AMPM RIGDMGPM_

Ruhl syuaur amkl pmghmtamg aipm`m Pufmg \mgd Kmfm Ism, amrigm oiramt rmfkmt `mg
amruglm-Gym cmf kmamcmf lgl `mpmt tirsicismlamg pm`m wmatugym.

Kmamcmf ymgd oirhu`uc –ajgsip ki`ls

ki`ls `mg msaip tijrl tigtmgd ^lrjsls Fipmtls‛
Fipmtls‛
kighicmsamg lgejrkmsl kigdigml pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls. Kmamcmf lgl `loumt ugtua kikigufl
smcmf smtu tudms kmtm auclmf AKO LL `mg hudm ugtua kigmkomf pigditmfumg kigdigml slrjsls
fipmtls.

Amkl sm`mrl kmslf omgyma tir`mpmt aiaurmgdmg `mcmk pikoumtmg kmamcmf lgl, ugtua ltu
amkl kjfjg arltla `mg smrmg ymgd kikomgdug dugm kikoumt amkl hmuf ciolf omla cmdl `mcmk
kigyusug kmamcmf ai `ipmg. Fmrmpmggym sikjdm kmamcmf lgl `mpmt oirkmgemmt omdl pikomnm.

Kmgm`j, ?2=<

Plk Rigyusug

=
 

@MEPM_ L^L

AMPM RIGDMGPM_ .................................................................................................. =

@MEPM_ L^L ................................................................................................................. ?

OMO L
RIG@MFYCYMG
M. CMPM_ OICMAMGD .............................................................................................. >
O. _YKY^MG KM^MCMF .......................................................................................... >
N. PYHYMG .................................................................................................................... >

OMO LL
PLGHMYMG PIJ_LPL^
AJG^IR @M^M_ RIG\MALP
m. @IELGL^L ................................................................................................................... 0
o. ACM^LELAM^L .......................................................................................................... 0
n. IPLJCJDL ................................................................................................................ 9

`. PMG@M @MG DIHMCM ........................................................................................... 9

i. RIKI_LA^MMG RIGYGHMGD ............................................................................. 5
e. RIGMPMCMA^MGMMG ........................................................................................... 4
M^AIR PIJ_L 
m. RIGDAMHLMG ........................................................................................................... 6
o. @LMDGJ^M ................................................................................................................ <
n. LGPI_UIG^L ............................................................................................................. =2

OMO LLL
AM^Y^ @MG RIKOMFM^MG M^AIR
M. RIGDAMHLMG .......................................................................................................... =>
O. @LMDGJ^M ............................................................................................................... =0
N. LGPI_UIG^L ........................................................................................................... =0
@. LKRCIKIGPM^L @MG IUMCYM^L ..................................................................... =4

OMO LU
RIGYPYR
M. AI^LKRYCMG .......................................................................................................... =<
O. ^M_MG ........................................................................................................................ =<

@MEPM_ RY^PMAM ..................................................................................................... ?2

?
 

OMO L

RIG@MFYCYMG

M.  CMPM_ OICMAMGD

@l gidmrm kmhu, slrjsls fmtl kirupmamg pigyiomo aikmtlmg tiroismr aitldm pm`m pmslig
ymgd oiruslm 09-05 tmfug (siticmf pigymalt amr`ljvmsaucir `mg amgair). @lsicuruf `uglm
slrjsls kigikpmtl urutmg ai tuhuf pigyiomo aikmtlmg. ^ialtmr ?9.222 jrmgd kiglgddmc
sitlmp tmfug malomt pigymalt lgl.
^lrjsls kirupmamg ajg`lsl ymgd kigddmkomramg sumtu aim`mmg flstjpmtjcjdl `mg
kiklclal omgyma kmgleistmsl aclgla ymgd oirmdmk, oioirmpm `lmgtmrmgym `mpmt
kigdmgnmk hlwm. Lstlcmf slrjsls fmtl `loirlamg jcif Cmigni tmfug =6=<, ymgd oirmsmc `mrl
amtm Aflrrjs ymgd oirmrtl auglgd (jrmgdi yiccjw), amrigm piruomfmg wmrgm pm`m gj`uci-
gj`uci ymgd tiroigtua. Rigdirtlmg slrjsls fmrl `mpmt `lamtmamg siomdml oirlaut ymltu
aim`mmg `lsjrdmglsmsl ymgd `leusi `mrl sumtu struatur fmtl ymgd gjrkmc malomt gj`uci
ridigirmtle ymgd `laiclclgdl hmrlgdmg ymgd kigdmcmkl elorjsls.
O.  _YKY^MG KM^MCMF
=.  Hicmsamg ajgsip pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls (`ielglsl, acmslelamsl, itljcjdl, tmg`m `mg
dihmcm, pikirlasmmg pigughmgd, `mg pigmtmcmasmgmmg)!
?.  Hicmsamg msaip tijrl `mrl pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls kucml `mrl pigdamhlmg smkpml
lgtirvigsl!
>.  Hicmsamg kigdigml amsus `igdmg slrjsls fipmtls oisirtm msufmg aipirmwmtmggym!
 
