OGCGJGN

N]I]FKGF HJO] CGJGO, @HJ\G@GU EGF UG\G[]@

Ehsusuf ]ftuc Omomfunh Uukgs Ogtg Cujhgn Hjou Cgjgo

Easmf pmfkgopu4 Er. Kufgwgf, O.Re.H

Ehsusuf Ajmn4

7. Egjhjgtue Ehgfg U927;722;>

9. \mhjg Fur Gheg \g`htrh U927>5778
<. \hth Gfhsgtut Uhshygn U927;722><
5. Xassy Kusohgfhfkruo U927>572;
=. Xufhgr Enmg Rutrh Hrdgygfth U927;722=<

@GC]JUG\ UGYIHXGN EGF HJO] CMK]Y]GF

RYAKYGO \U]EH RMFEHEHCGF K]Y] OGEYG\GN HIUHEGHXGN

HF\UHU]U GKGOG H\JGO FMKMYH DMOIMY

9292

7
 CGUG RMFKGFUGY

Gjngoe
Gjngoeujh
ujhjjgn
jjgn,, smkgjg
smkgjg pudh
pudh syucur
syucur cmpgeg
cmpgeg Gjjgn
Gjjgn ygfk
ygfk tmjgn
tmjgn omjhop
omjhopgnc
gncgf
gf
rgnogtt egf cgrufhgfyg,
rgnog cgrufhgfyg, smnhfkkg
smnhfkkg cgoh egpgt omfymjmsghcgf
omfymjmsghcgf ogcgjgn ogtg cujhgn
cujhgn ‚Hjou
Cgjgo‟
Cgjgo‟ emfkgf
emfkgf tmpgt
tmpgt wgctu.
wgctu. \najgw
\najgwgt
gt smrtg
smrtg sgjgo
sgjgo smfgft
smfgfthgs
hgsgg tmrlurg
tmrlurgncg
ncgf
f cmpgeg
cmpgeg Fgih
Fgih

Oungooge \.G[. ygfk tmjgn omoigwg pmeaogf nheup ygcfh Gj-Wur‘gf egf Gs-\uffgn
uftuc cmsmjgogtgf chtg eh eufhg eg gcnhrgt.
\mjgfdutfy
\mjgfdutfygg pmfujhs
pmfujhs omfkulgpcgf
omfkulgpcgf tmrhogcgshn
tmrhogcgshn cmpgeg
cmpgeg Igpgc Er.Kufgwgf
Er.Kufgwgf,,
O.Re.H
O.Re.H.. \mjgcu
\mjgcu easmf
easmf pmfkgo
pmfkgopu
pun.
n. \mrtg
\mrtg ulgpgf
ulgpgf tmrhog
tmrhogcgsh
cgshn
n pmfujh
pmfujhss sgopgh
sgopghcgf
cgf cmpgeg
cmpgeg
smjurun phngc ygfk tmjgn omoimrhcgf ihoihfkgf, ogupuf pmfegpgt egjgo omfymjmsghcgf
ogcgjgn hfh.
Rmfujhs dukg omfygegrh ignwg ogshn tmregpgt cmcurgfkgf egjgo pmfujhsgf
ogcgjgn
ogcgjgn hfh, ogcg egrh htu pmfujhs omfkngrgpcg
omfkngrgpcgf
f crhthc egf sgrgf ygfk omoigfkuf
omoigfkuf gkgr
pmfujhs egpgt omjgcucgf pmrighcgf pgeg pmfujhsgf
pmfujhsgf ogcgjgn-ogcgjgn ygfk gcgf

Dmoimr, 9; \mptmoimr 9292

Rmfyusuf

9
 EG@UGY H\H

LAPMY...................................
LAPMY.........................................................
............................................
............................................
................................................
..........................77

CGUG RMFKGFUGY.............................
RMFKGFUGY...................................................
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.................................9
..........9

EG@UGY H\H..................................
H\H........................................................
............................................
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IGI H RMFEGN]J]GF
G. Jgtgr Imjgcgfk.......................................
Imjgcgfk.............................................................
............................................
..............................................5
........................5
I. Yuousgf Ogsgjgn...........................................
Ogsgjgn.................................................................
............................................
.....................................5
...............5
L. Uudugf Rmfujhsgf......................................
Rmfujhsgf............................................................
............................................
............................................5
......................5

IGI HH RMOIGNG\GF

G. Rmfkmrthgf pmfkmrthgf
pmfkmrthgf egrh Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`..................................=
Ugsgwu`..................................=
I. Rmrsgoggf
Rmrsgoggf egrh Hjou Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`.....
Ugsgwu`..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...............
...................
...........;
..;
L. Rmrimeggf egrh Hjou Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`....................................................>
Ugsgwu`....................................................>

E. Ymjmvgfsh
Ymjmvgfsh gtgu Nuiufkgf
Nuiufkgf gftgrg Hjou Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu
Ugsgwu`.....
`..........
.............
..............72
......72

IGI HHH RMF]U]R

G. Cmshopujgf.......................................
Cmshopujgf..............................................................
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EG@UGY R]\UGCG.................................
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..............................75
........75

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 IGI H

RMFEGN]J]GF

G. Jgtg
Jgtgrr Imjg
Imjgcg
cgfk
fk
Hjou
Hjou Cgjgo
Cgjgo jgnhr
jgnhr smtmjgn
smtmjgn Fgih
Fgih Oungo
Oungooge
oge \G[ wg`gt. Ehgwgj
Ehgwgjhh emfkgf
emfkgf

pmrogsgjgngf pmfkgfkcgtgf cngjh`gn ygfk smjgfdutfyg smtmjgn Ygsujujjgn, nhfkkg

omoigngs sagj dgir (tgcehr) ygfk fgfthfyg eh fgogh emfkgf
cguo Dgigrhyygn egf hcnthygr (`rm
(`rmmm whjj)
whjj) yg
ygfk
fk fg
fgft
fthf
hfyg
yg eh fg
fgog
oghh em
emfk
fkgf
gf smiut
smiutgf
gf
cguo Wgegrhyygn
Wgegrhyygn.. Gcn
Gcnhrf
hrfyg
yg tmrpmlgn
tmrpmlgnjgn
jgn imimrgp
imimrgpgg gjhrgf
gjhrgf ygfk
ygfk omoign
omoigngs
gs gftgrg
gftgrg
cmeug htu emfkgf egjhjfyg ogshfk-ogshfk.
Hjou cgjgo, `hjsg`gt ogupuf tgsgwu` imrurusgf emfkgf ngj ygfk sgog, yghtu
cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf.. Hjou
Hjou cgjgo,
cgjgo, emfkgf
emfkgf omtaem
omtaemfyg
fyg imrusg
imrusgng
ng omflgrh
omflgrh cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf tmftgf
tmftgfk
k
Uungf ygfk imrcghtgf emfkgf-Fyg. Rmrimeggffyg tmrjmtgc pgeg gspmc omtmeajakhfyg.
Hjou
Hjou cgjgo
cgjgo omfkku
omfkkufgc
fgcgf
gf jakhcg
jakhcg pgeg
pgeg egsgrf
egsgrfyg
yg hjou
hjou hfh omfkku
omfkkufgc
fgcgf
gf omtaem
omtaem

ehgj
ehgjmc
mcth
thcg
cg (e
(ehgj
hgjak
ak cm
cmgk
gkgo
gogf
gf).
). \mom
\momft
ftgr
grgg htu,
htu, hjou
hjou `hjsg
`hjsg`gt
`gt ge
gegj
gjgn
gn hjou
hjou yg
ygfk
fk
ehkufgcgf uftuc omopmrajmn cmimfgrgf rgshafgj. Hjou tgsgwu` gegjgn hjou ygfk
omfmcgfcgf pgeg rgsg egrh pgeg rgsha. \migkhgf pgcgr omfkgtgcgf ignwg omtaem
hjou tgsgwu` gegjgn hftuhsh gtgu hjngo gtgu hfsphrgsh ygfk egthfk egrh Uungf. Ajmn
cgrmfg htu, egjgo ogcgjgn hfh gcgf omfygopghcgf tmftgfk Nuiufkgf Ugsgwu` Hjou
Cgjgo,Ugsgwu` Egf @hjsg`gt.

