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ELCOAROE 9
ELCMW D=4-D
Rujj `mh syueur plhucjs pmhjmtemh elfm`mpmh J`m Wmhk Fymhk [j`fj [msm
Pufmh Zmhk Amfm Lsm emrlhm dlremt rmfamt dlcjmucmf plhucjs djsm aladumt `mh
alhylclsmjemh amemcmf jhj ymhk dlrju`uc –@oeualhtmsj @mh Rlcmpormh Fmsjc
Rlhjcmjmh Dlhgmhm‑.
Dlsmr fmrmpmh plhucjs mkmr emrym tucjs jhj `mpmt dlramhimmt uhtue
alhjhkemtemh plhkumsmmh eoapltlhsj amfmsjswm slsumj `lhkmh
stmh`mr eoapltlhsj ymhk `jfmrmpemh. Erjtje `mh smrmh `mrj pladmgm smhkmt
plhucjs fmrmpemh sldmkmj upmym plhylapurhmmh amemcmf jhj `jamsm
alh`mtmhk `mh
`jmefjr emtm plhucjs ugmpemh tlrjamemsjf.
Cari
Rlhucjs
Disimpan
@MIPMT JWJ
N\@\C
EMPM RLHKMHPMTj
@MIPMT JWJjj
DMD J RLH@MF\C\MH
DMD JJ RLADMFMWMH
7.= Elsjapucmh =9
7.4 Wmrmh=9
@MIPMT R\WPMEM
jj
DMD J
RLH@MF\C\MH
amsymrmemt ymhk `jsldmdemh, dmje oclf imetor mcma `mh imetor hohmcma amupuh imetor amhusjm slfjhkkm alhkmejdmtemh tjaduchym eordmh jjwm amhusjm, elrusmemh cjhkeuhkmh, elrukjmh fmrtm dlh`m `mh`ma
m duaj `mh tmhmf cohksor. Emrlhm eltj`medlr`mymmh amhusjm, mejdmt eurmhk dmjehym amhmjlalh elm`mmh
rukjmh ymhk `jfmsjcemh tlrkmhtuhk
mh plrhymtmmh> "dlhgmhm auhguc
slclesj eordmh `jcmpmhkmh, uhtue alhlhtuemh prjorjtms amhm eordmh ymhk fmrus `jslcmamtemh tlrcldjf `mfucu.
mcma, `mh dlhgmhm sosjmc. Wljmrmf Cladmkm Dm`mh Hmsjohmc Rlhmhkkucmhkmh Dlhgmhm (DHRD) tlrdlhtue tj`me tlrclpms `mrj plreladmhkmh plhmhkkucmhkmh dlhgmhm pm`m amsm elalr`lemmh fjhkkmdlhgmhm mcma dlru
=
=.7 Pujumh
=. \htue alhkltmfuj `oeualhtmsj `mh plcmpormh fmsjc plhjcmjmh dlhgmhm?
=.0 Amhimmt
Amhimmt plhucjsmh ymhk plhucjs `mpmtemh `mcma pladumtmh amemcmf jhj ymjtu sldmkmj tlhmkm elslfmtmh efusushym plrmwmt wmjjd alhkltmfu
alamfmaj `oeualhtmsj `mh plcmpormh fmsjc plhjcmjmh dlhgmhm.
4
DMD JJ
RLADMFMWMH
rupmemh plrjstjwm mtmu rmhkemjmh plrjstjwm ymhk alhkmhgma `mh alhkkmhkku elfj`upmh `mh plhkfj`upmh amsymrmemt ymhk `jsldmdemh, dmje oclf imetor mcma `mh/mtmu hohmcma amupuh imetor amhusjm slfjhkkm alh
mhkjh topmh, `mh tmhmf cohksor. Dlhgmhm hohmcma m`mcmf dlhgmhm ymhk `jmejdmtemh oclf plrjstjwm mtmu rmhkemjmh plrjstjwm hohmcma ymhk mhtmrm cmjh dlrupm kmkmc tlehocokj, kmkmc ao`lrhjsmsj, lpj`lajg,
mhk `jmejdmtemh oclf amhusjm ymhk alcjputj eohicje sogjmc mhtmr elcoapoe mtmu mhtmr eoauhjtms amsymrmemt, `mh tlrror. Wl`mhkemh eljm`jmh dlhgmhm m`mcmf plrjstjwm dlhgmhm ymhk tlrjm`j `mh `jgmtmt
`j dlhgmhm pm`m tmhkkmc ymhk smam `mh alcmh`m cldjf `mrj smtu wjcmymf, amem `jfjtuhk sldmkmj smtu eljm`jmh.
