UPJPGF R@IN@KGJG^GF, DG^GDU@^C_UCD R@N@KGJG^, EGF

_PIN@^ & I@ECG

Igdgkgm

Ecsusuf uftud I`i`fumc Uuhgs Igtg Dukcgm N`kgjgr egf R`in`kgjgrgf

ygfh Ecncincfh ak`m Er. _kgi`t, I._c.

Ak`m:

D`kaipad 8/All`rcfh O-72 >2>2

Gkvcygftc Fur ^czdg (>22?57<78><<)

Ocfey
Ocfey Okgrcs
Okgrcssg
sg Gukcg
Gukcg ^uswgfe
^uswgfecc (>22?5
(>22?57<7
7<78>=
8>=8)
8)
Rapc _`tca Xgtc (>22?57<78>75)

PFC\@^_CUG_ F@H@^C IGKGFH

LGDPKUG_ IGU@IGUCDG EGF CKIP R@FH@UGMPGF GKGI

FA\@IN@^ >2>7
 DGUG R@FHGFUG^

Rujc syudur Gkmgieukckkgm dgic pgfjgtdgf d`mgecrgt Uumgf Sgfh Igmg

@sg dgr`fg t`kgm i`kcipgmdgf rgmigt egf mcegygm-Fyg. _`mcfhhg igdgkgm uftud
i`i`fumc tuhgs igtg dukcgm N`kgjgr egf R`in`kgjgrgf ygfh n`rjueuk ‛Uujugf
R`in`kgjgrgf, Dgrgdt`rcstcd R`n`kgjgr, egf _uin`r & I`ecg’ egpgt ecs`k`sgcdgf
t`pgt wgdtu.
U`rc
U`rcig
ig dg
dgsc
scm
m juhg
juhg dg
dgic
ic sgip
sgipgc
gcdg
dgf
f d`
d`pg
pgeg
eg argf
argfh
h tug
tug ygfh
gfh t`
t`kgm
kgm
i`in`
i`in`rcd
rcdgf
gf eag egf r`stu
r`stu d`pg
d`pgeg
eg dgic.
dgic. D`pgeg
D`pgeg Er. _kgi`t
_kgi`t,, I._c.,
I._c., s`kgd
s`kgdu
u
p`fhgipu
p`fhgipu igtg dukcgm
dukcgm cfc ygfh
ygfh s`fgftcgs
s`fgftcgsgg i`in`
i`in`rc
rc grgmgffy
grgmgffyg.
g. Ugd kupg juhg
d`pgeg t`igf-t`igf ygfh t`kgm cdut i`ingftu e`fhgf i`in`rcdgf ce`-ce`fyg
ygfh n`rigflggt s`mcfhhg igdgkgm cfc egpgt t`rs`k`sgcdgf e`fhgf ngcd.
_`ngh
_`nghgc
gc igfusc
igfuscgg dgic
dgic juhg
juhg i`fygeg
i`fygegrc
rc ngmwg
ngmwg ec egkgi
egkgi igdgkg
igdgkgm
m cfc
t`regpgt d`durgfhgf egf igscm jgum egrc dgtg s`ipurfg. Ak`m dgr`fg ctu, dgic
n`rmgrgp p`ingog i`in`rcdgf drctcd, sgrgf, egf usukgf ygfh i`ingfhuf hufg
i`fy`ipurfgdgf
i`fy`ipurfgdgf s`hgkg d`durgfhgf egkgi p`fyusufgf igdgkgm cfc.
Gdmcr
Gdmcr dgtg,
dgtg, p`fuk
p`fukcs
cs n`rmg
n`rmgrgp
rgp s`iah
s`iahgg igdgkg
igdgkgm
m cfc n`rhu
n`rhufg
fg ngh
nghcc pgrg
pgrg
p`ingog egf pcmgd-pcmgd kgcf ygfh n`rd`p`ftcfhgf.
n`rd`p`ftcfhgf.

Igkgfh, Fav`in`r >2>7

R`fukcs

c
 EGLUG^ C_C
DGUG R@FHGFUG^ .......................................
.............................................................
............................................
.............................
....... c
EGLUG^ C_C .............................................
...................................................................
............................................
......................................
................ cc
NGN 7 R@FEGMPKPGF ............................................
..................................................................
........................................7
..................7
7.7 Kgtgr N`kgdgfh .............................................
...................................................................
............................................
........................ 7
7.> ^uiusgf Igsgkgm ............................................
..................................................................
.........................................>
...................>
7.? Uujugf ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
.....................................>
...............>
NGN > R@INGMG_GF......................
R@INGMG_GF ............................................
............................................
...........................................?
.....................?
>.7 Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf.....................................
R`in`kgjgrgf...........................................................
............................................?
......................?
>.> R`ftcfhfyg Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf...........................................
R`in`kgjgrgf..............................................................0
...................0
>.? Dkgsclcdgsc egrc Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf ............................................
.......................................................
...........<<
>.5 Dgrgdt`rcstcd R`n`kgjgr.......................
R`n`kgjgr .............................................
............................................
.................................
...........33
>.0 _uin`r N`kgjgr......................................................
N`kgjgr............................................................................
....................................
..............7>
7>
>.0.7 R`fh`rtcgf _uin`r N`kgjgr .................................
.......................................................
.............................
.......7>
7>
>.0.> Lufhsc _uin`r N`kgjgr...............................................
N`kgjgr.....................................................................7>
......................7>
>.0.? J`fcs-J`fcs _uin`r
_uin`r N`kg
N`kgjgr
jgr ............................................
..............................................................7?
..................7?
>.0.5 Drct`rcg egkgi R`ickcmgf
R`ickcmgf _uin`r N`kgjgr
N`kgjgr .......................................75
.......................................75
>.< I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf..............................................
R`in`kgjgrgf....................................................................
....................................
..............70
70
>.<.7 R`fh`rtcgf I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf ............................
..................................................
..........................
....70
70
>.<.> Lufhsc I`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf.......................................
p`in`kgjgrgf.............................................................7<
......................7<
>.<.? J`fcs-J`fcs I`ecg R`in`kgjgrg
R`in`kgjgrgf
f ...............................................
......................................................
.......78
78
>.<.5 Rrcfscp-Rrcfscp
Rrc fscp-Rrcfscp R`ickcmgf I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf
R`in`kgjgrgf ..............................
..............................>2
>2
NGN ? R@FPUPR ...............................................................
.....................................................................................
.................................
...........>7
>7
?.7 D`scipukgf ............................................
..................................................................
............................................
.............................
.......>7
>7
?.> _grgf............................................
_grgf..................................................................
............................................
........................................>7
..................>7
EGLUG^ RP_UGDG .....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
..........................
....>>
>>

cc
 NGN 7
R@FEGMPKPGF

7.7 Kgtgr N`kgdgfh Igsgkgm

Huru
Huru s`ngh
s`nghgc
gc sgkgm
sgkgm sgtu ufsur
ufsur p`fece
p`fececd
cd mgrus
mgrus i`ickcd
i`ickcdcc d`igip
d`igipug
ugf
f
i`ig
i`igmg
mgic
ic ngh
nghgcig
gcigfg
fg p`s`
p`s`rt
rtgg ecec
ececd
d n`kg
n`kgjg
jgrr egf
egf d`ig
d`igip
ipug
ugf
f
i`fha
i`fharhg
rhgfcs
fcsgsc
gscdgf
dgf pras`s
pras`s p`in`k
p`in`kgjg
gjgrg
rgf
f ygfh ig
igipu
ipu i`fh`
i`fh`ing
ingfhd
fhdgf
gf
d`igipugf egf n`ftud wgtgd p`s`rtg ececd. Pftud egpgt i`igmgic pras`s
n`kgjgr ygfh t`rjgec pgeg ecrc scswg, huru p`rku i`fhugsgc mgd`dgt egf dafs`p
egsgrr n`kgjgr.
egsg n`kgjgr. E`fhgf
E`fhgf i`fhugsg
i`fhugsgcc mgd`dgt
mgd`dgt egf dafs`p
dafs`p egsgr
egsgr n`kgjgr,
n`kgjgr, hur
huru
u
igipu i`f`rgpdgffyg egkgi d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf, dgr`fg lufhsc utgig
p`in`kgjgrgf gegkgm i`ilgsckctgsc tuinum egf n`rd`ingfhfyg
n`rd`ingfhfyg n`kgjgr egkgi
ecrc p`s`rtg ececd. _`munufhgf e`fhgf ctu s`nghgc ogkaf p`fececd ygfh ngcd
m`
m`fe
fegd
gdfy
fygg i`ig
i`igmg
mgic
ic eg
egf
f i`f`
i`f`rg
rgpg
pgdg
dgf
f da
dafs
fs`p
`p eg
egsg
sgrr n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgrr eg
egf
f
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf s`rtg tujugf egrc n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr egf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf s`mc
s`mcfhh
fhhgg p`s`
p`s`rtg
rtg
ececd egpgt n`kgjgr egkgi dafecsc p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh `l`dtcl.
Dgrgdt`rcs
Dgrgdt`rcstcd
tcd p`n`kgjg
p`n`kgjgrr ece`lcfcsc
ece`lcfcscdgf
dgf s`nghgc
s`nghgc gsp`d
gsp`d gtgu dugkctgs
dugkctgs
p`rs`arg
p`rs`argfhgf
fhgf n`rupg
n`rupg ngdgt,
ngdgt, d`igtgfh
d`igtgfhgf,
gf, d`o`regsg
d`o`regsgf,
f, iatcvg
iatcvgsc
sc n`kgjgr,
n`kgjgr, egf
d`igipug
d`igipugf
f gwgk ygfh t`kgm ecickcdcfyg.
ecickcdcfyg. Kgfhdg
Kgfhdgm
m cfc eckgdudgf
eckgdudgf uftud
i`fh`
i`fh`tgm
tgmuc
uc dugkctg
dugkctgss p`rs`
p`rs`arg
argfhg
fhgf
f ygfh egpgt
egpgt ecjgec
ecjgecdg
dgf
f p`tuf
p`tufjud
jud egk
egkgi
gi
i`ipr`sdrcpscdgf strgt`hc p`fh`kakggf p`in`kgjgrgf, ygfh mgsckfyg n`rupg
egltgrr p`fh`kaip
egltg p`fh`kaipadgf
adgf dgrgdt`rcs
dgrgdt`rcstcd
tcd scswg i`fjgec
i`fjgec sgsgrgf
sgsgrgf p`in`kgjgrg
p`in`kgjgrgf.
f.
Pftud i`fhaptcigkdgf p`rak`mgf, p`fharhgfcsgscgf,
p`fharhgfcsgscgf, egf p`fhufhdgpgf
p`fhufhdgpgf
p`fh`tgm
p`fh`tgmugf
ugf ngru,
ngru, egpgt
egpgt eckgdudgf
eckgdudgf e`fhgf i`inugt p`fh`tgm
p`fh`tgmugf
ugf ngru ctu
n`rigdfg nghc p`n`kgjgr e`fhgf ogrg i`fhgctdgf p`fh`tgmugf ngru e`fhgf
p`fh`tgmugf
p`fh`tgmugf ygfh t`kgm ecickcdcfyg
ecickcdcf yg..
Egkgi p`kgdsgfggf prahrgi n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr p`rgf huru ecrgsg sgfhgtkgm
p`ftcfh, s`ngn huru ectuftut uftud i`f`ftudgf strgt`hc pras`s n`kgjgr
i`fh
i`fhgj
gjgr
gr s`n`
s`n`ku
kui
i p`
p`kgj
kgjgr
grgf
gf ctu eciu
eciukg
kgc.
c. _gkg
_gkgm
m sgtu
sgtu da
daip
ipaf
af`f
`f egkg
egkgi
i
p`fyusufgf
p`fyusufgf e`sgcf n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr (cfstrudscafgk) gegkgm suin`r n`kgjgr.
_uin`r n`kgjgr ctu i`fogdup gpg sgjg ygfh egpgt echufgdgf uftud i`ingftu
p`n`kgjgr
p`n`kgjgr egkgi n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr egf i`fgipckdg
i`fgipckdgf
f daip`t`fscfy
daip`t`fscfyg.
g. _uin`r n`kgjgr