I. Yuou
Yuousgf
sgf Ogsgj
Ogsgjgn
gn
7. Gpg Rmfkmrthgf
Rmfkmrthgf egrh Hjou Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`1
Ugsgwu`1

9. Gpg Rmrsgo
Rmrsgoggf
ggf egrh
egrh Hjou
Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`g
@hjsg`gtt egf Ugsgwu
Ugsgwu`1
`1
<. Gpg Rmrimeggf
Rmrimeggf egrh
egrh Hjou
Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`1
Ugsgwu`1
5. Gpg Ymjmvgf
Ymjmvgfsh
sh gtgu Nuiuf
Nuiufkgf
kgf gftgrg
gftgrg Hjou
Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`
Ugsgwu`11

L. Uudu
Uudugf
gf Rmfu
Rmfujh
jhsgf
sgf
7. ]ftuc omfkmtgnuh
omfkmtgnuh Rmfkmrt
Rmfkmrthgf
hgf egrh
egrh Hjou Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`
Ugsgwu`..
9. ]ftuc omfkmtgnuh
omfkmtgnuh Rmrsgogg
Rmrsgoggf
f egrh Hjou
Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf
egf Ugsgwu`.
Ugsgwu`.
<. ]ftuc omfkmtgnuh
omfkmtgnuh Rmrimeg
Rmrimeggf
gf egrh Hjou Cgjgo,
Cgjgo, @hjsg`gt
@hjsg`gt egf Ugsgwu`.
Ugsgwu`.
5. ]ftu
]ftuc
c omfk
omfkmt
mtgn
gnuh
uh Ymjm
Ymjmvg
vgfs
fshh gtgu
gtgu Nuiu
Nuiufk
fkgf
gf gf
gftg
tgrg
rg Hjou
Hjou Cgjg
Cgjgo,
o, @hjsg
@hjsg`g
`gtt eg
egf
f

Ugsgwu`.

5
 IGI HH

RMOIGNG\GF

G. EM@HFH\H
EM@HFH\H HJO]
HJO] CGJGO,
CGJGO, @HJ\G@G
@HJ\G@GU
U EGF UG\G[]
UG\G[]@
@
7. Hjou Cgjgo

Hjou cgjgo smigkghogfg ehcmtgnuh, omoigngs gdgrgf-gdgrgf egsgr egrh smsugtu

gk
gkgo
gog.
g. \mth
\mthgp
gp ar
argf
gfk
k yg
ygfk
fk hfkh
hfkhf
f omfy
omfymj
mjgo
gohh sm
smju
juc-
c-im
imju
juc
c gk
gkgo
gogf
gfyg
yg smlgrg
smlgrg
omfe
omfegjg
gjgo,
o, pm
pmrju
rju omop
omopmj
mjgdg
gdgrh
rh hjou
hjou cg
cgjg
jgo.
o. Omop
Omopmj
mjgd
gdgrh
grh hjou
hjou cg
cgjg
jgo
o gc
gcgf
gf
omoimrhcgf
omoimrhcgf smsmargfk cmygchfgf ygfk imrsgegrcgf
imrsgegrcgf pgeg jgfegsgf
jgfegsgf ygfk cugt.
Cgrmfg htu, hjou cgjgo smrhfk dukg ehsmiut hjou tmftgfk cmpmrlgyggf gtgu gchegn.
Fgog jghf egrh hjou cgjgo gegjgn hjou gqhe (hjou gchegn-gchegn), hjou tgunhe
(hjou tmftgfk cmmsggf Uungf), hjou usnujueehf (hjou pacac-pacac gkgog) egf
tmajakh hsjgo.7
Egjgo Cgous Igngsg Hfeafmshg, cgtg „cgjgo‘ ehgrthcgf emfkgf „pmrcgtggf

gtgu cgtg (tmrutgog igkh Gjjgn). Hifu Cngjeuf omoimrhcgf pmfkmrthgf ignwg
Hjou cgjgo hgjgn hjou ygfk imrhsh gjgsgf-gjgsgf omopmrtgngfcgf cmpmrlgyggf-
cmpmrlgyggf hogf emfkgf omfkkufgcgf egjhj-egjhj phchrgf egf imrhsh igftgngf
tmrngegp
tmrngegp argfk-argfk
argfk-argfk ygfk omfymjmwmf
omfymjmwmfk
k egrh cmpmrlgyggf
cmpmrlgyggf-cmpmr
-cmpmrlgyggf
lgyggf gjhrgf
kajafkgf sgjg` egf gnjh sufgn. Ogshn geg em`hfh jghffyg gcgf tmtgph cmsmougfyg
htu
htu imrc
imrchs
hsgr
gr pgeg
pgeg pmrs
pmrsag
agjg
jgf
f cmpm
cmpmrl
rlgy
gygg
ggf
f eh
ehgt
gtgs
gs eg
egf
f lg
lgrg
rg omfk
omfkur
urgh
ghcg
cgf
f
cmpmrlgyggf
cmpmrlgyggf-cmpmrl
-cmpmrlgyggf
gyggf htu, yghtu cmpmrlgyggf
cmpmrlgyggf tmftgfk
tmftgfk Uungf
Uungf egf sh`gt-sh`gt-
sh`gt-sh`gt-
Fyg, tmftgfk Ygsuj egf sh`gt-sh`gtfyg egf cmimfgrgf cgigr ygfk ehigwg Ygsuj htu,
smchtgr gjgo kghi, smpmrth gcnhrgt egf smhshfyg.9

9. @hjsg`gt
\mlgrg mthoajakhs, hsthjgn ‚`hjsg`gt‟, ygfk omrupgcgf pgegfgf cgtg `gjsg`gn
egf pn
pnhja
hjasap
sapny,
ny, imrgsgj
imrgsgj egrh
egrh cgtg
cgtg ogdmou
ogdmouc
c ygfk
ygfk tmrehrh
tmrehrh egrh
egrh cgtg
cgtg pnhjas
pnhjas egf
sapnhg. Cgtg imrgrth cmihdgcsgfggf gtgu cmgrh`gf, ihsg dukg imrgrth pmfkmtgnugf.
Dgeh
Dgeh,, sm
smlg
lgrg
rg ngr`
ngr`hg
hgn
n imrg
imrgrt
rthh ygfk
ygfk omfl
omflhf
hftg
tghh cm
cmih
ihdg
dgcs
csgf
gfgg
ggf
f gt
gtgu
gu sg
sgng
ngig
igtt
pmfkmtgnugf. Ajmn cgrmfg htu eh Hfeafmshgcgf omfdgeh ‚`hjsg`gt‟, smyakygfyg
gdmcth
gdmcthvgf
vgfyg
yg hgj
hgjgn
gn ‚`hjsg`
‚`hjsg`gth‟
gth‟ egf iucgf
iucgf ‚`hjas
‚`hjasa`h
a`hs‟.
s‟. Gpgihj
Gpgihjgg omfkgl
omfkglu
u cmpgeg
cmpgeg
argfkfyg, cgtg ygfk tmpgt ehkufgcgf hgjgn ‚`hjsu`‟ egf iucgf ‚`hjasa`‟. Cmlugjh
gpgihjg ehkufgcgf cgtg ‚`hjasa`h‟ egf iucgf ‚`hjsg`gt‟, ogcg gdmcthvgfyg ygfk
7