Coba Scribd GRATIS selama 30 hari untuk mengakses lebih dari 125 juta judul tanpa iklan atau gan
kuhuhk dlrmpj, mhkjh tmuimh, tmhmf cohksor, dm`mj tropjs, elelrjhkmh, `mh eldmemrmh futmh.
d. Dlhgmhm Mejdmt \cmf Amhusjm (amh-am`l `jsmstlr)
Dlhgmhm emrlhm ucmf amhusjm alrupmemh plrjstjwm ymhk tlrjm`j emrlhm
prosls tlehocokj, jhtlrmesj amhusjm tlrfm`mp cjhkeuhkmhhym slrtm jhtlrmesj mhtmrm amhusjm jtu slh`jrj ymhk `mapme alhjaducemh `mapme hlkm
plh`u`ue, eldmemrmh, cl`memh jh`ustrj/jhstmcmsj cjstrje, plhglamrmh cjhkeuhkmh, `mh elglcmemmh.
g. Dlhgmhm Eoadjhmsj
Dlhgmhm jhj `mpmt `jsldmdemh oclf ucmf amhusjm amupuh oclf mcma jtu slh`jrj. Dlhgmhm jhj `mpmt `jsldmdemh oclf elm`mmh klocokj,
lrosj, `mh mdrmsj.
0
dlhgmhm ymhk dlrsuadlr `mrj OR@ ymhk alhklcocm `mtm tlremjt
4) Eltlrsl`jmmh Wuadlr @mym Eltlrsl`jmmh suadlr `mym alcjputj cokjstje (pmhkmh, smh`mhk, cokjstje cmjh, pmelt elamtjmh), plrmcmtmh
`mh suadlr `mym amhusjm. Ioraucjr jhj `jjsj oclf DRD@/OR@ ymhk alhmhkmhj dlhgmhm, ymhk dlrsuadlr `mrj OR@ ymhk alhklcocm
m. @mtm cokjstje `mcma prm dlhgmhm alcjputj >
=) Rmhkmh,mhtmrmcmjhamemhmhpoeoe (dlrms/smku/jmkuhk/udj, `mh cmjh-cmjh), cmue-pmue, mjr
dlrsjf, dmfmh amemhmh poeoe tmadmfmh slplrtj aj, susu, eopj, tlf, plrclhkempmh amemh (ioo` wmrl) `mh sldmkmjhym.
4) Wmh`mhk, mhtmrm cmjh plrclhkempmh prjdm`j dlrupm dmju,
emos `mh glcmhm mhme-mhme smapmj `lwmsm cmej-cmej `mh
`mstlr, plrmhkemt clhkemp pmemjmh `mcma, slrmkma sleocmf cmej-cmej `mh plrlapumh (W@ `mh WAR), slpmtu/mcms emej sleocmf `mh
7) Cokjstje cmjhhym, mhtmrm cmjh, odmt `mh mcmt elslfmtmh fmdjs
pmemj, tlh`m kucuhk, tjemr, amtrms, mcmt `mpur elcumrkm, emhtohk tj`ur (scllpjhk dmk) `mh sldmkmjhym.
0) Rmelt elamtjmh, mhtmrm cmjh emhtohk amymt, emjh emimh `mh
<
g. Wuadlr @mym Amhusjm Tlcmwmh, tlhmkm elslfmtmh (`oetlr,
plrmwmt, dj`mh, smhjtmrjmh, mpotlelr, mfcj kjzj `mh cmjh-cmjh), PHJ/Rocrj, tlhmkm WMT, `lsm sjmkm.
d) Rltuhjue Rlhkjsjmh @mtm
=) Rltuhjue Rlhkjsjmh @mtm Rrm Dlhgmhm
7. Kuhuhk > `jjsj hmam kuhuhk, tjpl kuhuhk (M,D,G), hmam emwmf `mh
juacmf emwmf emcmu m`m, coemsj kuhuhk (CW `mh DP), tjhkkj `mrj
plrauemmh cmut (altlr), hmam & jmrme emd/eotm tlr`lemt `mrj kuhuhk (ea), stmtus kuhuhk (metji/hoh metji), slrtm sljmrmf cltusmh kuhuhk.