N. PYHYMG
=.  Kighicmsamg ajgsip pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls (`ielglsl, acmslelamsl, itljcjdl, tmg`m `mg
dihmcm, pikirlasmmg pigughmgd, `mg pigmtmcmasmgmmg).  
?.  Kighicmsamg msaip tijrl `mrl pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls.  
>.  Kighicmsamg kigdigml amsus `igdmg slrjsls fipmtls oisirtm msufmg aipirmwmtmggym.  

>
 

OMO LL

PLGHMYMG PIJ_LPL^

M.  AJG^IR @M^M_ RIG\MALP

m.  @ielglsl
^lrjsls fipmtls m`mcmf pigymalt fmtl kigmfug ymgd `ltmg`ml `igdmg m`mgym
 pikoigtuamg hmrlgdmg lamt `lsirtml gj`uc. Olmsmgym `lkucml `igdmg prjsis
 pirm`mgdmg, giarjsls sic fmtl ymgd cums, pikoigtuamg hmrlgdmg lamt `mg usmfm
ridigirmsl gj`uc, siflgddm kiglkoucamg piruomfmg slraucmsl klarj `mg kmarj sic
fipmr tl`ma tirmtur malomt pigmkomfmg hmrlgdmg lamt `mg gj`uc tirsiout (^kictzir &
Omri, ?22=). ^lrjsls fipmtls m`mcmf pigymalt arjgls ymgd `lnlrlamg `igdmg
 pigddmgtlmg hmrlgdmg fmtl `irkmc `igdmg elorjsls ymgd kigyiomr `mg kigddmgddu
struatur `mg eugdsl fmtl. ^lrjsls mtmu hmrlgdmg pmrut pm`m fmtl, `lomdl kighm`l tldm

 higls ymltu mcajfjcla, pmclgd sirlgd `lsiomoamg jcif mcajfjcla arjgls, higls slrjsls
ymgd pmclgd ukuk1 pmsnm giarjtla, malomt fipmtls vlrus maut sioicukgym1 `mg olcltir,
malomt jostruasl olclir
olclir arjgls `mg lgeiasl (^kictzir
(^kictzir & Omri, ?2=>)
o.  Acmslelamsl
Oir`msmramg kjrejcjdl slrjsls fipmtls tiromdl mtms tldm higls, ymltu8
=.  Klajgj`ucmr
?.  Kmarjgj`ucmr
>.  Nmkpurmg (ymgd kikpirclfmtamg dmkomrmg klarj `mg kmarjgj`ucmr)

Kigurut ^fricjna sinmrm aclgls slrjsls fipmtls `lomdl mtms `um tlpi, ymltu 8

=.  ^lrjsls ajkpigsmtm mtmu slrjsls cmtig

Dihmcm aclgls ymgd `mpmt gmkpma m`mcmf plriaslm rlgdmg, –spl`ir‛ vmsaucmr,
irltiklm pmckmrls mtmu iplstmasls ymgd tl`ma `mpmt `lhicmsamg, i`ikm pirdicmgdmg
amal. Rikoismrmg fipmr `mg clkpm kirupmamg tmg`m `lmdgjsls ymgd oirkmgemmt
 pm`m slrjsls ajkpigsmtm. @lspipslm ecmtucig `mg smcmf nirgm pmdl fmrl ymgd smkmr-
smkmr olsm kirupmamg dmkomrmg `lgl `mrl pmslig slrjsls mcajfjcla. ^iomdml
ajgelrkmsl `mpmt `lcmauamg tis oljalklm `mg hlam pircu `mpmt `lcmauamg oljpsl fmtl

msplrmsl.

0
 

?.  ^lrjsls `iajkpigsmtm mtmu slrjsls matle

Dihmcm-dihmcm slrjsls `iajkpigsmtm ciolf kigjghjc tirutmkm olcm tlkouc
ajkpclamsl aidmdmcmg fmtl `mg flpirtigsl pjrtm. Olmsmgym pmslig flrjsls
`iajkpigsmtm `mtmgd `igdmg msltis mtmu latirus. Dihmcm-dihmcm ymgd gmkpma
m`mcmf aicikmfmg, mtrjel jtjt `mg pigurugmg oirmt om`mg, flcmgdgym rmkout
 om`mg, dmgddumg tl`ur, `ikmk rlgdmg ajgtlgu (>4,9˘-
(>4,9˘->6˘), dmgddumg pikoiaumg
`mrmf, pir`mrmfmg dusl, iplstmasls, dmgddumg slacus fml`, latirus `igdmg mlr aiklf
 oirwmrgm sipirtl tif piamt, kugtmf `mrmf `mg/mtmu kicigm, sirtm piruomfmg
kigtmc, kiclputl ku`mf cupm, suamr ajgsigtrmsl, olgdugd, mdltmsl, smkpml `igdmg
ajkm.
n.  Itljcjdl
Kigurut EAYL (?22=), pigyiomo slrjsls fipmtls mgtmrm cmlg 8
=.  Kmcgutrlsl