Rutrg, Gfeh Mcg. 9279. Ugsgwu`, Hjou Cgjgo, egf @hjsg`gt Hsjgo (\ugtu Uhfdgugf \mdgrgn Umftgfk Nuiufkgf
Cmthkgfyg). Gj-GeXgF/Paj.PHH,Fa.9/Dujh-Emsmoimr/9279
Cmthkgfyg).
9
Dgogjueehf. 9292. Hjou Cgjgo (Cngzgfgn Hftmjmctugj Rmohchrgf egjgo Hsjgo). Yhgu4 RU. Hfergkhrh Eat Lao

=
 tmpgt hgjgn ‚`hjasa`hs‟, smegfkcgf ygfk omfkglu cmpgeg argfkfyg hgjgn cgtg ‚
`hjasa`‟.
Rjgta omohjhch imrigkgh kgkgsgf tmftgfk `hjsg`gt. Gftgrg jghf, Rjgta pmrfgn
omfkgt
omfkgtgcg
gcgf
f ignwg
ignwg `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt gegjgn
gegjgn hjou
hjou pmfkmt
pmfkmtgnu
gnugf
gf ygfk
ygfk imrusgn
imrusgngg omrghn
omrghn
cmimfgrgf ygfk gsjh egf ourfh. \mjghf htu, hg dukg omfkgtgcgf ignwg `hjsg`gt

gegjgn pmfymjhehcgf tmftgfk smigi-smigi egf gsgs-gsgs ygfk pgjhfk gcnhr egrh
smkgjg smsugtu ygfk geg.
Grhstmtajms (ourhe Rjgta) dukg omohjhch imimrgpg kgkgsgf omfkmfgh `hjsg`gt.
Gftgrg jghf, hg omfkgtgcgf dukg ignwg `hjsg`gt gegjgn hjou pmfkmtgnugf ygfk
smfgfthgsg imrupgyg omflgrh prhfshp-prhfshp egf pmfymigi-pmfymigi egrh rmgjhtgs
geg. Hg puf omfkgtgcgf
omfkgtgcgf ignwg `hjsg`gt gegjgn hjou pmfkmtgnugf
pmfkmtgnugf ygfk imrupgyg
imrupgyg
omop
omopmj
mjgd
gdgr
grhh ‚p
‚pmr
mrhh geg
geg sm
smjg
jgcu
cu pmrh
pmrh ge
geg‟
g‟ ( im
imhf
hfk
k gs im
imhf
hfk
k) gt
gtgu
gu ‚p
‚pmr
mrhh ge
gegg
smigkghogfg gegfyg‟ (imhfk
(imhfk gs suln).
suln).
Ymfm Emslrgtms, `hjsu` Gomrhcg
Gomrhcg ygfk tmrogsnyur
tmrogsnyur emfkgf grkuomf
grkuomf dm pmfsm

eafl dm suhs,
suhs, gtgu egjgo igngsg jgthf lakhta mrka suo (‚gcu imrphchr ogcg gcu
geg‟), omfkgtgcgf ignwg `hjsg`gt gegjgn nhopufgf egrh smkgjg pmfkmtgnugf ygfk
omfkmfgh Uungf, gjgo, egf ogfushg.<
pgfkcgj pmfymjhehcgffyg gegjgn omfkmfgh
<. Ugsgwu`
Egrh smkh hsthjgn, cgtg ‚tgsgwu`‟ thegc imkhtu gshfk egjgo cngzgfgn hsjgo.
Fgouf, imimrgpg sgrdgfg imrimeg pmfegpgt cmthcg omfkufkcgp egrh ogfg gsgj
cgtg ‚tgsgwu`‟ tmrsmiut. Ngruf Fgsuthaf omfkgtgcgf4 cgtg tgsgwu` imrgsgj egrh
cgtg su`h
su`h.. Ngru
Ngruf
f Fgsu
Fgsuth
thaf
af omfe
omfem`
m`hf
hfhs
hshc
hcgf
gf tg
tgsg
sgwu
wu`` sm
smig
igkg
kghh hjou
hjou yg
ygfk
fk
omopmj
omopmjgdgr
gdgrhh lgrg
lgrg egf dgjgf
dgjgf igkgho
igkghogfg
gfg argfk
argfk hsjgo
hsjgo egpgt
egpgt smemcgt
smemcgt oufkch
oufkchf
f

emfkgf Gjjgn gkgr omopmrajmn nuiufkgf jgfksufk egf ehsgegrh emfkgf Uungf
ignwg smsmargfk imtuj-imtuj imrgeg eh gnehrgt Uungf.
Imregsgrcgf hjustrgsh eh gtgs, egpgt ehpgngoh ignwg `afegsh tgsgwu` hgjgn
pmfkmtgnugf tmftgfk tgunhe egf smtmjgn htu omomrjucgf ogfhsfyg cmygchfgf egf
cmpgsthgf.
cmpgsthgf. Ugsgwu` smigkghogfg
smigkghogfg ehsmiutcgf
ehsmiutcgf egjgo grthfyg eh gtgs, imrtudugf
uftuc omopmrajmn nuiufkgf jgfksufk emfkgf Uungf, smnhfkkg ehsgegrh imfgr
ignwg smsmargfk imrgeg eh Ngehrgt Uungf egf hfthsgrh egrh htu gegjgn cmsgegrgf
gc
gcgf
gf ge
gegf
gfyg
yg ca
caou
oufh
fhcg
cgsh
sh eg
egf
f ehgj
ehgjak
ak ig
igth
thf
f gf
gftg
tgrg
rg ra
ran
n ogfu
ogfush
shgg eg
egf
f Uung
Uungf.
f.
Cmsgegrgf emcgt emfkgf Uungf htu egpgt omfkgoihj imftuc htthnge gtgu omfygtu

emfkgf Uungf. ]ftuc omopmrajmn nuiufkgf jgfksufk emfkgf Uungf, smargfk

<
Uurfiujj, Fmhj. 922=. Imfkcmj Hjou @hjsg`gt. Dgcgrtg4 RU Kmjarg Gcsgrg Rrgtgog

0
 su`h ehtuftut uftuc omfkgogjcgf gdgrgf-gdgrgf ygfk egpgt omfkgftgrcgf pgeg
thfkcgt omopmrajmn nuiufkgf jgfksufk emfkgf-Fyg.
Omfuru
Omfurutt Hif \hfg,
\hfg, smpmrt
smpmrthh ehsgrh
ehsgrhcgf
cgf ajmn
ajmn Ourtng
Ourtngeg
eg Outng
Outngnng
nngrh,
rh, geg eug
tgngpg
tgngpgf
f uftuc
uftuc omflgp
omflgpgh
gh tgsgwu`
tgsgwu` ygfk
ygfk ngchch
ngchch44 tgngpg
tgngpgf
f ygfk
ygfk pmrtgo
pmrtgogg gegjgn
gegjgn
emfkgf
emfkgf dgjgf
dgjgf hrgegt, ygcfh gegfyg smoglgo cmnmfegc pgeg ehrh ogfushg ygfk