7
 gdgf i`fjgec n`rigdfg
n`rigdfg nghc
nghc p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg ececd igupuf huru gpgnckg suin`r
n`kgjgr ecarhgfcscr i`kgkuc sgtu rgfogfhgf
rgfogfhgf ygfh
ygfh i`iufhdcfdgf s`s`argfh
egpgt i`igflggtdgf suin`r n`kgjgrfyg s`ogrg `l`dtcl egf `l`sc`f.
R`igdgcg
R`igdgcgf
f i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`kgjgr
p`in`kgjgrgf
gf egkgi pras`s n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr
i`fhgjgr egpgt
egpgt
i`ingfhd
i`ingfhdctdgf
ctdgf icfgt egf d`cfhcfgf
d`cfhcfgf ygfh ngru, iatcv
iatcvgsc
gsc egf rgfhsgfhgf
rgfhsgfhgf
d`hcgtgf
d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr,
n`kgjgr, egf ngmdgf
ngmdgf i`ingwg
i`ingwg p`fhgrum-
p`fhgrum-p`fh
p`fhgrum
grum pscdakahcs
pscdakahcs
t`rmg
t`rmgegp
egp scswg
scswg.. R`fhhu
R`fhhufgg
fggf
f i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`k
p`in`kgjg
gjgrg
rgf
f pgeg
pgeg tgmgp
tgmgp arc`ftgs
arc`ftgscc
p`fhg
p`fhgjgr
jgrgf
gf gdgf
gdgf sgfhg
sgfhgtt i`ing
i`ingftu
ftu d``l`
d``l`dtcl
dtclgf
gf pras`
pras`ss p`in`k
p`in`kgjg
gjgrgf
rgf egf
egf
p`fygipgcgf p`sgf egf csc p`kgjgrgf pgeg sggt ctu, s`mcfhhg ygfh i`fjgec
tgrh`t egrc p`in`kgjgrgf ncsg t`rogpgc s`ogrg igdscigk. N`regsgrdgf urgcgf ec
gtgss p`fukcs
gtg p`fukcs i`inug
i`inugtt igdgkg
igdgkgm
m e`fhg
e`fhgf
f jue
jueuk
uk ‛Uujug
Uujugf
f R`in`kgjgr
R`in`kgjgrgf,
gf,
Dgrgdt`rcstcd R`n`kgjgr, egf _uin`r & I`ecg’.
7.> ^uiusgf Igsgkgm
N`reg
N`regsgr
sgrdg
dgf
f kgtgr
kgtgr n`kgdg
n`kgdgfh
fh ygfh geg,
geg, igd
igdgg ruiusg
ruiusgf
f igsgkg
igsgkgm
m pgeg
pgeg
igdgkgm cfc gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut.
7. Gpg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf1
>. Gpg p`ftcfhfyg
p`ftcfhfyg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf1
p`in`kgjgrgf1
?. Nghgcigfg dkgsclcdgsc
dkgsclcdgsc egrc tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf1
p`in`kgjgrgf1
5. Nghgcigfg dgrgdt`rcstcd p`n`kgjgr1
0. Nghgcigfg suin`r n`kgjgr1
<. Nghgcigfg i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf1
p`in`kgjgrgf1
7.
7.?
? Uuju
Uujugf
gf
N`regsgrdgf ruiusgf igsgkgm ygfh geg, igdg tujugf egrc igdgkgm cfc
gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut.
7. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf.
>. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc p`ftcfhfyg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf.
?. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc dkgsclcdgsc egrc tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf.
5. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc dgrgdt`rcstcd p`n`kgjgr.
p`n`kgjgr.
0. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc suin`r n`kgjgr.
n`kgjgr.
<. Pftud i`fh`tgmuc
i`fh`tgmuc i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf.

>
 NGN >
R@INGMG_GF

>.7 Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf

Uujugf
Uujugf n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr egpgt
egpgt ecgrtcdgf
ecgrtcdgf s`nghgc
s`nghgc sugtu
sugtu dafecsc
dafecsc p`rungm
p`rungmgf
gf tcfhdgm
tcfhdgm
kgdu egrc cfecvceu
cfecvceu s`t`kgm
s`t`kgm cfecvceu
cfecvceu t`rs`nut
t`rs`nut i`kgdsgf
i`kgdsgfgdgf
gdgf pras`s n`kgjgr.
n`kgjgr.
I`kgkuc
I`kgkuc n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr ecmgrgpd
ecmgrgpdgf
gf egpgt
egpgt t`rjgec
t`rjgec p`rungmg
p`rungmgf
f (p`f
(p`fcfhdg
cfhdgtgf)
tgf) nudgf
mgfyg pgeg gsp`d dahfctcl, t`tgpc juhg pgeg gsp`d kgcffyg. _`kgcf ctu tujugf
n`kgjgr ygfh kgcffyg gegkgm uftud i`ip`rak`m mgsck n`kgjgr egf p`fhgkgigf
mceup.. N`fygicf
mceup N`fygicf _ Nkaai,
Nkaai, i`fhhaka
i`fhhakafhdg
fhdgf
f n`ftu
n`ftud
d tcfhdgm
tcfhdgm kgdu s`nghgc
tujugf n`kgjgr gtgs tchg rgfgm, ygdfc: 7) rgfgm dahfctcl, >) rgfgm gl`dtcl, ?)
rgfgm pscdaiatarcd.
Uuju
Uujugf
gf p`
p`in
in`k
`kgj
gjgr
grgf
gf gegk
gegkgm
gm sugt
sugtu
u p`
p`rfy
rfygt
gtgg
ggf
f ygfh
gfh sp`s
sp`scl
clcd
cd ygfh
ecfygtgdgf egkgi p`rckgdu gtgu p`fgipckgf ygfh ecwujuedgf egkgi n`ftud
tu
tukcs
kcsgf
gf uf
uftu
tud
d i`fh
i`fhhg
hgin
ingr
grdg
dgf
f mg
mgsc
sckk n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgrr ygfh
gfh ecmg
ecmgrg
rgpd
pdgf
gf.. Rra
Rras`
s`ss
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf gegkgm
gegkgm pras`s
pras`s i`ingftu
i`ingftu scswg n`kgjgr,ygfh
n`kgjgr,ygfh ectgfeg
ectgfegcc e`fhgf
e`fhgf
p`rungm
p`rungmgf
gf p`rckgdu
p`rckgdu ngcd egkgi
egkgi gsp`d
gsp`d dahfctcl,
dahfctcl, gl`dtcl
gl`dtcl egf pscdaiata
pscdaiatarcd.
rcd.
_`argfh huru mgfyg egpgt ecdgtgdgf t`kgm i`kgdudgf d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf
jcdg t`rjgec p`rungmgf p`rckgdu pgeg ecrc p`s`rtg ececd s`nghgc gdcngt egrc
d`hcgtgf t`rs`nut. Geg munufhg
munufhgf
f lufhscafgk gftgrg p`rnugtgf huru e`fhgf
p`rungmgf
p`rungmgf p`rckgdu p`s`rtg ececd (Dgrtgecfgtg, 7338: 80).
D`t`rogpgcgf
D`t`rogpgcgf tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf egpgt ecdgtgdgf s`nghgc egipgd egrc
pras`s p`in`kgjgrgf. Egipgd p`in`kgjgrgf gegkgm mgsck n`kgjgr ygfh s`h`rg
egpgtt ecudur,
egpg ecudur, ygfh t`rwujue
t`rwujue egkgi
egkgi mgsck
mgsck `vgkugs
`vgkugscc p`in`kgj
p`in`kgjgrgf
grgf.. Egipgd
Egipgd
p`in`kgjgrgf egpgt ecn`egdgf gtgs egipgd cftrudscafgk ( cfstruotca
cfstruotcafgk
fgk `ll`ot)
egf egipgd tgd kgfhsufh gtgu egipgd crcfhgf (furturgft `ll`ot). Egipgd
kgfhsufh gegkgm egipgd ygfh ectcinukdgf ak`m d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh
t`kgm ecprahrgidgf s`n`kuifyg, s`egfhdgf egipgd crcfhgf iufouk s`nghgc
p`fhgrum gtgu t`rjec s`nghgc p`fhgkgigf egrc kcfhdufhgf n`kgjgr. I`furut
(Dgr
(Dgrtg
tgec
ecfg
fgtg
tg (733
(7338)
8),, eg
egip
ipgd
gd crcf
crcfhg
hgf
f ncsg
ncsg n`rw
n`rwuj
ujue
ue egkg
egkgi
i n`
n`ft
ftud
ud
p`igmgigf, gpr`scgsc, scdgp, iatcvgsc, d`sgegrgf , d`t`rgipckgf sascgk, egf
p`rckgdu s`j`fcs kgcffyg.
kgcff yg.