?.  Xmt fipmtjtjasls mtmu mcajfjclski

Oioirmpm jomt-jomtmg `mg omfmg alklm `mpmt kigyiomoamg tirhm`lgym airusmamg
 pm`m sic fmtl sinmrm maut `mg
` mg arjgls. Airusmamg fmtl maut mamg
ma mg oirmalomt giarjsls
mtmu `idigirmsl cikma, si`mgdamg airusmamg arjgls mamg oirupm slrjsls fmtl. Xmt
fipmtjtjasla ymgd sirlgd `lsiout-siout lmcmf mcajfjc. ^lrjsls fipmtls jcif amrigm
mcajfjclski smgdmt hmrmgd, gmkug piklguk ymgd oirtmfug-tmfug kugdalg `mpmt
kigdmrmf pm`m airusmamg pmrigalk fmtl.
>.  Aidmdmcmg hmgtugd ymgd kigyiomoamg oig`ugdmg vigm fipmtlam
0.  Rigymalt Tlcsjg (pigukpuamg tikomdm ymgd oirciolfmg omwmmg)
9.  Fikjarjkmtjsls (aiciolfmg zmt oisl)
5.  Fipmtltls Ulrus
Fipmtltls vlrus tirutmkm tlpi O sirlgd `lsiout siomdml smcmf smtu pigyiomo slrjsls
fmtl. ^inmrm aclgla ticmf `laigmc omfwm fipmtltls vlrus O ciolf omgyma kikpugym
ainig`irugdmg ugtua ciolf kigitmp `mg kikoirl dihmcm slsm sirtm kigughuaamg
 pirhmcmgmg ymgd arjgls olcm `lomg`lgdamg `igdmg fipmtltls vlrus M.
`.  Pmg`m `mg dihmcm
=.  Dihmcm

9
 

Dihmcm slrjsls fmtl klrlp `igdmg fipmtltls, amrigm tirhm`l smkm-smkm `l clvir ymgd
kucml rusma eugdslgym, ymltu8 aicicmfmg, flcmgd gmesu kmamg, kumc-kumc, om`mg
cikmf, aiflcmgdmg oirmt om`mg, gyirl cmkougd `mg kugnucgym hmrlgdmg `mrmf
klrlp cmom-cmom `l auclt (spl`ir mgdljkms). Rm`m slrjsls tirhm`l airusmamg fmtl ymgd
tirus kigirus `mg tirhm`l ridigirmsl gj`ucir sirtm pcjrleirmsl hmrlgdmg lamt ymgd
`leus.
?.  Pmg`m Aclgls
Pmg`m-tmg`m aclgla ymgd `mpmt tirhm`l ymltu8
-  M`mgym latirus (pigduglgdmg) pm`m pig`irltm slrjsls
Plkoucgym latirus (pigduglgdmg ) pm`m sisijrmgd kirupmamg tmg`m omfwm lm
si`mgd kig`irltm pigymalt fmtl. Rigduglgdmg pm`m auclt `mg kmtm tirhm`l
aitlam clvir smalt `mg tl`ma olsm kigyirmp olclruolg. Latirus `mpmt kighm`l
 pigughua oirmtgym airusmamg sic fmtl. Latirus tirhm`l si`laltgym pm`m 52 %

 pig`irltm sicmkm pirhmcmgmg pigymalt.

-  Plkoucgym msltis `mg i`ikm pm`m pig`irltm slrjsls
Aitlam clvir aiflcmgdmg aikmkpumggym kikoumt prjtilg mcouklg, mlr
kigukpua pm`m amal (i`ikm) `mg mo`jkig (msnltis). Ematjr utmkm msltis
m`mcmf piglgdamtmg tiamgmg fl`rjstmtla pm`m amplcir usus. I`ikm ukukgym
tlkouc siticmf tlkoucgym msltis siomdml malomt `mrl flpjmcouklgiklm `mg
rislstigsl dmrmk `mg mlr.
-  Fmtl ymgd kikoismr
Rikoismrmg fmtl `mpmt ai mtms kig`isma `lmermdkm `mg ai omwmf. Fmtl
kikoismr sialtmr ?-> nk, `igdmg ajgslstigsl cikoia `mg kiglkoucamg rmsm
gyirl olcm `ltiamg.
-  Flpirtigsl pjrtmc
Flpirtigsl pjrtmc m`mcmf piglgdamtmg tiamgmg `mrmf vigm pjrtmc ymgd kigitmp
`l mtms glcml gjrkmc. Rigyiomo flpirtigsl pjrtmc m`mcmf piglgdamtmg rislstigsl
tirfm`mp mclrmg `mrmf kicmcul fmtl.
i.  Rikirlasmmg pigughmgd
M`m oioirmpm pikirlasmmg pigughmgd ugtua slrjsls fipmtls kiclputl ymltu8

-  Rikirlasmmg cmo

5
 

-  Rikirlasmmg elsla
-  Rikirlasmmg cmlggym sipirtl rm`ljcjdl
-  Y^D (Yctrmsjgjdrmel).
-  Rikirlasmmg rm`ljcjdl.
-  Pjkjdrmel ajkputirlsmsl.
-  Kmdgitln risjgmgni lkmdlgd.
-  Oljpsl fmtl ugtua kigdajgelrkmslamg `lmdgjsls.
e.  Rigmtmcmasmgmmg
Rigdjomtmg slrjsls fipmtls pm`m prlgslpgym oirupm 8
=.  ^lkptjkmtls.
?.  ^uppjrtle, ymltu 8
-  Lstlrmfmt ymgd nuaup. 
-  Rigdmturmg kmamgmg ymgd nuaup `mg silkomgd1 Klsmcgym 8 nuaup amcjrl,

 prjtilg =dr/adOO/fmrl `mg vltmklg.