ehsmigicgf ajmn cmygchfgf iurng

ehsmigicgf iurngfh
fh (gjgsgf jakhs), gtgu cmtmfgfkgf dhwg egjgo
imftuc hcgtgf hogf ygfk cucun uftuc egpgt omomkgfk mrgt gj-urwgn gj-wutsqg
(tgjh Gjjgn ygfk tmkun). Rgeg sggt htujgn ngthfyg gcgf tmrkmrgccgf omfudu Gjjgn
nhfk
nhfkkg
kg omfl
omflgp
gpgh
gh thfk
thfkcg
cgtg
tgf
f ru
run
n gj-htthsgj (run
(run ogfush
ogfushgg ygfk
ygfk sgopgh
sgopgh cmpgeg
cmpgeg
Gjjgn). Ugngpgf ygfk cmeug, tgngp jgthngf egf pmrshgpgf, ygfk ajmn Hif \hfg egf
rhygengn..5
cguo su`h, ehfgogcgf rhygengn

I. RMY\GOGGF
RMY\GOGGF HJO]
HJO] CGJGO,
CGJGO, @HJ\G@G
@HJ\G@GU
U EGF UG\G[]
UG\G[]@
@
Hjou cgjgo, `hjsg`gt= egf tgsgwu` omopufygh aidmc cgdhgf ygfk ohrhp. Aidmc

cgdhgf hjou cgjgo gegjgn cmtungfgf

cmtungfgf egf smkgjg smsugtu
smsugtu ygfk imrcghtgf
imrcghtgf emfkgf-Fyg
emfkgf-Fyg..
Aidmc
Aid mc cgdhgf
cgdhgf `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt puf
puf gegjgn
gegjgn ogsgjgn
ogsgjgn cmtun
cmtungfg
gfgf
f eh sgophf
sgophfkk ogsgjgn
ogsgjgn gjgo,
gjgo,
ogfushg egf smkgjg smsugtu ygfk geg. Aidmc cgdhgf tgsgwu` gegjgn Uungf, yghtu
upgyg-upgyg
upgyg-upgyg pmfemcgtgf
pmfemcgtgf tmrngegp-Fy
tmrngegp-Fyg.
g. Dgeh, egrh aspmc aidmcfyg
aidmcfyg cmthkg
cmthkg hjou htu
sgog-sgog omoigngs ogsgjgn ygfk imrcghtgf emfkgf cmtungfgf 0.
Grkuom
Grkuomftg
ftgsh
sh `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt smigkg
smigkghog
hogfg
fg hjou
hjou cgjgo
cgjgo ehigfk
ehigfkuf
uf gtgs egsgr
egsgr jakhcg
jakhcg..
Aj
Ajmn
mn cg
cgrm
rmfg
fg htu,
htu, ng
ngsh
shjj cg
cgdh
dhgf
gffy
fygg im
imrsh
rsh`g
`gtt spmc
spmcuj
ujgt
gth`
h` (e
(euk
ukgg
ggf
f ygfk
ygfk theg
thegc
c eg
egpg
pgtt
ehiucthcgf smlgrg mophrhs, rhsmt egf mcspmrhomftgj) ;. Cmrmjgthvgf ngshj cgryg jakhcg
ygfk tmjgn omfdgehcgf cmimfgrgf ygfk ehngshjcgf omfdgeh imrgkgo.

Ighc hjou
Ighc hjou cgjgo,
cgjgo, `hjsg`gt
`hjsg`gt ogupuf
ogupuf tgsgwu`
tgsgwu` imrtud
imrtudugf
ugf smcurg
smcurgfk-
fk-cur
curgfk
gfkfy
fygg
imrurusgf emfkgf ngj ygfk sgog, yghtu cmimfgrgf. Hjou cgjgo, emfkgf omtaemfyg
omflgrh cmimfgrgf tmftgfk Uungf egf ygfk imrcghtgf emfkgf-Fyg. @hjsg`gt, emfkgf
wgtgcfyg omfkngophrh cmimfgrgf, ighc tmftgfk gjgo ogupuf tmftgfk ogfushg (ygfk
imjuo gtgu thegc egpgt ehdgfkcgu emfkgf hjou pmfkmtgnugf cgrmfg eh jugr gtgu eh gtgs
dgfkcgugffyg), gtgu tmftgfk Uungf. \momftgrg htu, tgsgwu` dukg emfkgf omtaemfyg

5
Rutrg, Gfeh Mcg. 9279. Ugsgwu`, Hjou Cgjgo, egf @hjsg`gt Hsjgo (\ugtu Uhfdgugf \mdgrgn Umftgfk Nuiufkgf
Cmkgfyg).. Gj-GeXgF/Paj
Cmkgfyg) Gj-GeXgF/Paj.PHH,Fa.9/Dujh-Em
.PHH,Fa.9/Dujh-Emsmoimr/9279
smoimr/9279
=
[hjjhgo J. Ymsmm, Ehlthafgry a` Rnhjasapny gfe Ymjhkhaf,
Ymjhkhaf, Nuogfhthms Rrmss, ]\G,78>2, njo. 5<7.
0

Oustng`g Gieuj Ygzhq, Ugonhe jh Ugrhcn Gj-@gjsg`gn Gj-Hsjgohygn, Jgdfgn Gt-Ug‘jh` wg Gt Ugrdgogn wg Gf-
Fgsr, Cghra, 78=8, njo.900.
;
Mfegfk \gh`ueehf Gfsngrh, Hjou, @hjsg`gt egf Gkgog,
Gkgog, Ihfg Hjou, \urgigyg, 7882, njo. 7;5.

;
 ygfk thphcgj imrusgng omfkngophrh cmimfgrgf imrcghtgf emfkgf pmrdgjgfgf sphrhtugj
omfudu Uungf.

L. RMYIMEGGF
RMYIMEGGF HJO] CGJGO,
CGJGO, @HJ\G@
@HJ\G@GU
GU EGF UG\G[]
UG\G[]@
@
Rmrimeggf eh gftgrg cmthkg hjou tmrsmiut tmrjmtgc pgeg gspmc omtaeajakhfyg.

Hjou cgjgo,
Hjou cgjgo, smigkg
smigkghh hjou
hjou ygfk
ygfk omfkku
omfkkufgc
fgcgf
gf jakhcg
jakhcg eh sgophf
sgophfk
k grkuom
grkuomftg
ftgsh-
sh-
grquomftgsh fgqjhygn uftuc omopmrtgngfcgf cmygchfgf gdgrgf gkgog, sgfkgt tgopgc
fhjgh-fhjgh gpajakhfyg. Hjou cgjgo pgeg egsgrfyg
egs grfyg omfkkufgcgf omfkkufgcgf omtaem
ehgjmcthcg (dgegjhgn), ehcmfgj dukg emfkgf hsthjgn ‚ehgjak cmgkgoggf‟. \migkgh smiugn
cm
cmgk
gkgo
goggf
ggf,, hjou
hjou cg
cgjg
jgo
o im
imrhs
rhshh cm
cmyg
ygch
chfg
fgf-
f-cm
cmyg
ygch
chfg
fgf
f cm
cmim
imfg
fgrgf
rgf gk
gkgo
gogg yg
ygfk
fk
ehpm
ehpmrt
rtgn
gngf
gfcg
cgf
f omjg
omjgju
juhh grkuo
grkuomf
mf-gr
-grku
kuom
omf
f rg
rgsha
shafg
fgj.
j. \m
\mig
igkh
khgf
gf hjou
hjouwg
wgf
f ig
ignc
ncgf
gf
omfkgt
omfkgtgcg
gcgf
f ignwg
ignwg hjou
hjou hfh imrhsh
imrhsh cmygch
cmygchfgf
fgf-cm
-cmygc
ygchfg
hfgf
f cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf,, prgcth
prgcthc
c egf
pmjgcsgfggf gdgrgf gkgog smrtg pmfkgjgogf cmgkgoggf ygfk ehdmjgscgf emfkgf
pmfemcgtgf rgshafgj>.

