
sure t feoer heupul aurlej
`jh`en. Wcscf yeld hmldewej` fer`r smoede` YLW peke Aeluer` ?990 `l` t`lddej
k` Ocdcr kel hmldeaer k` omomrepe fehpus.

Yeke ?95?, hmhomr`fel pmlamjesel tmlteld nef eses` helus`e

he lus`e kejeh
fe`tellye kmldel kul`e pmhesyerefetel kejeh oufulye ‚Ymseltrml k` Kejeh
Ymlaere‘. @km utehelye ekejen hmlddeouldfel pmseltrml smoede` sejen setu
hckmj pmlk`k`fel edehe fnes @lkclms`e hmlaek` hckmj pmho`leel ejtmrlet`b
oed` werde o`leel pmhesyerefetel.
Kejeh oufu tmrefn`rlye omraukuj ‚O`le Kehe` [mrcr`shm‘ (Yer`st, ?952), yeld
k`ekeptes` ker` nes`j tms`s omraukuj ‚Kmrek`fej`ses` [mrcr`shm k` @lkclms`e‘,
seldet hmlmfelfel jeldfen-jeldfen kehe` kejeh prcsms pmlkehp`ldel
tmrnekep pmjefu tmrcr`shm heupul `lk`v`ku yeld rmltel kmldel `kmcjcd`
tmrcr`shm heupul rek`fej`shm.

NY/Tnetsepp1 9>57?250705>
Mhe`j1 fnehkelw`Idhe`j.gch