?
 Ec egkgi
egkgi pras`s
pras`s p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf huru
huru tcegd s`d`egr n`rtuhg
n`rtuhgss i`ftr
i`ftrgfsl`
gfsl`rr
p`fh`tgmugf,
p`fh`tgmugf, scdgp egf d`t`rgipckgf. Rras`s p`in`kgjgrgf ecpgfegfh s`nghgc
pras
pras`s
`s i`in
i`ingf
gftu
tu p`
p`s`
s`rt
rtgg ececd
ececd n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgr,
r, i`in
i`ingf
gftu
tu p`
p`s`
s`rtg
rtg ececd
ececd
i`fh`ingfhdgf egf i`fhungm p`rckgdu (dahfctcl, gl`dtcl egf pscdaiatarcd)4
i`ingftu i`f`rj`igmdgf s`iug gsp`d t`rs`nut d` egkgi p`rckgdu-p`rckgdu
ygfh n`rhufg egf n`rigdfg.
I`rujud pgeg tukcsgf Mgizgm N. Pfa (>22=) n`rcdut cfc ecd`iudgdgf
n`n`rgpg p`fh`rtcgf tujugf p`in`kgjrgf ygfh ecd`iudgdgf ak`m pgrg gmkc,
ygctu s`nghgc n`rcdut:
g. ^an`rt
^an`rt L. Igh`r
Igh`r (73<>)
(73<>) i`fh`
i`fh`iud
iudgdg
gdgf
f ngm
ngmwg
wg tujugf
tujugf p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f
gegkgm p`rckgdu ygfh m`fegd ecogpgc gtgu yg
ygfh
fh egpgt ecd`rjgdgf ak`m scswg
pgeg dafecsc egf tcfhdgt daip`t`fsc t`rt`ftu.
n. D`ip
D`ip (7388)
(7388) egf Egvce
Egvce @. Dgp`k
Dgp`k (73=7)
(73=7) i`fy
i`fy`nu
`nutdg
tdgf
f ngmwg
ngmwg tuju
tujugf
gf
p`in`kgj
p`in`kgjgrgf
grgf sugtu
sugtu p`rfygtgg
p`rfygtggf
f ygfh
ygfh sp`s
sp`sclcd
clcd ygfh
ygfh ecfy
ecfygtgdg
gtgdgf
f egkgi
p`rckgdu
p`rckgdu gtgu p`fgipckgf
p`fgipckgf ygfh ecwujuedg
ecwujuedgf
f egkgi n`ftud tukcsgf
tukcsgf uftud
uftud
i`fhhgingrdgf
i`fhhgingrdgf mgsck n`kgjgr ygfh ecmgrgpdgf.
ecmgrgpdgf.
o. M`fry @kkcfhtaf (73=5) ngmwg
ngmwg tujugf
tujugf p`in`
p`in`kgjgr
kgjgrgf
gf gegkgm
gegkgm p`rfygtggf
p`rfygtggf
ygfh ecmgrgpdgf egpgt ecogpgc s`nghgc mgsck n`kgjgr.
e. A`igr Mgigkcd (>220) i`fy`nutdgf ngmwg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf gegkgm
sugtu e`sdrcpsc i`fh`fgc tcfhdgm kgdu ygfh ecmgrgpdgf t`rogpgc ak`m scswg
s`t`kgm n`rkgfhsufh p`in`kgjgrgf .
Uujugf p`in`kgjgrgf pgeg mgd`dgtfyg i`ipufygc d`eueudgf ygfh sgfhgt
p`ftcfh. Uujugf p`in`kgjgrgf cfc i`rupgdgf kgfegsgf nghc:
7. R`f`ftugf csc
csc (igt`rc) ngmgf gjgr.
>. R`f`ftugf egf
egf p`fh`ingfhgf
p`fh`ingfhgf strgt`hc p`in`kgjgrgf.
?. R`f`ftugf egf
egf p`fh`ingfhgf
p`fh`ingfhgf gkgt `vgkugsc.
Uujugf p`in`kgjgrgf egpgt ecdkgsclcdgscdgf gtgs tujugf uiui egf tujugf
dmusus. Uujugf uiui gegkgm p`rfygtggf uiui t`ftgfh mgsck p`in`kgjgrgf
ygfh eccfhcfdgf
eccfhcfdgf ygfh
ygfh i`fhgou
i`fhgou pgeg strudtur arc`ftgsc,
arc`ftgsc, s`egfhdgf
s`egfhdgf tujugf
tujugf
dmusus gegkgm p`rfygtggf dmusus t`ftgfh mgsck p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh eccfhcfdgf
ygfh i`fhgou pgeg dafstrud t`rt`ftu.

5
 Uujugf uiui p`in`kgjgrgf egpgt ecn`egdgf gtgs:
7. Uujugf ygfh n`rsclgt arc`ftgtcl, egpgt ecdkgsclcdgscdgf pukg gtgs ? tujugf,
ygdfc:
g. Uuju
Uujugf
gf arc`
arc`ft
ftgt
gtcl
cl dafs
dafs`p
`ptu
tugk
gk.. Rgeg
Rgeg tuju
tujugf
gf cfc
cfc t`
t`dg
dgfg
fgf
f utgi
utgigg
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf gegkgm
gegkgm ghgr scswg i`igmgic
i`igmgic dafs`p-daf
dafs`p-dafs`p
s`p p`ftcf
p`ftcfh
h
ygfh t`rogdup egkgi sugtu ncegfh stuec.
n. Uuju
Uujugf
gf arc`
arc`ft
ftgt
gtcl
cl prao
prao`e
`eur
urggk. Rgeg
Rgeg tuju
tujugf
gf cfc
cfc t`
t`dg
dgfg
fgf
f utgi
utgigg
p`in`kgjgrgf gegkgm ghgr scswg n`kgjgr i`fgipckdgf pras`eur.
o. Uujugf arc`ftgtcl t`arctcd. Rgeg tujugf cfc t`dgfgf
t`dgfgf utgig p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf
gegkgm ghgr scswg i`igmgic munufhgf dgusgk p`ftcfh ygfh t`rogdup
egkgi sugtu ncegfh stuec.
>. Uujugf p`feudufh
p`feudufh egpgt ecdkgsclcdgscdgf i`fjgec > tujugf, ygdfc:
g. Uuju
Uujuggf p`fe
feu
udu
dufh
fh pr
prggsy
syggrgt,
rgt, ygct
ctu
u tuju
tujuggf p`feud
feudu
ufh ygfh
i`fu
i`fufj
fjud
uddg
dgf
f gpg
gpg ygfh mg
mgru
russ ecd`
ecd`tg
tgmu
mucc ak`m
ak`m sc
scsw
swgg ghgr
ghgr eg
egpg
pgtt
i`ip`kgjgrc tuhgs ygfh eceudufhfyg.
n. Uujugf
Uujugf p`feuduf
p`feudufh
h daft`ds,
daft`ds, ygctu tujugf
tujugf p`feuduf
p`feudufh
h ygfh
ygfh i`in
i`ingftu
gftu
i`fufjud
i`fufjuddgf
dgf daft`ds egrc sugtu tujugf t`rt`
t `rt`ftu
ftu e`fhgf
e`fhgf tujug
tujugf
f ygfh
ygfh
eceudufhfyg.
_`kgcf
_`kgcf tujugf
tujugf uiui
uiui egf
egf tujug
tujugf
f dmusus
dmusus ec gtgs,
gtgs, t`reg
t`regpgt
pgt pukg
pukg tuj
tujugf
ugf
p`
p`in
in`k
`kgj
gjgr
grgf
gf ygfh kgc
kgcf
f ygctu
gctu uf
uftu
tud
d i`fh
i`fh`i
`ing
ngfh
fhdg
dgf
f d`ig
d`igip
ipug
ugf,
f,
i`ingfhu
i`ingfhuf
f wgtgd
wgtgd egf p`rgegng
p`rgegngf
f ngfhsg
ngfhsg ygfh
ygfh n`rigrtgng
n`rigrtgngtt egkgi
egkgi rgfhdg
rgfhdg
p`fo`regsgf
p`fo`regsgf d`mceupgf ngfhsg.
>.> R`ftcfhfyg Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf
Uujugf
Uujugf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf p`ftcfh
p`ftcfh egkgi
egkgi rgfhdg
rgfhdg scst`
scst`i
i p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf,
rgf, ygdfc
ygdfc
i`rupgdgf
i`rupgdgf sugtu daipaf`f
daipaf`f scst`i p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf ygfh
ygfh i`fjgec
i`fjgec tctcd takgd
takgd
egkgi i`rgfogfh scst`i ygfh `l`dtcl. _`ogrg dmusus, d`p`ftcfhgf ctu t`rk`tgd
pgeg:
g. Pftud i`fckgc mgsck p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf. R`fhgjgrgf ecgfhh
ecgfhhgp
gp n`rmgsck jcdg scswg
i`fogpgc tujugf ygfh t`kgm ect`ftudgf. D`t`rogpgcgf tujugf ak`m scswg
i`fjgec cfecdgtar d`n`rmgsckgf scst`i p`in`kgjgrgf.
n. Pftud i`incincfh scswg n`kgjgr. Uujugf-tujugf ygfh ecruiusdgf s`ogrg
t`pgt
t`pgt n`regy
n`regyghu
ghufg
fg s`ngh
s`nghgc
gc go
gougf
ugf,, grgmgf
grgmgf,, p`eai
p`eaigf
gf nghc
nghc scswg
scswg egkgi
egkgi