\mom
\momft
ftgrg
grg htu,
htu, `hj
`hjsg
sg`gt
`gt ge
gegj
gjgn
gn hjou
hjou yg
ygfk
fk eh
ehku
kufg
fgcg
cgf
f uf
uftu
tuc
c omop
omopmrmraj
ajmn
mn
cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf rgshafg
rgshafgj.
j. Omtaem
Omtaem ygfk
ygfk ehkufg
ehkufgcgf
cgffyg
fyg gegjgn
gegjgn omtae
omtaemm rgshafg
rgshafgj.
j. @hjsg`g
@hjsg`gtt
omfkngophrh
omfkngophrh cmimfgrgf
cmimfgrgf emfkgf
emfkgf lgrg omfugjgfk
omfugjgfkcgf
cgf (omfkkgoi
(omfkkgoigrcgf)
grcgf) gcgj iueh
smlg
smlgrg
rg rgeh
rgehcg
cgjj (omfkgcgr) egf hftmkrgj (omfym
(omfymjur
jurun)
un) smrtg
smrtg ufhvmrsgj (omfkgjgo),
thegc omrgsg tmrhcgt ajmn hcgtgf gpgpuf, cmlugjh ajmn hcgtgf tgfkgffyg ygfk imrfgog
jakhcg8. Rmrgfgf
Rmrgfgf `hjsg`gt
`hjsg`gt smigkghogfg
smigkghogfg ehcgtgcgf
ehcgtgcgf \alrgtms
\alrgtms gegjgn upgyg imrpmkgfk
tmkun pgeg hjou pmfkmtgnugf omjgjuh usgng omfdmjgscgf smigkgh cafsmp.
Imrcmfggf emfkgf cmrgkgogf cmimfgrgf ygfk ehngshjcgf ajmn cmrdg jakhcg, eh
egjgo
egjgo `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt ehsmiu
ehsmiutt cmimfgrgf carmspafemfsh.
carmspafemfsh. Egjgo pgfegfkgf carmspafemfsh,

cmimfgrgf
cmimfgrgf gegjgn
gegjgn pmfyms
pmfymsugh
ughgf
gf gftgrg
gftgrg pmrfyg
pmrfygtgg
tggf
f `gctg-`
`gctg-`gct
gctgg emfkgf
emfkgf egtg
egtg `gctg.
`gctg.
Emfkgf igngsg ygfk smemrngfg, cmimfgrgf gegjgn pmfymsughgf gftgrg ygfk geg eh
egjgo rgsha emfkgf cmfygtggf ygfk smimfgrfyg eh gjgo fygtg 72.
Eh sgophfk cmimfgrgf carmspafemfsh, eh egjgo `hjsg`gt dukg ehcmfgj cmimfgrgf
ca
canm
nmrm
rmfs
fsh.
h. Egjg
Egjgo
o pg
pgfe
fegf
gfkg
kg ca
canm
nmrmf
rmfsh,
sh, cm
cmim
imfg
fgrg
rgf
f ge
gegjg
gjgn
n cm
cmsms
smsug
ughg
hgf
f gf
gftg
tgrg
rg
pmrthoigfkgf igru emfkgf pmrthoigfkgf ygfk tmjgn ehgcuh cmimfgrgffyg smlgrg
uouo egf pmrogfmf. Dgeh, cmimfgrgf igru gcgf ehgfkkgp thegc imfgr dhcg thegc
smsugh emfkgf cmimfgrgf ygfk smjgog hfh ehgfkkgp imfgr ajmn ujgog uouo.

>

8 Gieuj Yazgc, Yashnaf Gfwgr, Hjou Cgjgo, LP Rustgcg \mthg, Igfeufk 9275, njo. =<
Gfsngrh, ap lht, njo.7;<.
72
Uhtus, mt. Gj, Rmrsagjgf-pmrsagjgf @hjsg`gt, Umrdmogn N.O. Yasyheh, Iujgf Ihftgfk, Dgcgrtg, 78>5, njo. 9<;

>
 Eh sgophfk eug oglgo cmimfgrgf eh gtgs, eh egjgo `hjsg`gt ehcmfgj dukg
emfkgf
emfkgf cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf prgkog
prgkogthc
thc.. Egjgo
Egjgo pgfegf
pgfegfkgf
kgf prgkog
prgkogths
thsom,
om, cmigfg
cmigfgrgf
rgf gegjgn
gegjgn
smsugtu ygfk imrogf`ggt (uthjhty
(uthjhty)) egf oufkchf egpgt ehcmrdgcgf emfkgf egopgcfyg
ygfk omougscgf. Dgeh, smsugtu gcgf ehgfkkgp thegc imfgr dhcg cmimfgrgf htu thegc
tgopgc ogf`ggtfyg smlgrg fygtg egf sujht uftuc ehcmrdgcgf.

\momftgrg htu, hjou tgsgwu` gegjgn hjou ygfk jmihn omfmcgf rgsg egrhpgeg
rgsha. Ajmn cgrmfgfyg, gftgrg `hjsg`gt egf tgsgwu` sgfkgt ehsthfksh`. \migkgh hjou ygfk
prasmsfyg ehpmrajmn egrh rgsg, hjou tgsgwu` sgfkgt suidmcth` sh`gtfyg, yghtu sgfkgt
imrcghtgf emfkgf pmfkgjgogf smsmargfk. Ymshcafyg igngsg tgsgwu`, yghtu smrhfk
tgopgc gfmn ehjhngt egrh gspmc rgsha cgrmfg pmfkgjgogf rgsg sgfkgt sujht ehigngsgcgf.
Rmfkgjgogf rgsg jmihn ouegn ehrgsgcgf jgfksufk ajmn argfk ygfk hfkhf omopmrajmn
cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgffyg
fyg egf ouegn
ouegn ehkgoi
ehkgoigrc
grcgf
gf emfkgf
emfkgf igngsg
igngsg jgoigf
jgoigfk,
k, smnhfk
smnhfkkg
kg sgfkgt
sgfkgt
hftmrprmtgijm (egpgt ehhftmrprmstgshcgf imroglgo-oglgo).
\migkhgf pgcgr omfkgtgcgf ignwg omtaem hjou tgsgwu` gegjgn hftuhsh gtgu