>.  Rrlgslp `lit 
-  Hukcmf sisuml aioutufmg.
-  Hm`wmc `lit aitmt.
-  Higls 8 ojcif/tl`ma `lkmamg.  
0.  Cmtlfmg
Oioirmpm aidugmmg cmtlfmg tirmtur sitlmp fmrl omdl pig`irltm slrjsls fipmtls,
m`mcmf 8 kignidmf aiamaumg pm`m jtjt `mg sig`l, kigdurmgdl tlgdamt i`ikm
kmupug msltis, kignidmf tirhm`lgym `iauoltus.
9.  Rigyucufmg
Rigyucufmg kirupmamg smcmf smtu oigtua pigyucufmg aisifmtmg aipm`m pig`irltm
slrjsls fipmtls, kicmcul oirkmnmk-kmnmk nmrm mtmu ki`lm klsmcgym 8 cimecit,
 pjstir, cikomr omcla, tv, amsit, vl`ij, `mg siomdmlgym. 
5.  Rigdjomtmg
Rigdjomtmg ymgd spislela `mrl slrjsls fmtl mamg `l oirlamg hlam ticmf tirhm`l
ajkpclamsl sipirtl 8
m.  Msltis.

 o.  ^pjgtmgijus omntirlmc pirltjgltls.

4
 

Pirmpl cmlg 8 ^iomdlmg ainlc pig`irltm msltis tl`ma oirfmslc `igdmg pigdjomtmg
ajgsirvmtle. Rm`m aim`mmg `iklalmg plclfmg altm m`mcmf pmrmslgtisls. Kigdigmc
 pmrmslgtisls nmlrmg msltis `mpmt `l cmauamg 9-=2 cltir pir fmrl, `igdmg nmtmtmg fmrus
`lcmauamg lgeus mcouklg siomgyma 5-6 dr/c nmlrmg msltis ymgd `l aicumramg. Pirgymtm
 pmrmslgtism `mpmt kigurugamg kmsm jpgmki pmslig.

M`. ^pjgtsgius omntirlmc pirltjgltls (^OR) Lgeiasl nmlrmg `mpmt tirhm`l sinmrm
sipjgtmg, mtmu siticmf tlg`mamg pmrmslgtisi. Plpi spjgtmg tirhm`l 62 % pm`m pig`irltm
slrjsls fmtl `igdmg msltis, sialtmr ?2 % amsus. Aim`mmg lgl ciolf sirlgd tirhm`l pm`m
slrjsls fmtl stm`luk ajkpigsmtm ymgd oirmt. Rm`m aiomgymamg amsus pigymalt lgl
tlkouc sicmkm kmsm rmwmtmg. Lgeiasl ukukgym tirhm`l sinmrm ocjj` ojrgi `mg <2 %
kjgjklnrjom. Rm`m slrjsls fmtl tirhm`l pirkimolcltms usus kigurug `mg klarjom lgl
 oirmsmc `mrl usus.

Rigdjomtmg ^OR `igdmg kikoirlamg nipfmcjspmrlgs digirmsl LLL (niejtmxlki),

sinmrm pmrigtmc sicmkm clkm fmrl, mtmu qlgjcjg sinmrm jrmc. Kigdlgdmt mamg
riaucirgym tlgddl kmam ugtua prjelcmasls `mpmt `l oirlamg gjrecjxmnlg (022 kd/fmrl)
sicmkm ?-> klgddu.

O.  M^AIR PIJ_L

m.  Rigdamhlmg
-  Aicufmg utmkm 8 Cikms, nikms, kumc, kugtmf, tirhm`l pikoigdamamg `l amal,

tmgdmg, msltis.
-  _lwmymt pigymalt siamrmgd 8 oirlsl tigtmgd ampmg tirhm`lgym pigymalt,
 pigyiomo tirhm`lgym pigymalt, sirtm upmym ymgd ticmf `l cmauamg jcif
 pig`irltm ugtua kigdmtmslgym.
-  _lwmymt aisifmtmg `mfucu 8 m`mgym rlwmymt pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls, mtmu
 pigymalt-pigymalt cmlg ymgd m`m amltmggym `igdmg pigymalt fmtl klsmc
fipmtltls.
-  _lwmymt aisifmtmg aicumrdm 8 rlwmymt m`mgym ematjr rislaj, rlwmymt aicumrdm
tigtmgd pigymalt, klsmc rlwmymt `mrl aicumrdm mcajfjcln, kiklclal rlwmymt
tiraigm smalt auglgd, `mg siomdmlgym.