0
 i`kgdudgf d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr. Egkgi munufhgf cfc, huru egpgt i`rgfogfh
tcfegdgf-
tcfegdgf-tcfeg
tcfegdgf
dgf t`rt`ftu
t`rt`ftu uftud i`fhgrgm
i`fhgrgmdgf
dgf d`h
d`hcgtgf
cgtgf scswg egkgi
upgyg i`fogpgc tujugf-tujugf t`rs`nut.
o. Pftud
Pftud i`rgfogf
i`rgfogfh
h scst`i p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf.. Uuju
Uujugf-tuj
gf-tujugf
ugf ctu i`fjgec
i`fjgec egsgr
egsgr
eg
egf
f drct`r
drct`rcg
cg egkgi
egkgi upgy
upgyg hu
huru
ru i`ickcm
i`ickcm igt`rc
igt`rc p`kgjg
p`kgjgrg
rgf,
f, i`f`f
i`f`ftud
tudgf
gf
d`hcgtgf
d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr,
i`fhgjgr, i`ickcm gkgt egf suin`r, s`rtg i`rgfogfh
i`rgfogfh
pras`eur p`fckgcgf.
e. Pftu
Pftud
d i`kg
i`kgdu
dudg
dgf
f da
daiu
iufc
fcdg
dgsc
sc e`
e`fh
fhgf
gf huru
uru-h
-hur
uru
u kg
kgcf
cffy
fygg eg
egkg
kgi
i
i`fcfhdgtdgf pras`s p`in`kgjgrgf. N`regsgrdgf tujugf-tujugf ctu t`rjgec
daiufcdgsc gftgrg huru-huru i`fh`fgc upgyg-upgyg ygfh p`rku eckgdudgf
n`rsgig egkgi rgfhdg i`fogpgc tujugf-tujugf t`rs`nut.
`. Pftud i`kgdudgf
i`kgdudgf daftrak t`rmgegp p`kgdsgfggf egf d`n`rmgsckgf
d`n`rmgsckgf prahrgi
p`in`kgjgrgf.
p`in`kgjgrgf. E`fhgf tujugf-tujugf ctu, huru egpgt i`fhaftrak mcfhhg
igfg p`in`kgjgrg
p`in`kgjgrgf
f t`kgm t`rkgdsgf
t`rkgdsgfg,
g, egf mcfhhg igfg scswg t`kgm
i`fogpgc
i`fogpgc mgk-mgk ygfh ecmgrgpd
ecmgrgpdgf.
gf. N`re
N`regsgr
gsgrdgf
dgf mgsck daftrak ctu egpgt
egpgt
eckgdudgf
eckgdudgf upgyg
upgyg p`i`ogmg
p`i`ogmgf
f d`sukctgf
d`sukctgf egf i`fhgtgs
i`fhgtgscc igsgkgm-ig
igsgkgm-igsgkgm
sgkgm
ygfh tcinuk s`pgfjgfh pras`s
pr as`s p`in`kgjgrgf n`rkgfhsufh.
>.? Dkgsclcdgsc egrc Uujugf R`in`kgjgrgf
Uujugf
Uujugf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf ncgsgfyg ecgrgmdgf
ecgrgmdgf pgeg sgkgm
sgkgm sgtu dgwgsgf egrc
tgdsaf
tgdsafaic
aic.. Ugdsafa
Ugdsafaic
ic p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f t`recrc
t`recrc egkgi
egkgi tchg rgfgm,
rgfgm, ygdfc
ygdfc (7)
dahfctcl, (>) gl`dtcl, egf (?) pscdaiatar.
7. Dahfctcl
Dahfct
Dahfctcl
cl gegkgm
gegkgm rgfgm
rgfgm ygfh i`i
i`ingm
ngmgs
gs tujugf
tujugf p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f
n`rd`fgg
n`rd`fggf
f e`fhgf
e`fhgf d`igipug
d`igipugf
f cft`k`dtug
cft`k`dtugkk egf d`igipug
d`igipugf
f n`rlcdcr.
n`rlcdcr.
_`p`rtc
_`p`rtc d`igipug
d`igipugf
f i`fhcfhg
i`fhcfhgtt egf i`fy`k`s
i`fy`k`sgcdgf
gcdgf tuhgs, n`rgwgk
n`rgwgk egrc
tcfhdgt p`fh`tgmugf sgipgc d` tcfhdgt ygfh k`ncm tcfhhc ygdfc `vgkugsc.
Dgwgsgf dahfctcl cfc t`recrc gtgs < (`fgi) tcfhdgtgf ygfh s`ogrg mc`rgrdcs
n`rurut
n`rurut egrc ygfh
ygfh pgkcfh r`fegm
r`fegm (p`fh`tgmu
(p`fh`tgmugf)
gf) sgip
sgipgc
gc d` ygfh pgkcfh
tcfhhc (`vgkugsc) egf egpgt ecj`kgsdgf s`nghgc n`rcdut.
g. R`fh`tgmugf
R`fh`tgmugf (Dfawk`eh` )
R`fh`tgmugf ec scfc ecgrtcdgf d`igipugf s`s`argfh egkgi i`fhmglgk
gtgu i`fhcfhgt
i`fhcfhgt d`in
d`ingkc
gkc gtgu i`fhukgfh
i`fhukgfh d`ingkc p`fh`tgm
p`fh`tgmugf
ugf ygfh
ygfh

<
 p`rfg
p`rfgm
m ect`rc
ect`rcigfy
igfyg.
g. Oaftam
Oaftam 7) _cswg
_cswg egpgt
egpgt i`fy
i`fy`nu
`nutdg
tdgf
f d`i
d`ing
ngkc
kc
ng
ngfh
fhuf
uf-n
-ngf
gfhu
huf
f h`ai`
`ai`trc
trc ygfh n`
n`re
reci
ci`f
`fsc
sc tchg.
tchg. >) _c
_csw
swgg egpg
egpgtt
i`fhhgingrdgf
i`fhhgingrdgf sgtu nugm s`hctchg s`ingrgfh.
s`ingrgfh.
n. R`igmgigf (Oaipr`m`fscaf )
R`igmgigf ec scfc ecgrtcdgf d`igipugf s`s`argfh egkgi i`fhgrtcdgf
i`fglscrdgf, i`f`rj`igmdgf gtgu i`fygtgdgf s`sugtu e`fhgf ogrgfyg
s`fecrc t`ftgfh p`fh`tgmugf ygfh p`rfgm ect`rcigfyg. Oaftam 7) _cswg
egpgtt i`fj`kgsd
egpg i`fj`kgsdgf
gf e`fhgf
e`fhgf dgtg-dgtgfy
dgtg-dgtgfygg s`fecrc
s`fecrc t`ftgfh
t`ftgfh p`rn`
p`rn`eggf
eggf
ngfhuf h`ai`trc ygfh n`reci`fsc eug egf n`reci`fsc tchg >) _cswg
egpgt i`f`rj`igmdgf grtc dae`-dae` (n`rctg iars`) ygfh ecdcrci ak`m
dgpgk kgut ygfh gdgf n`rkgnum.
o. R`f`rgpgf
R`f`rgpgf (Gppkcogtcaf )
R`f`rgpgf ec scfc ecgrtcdgf d`igipugf s`s`argfh egkgi i`fhhufgdgf
p`fh`tgm
p`fh`tgmugf
ugf gtgu i`fhgpkcdg
i`fhgpkcdgscdg
scdgffy
ffygg egkgi d`mceupgf
d`mceupgf s`mg
s`mgrc-mgrc
rc-mgrc..
Oaftam: 7) _cswg egpgt i`f`ftudgf sgkgm sgtu sueut egrc sugtu s`hctchg
jcdg ecd`tgmuc sueut-sueut kgcffyg. >) _cswg egpgt i`fhmctufh pgfjgfh
scsc icrcfh egrc sugtu s`hctchg
s` hctchg scdu scdu jcdg ecd`tgmuc scsc kgcffyg.
e. Gfgkcscs (Gfgkyscs)
R`f`rgpgf ec scfc ecgrtcdgf d`igipugf s`s`argfh egkgi i`fhhufgdgf
p`fh`tgmugf egkgi i`i`ogmdgf n`rnghgc igsgkgm ygfh tcinuk egkgi
d`mceupgf s`mgrc-mgrc. Oaftam: 7) _cswg egpgt i`fhakgm egtg i`ftgm
i`kgkuc stgtcstcdg, s`mcfhhg egpgt ecp`rak`m mgrhg-mgrhg rgfh`, cft`rvgk
d`kgs, pgfjgfh d`kgs, rgtg-rgtg egf stgfegr e`vcgscfyg. >) _cswg egpgt
i`fhgfgkcscs s`jgum igfg egkgi egf kugsfyg p`ingmgsgf ecsdusc ygfh
i`r`dg kgdsgfgdgf.
`. _cft`scs (_yftm`scs)
_cft`scs ec scfc ecgrtcdgf d`igipugf s`s`argfh egkgi i`fhgctdgf egf
i`fygtudgf n`rnghgc `k`i`f egf ufsur p`fh`tgmugf ygfh geg s`mcfhhg
t`rn`ftud pakg ngru ygfh k`ncm i`fy`kurum. Oaftam: 7) _cswg egpgt
i`fyusuf r`fogfg n`kgjgr igscfh-igscfh s`sugc e`fhgf >) d`ncjgdgf
ygfh
ygfh n`rkgd
n`rkgdu
u ec s`dakg
s`dakgm.
m. _cswg
_cswg egpgt
egpgt i`fh`
i`fh`iud
iudgd
gdgf
gf lar
lariuk
iukgg ngru
ngru
egkgi i`fy`k`sgcdgf sugtu igsgkgm

8
 l. @vgkugsc
@vgkugsc (@vgkugtcaf )
@vgkug
@vgkugsc
sc ec scfc
scfc ecgrtcd
ecgrtcdgf
gf d`igip
d`igipugf
ugf s`s`a
s`s`argf
rgfh
h egk
egkgi
gi i`inug
i`inugtt
p`rdcrggf gtgu p`fckgcgf pgeg d`putusgf ygfh t`pgt n`regsgrdgf drct`rcg
gtgu p`fh`tgmug
p`fh`tgmugf
f ygfh
ygfh ecickcdcfy
ecickcdcfyg.
g. Oafta
Oaftam:
m: 7 _cswg egpgt i`fckgc
ufsur d`pgegtgf csc, ogdupgf igt`rc, dugkctgs gfgkcscs egf hgyg ngmgsg
ygfh ecpgdgc ak`m s`argfh p`fukcs igdgkgm t`rt`ftu. >) _cswg egpgt
i`fc
i`fckg
kgcc du
dugk
gkctg
ctgss d`
d`ig
igip
ipug
ugf
f p`
p`ic
icdc
dcrg
rgf
f t`
t`ig
igffy
ffygg n`
n`re
regs
gsgr
grdg
dgf
f
d`igipugf ecrcfyg.
>. Gl`dtcl
^gfgm gl`dtcl sgfhgt t`rdgct e`fhgf scdgp, `iasc, p`fhmgrhggf egf
p`fhmgygtgf gtgu gpr`scgsc t`rmgegp fckgc, farig, egf s`sugtu ygfh s`egfh
ecp`kgjgrc. Gegpuf kcig mc`rgrdc egkgi rgfgm gl`dtcl, ygctu i`f`rcig,
i`r`spaf, i`in`rc fckgc, i`fharhgfcsgsc, egf i`in`rc dgrgdt`r t`rmgegp
sugtu fckgc.