9
0. @MW (@mlrmf Mcjrmh Wuhkmj) > `jjsj hmam suhkmj, fucu suhkmj, aumrm
;. Nladmtmh > `jjsj hmam jladmtmh, stmtus jladmtmh, pmhjmhk `mh cldmr (a4), eohstruesj (gohtof > tlrdumt `mrj dltoh, mspmc, fotajx), eoh
jladmtmh (dmje, sl`mhk, rusme, `mh rusme dlrmt), eoor`jhmt (x,y).
6. Gmeupmh Mjr Dlrsjf> `jjsj RMA, RAM, RMF, suaur kmcj, suaur
poapm tmhkm
:. Jrjkmsj > `jjsj jlhjs jrjkmsj (tlehjs, sltlhkmf tlehjs, hoh tlehjs),
=2. Cjstrje > `jjsj jlhjs suadlr lhlrkj (RCH, RCP@, RCP\, RCPM) `mh
==. Plcleoauhjemsj > `jjsj juacmf smaduhkmh tlclpoh, juacmf towlr, `mh
=4. @laokrmij > `jjsj juacmf plh`u`ue dlr`msmremh ecmsjijemsj usjm `mh
jlhjs elcmajh, aucmj `mrj eurmhk = tmfuh smapmj `lhkmh cldjf `mrj 92 tmfuh, `mh totmc plh`u`ue plr elgmamtmh.
=0. Dmh`mr u`mrm > `jjsj hmam coemsj dmh`mrm, elcms dmh`mrm, pmhjmhk
;
=<. Coemsj Rlcmdufmh Cmut/Wuhkmj/@mhmu > `jjsj hmam Rlcmdufmh
prmsmrmhm.
=;.
=9. Wmrmhm
Wmrmhm Rlrjdm`mtmh>
Elslfmtmh> `jjsj `jjsj
Tuamf Nuacmf
Wmejt,amsjj`, klrljm,
Ruselsams, purm, wjfmrm `mh
Rustu.
cmjhhym
\TMJMH
HO
=.Cokjstje> `jjsj pmhkmh, smh`mhk, cokjstje cmjhym, pmelt elamtjmh
dlhgmhm
7.Wuadlr @mym Amhusjm> `jjsj rlcmwmh, tlhmkm elslfmtmh, PHJ/Rocrj, tlhmkm WMT `mh `lsm sjmkm.
`jtjaducemh. Ioraucjr jhj `jjsj oclf DRD@/OR@ ymhk alhmhkmhj dlhgmhm ymhk dlrsuadlr `mrj OR@ ymhk alhklcocm `mtm tlremjt `lhkmh tmh
`mrurmt.
=. Eljm`jmh Dlhgmhm
m. Nlhjs dlhgmhm > (klapm duaj, dmhjjr, tmhmf cohksor `mh cmjh- cmjh)
d. Pmhkkmc eljm`jmh > (tmhkkmc pm`m smmt tlrjm`jhym dlhgmhm, duemh tmhkkmc plreladmhkmh dlhgmhm)
g. [metu eljm`jmh > wmetu tlrjm`jhym dlhgmhm plrtmam emcj (jma eljm`jmh dlhgmhm)
`. Coemsj dlhgmhm > (provjhsj, emdupmtlh, `mlrmf gmeupmh dlhgmhm
6
(`lsm/elc, elgmamtmh))
l. Cltme klokrmij > eoor`jhmt dlhgmhm (cohk V, cmt y), gmeupmh
`mapme dlhgmhm (pmhjmhk,cldmr,rm`jus), efusus dlhgmhm dmhjjr (cums `mh tjhkkj klhmhkmh)
i. Rlhyldmd dlhgmhm > (plajgu tlrjm`jhym dlhgmhm)
k. @lserjpsj tlhtmhk dlhgmhm tlrsldut. 6. Eoh`jsj Gumgm> `jjsj gumgm pm`m smmt plcmpormh
4. Nuacmf eordmh > `jjsj juacmf totmc eordmh alhjhkkmc, fjcmhk, cuem
0. Fjcmhk > `jjsj hmam eordmh ymhk fjcmhk dlslrtm mcmamt, jlhjs
elcmajh, usjm, coemsj fjcmhk, mfcj wmrjs `mh eltlrmhkmh (jhioramsj cmjhhym).