6
 

-  _lwmymt pslajsjslmc 8 kiclputl lgejrkmsl kigdigml pirlcmau, pirmsmmg `mg

ikjsl ymgd `lmcmkl pig`irltm ymgd sifuougdmg `igdmg pigymaltgym sirtm
tmgddmpmg aicumrdm tirfm`mp pigymalt pig`irltm.
-  Amhl tirfm`mp kmgleistmsl slrjsls fipmtls 8 latirus (pigduglgdmg), msltis,
i`ikm `l iastrlkltms, flpirtigsl pjrtmc, fipmtjkidmcl.
-  Amhl pikmfmkmg pmslig tigtmgd ajg`lsl, tlg`mamg, pikirlasmmg `lmdgjstla,
`mg tlg`mamg pirmwmtmg `lrl ugtua kignidmf ajkpclamsl.  
o.  @lmdgjsm
@lmdgjsm aipirmwmtmg ymgd `mpmt `ltikuamg pm`m pmslig `igdmg slrjsls fmtl
=.  Aiciolfmg vjcuki nmlrmg oirfuougdmg `igdmg msnltis, i`ikm.
?.  Lgtjcirmgsl matlvltms oirfuougdmg `igdmg aicikmfmg elsla.
>.  Rjcm gmems tl`ma ieiatle oirfuougdmg `igdmg pigurugmg iaspmgsl pmru, msltis.

RMPJEL^LJCJDL

<
 

n.  Lgtirvigsl
@lmdgjsm Puhumg `mg Arltirlm Lgtirvigsl _msljgmc
Fmslc
Aiciolfmg Puhumg 8 ^iticmf `lcmauamg -  Yaur kmsuamg -  Kigughuaamg
vjcuki nmlrmg tlg`mamg aipirmwmtmg `mg fmcumrmg, stmtus vjcuki
 oirfuougdmg sicmkm =x?0 hmk tirhm`l nmtmt slraucmsl
`igdmg msnltis,  omcmgni nmlrmg. aisilkomgdmg -  Riglgdamtmg
i`ikm. Arltirlm fmslc 8  pjsltle ajgdistl
m.  Kigughuaamg -  Musauctmsl  puckjgmc
vjcuki nmlrmg stmolc  pmru, nmtmt `mpmt
`igdmg  pigurugmg/ kigdmalomtam
aisilkomgdmg tl`ma m`mgym g ajgsjcl`msl,
 pikmsuamg `mg  ougyl gmpms dmgddumg

 pigdicumrmg. `mg tirhm`lgym  pirtuamrmg

 o.  Oirmt om`mg stmolc.  ougyl dms, `mg
n.  Pmg`m vltmc `mcmk tmkomfmg ajkpclamsl
rigtmgd gjrkmc `mg -  @jrjgd ugtua -  @mpmt
tl`ma m`m i`ikm tlrmf omrlgd kiglgdamtamg
 olcm m`m msltis  pjslsl
-  Mwmsl P@ `mg riaukoig
NUR ugtua `lirisls
-  Mwmsl -  Riglgdamtmg
mcouklg siruk P@ olmsmgym
`mg iciatrjclt  oirfuougdmg
`igdmg
aiciolfmg
vjcuki nmlrmg
-  Rigurugmg
mcouklg
siruk

kikpigdmruf

=2
 

l tiamgmg
jskjtla
ajcjl` pcmskm,
kigdmalomtam
g i`ikm
Lgtjcirmgsl Puhumg 8 ^iticmf `lcmauamg -  Pmwmramg `lit -  Kikoirlamg
matlvltms tlg`mamg sicmkm =x?0 hmk tlgddl amcjrl, amcjrl omdl
 oirfuougdmg aclig tjcirmg tirfm`mp tlgddl prjtilg tigmdm `mg
`igdmg matlvltms. (PAPR)  prjtilg omdl
aicikmfmg elsla. Arltirlm fmslc 8 -  Oirlamg  prjsis
m.  Kicmpjramg supcikig  pigyikoufmg
 piglgdamtmg vltmklg (M, O -  Kikoirlamg
aiaumtmg `mg ajkpcias, N gutrlig

aisifmtmg aclig. `mg A) tmkomfmg

 o.  Kirignmgmamg -  Kjtlvmsl aclig -  Kigdfikmt
matlvltms ugtua ugtua tigmdm aclig
kikoirlamg kicmauamg smkolc
aisikpmtmg cmtlfmg ymgd kig`jrjgd
lstlrmfmt ymgd `lsiclgdl aclig ugtua
nuaup. lstlrmfmt. kicmauamg
n.  Kiglgdamtamg -  Kjtlvmsl `mg cmtlfmg `mcmk
matlvltms `mg cmtlfmg  omgtu aclig  omtms tjcirmgsl
 oirsmkmmg `igdmg ugtua aclig
 oirtmkomfgym kicmauamg -  Kikpiromlal
aiaumtmg cmtlfmg  pirmsmmg sifmt
`igdmg sinmrm ukuk
 pirlj`i wmatu `mg pirnmym
ymgd `lrl
`ltlgdamtamg
sinmrm

 oirtmfmp.