• I`f`
I`f`rci
rcigg gegkgm
gegkgm d`igi
d`igipug
pugf
f uftud
uftud i`in`r
i`in`rcc p`rmg
p`rmgtcg
tcgf
f t`rmge
t`rmgegp
gp
s`nugm gdtcvctgs gtgu p`rcstcwg ygfh ecmgegpc.

• I`r`s
I`r`spaf
paf i`rupg
i`rupgdgf
dgf p`in`
p`in`rcg
rcgf
f r`gdsc
r`gdsc t`rmge
t`rmgegp
gp t`rmg
t`rmgegp
egp sug
sugtu
tu
gdtcvctgs e`fhgf ogrg i`kcngtdgf ecrc gtgu n`rpgrtcscpgsc ec egkgifyg.
egkgifyg.

• I`in`rc fckgc sgfhgt

sgfhgt t`rdgct e`fhgf tcfegdgf i`f`rcig
i`f`rcig gtgu i`fakgd
fckgc gtgu farig ygfh ecmgegpc i`kgkuc s`nugm `dspr`sc n`rupg scdgp
pasctcl gtgu f`hgtcl.
• I`fharhgfcsgsc n`rgrtc i`fhce`ftclcdgsc, i`ickcm, egf i`iutusdgf

fckgc gtgu farig ygfh gdgf ecgpkcdgscdgf.

• I`in`rc dgrgdt`r t`rmgegp fckgc n`rgrtc i`ygdcfc, i`iprgdt`ddgf
i`iprgdt`ddgf,, egf
i`fufjuddgf p`rckgdu ygfh dafscst`f t`rmgegp fckgc egf farig ygfh
ecp`kgjgrc.
?. Rscdaiatar
Rscdaiatar i`kcputc s`iug tcfhdgm kgdu ygfh i`fhhufgdgf sgrgl
egf atat ngegf. Gsp`d cfc s`rcfh n`rmunufhgf e`fhgf ncegfh stuec ygfh
k`ncm ngfygd
ngfygd i`f`dgfdg
i`f`dgfdgf
f d`pgeg
d`pgeg h`rg
h`rgdgf-h
dgf-h`rgdg
`rgdgf
f gtgu d`t`rgipc
d`t`rgipckgf,
kgf,
icsgkfyg s`fc kudcs, p`fececdgf jgsigfc egf akgm rghg.

=
 Rscdaiatar gegkgm tujugf ygfh n`rmunufhgf e`fhgf d`igipugf
d`t`rgipckgf gtgu sdckk s`s`argfh. ^gfgm pscdaiatar t`recrc gtgs `ipgt
mcrgrd
mcrgrdcc d`igi
d`igipug
pugf,
f, ygctu cictgs
cictgsc,
c, igf
igfcpu
cpukgs
kgsc,
c, pr`scs
pr`scsc,
c, egf grtcduk
grtcdukgs
gsc.
c.
Cictgsc
Cictgsc gegkgm
gegkgm d`igipugf
d`igipugf i`iprgdt`
i`iprgdt`ddgf
ddgf d`t`rg
d`t`rgipckg
ipckgf
f ygfh
ygfh ecgigtc.
ecgigtc.
_`egfhdgf igfcpukgsc sgfhgt t`rdgct e`fhgf d`igipugf egkgi
i`iaeclcdgsc sugtu d`t`rgipckgf. Rr`scsc i`rupgdgf mc`rgrdc d`igipugf
yg
ygfh
fh i`ip`r
i`ip`rkcm
kcmgtd
gtdgf
gf d`og
d`ogdgp
dgpgf
gf egkgi
egkgi i`kgd
i`kgdudg
udgf
f gd
gdtcvc
tcvctgs
tgs e`fh
e`fhgf
gf
tcfhdgt gdurgsc ygfh tcfhhc. Grtcdukgsc i`rupgdgf d`igipugf i`kgdudgf
gdtcvctgs s`ogrg t`rdaarecfgsc egf `lcsc`f.
>.5 Dgrgdt`rcstcd R`n`kgjgr
R`n`kgjgr egkgi mgk cfc p`s`rtg ececd sgfhgt p`ftcfh egkgi sugtu pras`s
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf.
rgf. Dgrgdt`rcstcd
Dgrgdt`rcstcd p`n`kgjgr
p`n`kgjgr mgrus
mgrus i`fjgec
i`fjgec p`rmgtcg
p`rmgtcgf
f egf pcjgdg
pcjgdgf
f
p`
p`fe
fece
cecd
cd eg
egkg
kgi
i i`kg
i`kgdu
dudg
dgf
f s`ku
s`kuru
rum
m gdtcv
gdtcvctg
ctgss p`
p`in
in`k
`kgj
gjgr
grgf
gf.. N`n`
N`n`rg
rgpg
pg
dgrgdt`rcstcd p`s`rtg ececd gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut.
g. @tfcd
F`hgrg Cfeaf`scg i`rupgdgf f`hgrg ygfh kugs wckgygmfyg egf dgyg
gdgf `tfcdfyg, s`mcfhhg egkgi s`dakgm egf d`kgs t`rt`ftu t`regpgt iuktc
`tfcd/sudu
`tfcd/sudu ngfhsg,
ngfhsg, s`p`rtc
s`p`rtc egkgi
egkgi sgtu d`kgs dgegfh
dgegfh t`recrc egrc p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg
ececd `tfcd Jgwg, _ufeg, Igeurg, Icfgfh, egf Ngkc, igupuf `tfcd kgcffyg.
n. Dukturgk
R`n`kgjgr
R`n`kgjgr gtgu p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg ececd dctg s`nghg
s`nghgcc gfhhatg
gfhhatg sugtu
sugtu igsygrgd
igsygrgdgt
gt
i`ickcdc
i`ickcdc nuegy
nuegyg t`rt`ftu
t`rt`ftu egf suegm
suegm ngrgfh
ngrgfh t`ftu i`fjgec
i`fjgec p`feuduf
p`feudufh
h
nueg
nuegy
yg t`rs
t`rs`n
`nut
ut,, s`mc
s`mcfh
fhhg
hg egkg
egkgi
i su
sugt
gtu
u d`kg
d`kgss i`
i`fj
fjge
gecc d`kg
d`kgss ygfh
gfh
iuktcdukturgk.
o. _tgtus sascgk
R`s`rtg
R`s`rtg ececd pgeg sugtu d`kgs ncgsgfyg
ncgsgfyg n`rgsgk
n`rgsgk egrc stgtus sascgk-
`dafaic ygfh n`rn`eg-n`eg. Eckcmgt egrc kgtgr n`kgdgfh p`d`rjggf argfh
tug, ec d`kgs dctg t`regpgt p`s`rtg ececd ygfh argfh tugfyg wcrgusgmgwgf,
p`hgwgc
p`hgwgc f`h`rc, p`eghgfh
p`eghgfh,, p`tgfc,
p`tgfc, egf juhg iufhdcf
iufhdcf i`fjgec
i`fjgec nurum.
nurum.
Eckcmgt egrc scsc jgngtgf argfh tug, geg p`s`rtg ececd ygfh argfh tugfyg
i`fjgec p`jgngt s`p`rtc pr`sce`f, i`ft`rc, hun`rfur, nupgtc, ogigt, d`pgkg
e`sg, d`pgkg dgftar gtgu d`pgkg p`rusgmggf, egf D`tug ^U. Ecsgipcfh ctu