<. Cuem rjhkmh > `jjsj hmam eordmh cuem rjhkmh dlslrtm mcmamt, jlhjs
9. Cuem dlrmt > `jjsj hmam eordmh cuem dlrmt dlslrtm mcmamt, jlhjs
elcmajh, usjm, stmtus al`js (`jrujue/`jrmwmt), coemsj (hmam Tuamf Wmejt) `mh eltlrmhkmh (jhioramsj cmjhhym).
6. Nuacmf plhkuhksj > `jjsj hmam wjcmymf (djsm `jpjcjf emd/eotm mtmu
:
smapmj elcurmfmh), coemsj (alrupmemh eo`l coemsj plhkuhksjmh),
emd/eotm mtmu smapmj elcurmfmh), mcmamt, juacmf plh`lrjtm alrupmemh totmc `mrj plhkecmsjijemsjmh plh`lrjtm dlr`msmre
jlhjs elcmajh `mh elcoapoe rlhtmh.
=2. Elrusmemh > `jjsj wjcmymf elrusmemh, jlhjs elrusmemh slrtm juacmf
elrusmemh ymhk `jecmsjijemsjemh alhjm`j rusme dlrmt, sl`mhk `mh rjhkmh, slrtm totmc elslcurufmh `mrj juacmf elrusmemh tlrsldut.
==.Imsjcjtms uaua ymhk amsjf djsm `jkuhmemh > `jjsj `lhkmh urmjmh
=4. \pmym plhmhkmhmh ymhk tlcmf `jcmeuemh > `jjsj `lhkmh urmjmh
tlhtmhk plhmhkmhmh `mrurmt mpm smjm ymhk tlcmf `jcmeuemh oclf DRD@ sltlapmt, jhstmhsj tlremjt, DHRD amupuh E/C tlremj
Rusmt.
=0.Tlcmwmh hmsjohmc > `jjsj `mtm rlcmwmh hmsjohmc ymhk tlrcjdmt `mcma
=2
=9Dmhtumh `mcma hlklrj > `jjsj `mtm dmhtumh ymhk dlrmsmc `mrj `mcma
=;Dmhtumh cumr hlklrj > `jjsj `mtm dmhtumh ymhk dlrmsmc `mrj cumr
m`mcmf `mtm elrusmemh mslt ymhk alhgmeup cjam sletor> plauejamh, jhirmstruetur, leohoaj pro`uetji, sosjmc `mh cjhtms sletor. El
`jamesu` alcjputj > tjhkemt erjtlrjm elrusmemh rusme dlrmt, rusme sl`mhk
==
Rlhjcmjmh Eldutufmh Rmsgm Dlhgmhm). Ioraucjr jhj `jjsj oclf DRD@/OR@
ymhk alhmhkmhj dlhgmhm ymhk dlrsuadlr `mrj OR@ ymhk alhklcocm `mtm tlremjt `lhkmh rlfmdjcjtmsj `mh rleohstruesj.
=4
7.
smtumh, plhjcmjmh elrukjmh (juacmf x fmrkm smtumh) `mh eltlrmhkmh
(jhioramsj cmjhhym).
0. Tlhgmhm elkjmtmh `mh plh`mhmmh dlrjsj urmjmh elkjmtmh, juacmf
(plhjuacmfmh `mrj te. elrusmemh pm`m tmdlc plhjcmjmh elrusmemh), smtumh, usucmh, eldutufmh `mhm (Fmsjc vlrjijemsj `mrj Pja DHRD
DHRD.
9. Wuadlr `mhm `mcma hlklrj dlrjsj tmhkkmc, msmc, jlhjs dmhtumh `mh
hjcmj `mrj dmhtumh slrtm eltlrmhkmh (jhioramsj cmjhhym).
;. Wuadlr `mhm `mcma hlklrj dlrjsj tmhkkmc, msmc, jlhjs dmhtumh `mh
4. Rlhjcmjmh Eldlhgmhmmh
Rlhjcmjmh rlsjeo dlhgmhm `mpmt `jcmeuemh dlr`msmremh `lhkmh fmsjc j`lhtjijemsj dlhgmhm. @lhkmh `jcmeuemh plhjcmjmh elauhkejhmh `mh s
`mapme ymhk auhkejh `jtjaducemh oclf dlhgmhm tlrsldut. @lhkmh
`lajejmh `mpmt `jeltmfuj, mpmemf potlhsj sldumf dlhgmhm `j sumtu `mlrmf tlrkocohk tjhkkj mtmu rlh`mf. J`lhtjijemsj dlhgmhm `jcmeuemh `lhkm
dlrdmkmj msple ymhk m`m `jsumtu `mlrmf mtmu plrusmfmmh, slplrtj coemsj, jlhjs elkjmtmh, eoh`jsj klokrmijs, gumgm, mcma, metjvjtms amhusjm,
dlhgmhm. J`lhtjijemsj dlhgmhm jhj `mpmt `j`msmremh pm`m plhkmcmamh
dlhgmhm sldlcuahym `mh prl`jesj elauhkejhmh sumtu dlhgmhm ymhk `mpmt tlrjm`j.