==
 

Rjcm gmems tl`ma Puhumg 8 ^iticmf `lcmauamg -  Mwmsl -  Rirgmpmsmg

ieiatle tlg`mamg aipirmwmtmg eriauigsl, `mgdamc nipmt/
 oirfuougdmg sicmkm =x?0 hmk pjcm gmems ai`mcmkmg `lspgim
`igdmg kighm`l ieiatle. `mg upmym kugdalg m`m
 pigurugmg Arltirlm fmslc 8  pirgmpmsmg  fuougdmg
iaspmgsl pmru, m.  Kicmpjramg -  Rirtmfmgamg `igdmg
msltis  pigdurmgdmg dihmcm aipmcm tikpmt maukucmsl
sisma gmems. tl`ur tlgddl, nmlrmg `mcmk
 o.  Kikpirclfmtamg  pjslsl klrlgd  mo`jkig 
eriauigsl risplrmsl -  Yomf pjslsl -  Kiku`mfamg
ymgd gjrkmc (=?-=6 `igdmg sirlgd,  pirgmpmsmg
x/ kiglt) tmgpm `jrjgd cmtlfmg `igdmg
tir`igdmrgym sumrm gmems `mcmk, kigurugamg

 pirgmpmsmg `mg omtua   tiamgmg pm`m

tmkomfmg. -  Oirlamg `lmermdkm 
n.  Kikpirclfmtamg tmkomfmg -  Kikomgtu
 pigdikomgdmg jasldig sisuml iaspmgsl pmru
tjrmas ymgd piguf lg`lamsl `mg
tmgpm dihmcm kikjolclsmsl
 pirgmpmsmg sinrit 
`mgdamc. -  Ygtua
`.  Pl`ma kigdmcmkl kignidmf
dihmcm slmgjsls. flpjaslm

=?
 

OMO LLL

AM^Y^ @MG RIKOMFM^MG M^AIR

Rm`m tmgddmc == Hugl ?2=6 hmk ==.22 TLPM, pmslig ymgd `lamhloirgmkm Pg. O.C

 oiruslm 09 tmfug, mdmkm Arlstig prjtistmg, pig`l`lamg ^KR, piairhmmg wlrmswmstm,

mcmkmt Pmrus. Rmslig kmsua YD@ pm`m tmgddmc ?6 Kil ?2=6 puauc ==.02 Tltm. Rmslig
kmsua `igdmg `lmdgjsm ki`ls pigurugmg aism`mrmg. Rmslig `lmgtmr jcif aicumrdmgym ai
rukmf smalt amrigm tl`ma sm`mramg `lrl.
M.  RIGDAMHLMG
=.  Rigdukpucmg @mtm
-  Aicufmg ymgd `lrmsmamg pmslig m`mcmf kirmsm puslgd smmt omgdug tl`ur `mg `u`ua
cmkm.
-  Rmslig kigdmtmamg kiklclal rlwmymt smalt dmstrltls, hlam pigymalt lgl amkouf pmslig
kigdmtmamg mamg kmamg ugtua kigdurmgdl gyirl pm`m cmkougd.
-  Rmslig oicuk pirgmf `lrmwmt `l rukmf smalt sioicuk lgl.
-  Rmslig kigdmtmamg pmslig kigdmtmamg sirlgd kirjaja, `mcmk sifmrl `mpmt
kigdfmolsamg siougdaus rjaja.
-  Rmslig hudm sirlgd kigdajgsuksl mcnjfjc higls olr olgtmgd `mg sjpl. Rmslig
kigdmtmamg su`mf kigdjgsuksl mcnjfjc sihma oiruslm ?2 tmfug.
-  Rmslig kigdmtmamg omfwm m`m aicumrdm kig`irltm pigymalt aiturugmgym ltu
flpirtigsl.

-  Rmslig kigdmtmamg puslgd ymgd `lmcmkl su`mf oircmgdsugd sicmkm = klgddu. Ematjr
 pignitus ymgd kiglkoucamg aicufmg puslgd oirtmkomf m`mcmf hlam pmslig tlom-tlom
tiraihut `mrl tl`ur, `mg hlam sufu rumgdmg kiglgdamt. Hlam Rmslig kigdmcmkl puslgd,
upmym ymgd `lcmauamg ugtua kigdmtmsl aicufmg tirsiout, lm mamg `u`ua tigmgd `mg
sihigma kikihmkamg kmtm.
-  Rm`m pjcm fl`up, Rmslig kigdmcmkl dmgddumg pm`m pjcm matlvltms kjolclsmsl `mg
 pirmwmtmg `lrl siflgddm aicumrdm kikomgtu pmslig `mcmk kicmauamg matlvltms lgl.
?.  Rikirlasmmg Elsla

=>
 

-  ^mmt `lcmauamg pikirlasmmg elsla `l`mpmtamg aism`mrmg pmslig njkpjs kigtls

tiamgmg `mrmf <2/52 kkFd, Gm`l <6/kiglt, lrmkm gm`l tirmtur, pirgmpmsmg =6
x/kiglt `igdmg lrmkm tirmtur, sufu om`mg >4,9˘
>4,9 ˘N.
-  Rm`m pikirlasmmg ugtua aipmcm, Rmslig kigdicuf puslgd. ^ncirm tmkpma oirnma
auglgd, ajghugdtlvm `mg kuajsm ololr punmt.
-  Rm`m pikirlasmmg mo`jkig, tmkpma m`m cisl pm`m omdlmg mo`jkig amgmg omwmf
malomt disiaamg lamt plgddmgd. Msltis(+) pm`m mo`jkig aum`rmg amgmg mtms.
@l`mpmtamg olslgd usus pmslig =5 amcl/ kiglt, tl`ma m`m gyirl tiamg pm`m mo`jkig.
Rmslig kigdmtmamg sihma cmflr kigdmcmkl aicukpufmg pm`m amal amgmg.
-  @l`mpmtamg tmkpma u`ik pm`m amal + = kk, wmrgm mo`jkig njaicmt, m`m cuam malomt
i`ikm pm`m amal amgmg `igdmg cumscuam p8 =6 nk x C84 nk.
-  Fmcumrmg urlgi kigurug `ltmg`ml `igdmg pmslig klguk 9-5 dicms mlr putlf / ?0 hmk
(=.>?2 nn/ fmrl), pmrigtirmc 922 nn/ ?0 hmk, si`mgdamg prj`uasl urlgi pmslig =922 nn/