3
 geg p`s`rtg ececd ygfh n`rgsgk egrc d`kugrhg `dafaic igipu, geg ygfh
n`rgsgk egrc d`kugrhg ygfh oudup igipu, egf geg juhg p`s`rtg ececd ygfh
n`rgsgk egrc d`kugrhg ygfh durgfh igipu.
e. Icfgt
Icfgt p`n`kgjgr i`i`hgfh p`rgf ygfh sgfhgt p`ftcfh. _`mcfhhg p`rku
uftud
uftud t`rus
t`rus ectuinu
ectuinum
m d`ing
d`ingfh
fhdg
dgf
f s`sugc
s`sugc e`fhgf
e`fhgf icfgt
icfgt ygfh ecickcd
ecickcdcc
s`argfh
s`argfh p`s`rtg ececd.
ececd. Fgiuf
Fgiuf s`nghg
s`nghgcigfg
cigfg dctg d`tgmuc
d`tgmuc ngmwg
ngmwg icfg
icfgtt
n`kgjgr p`s`rtg ececd tcegdkgm sgig, geg p`s`rtg ececd ygfh i`ickcdc icfgt
n`kgjgrfyg tcfhhc, geg ygfh s`egfh,
s`egfh, egf ngmdgf r`fegm.
`. R`rd`ingfhgf
R`rd`ingfhgf dahfctcl
I`furut
I`furut Rcgh`t
Rcgh`t tgmgp-tgmg
tgmgp-tgmgp
p p`rd`in
p`rd`ingfhg
gfhgf
f cft`k`dtug
cft`k`dtugkk p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg ececd
gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut s`nghgc n`rcdut:
2,2 ‟ >,2
>,2 tgmu
tgmuf
f : Ugmg
Ugmgp
p _`
_`fs
fsar
arci
ciat
atar
arcd
cd
>,2 ‟ 8,2
8,2 tgmu
tgmuf
f : Ugmg
Ugmgp
p pr`
pr`ap`r
ap`rggsc
scaf
afgk
gk
8,2 ‟ 77
77,2
,2 tgmu
tgmuf
f : Ugmg
Ugmgp
p ap
ap`r
`rgs
gsca
cafg
fgkk dafh
dafhdr`
dr`tt
77,2 ‟ 70,2
70,2 tgmuf
tgmuf : Ugmgp
Ugmgp ap`rgs
ap`rgscaf
cafgk
gk larigk
larigk
l. D`igipug
D`igipugf
f gwgk
D`igipug
D`igipugf
f gwgk p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg ececd n`rsclgt
n`rsclgt cfecvceugk
cfecvceugk,, grtcfyg
grtcfyg n`rn`eg
n`rn`eg
gftgrg p`s`rtg ececd sgtu e`fhgf kgcffyg, s`mcfhhg uftud i`fh`tgmucfyg
juhg mgrus n`rsclgt cfecvceugk. Ogrg uftud i`fh`tgmuc d`igipugf gwgk
p`s`rtg ececd egpgt eckgdudgf i`kgkuc t`dfcd t`s ygctu pr`t`st gtgu t`s gwgk
egf t`dfcd faf t`s s`p`rtc wgwgfogrg.
wgwgfogrg.
h. Hgyg n`kgjgr
Hgyg n`kgjgr egpgt ecd`kaipaddgf i`fjgec tchg ygctu vcsugk ( vcsugk
k`grf`rs), guectcl (guectary k`grf`rs), egf dcf`st`tcd (dcf`stm`tco k`grf`rs).
E`fhgf ecd`tgmucfyg hgyg n`kgjgr ygfh ecickcdc p`s`rtg ececd, igdg gdgf
n`rcipkcdgsc t`rmgegp iae`k p`in`kgjgrgf, strgt`hc, i`tae`, egf i`ecg
p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh gdgf echufgdgf.
m. Iatcvgsc
Iatcvgsc dgegfh tcinuk egrc egkgi ecrc cfecvceu ctu s`fecrc (iatcvgsc
cfstrcfscd) egf dgegfh iatcvgsc ctu iufouk dgr`fg lgdtar egrc kugr ecrcfyg
s`fecrc (iatcvgsc `dstrcfscd).

72
 _`s`argfh
_`s`argfh i`ickcdc iatcvgsc tcfhhc
tcfhhc gtgu tcegd egkgi
egkgi n`kgjgrfyg
n`kgjgrfyg egpgt
t`rkcmgt egrc tchg mgk:
7) dugkctgs d`t`rkcngtgffyg,
d`t`rkcngtgffyg,
>) p`rgsggf egf
egf d`t`rkcngtgf gl`dtcl p`s`rtg ececd,
?) upgyg
upgyg p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg ececd uftud s`fgftcgs
s`fgftcgsgg i`i`kcmgrg
i`i`kcmgrg/i`fj
/i`fjghg
ghg iatcvg
iatcvgsc
sc
ygfh ecickcdc.
c. R`rd`ingfhgf
R`rd`ingfhgf `iasc
_ugs
_ugsgf
gfgg `ias
`iascc ygf
gfh
h pasc
pasctc
tcll gt
gtgu
gu i`
i`fy
fy`f
`fgf
gfh
hdgf
dgf gtgu
gtgu tc
tceg
egd
d
i`fy`fgfhdgf i`ingwg p`fhgrum pgeg ogrg d`rjg strudtur atgd igfuscg
egf gdgf n`rp`fhgrum pukg pgeg pras`s egf mgsck n`kgjgr. Ak`m dgr`fg ctu
p`fececd egkgi i`kgdudgf pras`s p`in`kgjgrgf p`rku i`ingwg sugsgfg
`iascc ygfh
`ias ygfh s`fgfh/h
s`fgfh/h`incrg
`incrg egf tcegd i`in`rc rgsg tgdut
tgdut pgeg p`s`rtg
ececd.
j. R`rd`ingfhgf
R`rd`ingfhgf sascgk
R`rd`
R`rd`ing
ingfhg
fhgf
f sascgk
sascgk p`s`rt
p`s`rtgg ececd
ececd egpgt
egpgt ecd`tgm
ecd`tgmuc/
uc/eck
eckcmg
cmgtt egrc
egrc
tcfhdgt
tcfhdgtgf
gf d`igip
d`igipug
ugffy
ffygg egkgi
egkgi n`rcft
n`rcft`rg
`rgdsc
dsc e`fh
e`fhgf
gf argfh
argfh kgc
kgcf
f egf
egf
i`fj
i`fjge
gecc igsy
igsygr
grgd
gdgt
gt ec kcfh
kcfhdu
dufh
fhgf
gffy
fyg.
g. Geg
Geg n`
n`n`
n`rg
rgpg
pg lgdt
lgdtar
ar ygfh
gfh
i`ip`fhgrumc
i`ip`fhgrumc p`rd`ingfhgf sascgk ygctu d`kugrhg, d`igtgfhgf, t`igf
s`ngyg, s`dakgm, egf stgtus sascgk `dafaic.
d. R`rd`ingfhgf iargk egf spcrctugk
Iargkctgs egkgi ecrc p`s`rtg ececd egpgt tcfhdgt ygfh pgkcfh r`fegm
i`fuju d` tcfhdgtgf ygfh k`ncm tcfhhc s`crcfh e`fhgf d`e`wgsggffyg.
d`e`wgsggffyg.
k. R`rd`ing
R`rd`ingfhg
fhgf
f iatarcd
iatarcd
R`rd`ingfhgf
R`rd`ingfhgf iatarcd gegkgm p`rd`ingfhgf h`rgdgf jgsigfcgm
i`kgkuc
i`kgkuc d`hcgtgf
d`hcgtgf pusgt sygrgl,
sygrgl, urgt sygrgl,
sygrgl, egf atat ygfh
ygfh t`rdarecfg
t`rdarecfgsc.
sc.
R`
R`rd
rd`i
`ing
ngfh
fhgf
gf iata
iatarc
rcd
d i`ru
i`rupg
pgdg
dgf
f pras
pras`s
`s ygfh
gfh s`jg
s`jgkg
kgf
f e`fh
e`fhgf
gf
n`
n`rtg
rtging
ingmfy
mfygg uscg
uscg s`og
s`ogrg
rg n`rtgm
n`rtgmgp
gp egf
egf n`rd`
n`rd`scf
scfgin
ginufh
ufhgf,
gf, ecigfg
ecigfg
h`rgdgf cfecvceu i`fcfhdgt egrc d`geggf s`e`rmgfg, tcegd t`rarhgfcscr, egf
tcegd t`rgipck, d`grgm p`fhugsggf d`t`rgipckgf iatarcd ygfh daipk`ds
egf t`rarhgfcs
t`rarhgfcscr
cr e`fhgf
e`fhgf ngcd.
ngcd. R`rd`ing
R`rd`ingfhgf
fhgf iatar
iatarcd
cd ecd`kaipa
ecd`kaipadddg
dddgf
f
i`fjgec iatarcd dgsgr egf iatarcd mgkus.

77
>.0 _uin`r
_uin`r N`kgjgr
N`kgjgr
>.0.7 R`fh`rtcgf _uin`r
_uin`r N`kgjgr
_uin
_uin`r
`r n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgrr i`ru
i`rupg
pgdg
dgf
f d`nu
d`nutu
tumg
mgf
f pada
padad
d egkg
egkgi
i eufc
eufcgg
p`fececdgf. _uin`r n`kgjgr (k`grfcfh r`sauro`s
r`sauro`s) gegkgm s`iug suin`r
ngcd n`rupg egtg, argfh egf wujue t`rt`ftu ygfh egpgt echufgdgf ak`m
p`
p`s`
s`rt
rtgg ecec
ececd
d eg
egkg
kgi
i n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgr,
r, ngcd
ngcd s`og
s`ogrg
rg t`rpc
t`rpcsg
sgm
m igup
igupuf
uf s`og
s`ogrg
rg
t`rdaincfgsc s`mcfhhg i`ip`riuegm p`s`rtg ececd egkgi i`fogpgc
tujugf n`kgjgr gtgu i`fogpgc daip`t`fsc t`rt`ftu
t `rt`ftu (Dusuigm, >22=).
E`fhgf e`icdcgf, egpgt ectgrcd d`scipukgf ngmwg ygfh ecigdsue
e`fhgf suin`r n`kgjgr gegkgm s`hgkg s`sugtu ygfh n`rgsgk egrc kugr ecrc
s`s`
s`s`ar
argf
gfh
h ygfh
gfh eg
egpg
pgtt i`iu
i`iufh
fhdc
dcfd
fdgf
gf t`
t`rjg
rjgecf
ecfy
yg pras
pras`s
`s n`kg
n`kgjgr
jgr
(Mcegygm, >27?).
>.0.> Lufhsc _uin`r N`kgjgr
N`kgjgr
_uin`r n`kgjgr tcegd egpgt t`rk`pgs egrc pras`s n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr ec
s`dak
s`dakgm
gm.. E`fhg
E`fhgf
f t`rs`e
t`rs`ecgfy
cgfygg suin`
suin`rr n`k
n`kgjg
gjgrr ygfh
ygfh i`ige
i`igegc,
gc, igdg
igdg
d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf egpgt t`rkgdsgfg e`fhgf ngcd egf i`fogpgc mgsck
ygfh aptcigk. Lufhsc suin`r n`kgjgr gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut.
7. I`fc
I`fcfh
fhdg
dgtd
tdgf
gf pr
prae
aeud
udtcv
tcvctg
ctgss p`
p`in
in`k
`kgj
gjgr
grgf
gf e`
e`fh
fhgf
gf jg
jgkg
kgf:
f: (g)
(g)
i`ip`ro`pgt kgju n`kgjgr egf i`ingftu huru uftud i`fhhufgdgf
wgdtu
wgdtu s`og
s`ogrg
rg k`ncm
k`ncm ngcd egf (n) i`fhurg
i`fhurgfhc
fhc n`ngf
n`ngf huru
huru egkgi
egkgi
i`fygjcdgf cflarigsc, s`mcfhhg egpgt k`ncm ngfygd i`incfg egf
i`fh`ingfhdgf hgcrgm.
>. I`in`
I`in`rcd
rcdgf
gf d`iufh
d`iufhdcfg
dcfgf
f p`in`
p`in`kgjg
kgjgrg
rgf
f ygfh sclgtfy
sclgtfygg k`ncm
k`ncm
cfecvceugk, e`fhgf ogrg: (g) i`fhurgfhc daftrak huru ygfh dgdu egf
trgecs
trgecscaf
cafgk4
gk4 egf
egf (n) i`in`rc
i`in`rcdg
dgf
f d`s
d`s`ip
`ipgtg
gtgf
f nghc
nghc scswg
scswg uftud
uftud
n`rd`ingfh s`sugc e`fhgf d`igipugfffyg.
?. I`in`rcdgf egsgr ygfh k`ncm ckicgm t`rmgegp p`in`kgjgrgf e`fhgf
ogrg: (g) p`rgfogfhgf prahrgi p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh k`ncm scst`igtcs4
eg
egf
f (n)
(n) p`
p`fh
fh`i
`ing
ngfh
fhgf
gf ng
ngmg
mgf
f p`fh
p`fhgj
gjgr
grgf
gf ygfh eck
eckgf
gfeg
egsc
sc ak`m
ak`m
p`f`kctcgf.