=7
Coba Scribd GRATIS selama 30 hari untuk mengakses lebih dari 125 juta judul tanpa iklan atau gan
rjsjeo dlhgmhm alcmcuj plhlcjtjmh `mh plhkemjjmh tlrfm`mp sumtu eoh`jsj mtmu elkjmtmh ymhk alapuhymj rjsjeo tjhkkj alhjaducemh dlhgmhm.
pljmdmt plalrjhtmfmh slsumj `lhkmh plrmturmh plruh`mhk-uh`mhkmh. Mhmcjsjs Tjsjeo Dlhgmhm (MTJWGMHM) `jcmeuemh `lhkmh tujum
`mpmt tlrjm`j `jcjhkeuhkmh amsjhk-amsjhk slrtm potlhsj mtmu tjhkemt rjsjeo mtmu elpmrmfmhhym. Wldmkmj cmhkemf sl`lrfmhm uhtue plhkem
dlhgmhm m`mcmf `lhkmh plhklhmcmh dmfmym/mhgmamh `j `mlrmf ymhk
7. Rlcmpormh Eldlhgmhmmh
Jhioramsj `mcma plhmhkkucmhkmh dlhgmhm `jaucmj sljme
plhkuapucmh, mhmcjsjs fjhkkm `jslajhmsj jhioramsj ymhk `jcmeuemh slgmrm glpmt, tlpmt `mh dlhmr sldmkmj dmkjmh `mcma plhmhkkucmhkmh
`mh jhioramsj dlgmhm `jeuapucemh `mrj plalrjhtmfmh, orkmhjsmsj rlcmwmh/HKO/amsymrmemt `mh dlrdmkmj suadlr al`jm. @mtm `
dmje slgmrm cmhksuhk alcmcuj wmwmhgmrm mtmupuh slgmrm tj`me cmhksuhk slplrtj `mrj jhtlrhlt, tlclvjsj, al`jm gltme `mh sldmkmjhym.
@mtm dlhgmhm ymhk `jplroclf `mrj dlrdmkmj suadlr alrupmemh cmh`msmh `mcma aladlrjemh jhioramsj el pjfme-pjfme ymhk aladutufemh. Amh
`mh mhmcjsjs jhioramsj slrtm plhyldmrmh jhioramsj (`lsjajhmsj). Wlaum jhioramsj `mh `mtm dlhgmhm fmrus `jsjapmh slgmrm rmpj `mh d
`mcma mhmcjsjs `jcmeuemh `lhkmh alaplrfmtjemh eohslp W[+F, ymjtu mpm,
=0
alauhkejhemh `jcmeuemh slaum eohslp, gueup `lhkmh mpm, `jamhm, empmh
`mh dmkmjamhm.
plrtlaumh eoor`jhmsj/jhioramsj, jhioramsj sjmpm, mpm, `jamhm, smcjhmh `mh cmpormh sjtumsj. Mhmcjsjs `mtm ymhk tlcmf alhkfmsjcemh
`jsldmremh slgmrm tlpmt wmetu `mh `lhkmh gmrm ymhk tlrstruetur. Rlcmpormh alrupmemh smcmf smtu `mrj iuhksj plhtjhk ymhk fmrus `jcmeu
`mh DRD@. Cmpormh fmrus jlcms, rjhkems, meurmt `mh proilssjohmc.
=<
DMD JJJ
RLH\P\R
7.4 Wmrmh
Wltlcmf aladmgm amemcmf jhj, `jfmrmpemh m`m erjtje `mh smrmh ymhk `mpmt aladmhkuh slfjhkkm emaj `mpmt alhylapurhmemh amemcmf emaj.
=9
@MIPMT R\WPMEM
Autm‚mcj, Cutij. (42=0). Rlrlhgmhmmh Rlhkladmhkmh [jcmymf Dlrdmsjs Rlhkurmhkmh Tjsjeo Dlhgmhm. Zokymemrtm> DRIK \KA.
=;