hjngo gtgu hfsphrgsh ygfk egtgfk egrh Uungf. Cmimfgrgf ygfk ehngshjcgf hjou tgsgwu`
gj emfkgf hsthjgn cmigfgrgf nuenurh77. \ugtu cmimfgrgf ygfk aidmcfyg egtgfk
ehcmfgj
ehcmf
egrh egjgo ehrh suidmc smnhfkkg egjgo sghfs ehcmfgj hsthjgn aidmcfyg swg-aidmc, gtgu
aidmcfyg ygfk thegc aidmcth`. Hjou smpmrth hfh egjgo sghfs ehcmfgj emfkgf hjou ygfk
ehcmtgnuh imrsgog gtgu tglht cfawjmekm,
cfawjmekm, iucgf hjou prapashafgj.
Eh egjgo pmrtuoiungffyg, hjou cgjgo (tmajakh) imrcmoigfk omfdgeh tmajakh
rgshafgj egf tmajakh trgehshafgj. \momftgrg `hjsg`gt imrcmoigfk omfdgeh sghfs egf
`hjsg`gt. \ghfs imrcmoigfk omfdgeh sghfs,
sg hfs, cmgjgogf, sashgj egf nuogfharg. \megfkcgf
`hjsg`gt imrcmoigfk omfdgeh `hjsg`gt cjgshc, pmrtmfkgngf egf `hjsg`gt oaemrf. Ugsgwu`
79
imrcmoigfk omfdgeh tgsgwu` prgcths egf tgsgwu` tmarhths.
Ehjhng
Ehjhngtt egrh
egrh gspmc
gspmc gcshaj
gcshajakh
akh (ogf`g
(ogf`ggtf
gtfyg)
yg),, tmajak
tmajakhh ehgftg
ehgftgrgf
rgfyg
yg imrpmr
imrpmrgf
gf
smigkgh hjou ygfk omfkgdgc argfk ygfk igru omfkmfgj rgsha uftuc omfkmfgj Uungf
smlgrg rgshafgj, smnhfkkg Uungf egpgt ehpgngoh smlgrg rgshafgj. Gegpuf `hjsg`gt jmihn
imrpmrgf smigkgh hjou ygfk omfkgdgc cmpgeg argfk ygfk omopufygh rgsha smlgrg
prhog uftuc omfkmfgj Uungf smlgrg jmihn
jm ihn imigs omjgjuh pmfkgogtgf egf cgdhgf gjgo
mcashstmofy
mcashstmofygg jgfksufk.
jgfksufk. Emfkgf
Emfkgf lgrg pmfkmfgjgf
pmfkmfgjgf Uungf omjgjuh
omjgjuh `hjsg`gt,
`hjsg`gt, ehngrgpcgf
ehngrgpcgf
argf
argfk
k yg
ygfk
fk tmjgn
tmjgn omohj
omohjhc
hchh rgsha
rgsha sg
sgfk
fkgt
gt pr
prho
hogg eg
egpg
pgtt omfk
omfkmf
mfgj
gj Uung
Uungf
f smlgrg
smlgrg
omygchfcgf
omygchfcgf omjgjuh rgshafyg.
rgshafyg. Gegpuf
Gegpuf tgsgwu`
tgsgwu` jmihn imrpmrgf smigkgh hjou ygfk

77
Gieuj Yazgc, Yashnaf Gfwgr, Hjou Cgjgo, LP Rustgcg \mthg, Igfeufk 9275, njo. =5
79
Gohf \yucur, Ygshafgjhsom egf Ugsgwu`, HGHF [gjh \afka, \mogrgfk, 7885, njo. 99.

8
 omoimrh cmpugsgf cmpgeg argfk ygfk tmjgn omjmpgscgf rgshafyg smlgrg imigs cgrmfg
thegc omopmrajmn ygfk hfkhf ehlgrhfyg.
\momftgrg argfk omogfegfk ignwg cmthkg hjou hfh omohjhch dmfdgfk-dmfdgfk
tmrtmftu. Dmfdgfk pmrtgog gegjgn hjou cgjgo, cmouehgf `hjsg`gt egf hjou tgsgwu`.
Ajmn cgrmfg htu, sugtu cmcjhrugf gpgihjg ehgjmcthcg cm`hjsg`gtgf gtgu tgsgwu` tmarhths

ehpmrcmfg
ehpmrcmfgjcg
jcgf
f cmpgeg
cmpgeg ogsygr
ogsygrgcg
gcgtt gwgo
gwgo cgrmfg
cgrmfg gcgf
gcgf imrego
imregopgc
pgc pgeg
pgeg tmrdge
tmrdgehfy
hfygg
rgthafgj duophfk (jaopgt pmohchrgf).

E. N]I]FKGF
N]I]FKGF HJO]
HJO] CGJGO,
CGJGO, @HJ\G@GU
@HJ\G@GU,, EGF UG\G[
UG\G[]@
]@

Gj-Kngzgjh jmihn ehcmfgj smigkgh su`h cmthoigfk outgcgjjho cgrmfg egjgo

smdgrgn
smdgrgnfyg
fyg Gj-Kngz
Gj-Kngzgjh
gjh pmrfgn
pmrfgn omfkcr
omfkcrhth
hthc
c igfkuf
igfkufgf
gf pmohch
pmohchrgf
rgf `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt egf hjou
hjou
cgjgo.
cgjgo. Gj-Kng
Gj-Kngzgj
zgjhh omfuru
omfurutt O. Gohf
Gohf Gieujj
Gieujjgn,
gn, thegc
thegc smrtg
smrtg omrtg
omrtg omfajg
omfajgc
c hjou
hjou
Cgjgo fgouf hg omfkkgrhsigwg
omfkkgrhsigwgnh
nh cmtmrigtgsgf-cmtm
cmtmrigtgsgf-cmtmrigtgsg
rigtgsgf
f hjou cgjgo smnhfkkg
smnhfkkg
imrcmshopujgf ignwg cgjgo thegc egpgt ehdgehcgf sgfegrgf ajmn pgrg pmflgrh

cmimfgrgf. Cgjgo thegc egpgt omfkgftgrcgf ogfushg omfemcgth Uungf, tmtgph ngfyg
sms margfk emcgt emfkgf Uungffyg.7<
cmnheupgf su`hjgn ygfk egpgt omfkgftgrcgf smsmargfk

Rmrfyg
Rmrfygtggf
tggf-pmr
-pmrfyg
fygtggf
tggf tmftgf
tmftgfk
k Uungf
Uungf egf ogfush
ogfushgg sujht
sujht tmrdgw
tmrdgwgi
gi ngfyg
ngfyg
emfkgf imrjgfegscgf pgeg hjou cgjgo. Ihgsgfyg, ygfk omoihlgrgcgf pmfkngygtgf
sgopgh pgeg pmfgfgogf cmdhwggf ogfushg gegjgn hjou tgsgwu`. Ehshpjhf hfhjgn ygfk
omoigngs
omoigngs igkghogfg
igkghogfg omrgsgcgf
omrgsgcgf fhjgh-fhjgh
fhjgh-fhjgh gchegn
gchegn emfkgf
emfkgf omopmrngthc
omopmrngthcgf
gf ignwg
pmrsagjgf igkghogfg omrgsgcgf thegc sgdg tmrogsuc egjgo jhfkcup ngj ygfk
ehwgdhicgf. Rgeg hjou cgjgo ehtmoucgf pmoigngsgf hogf egf em`hfhshfyg, cmcu`urgf
egf ogfh`mstgshfyg, smrtg cmoufg`hcgf egf igtgsgffyg. \momftgrg pgeg hjou tgsgwu`
ehtmoucgf pmoigngsgf dgjgf gtgu omtaem prgcths uftuc omrgsgcgf cmygchfgf egf
cm
cmtm
tmft
ftrgo
rgogf
gf.. \mig
\migkg
kgho
hogf
gfgg ehdm
ehdmjg
jgsc
scgf
gf du
dukg
kg tmftg
tmftgfk
fk omfy
omfymj
mjgo
gogt
gtcg
cgf
f eh
ehrh
rh eg
egrh
rh
cmouf
cmoufg`hc
g`hcgf.
gf. \moug
\moug htu thegc
thegc lucup
lucup ngfyg
ngfyg ehcmtg
ehcmtgnuh
nuh igtgsgf
igtgsgfigt
igtgsgf
gsgffyg
fyg ajmn
ajmn
smsmargfk. \migi tmrcgegfk smsmargfk suegn tgnu igtgsgf-igtgsgf cmoufg`hcgf, tmtgph
tmtgp sgdg omjgcsgfgcgffyg.