7>
 5. K`ncm i`igftgpdgf p`in`kgjgrgf, e`fhgf jgkgf: (g) i`fcfhdgtdgf
d`igi
d`igipug
pugf
f suin`
suin`rr n`kgjg
n`kgjgr4
r4 (n) p`fygjc
p`fygjcgf
gf cfla
cflarig
rigsc
sc egf ngmgf
ngmgf
s`ogrg k`ncm dafhdrct.
0. I`iufh
I`iufhdcf
dcfdgf
dgf n`kgjg
n`kgjgrr s`ogrg
s`ogrg s`d`tc
s`d`tcdg,
dg, ygct
gctu:
u: (g)
(g) i`fhu
i`fhurgfh
rgfhcc
d`s`fjgfh
d`s`fjgfhgf
gf gftgrg
gftgrg p`in`kgjgrg
p`in`kgjgrgf
f ygfh
ygfh n`rsclgt
n`rsclgt v`rngk
v`rngk egf gnst
gnstrgd
rgd
e`fhgf r`gkctgs ygfh sclgtfyg dafhdrct4 (n) i`in`rcdgf p`fh`tgmugf
ygfh sclgtfyg kgfhsufh.
<. I`iufhdcf
I`iufhdcfdgf
dgf p`fygjcgf
p`fygjcgf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf ygfh k`ncm kugs,
kugs, e`fhgf
e`fhgf
i`fygjcdgf cflarigsc ygfh igipu i`f`inus ngtgs h`ahrglcs.
Lufhsc-lufhsc ec gtgs s`dgkchus i`fhhgingrdgf t`ftgfh gkgsgf
eg
egf
f grtc
grtc p`
p`ft
ftcfh
cfh suin
suin`r
`r n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgrr uf
uftu
tud
d d`
d`p`
p`ft
ftcf
cfhg
hgf
f pras
pras`s
`s eg
egf
f
p`fog
p`fogpgc
pgcgf
gf mgsck
mgsck p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f scswg.
scswg. Jcdg huru
huru s`ngh
s`nghgc
gc s`arg
s`argfh
fh
p`fececd i`fhcfhcfdgf
i`fhcfhcfdgf t`rogpgcfyg mgsck n`kgjgr yg
ygfh
fh aptcigk, igdg
igd g
mgrus igipu i`fhaptcigkdgf lufhsc suin`r n`kgjgr ygfh geg. Huru
juhg mgrus igipu i`ickcm egf i`igflggtdgf
i`igflggtdgf suin`r n`kgjgr s`ogrg
t`pgtt ghgr
t`pg ghgr tujugf
tujugf d`hcgtgf
d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf egpgt
egpgt t`ro
t`rogpgc
gpgc e`fhgf ngcd.
Egkgi
Egkgi mgk cfc d`t`rgip
d`t`rgipckgf
ckgf egf dr`gtclctgs
dr`gtclctgs huru i`fjgec p`rgf ygfh
ygfh
p`ftcfh.
>.0.? J`fcs-J`fcs _uin`r N`kgjgr
N`kgjgr
_uin`r n`kgjgr t`regpgt n`n`rgpg j`fcs. I`furut Dusuigm (>22=),
s`ogrg hgrcs n`sgrfyg, t`regpgt eug j`fcs suin`r n`kgjgr ygctu:
7. _uin`r n`kgjgr ygfh ecrgfogfh ( k`grfcfh r`sauro`s ny e`schf), ygdfc
suin`r
suin`r n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr ygfh
ygfh s`ogrg
s`ogrg dmusus
dmusus ecrgfogfh
ecrgfogfh gtgu ecd`ingfh
ecd`ingfhdgf
dgf
s`nghgc daipaf`f scst`i cfstrudscafgk uftud i`in`rcdgf lgsckctgs
n`kgjgr ygfh t`rgrgm egf n`rsclgt larigk.
>. _uin
_uin`r
`r n`
n`kg
kgjg
jgrr ygfh
gfh ecig
ecigfl
flgg
ggtd
tdgf
gf (k`grfcfh r`sauro`s ny
utckczgtcaf), ygctu suin`r n`kgjgr ygfh tcegd ece`sgcf dmusus uftud
d`p`rkugf
d`p`rkugf p`in`kgjgrg
p`in`kgjgrgf
f egf d`n`rgeg
d`n`rgeggffy
gffygg egpg
egpgtt ect`iudgf,
ect`iudgf,
ect`rgpdgf egf ecigflggtdgf uftud d`p`rkugf p`in`kgjgrgf.
I`fu
I`furu
rutt Zgctu
gctuf
f S. G. Dm`r
Dm`rce
ce (egk
(egkgi
gi Gfaf
Gfafci,
ci, >2
>275
75)) egkg
egkgi
i
iaeukfy
iae n`rjueukk ‛_u
ukfygg ygfh n`rjueu _uin
in`r
`r N`kg
N`kgjg
jgrr eg
egrc
rc N`rn
N`rngh
ghgc
gc Igog
Igogi
i

7?
 _uin`r’ i`fy`nutdgf ngmwg t`regpgt n`rnghgc igogi suin`r n`kgjgr
ygfh egpgt ecigflggtdgf, gftgrg kgcf s`nghgc n`rcdut:
n`rc dut:
7. R`rpustgdggf, egpgt echufgdgf s`nghgc sgrgfg p`fcfhdgtgf wgwgsgf
egf p`fh`tgmu
p`fh`tgmugf,
gf, i`fcfhdg
i`fcfhdgtdgf
tdgf icfgt egf d`ncgsgg
d`ncgsggf
f i`ing
i`ingog
og
scswg,, sgrgfg
scswg sgrgfg p`fogrcgf
p`fogrcgf p`fh`tgm
p`fh`tgmugf/cf
ugf/cflarig
larigsc
sc egf p`rp
p`rpustg
ustgdgg
dggf
f
puf egpgt echufgdgf s`nghgc t`ipgt ecsdusc, gjgfh n`rtudgr pcdcrgf
gftgr d`kaipad n`kgjgr.
>. I`ec
I`ecgg N`kgj
N`kgjgr/
gr/Gkg
Gkgtt R`rgh
R`rghgg ygfh eci
ecigds
gdsue
ue gegkgm
gegkgm n`rng
n`rnghg
hgcc gkg
gkgt,
t,
ngmgf
ngmgf ygfh
ygfh ncsg echufgdgf uftud i`ingftu
i`ingftu egkgi p`fygipg
p`fygipgcgf
cgf
igt`rcc p`in`kgjg
igt`r p`in`kgjgrgf.
rgf. I`ecg t`rs`nut
t`rs`nut ngcd ecnugt
ecnugt s`fecrc
s`fecrc igupuf
igupuf
dgryg argfh kgcf. N`rnghgc i`ecg ygfh geg p`rku echufgdgf s`ogrg
aptcigkk egf t`ftu sgjg mgrus ecp`kcmgr
aptcig ecp`kcmgrgg egf ecjgh
ecjghgg d`kgygdgf
d`kgygdgffyg.
fyg.
I`ecg ygfh p`rku ecp`rtcingfhdgf uftud ecickcdc t`rutgig i`ecg
`k`d
`k`dtra
trafc
fcd
d (p
(pra
raeu
eud
d t`df
t`dfak
akah
ahcc da
daiu
iufc
fcdg
dgsc
sc).
). Ncgs
Ncgsgfy
gfygg e`fh
e`fhgf
gf
i`fhhufgdgf i`ecg s`p`rtc cfc p`in`kgjgrgf gdgf k`ncm mceup egf
scswg puf k`ncm gftuscgs i`fhcdutcfyg.
?. Igjg
Igjgkg
kgm
m Ec
Ecfe
fecf
cfh
h, kgy
kgygd ecp`
ecp`rt
rtci
cing
ngfh
fhdg
dgf
f t`
t`ru
rutg
tgig
ig ngh
nghc
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf Ngmgsg
Ngmgsg Cfeaf`scg
Cfeaf`scg/Cfhh
/Cfhhrcs.
rcs. Igecfh
Igecfh egpgt
egpgt i`fjgec
i`fjgec
sgrgfg p`fy`ngr cflarigsc gtgu p`fh`tgmugf egrc mgsck dgryg scswg
ngcd n`rupg dgrgfhgf, pucsc, o`rp`f egf kgcf-kgcf.
5. _uin
_uin`r
`r kgcffy
kgcffyg,
g, egpgt
egpgt n`rupg
n`rupg mgsck
mgsck rgfog
rgfogfh
fhgf
gf s`f
s`fecr
ecrcc egrc
egrc huru
huru
gtgupu
gtgupuf
f suin`r
suin`r ygfh suegm
suegm t`rh`kg
t`rh`kgrr ec s`d`
s`d`kckcf
kckcfh
h s`dakg
s`dakgm
m egf
egf
igsygrgdgt.
>.0.5 Drct`rcg egkgi R`ickcmgf _uin`r N`kgjgr
N`kgjgr
Drct`rcg uiui egkgi p`ickcmgf suin`r n`kgjgr ygfh n`rdugkctgs
cfc i`kcputc:
7. @dafaics, ygfh n`rgrtc ngmwg suin`r n`kgjgr tcegd mgrus igmgk.
_uin
_uin`r
`r n`kg
n`kgjg
jgrr p`rk
p`rku
u ecs`
ecs`su
sugc
gcdg
dgf
f e`fh
e`fhgf
gf gk
gkad
adgs
gscc egfg
egfg egf
egf
d`nutumgf suin`r n`kgjgr ygfh gdgf echufgdgf.
>. Rrgdtcs egf s`e`rmgfg, suin`r n`kgjgr mgrus iuegm echufgdgf egf
tcegd i`incfhufhdgf. Ucegd i`i`rkudgf kghc tgingmgf p`kgygfgf
gtgu gkgt kgcf ygfh sukct ecgegdgf.