?0 hmk.
>.  Rikirlasmmg Cmlggym
-  Fikjdcjolg 4.4 d/`C
-  Rm`m pikirlasmmg Y^D ymgd `lcmauamg `mpmtamg fmslc slrjsls fipmr+ msltis.
O.  @LMDGJ^L^
=.  Aiciolfmg vjcuki nmlrmg `lsiomoamg jcif dmgddumg pm`m kiamglski riducmsl
?.  Aitl`maieiatlemg pireusl pirleir ymgd `lsiomoamg jcif ^lrjsls fipmr
>.  Airusmamg lgtidrltms auclt oirfuougdmg `igdmg i`ikm
0.  @ielsligsl pigditmfumg
N.  LGPI_UIG^L
@LMDGJ^M PYHYMG @MG LGPI_UIG^L _M^LJGMC
A_LPI_LM FM^LC
Aiciolfmg vjcuki Puhumg 8 `mcmk hmgdam -  Rmgtmu PPU -  Kigduaur
nmlrmg `lsiomoamg wmatu >x ?0 hmk pmslig -  Yaur lgtmai aim`mmg stmolc
jcif dmgddumg mamg kigughuaamg, `mg jutput  pmslig 
 pm`m kiamglski  plttlgd u`ik oiraurmgd nmlrmg pmslig -  Kigdjgtrjc
riducmsl Arltirlm fmslc 8 -  Rikoirlmg  pikmsuamg `mg

m.  Kmsuaamg `mg tirmpl `luritla  pigdicumrmg

=0
 

fmcumrmg smkm nmlrmg 

 o.  Piamgmg `mrmf -  Kikomgtu
`mcmk omtms  pigdicumrmg
gjrkmc (=?2/62 dmrmk `mg mlr
kkFd). `mcmk tuouf
Aitl`maieiatlemg Puhumg 8 siticmf -  Amhl `mg nmtmt -  Kigditmful
 pireusl pirleir `lcmauamg tlg`mamg aicufmg pmslig aicufmg pmslig
ymgd `lsiomoamg aipirmwmtmg kmamg sipirtl puslgd, -  Kigdl`igtlelamsl
jcif ^lrjsls fipmr mamg kigughuaamg suclt tl`ur m`mgym piruomfmg
tl`ma m`m tmg`m tmg`m -  Cmauamg tmg`m-tmg`m vltmc
mgikls pm`m pmslig  pigduaurmg -  Kigditmful
Arltirlm fmslc 8 `mg nmtmt sufu,  piruomfmg fmslc
m.  Pl`ma cikmf eriauigsl gm`l, -  Kmkpu

 o.  Ajghugdtlvm cmhu pirgmpmsmg kikmfmkl

kirmf kirmf `mg tiamgmg lgejrkmsl
ku`m `mrmf `itlmp 0 kigdigml `lit
 hmk  omdl pig`irltm
-  Cmauamg
 pikmgtmumg
fmslc
cmojrmtjrluk
(`mrmf cigdamp)
-  Oirl lgejrkmsl
tigtmgd `lit
 omdl pig`irltm
-  Ajcmojrmsl
 pikoirlmg
trmgeusl `mrmf.
Airusmamg Puhumg 8 siticmf -  Josirvmsl cuam -  Ygtua
lgtidrltms auclt `lcmauamg tlg`mamg sitlmp fmrl kigditmful

 oirfuougdmg aipirmwmtmg, pmslig (cums cuam) ajg`lsl cuam

=9
 

`igdmg i`ikm mamg kigughuaamg -  Cmauamg -  Mdmr cuam titmp

tl`ma m`mgym lgeiasl  pirmwmtmg cuam  oirslf
 pm`m auclt -  Josirvmsl -  Mdmr tl`ma tirhm`l
Arltirlm fmslc 8 tmg`m-tmg`m lgeiasl
m.  Auclt cuam lgeiasl -  Mdmr pmslig
tmkpma kirmf -  Mtur pjslsl gymkmg `igdmg
ku`mf  pmslig gymkmg  pjslsl ymgd
(drmgucmsl) `mg tl`ma m`m `loirlamg
 o.  ^ufu tuouf  pigiamgmg
 pmslig `mcmk  pm`m cuam
 omtms gjrkmc
>5,9˘N->4.
>5,9˘N->4.9˘N
9˘N  
@ielsligsl Puhumg 8 siticmf -  Kighicmsamg ai -  Kmkpu

 pigditmfumg `lcmauamg tlg`mamg aicumrdm `mg kigyioutamg

aipirmwmtmg `mpmt  pmslig  pigdirtlmg slrjsls
kiglgdamtamg kigdigml fmtl, pigyiomo
 pigditmfumg tirfm`mp  pigdirtlmg slrjsls fmtl, tmg`m
aicumrdm `mg pmslig slrjsls fmtl, `mg dihmcm slrjsls
Arltirlm Fmslc 8  pigyiomo fmtl, sirtm
m.  Kmkpu slrjsls fmtl,  pignidmfmg `mg
kigyioutamg tmg`m `mg ajkpclamsl ^lrjsls
lgejrkmsl dihmcm slrjsls fmtl
kigdigml fmtl, sirtm
slrjsls fipmtls  pignidmfmg
`mg ajkpclamsl
^lrjsls fmtl 