Egjgo cghtgffyg emfkgf hjou cgjgo, hjou tgsgwu` omopufygh `ufksh smigkgh
imrhcut4

7<
nttps4//ogctgignogngshswg.ijakspat.lao/9278/2</ogcg
nttps4//ogctgignogngshswg.ijakspat.lao/9278/2</ogcgjgn-nuiufkgf-hjou-cgjgo`hjsg`gt-egf.ntoj1o?7
jgn-nuiufkgf-hjou-cgjgo`hjsg`gt-egf.ntoj1o?7

72
 7. \migkg
\migkghh pmoimrh
pmoimrh wgwgsgf
wgwgsgf sphrht
sphrhtugj
ugj egjgo
egjgo pmogn
pmogngogf
gogf cgjg
cgjgo.
o. Rmfkng
Rmfkngygt
ygtgf
gf
ygfk omfegjgo jmwgt ngth tmrngegp hjou cgjgo omfdgehcgf hjou hfh jmihn
tmrngygth
tmrngygth gtgu tmrgpjhcgshcgf
tmrgpjhcgshcgf egjgo pmrhjgcu. Emfkgf emohchgf,
emohchgf, hjou tgsgwu`
omrupgcgf pmfymopurfg hjou cgjgo.

9. \migkg
\migkghh pmfkmf
pmfkmfegj
egjhh hjou
hjou tgsgwu`.
tgsgwu`. Ajmn cgrmfg
cgrmfg htu, dhcg thoiuj
thoiuj sugtu
sugtu gjhrgf
ygfk imrtmftgfkgf emfkgf gchegn, gtgu jgnhr sugtu cmpmrlgyggf igru ygfk
imrtmftgfkgf emfkgf Gj-qurgf egf gs-\uffgn, ngj htu omrupgcgf
pmfyhopgfkgf gtgu pmfymjmwmfkgf. Dhcg imrtmftgfkgf gtgu thegc pmrfgn
ehrhwgygtcgf egjgo Gj-qurgf egf gs-\uffgn, gtgu imjuo pmrfgn ehrhwgygtcgf
ajmn ujgogujgog sgjg`, ngj htu ngrus ehtajgc.

<. \migkg
\migkghh pmoimr
pmoimrhh cmsgeg
cmsgegrgf
rgf rangfhgn
rangfhgn egjgo
egjgo pmremi
pmremigtg
gtgf-pm
f-pmrem
remigt
igtgf
gf cgjgo.
cgjgo.
\migkghogf
\migkghogfgg ehsmiutcgf
ehsmiutcgf ignwg hjou cgjgo egjgo eufhg Hsjgo lmfemrufk
lmfemrufk
omfdgeh smiugn hjou ygfk omfkgfeufk ougtgf rgshafgj eh sgophfk ougtgf

fgqjhygn, hjou cgjgo egpgt imrkmrgc cmgrgn ygfk jmihn imigs. Eh shfhjgn hjou
tgsgwu` imr`ufksh omoimrh ougtgf rangfhgn smnhfkkg hjou cgjgo tmrcmsgf
smigkgh ehgjmcthcg cmhsjgogf imjgcg, ygfk cmrhfk egrh cmsgegrgf pmfkngygtgf
gtgu smftungf ngth.

\momftgrg htu, smtgjgn gige cm-0 Nhdrhgn tmrdgeh pmrlgopurgf gftgrg `hjsg`gt
emfkgf hjou cgjgo, smnhfkkg hjou cgjgo omfmjgf `hjsg`gt smlgrg omftgn-omftgn egf
ehtugf
ehtugfkcg
kcgf
f egjgo
egjgo imrigk
imrigkgh
gh iucth
iucth emfkgf
emfkgf fgog
fgog Hjou
Hjou Ugunhe
Ugunhe,, yghtu
yghtu pmoign
pmoigngsgf
gsgf
praijmog hjou cgjgo emfkgf omfmcgfcgf pmfkkufggf smogfthl
s mogfthl (jakhcg) Grhstatmjms
smigkgh omtaem, sgog emfkgf omtaem ygfk ehtmopun pgrg `hjusu`. Cmfegthpuf hjou
cgjgo
cgjgo tmt
tmtgp
gp omfdge
omfdgehcg
hcgf
f fgsn-f
fgsn-fgsn
gsn gkgog
gkgog smigkg
smigkghh suoimr
suoimr pacac,
pacac, tmt
tmtgph
gph egjgo
egjgo
cmfygtggffyg pmfkkufggf egjhj fgqjh dukg tgopgc pgeg pmrihflgfkgf outgcgjjhohf.
Gtgs egsgr htujgn smduojgn pgcgr omogsuccgf hjou cgjgo egjgo jhfkcup `hjsg`gt
hsjgo.

Dgeh, @hjsg`gt Hsjgo imrtudugf uftuc omfymjgrgscgf gftgrg `hrogf egf gcgj,
hjou
hjou pmfkmt
pmfkmtgnu
gnugf
gf emfkgf
emfkgf cmygch
cmygchfgf
fgf,, gkgog
gkgog emfkgf
emfkgf `hjsg`gt
`hjsg`gt,, smrtg
smrtg omfufd
omfufducc
uccgf
gf
ignwg gcgj egf `hrogf thegc imrtmftgfkgf sgtu sgog jghf. Omfurut Ngsyhogn
Fgsuthaf @hjsg`gt Hsjgo egf Hjou Cgjgo sgfkgt cugt pmfkgrunfyg sgtu sgog jghf.

Cgjgo
Cgjgo omflug
omflugtcg
tcgf
f ogsgjg
ogsgjgn-o
n-ogsgj
gsgjgn
gn igru
igru igkh
igkh `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gt,
t, egf `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt omoigf
omoigftu
tu

77
 omop
omopmr
mrju
jugs
gs gr
grmg
mg,, iheg
ihegfk
fk,, gtgu
gtgu dgfk
dgfkcg
cgug
ugf
f cg
cgjg
jgo,
o, eg
egjg
jgo
o pm
pmfk
fkmr
mrth
thgf
gf ig
ignw
nwgg
pmoigngsgf tmftgfk igfygc ogsgjgn `hjsg`gt dgeh ehgfkkgp pmfthfk egjgo cgjgo.

@hjsg`gt Hsjgo omfkgfegjcgf gcgj egjgo omfkcgdh aidmcfyg (Gjjgn, gjgo, egf
ogfushg) tgfpg tmrhcgt emfkgf pmfegpgt ygfk geg. Rmohchrgf-pmohchrgf ygfk sgog
sh`gtfyg ngfyg imr`ufksh smigtgs ogsucgf. \migjhcfyg, hjou cgjgo omfkgoihj egjhj
gchegn smigkghogfg tmrtmrg egjgo wgnyu ygfk outjgc cmimfgrgffyg uftuc
uftuc omfkudh
aidmcfyg (Gjjgn egf sh`gt-sh`gtfyg smrtg nuiufkgf emfkgf Gjjgn emfkgf gjgo egf
ogfush
ogfushgg smigkgh
smigkghogf
ogfgg tmrtugf
tmrtugfk
k egjgo
egjgo chtgi
chtgi sulh)
sulh) omfdge
omfdgehcg
hcgf
f `hjsg`g
`hjsg`gtt smigkg
smigkghh gjgt
uftuc omoimfgrcgf fgsn gkgog. \mpmrth cmimrgeggf Gjjgn, `hjsg`gt Hsjgo omfkgwgjh
pmoiucthgffyg emfkgf grkuomftgsh gcgj, igrujgn pmoimfgrgffyg ehimrhcgf ajmn
wgnyu,
wgnyu, smomft
smomftgrg
grg hjou
hjou cgjgo
cgjgo omflgr
omflgrhh wgnyu
wgnyu ygfk
ygfk imrihl
imrihlgrg
grg tmt
tmtgfk
gfk cmimrg
cmimrgegg
eggf
f
Gjjgn, igru cmouehgf eheucufk ajmn grkuomftgsh gcgj. [gjgupuf aidmc egf omtaem
cm
cmeu
eugg hjou
hjou hf im
imri
rime
meg,
g, tgph
tgph sgjhf
sgjhfk
k omjmf
omjmfkc
kcgp
gphh eg
egjg
jgo
o omog
omogng
ngoh
oh Hsjgo
Hsjgo eg
egf
f
pmoimftucgf gchegn ousjho.75

IGI HHH
RMF]U]R

75
Rutrg
Rutrg,, Gfeh
Gfeh Mc
Mcg.
g. 9279.
9279. Ugs
Ugsgwu
gwu`,
`, Hjo
Hjou
u Cgj
Cgjgo,
go, Egf @hjsg`g
@hjsg`gtt Hsjgo
Hsjgo (\ugtu
(\ugtu Uhfdgu
Uhfdgugf
gf \mdgrg
\mdgrgn
n Umftgf
Umftgfk
k
Nuiufkgf Cmthkgfyg).
Cmthkgfyg). Gj-GeXgF/Paj.PHH, F2.9/Dujh-Emsmoimr/9279

79
Cmshopujgf
Egjgo Cgous Igngsg Hfeafmshg, cgtg „cgjgo‘ ehgrthcgf emfkgf „pmrcgtggf
gtgu cgtg (tmrutgog igkh Gjjgn). Hifu Cngjeuf omoimrhcgf pmfkmrthgf ignwg Hjou
cgjg
cgjgo
o hgjg
hgjgn
n hjou
hjou ygfk
ygfk imrh
imrhsh
sh gjgs
gjgsgf
gf-g
-gjg
jgsg
sgf
f omop
omopmr
mrtg
tgng
ngfc
fcgf
gf cm
cmpm
pmrl
rlgy
gygg
ggf-
f-
cmpmrl
cmpmrlgyg
gyggf
gf hogf
hogf emfkgf
emfkgf omfkku
omfkkufgc
fgcgf
gf egjhj-e
egjhj-egjh
gjhjj phchrgf
phchrgf egf imrhsh
imrhsh igftgn
igftgngf
gf

tmrngegp
tmrngegp argfk-
argfk-arg
argfk
fk ygfk
ygfk omfymj
omfymjmwmf
mwmfk
k egrh
egrh cmpmrlg
cmpmrlgygg
yggf-c
f-cmpm
mpmrlgy
rlgyggf
ggf gjh
gjhrgf
rgf
kajafkgf sgjg` egf gnjh sufgn.
Igkh hjou cgjgo, `hjsg`gt, ogupuf tgsgwu` imrurusgf emfkgf ngj ygfk sgog
yghtu cmimfgrgf. Hjou cgjgo emfkgf omtaemfyg smfehrh imrusgng omflgrh cmimfgrgf
tmftgfk Uungf ygfk imrcghtgf emfkgf-Fyg. @hjsg`gt emfkgf wgtgcfyg smfehrh pujg,
imrusgng omfkngophrh cmimfgrgf, ighc tmftgfk gjgo ogupuf ogfushg (ygfk imjuo
gtgu thegc egpgt ehdgfkcgu
ehdgfkcgu ajmn hjou pmfkmtgnuggf
pmfkmtgnuggf cgrmfg
cgrmfg imrgeg
imrgeg eh jugr gtgu eh gtgs
dgfkcgugfyg), gtgu tmftgfk Uungf. \momftgrg htu, tgsgwu` dukg emfkgf omtaemfyg
ygfk
ygfk thphcg
thphcghh imrusg
imrusgng
ng omfkn
omfkngop
gophrh
hrh cmimfg
cmimfgrgf
rgf ygfk
ygfk imrcgh
imrcghtgf
tgf emfkgf
emfkgf pmrdgj
pmrdgjgfg
gfgf
f

sprhtugj omfudu Uungf.

EG@UGY R]\UGCG

7<
 Gfsngrh, Mfegfk \gh`uehf. 7882. Hjou, @hjsg`gt, egf Gkgog.
Gkgog. \urgigyg4 Ihfg Hjou.

N.O Yasyheh. 78>5. Rmrsagjgf-pmrsagjgf @hjsg`gt. Iujgf Ihftgfk4 Dgcgrtg.

Dgogjueehf. 9292. Hjou Cgjgo (Cngzgfgn Hftmjmctugj Rmohchrgf egjgo Hsjgo). Yhgu4
RU. Hfergkhrh Eat Lao

J. Ymsmm, [hjjhgo. 78>2. Ehlthafgry a` Rnhjasapny gfe Ymjhkhaf.

Ymjhkhaf. ]\G4 Nuogfhthms
Nuogfhthms
Rrmss.

Fgsuthaf, Ngsyho \ygn. 922=. @hjsg`gt Hsjgo.

Hsjgo. Dgcgrtg4 Kgyg Omehg Rrgtgog

Rutrg,
Rutrg, Gfeh Mcg.
Mcg. 9279.
9279. Ugsgwu`, Hjou Cgjgo, Egf @hjsg`gt Hsjgo (\ugtu Uhfdgugf
\mdgrgn Umftgfk Nuiufkgf Cmthkgfyg).
Cmthkgfyg) . Gj-GeXgF/Paj.PHH, F2.9/Dujh-Emsmoimr/9279

Ygzhq, Oustng`g
Oustng`g Gieuj.
Gieuj. Ugnohe jh Ugrhcn Gj-@gjsg`gn Gj-Hsjgohygn.
Gj-Hsjgohygn . Cghra4 Jgdfgn
Gt-Ug‘jh` wg Gt-Ugrdgogn wg Gf-Fgsr. 78=8.

Yazgc Gieuj, Yashngf Gfwgr. 9228. Hjou Cgjgo.

Cgjgo. Igfeufk4 LP Rustgcg \mthg,

\yucur, Gohf. 7885. Ygshafgjhsom egf Ugsgwu`

Ugsgwu`. \mogrgfk4 HGHF
HGHF [gjh \afka

Uurfiujj, Fmhj. 922=. Imfkcmj Hjou @hjsg`gt. Dgcgrtg4 RU Kmjarg Gcsgrg Rrgtgog

75