=5
 

@.  LKRCIKIGPM^L @MG IUMCYM^L

@LMDGJ^M LKRCIKIGPM^L IUMCYM^L
Aiciolfmg vjcuki nmlrmg -  Amhl pikmsuamg `mg -  Rltlgd u`ik gidmtle,
`lsiomoamg jcif dmgddumg fmcumrmg pmslig sirtm msltis pm`m pirut

 pm`m kiamglski riducmsl kigdfltugd omcmgni aum`mrmg amgmg mtms,

nmlrmg clgdamr pirut 45 nk,
-  Rikoirlmg eurjsikl` 02 -  Rigukpuamg nmlrmg 8
kd ?>02 nn-(=022+<49) nn
;>9 nn.
Aitl`maieiatlemg pireusl -  Rigduaurmg `mg nmtmt -  Rmslig kigdmtmamg tl`ma
 pirleir ymgd `lsiomoamg sufu, eriauigsl gm`l, cmhu  puslgd
jcif ^lrjsls fipmr  pirgmpmsmg `mg tiamgmg -  Ajghugdtlvm tmkpma
`mrmf `itlmp 0 hmk kirmf ku`m
-  Rikoirlmg = amgtjgd -  Kuajsm ololr kirmf
`mrmf ku`m
-  (PPU) P@;==2/42
kkFd G;60x/ kiglt ,
__;=5x/kiglt, sufu
tuouf m`mcmf >5.9
`irmhmt nicnlus
-  Fmslc pikirlasmmg

fikjdcjolg m`mcmf =2.9

Airusmamg lgtidrltms auclt
 oirfuougdmg `igdmg i`ikm
-  Josirvmsl cuam -  Omcutmg cuam oirslf
-  Rirmwmtmg cuam -  Hmrlgdmg giarjtla
-  Josirvmsl tmg`m- tmg`m  oiraurmgd
lgeiasl pm`m cuam, m`m
tl`magym gmgmf, wmrgm
cuam
-  Kigdmtur pjslsl pmslig
`igdmg gymkmg `mg tl`ma
m`m pigiamgmg pm`m cuam

=4
 

@ielsligsl pigditmfumg Rigyucufmg aisifmtmg _ispjg pmslig `mg aicumrdm

tigtmgd pigymalt slrjsls kigdmtmamg su`mf ciolf
 pm`m Rmslig `mg aicumrdm tmfu tigtmgd pigymalt
slrjsls fipmtls, `mtm johiatle
ymgd `lclfmt m`mcmf Rmslig
`mg aicumrdm kig`igdmr
`igdmg ieiatle, Rmslig `mg
aicumrdm `mpmt
kigyioutamg pigdirtlmg,
 pigyiomo, tmg`m `mg dihmcm,
 pignidmfmg sirtm
ajkpclamsl pigymalt slrjsls
fmtl

=6
 

OMO LU

RIGYPYR

M.  AI^LKRYCMG

^lrjsls fipmtls m`mcmf pigymalt arjgls ymgd `lnlrlamg `igdmg pigddmgtlmg hmrlgdmg
fmtl `irkmc `igdmg elorjsls ymgd kigyiomr `mg kigddmgddu struatur `mg eugdsl fmtl.
^lrjsls mtmu hmrlgdmg pmrut pm`m fmtl, `lomdl kighm`l tldm higls ymltu mcajfjcla, pmclgd
sirlgd `lsiomoamg jcif mcajfjcla arjgls, higls slrjsls ymgd pmclgd ukuk1 pmsnm
giarjtla, malomt fipmtls vlrus maut sioicukgym1 `mg olcltir, malomt jostruasl olclir
arjgls `mg lgeiasl (^kictzir
(^kictzir & Omri, ?2=>).
Rm`m pigdamhlmg aipirmwmtmg ugtua pmslig `igdmg slrjsls fipmtls, fmrus `lamhl
aicufmg pmslig, rlwmymt aisifmtmg, rlwmymt pigymalt omla `mrl pmslig `mg aicumrdm
smkpml pm`m rlwmymt pigymalt `mfucu pmslig.
O.  ^M_MG 
Ygtua pirmwmt `mg tikmg sihmwmt mdmr `mpmt kikprljrltmsamg kmsmcmf sisuml `igdmg
A@K `mg kmsmcmf utmkm aclig tirsiout, `mg rignmgm tlg`mamg `mpmt `lcmauamg
`igdmg omla. @mg smrmg ugtua pig`irltm pigymalt slrjsls fipmtls mdmr ciolf kighmdm
aisifmtmg `mg aioirslfmg fl`upgym, kighmdm pjcm kmamg `igdmg omla, `mg flg`mrl
aiolmsmmg pirlcmau ymgd tl`ma omla.

=<
 

@MEPM_ RY^PMAM

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