75
 ?. Iuegm
Iuegm ecp`ra
ecp`rak`m
k`m,, ngmwg
ngmwg suin`r
suin`r n`kgjg
n`kgjgrr iuegm
iuegm ecogrc
ecogrc egf
egf
ecegpgtdgf. Jcdg p`rku egpgt i`igflggtdgf kcfhdufhgf s`dctgr ygfh
t`rs
t`rs`e
`ecg
cg s`mc
s`mcfh
fhhg
hg p`s`
p`s`rt
rtgg ecec
ececd
d juhg
juhg egpg
egpgtt e`fh
e`fhgf
gf iu
iueg
egm
m
i`igflggtdgf.
5. Lk`dscn`k gtgu daipgtcnk`, suin`r n`kgjgr tcegd mgrus i`fhcdgt pgeg
sgtu tujugf gtgu igt`rc p`in`kgjgrgf t`rt`ftu. Gdgf k`ncm ngcd jcdg
egpgt ecigflggtdgf uftud n`rnghgc tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf ngmdgf juhg
d`p`rkugf ygfh kgcf.
Drct`rcg dmusus ygfh p`rku ecp`rmgtcdgf egkgi p`ickcmgf suin`r
n`kgjgr ygfh n`rdugkctgs gegkgm s`nghgc n`rcdut:
7. _uin`r n`kgjgr egpgt
egpgt i`iatcvgsc p`s`rtg ececd egkgi n`
n`kgjgr.
kgjgr.
>. _uin`r n`kgjgr uftud tujugf p`fhgjgrgf. Igdsuefyg suin`r n`kgjgr
ygfh ecpckcm s`ngcdfyg i`feudufh d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr ygfh
eckgdsgfgdgf.
?. _uin`r n`kgjgr uftud p`f`kctcgf. Igdsuefyg suin`r n`kgjgr ygfh
ecpckcm m`fegdfyg egpgt ecans`rvgsc, ecgfgkcscs, ecogtgt s`ogrg t`kctc,
egf s`nghgcfyg.
5. _uin`r
_uin`r n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr uftud i`i`ogm
i`i`ogmdgf
dgf igsgkgm.
igsgkgm. Igds
Igdsuefy
uefygg suin`r
suin`r
n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr ygfh
ygfh ecpckcm m`fegdfyg
m`fegdfyg egpgt
egpgt i`fhgtgsc
i`fhgtgsc prank`i n`kgjgr
p`s`rtg ececd ygfh ecmgegpc egkgi d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr i`fhgjgr.
0. _uin`r
_uin`r n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr uftud
uftud pr`s`ftg
pr`s`ftgsc.
sc. Igdsuefy
Igdsuefygg suin`
suin`rr n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr ygfh
ecpckcm m`fegdfyg ncsg n`rlufhsc s`nghgc gkgt, i`tae`, gtgu strgt`hc
p`fygipgcgf p`sgf.
>.< I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf
>.<.7 R`fh`rtcgf I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf
R`in`kgjgrgf
I`ecg
I`ecg s`ogrg
s`ogrg `tciak
`tciakah
ahcs
cs n`rg
n`rgsgk
sgk egrc
egrc ngmgsg
ngmgsg Kgtcf
Kgtcf i`eca
i`eca gtgu
gtgu
i`ecus ygfh i`rupgdgf n`ftud jgigd egrc dgtg i`ecui ygfh n`rgrtc
p`fhgftgr,
p`fhgftgr, gtgu p`rgftgrg. _`egfhdgf
_`egfhdgf egkgi ngmgsg Grgn, i`ecg gegkg
gegkgm
m
p`rgftgrg gtgu p`fhgftgr p`sgf egrc p`fhcrci d`pgeg p`f`rcig p`sgf.
_`og
_`ogrg
rg dm
dmus
usus
us,, i`ec
i`ecgg eg
egpg
pgtt ecgr
ecgrtcd
tcdgf
gf s`ng
s`nghg
hgcc gk
gkgt
gt gt
gtgu
gu sgrg
sgrgfg
fg
daiufcdgs
daiufcdgscc ygfh echufgdgf
echufgdgf s`nghgc
s`nghgc p`rgftgrg
p`rgftgrg gtgu p`fhgftg
p`fhgftgrr p`sgf
p`sgf
ygfh n`rcsc cflarigsc egrc suin`r
suin`r d` p`f`rcig p`sgf.
p`sgf.

70
 Ecdgctdgf e`fhgf p`in`kgjgrgf, i`ecg ecigdfgc s`nghgc
s`nghgc gkgt
da
daiu
iufc
fcdg
dgsc
sc ygfh echu
echufg
fgdg
dgf
f eg
egkg
kgi
i pras
pras`s
`s p`in
p`in`k
`kgj
gjgr
grgf
gf uf
uftu
tud
d
i`ingwg
i`ingwg cflarigsc
cflarigsc n`rupg
n`rupg igt`rc
igt`rc gjgr egrc p`fhgjgr
p`fhgjgr d`pg
d`pgeg
eg p`s`rtg
p`s`rtg
ececd s`mcfhhg p`s`rtg ececd i`fjgec k`ncm t`rtgrcd uftud i`fhcdutc
d`hcgtgf
d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf.. _gtu mgk ygfh p`rku eccfhgt
eccfhgt ngmwg
ngmwg p`rg
p`rgfgf
fgf
i`ecg tcegd gdgf t`rkcmgt gpgnckg p`fhhufggffyg tcegd s`jgkgf e`fhgf
csc egf tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh
ygfh t`kgm ecruiusdgf. _`ogfhhcm
_`ogfhhcm gpg
gpg puf
i`ecg t`rs`nut, tcegd egpgt ecdgtgdgf i`fufjgfh p`in`kgjgrgf gpgnckg
d`n`rgeg
d`n`rgeggffy
gffygg i`fycipgf
i`fycipgfh
h egrc csc egf tujug
tujugf
f p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgffyg.
fyg.
I`ecg gegkgm s`hgkg s`sugtu ygfh egpgt echufgdgf uftud i`fygkurdgf
p`sgf egrc p`fhcrci d` p`f`rcig s`mcfhhg egpgt i`rgfhsgfh pcdcrgf,
p`rgsggf, p`rmgtcgf, egf icfgt s`rtg p`rmgtcgf scswg s`e`icdcgf rupg
s`mcfhhg pras`s n`kgjgr t`rjgec (_gecigf,
(_gecigf, 73=5:<).
N`regsgr
N`regsgrdgf
dgf urgcgf ec gtgs,
gtgs, egpgt
egpgt ecscipukdg
ecscipukdgf
f ngmw
ngmwgg i`ecg
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf cgkgm s`hgkg ngmgf,
ngmgf, gkgt, i`tae` gtgupuf
gtgupuf t`df
t`dfcd
cd ygfh
ygfh
echufg
echufgdgf
dgf uftud
uftud i`fyg
i`fygipg
ipgcdg
cdgf
f cfl
cflari
arigsc
gsc egrc
egrc sui
suin`r
n`r (huru)
(huru) d`
p`f`r
p`f`rcig
cig cflarig
cflarigsc
sc (scswg)
(scswg) s`kgi
s`kgigg pras`
pras`ss p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f s`m
s`mcfhh
cfhhgg
ecogpgc pras`s
pras`s p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh k`ncm n`riutu.
>.<.> Lufhsc I`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf
U`regpg
U`regpgtt eug lufhsc
lufhsc utgig i`ecg p`in`kgjgrg
p`in`kgjgrgf,
f, p`rtg
p`rtgig
ig i`ecg
ge
gegkg
gkgm
m s`nghg
s`nghgcc gkgt
gkgt ngftu
ngftu p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf,
f, egf lufhs
lufhscc d`eug
d`eug ge
gegkg
gkgm
m
s`nghg
s`nghgcc i`ecg suin`r n`kgjgr.
n`kgjgr. D`eug lufhsc
lufhsc utgig
utgig t`rs`nut
t`rs`nut egpgt
egpgt
ect`kggm egkgi ukgsgf ec ngwgm cfc.
7. I`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf s`nghgc gkgt ngftu egkgi p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf
_`ngh
_`nghgc
gc gkgt
gkgt ngftu,
ngftu, i`ecg
i`ecg i`ipufy
i`ipufygc
gc lufhsc
lufhsc i`kcoc
i`kcocfdg
fdgf
f jgkgf
jgkgf
i`fuju t`rogpgcfyg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf. Mgk cfc eckgfegsc d`ygdcfgf
ngmwg d`hcgtgf p`in`kgjgrgf e`fhgf ngftugf i`ecg i`ip`rtcfhhc
dugkctgs d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr scswg egkgi t`fhhgfh wgdtu ygfh oudup
kgig. Ctu n`rgrtc, d`hcgtgf n`kgjgr scswg e`fhgf ngftugf i`ecg gdgf
i`fhmgsckdgf pras`s egf mgsck n`kgjgr ygfh k`ncm ngcd egrcpgeg tgfpg
ngftugf i`ecg.
>. I`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf
p`in`kgjgrgf s`nghgc suin`r n`kgjgr
n`kgjgr

7<
 I`ecg p`fececdgf, s`nghgc sgkgm sgtu suin`r n`kgjgr, cdut i`ingftu
huru egkgi i`iuegmdgf t`rogpgcfyg p`igmgigf igt`rc gjgr ak`m
scswg, s`rtg egpgt i`ip`rdgyg wgwgsgf scswg.
Gegpuf i`fhgpg i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf ygfh t`pgt egpgt i`ingwg
d`n`rmgsckgf n`kgjgr egf i`fhgjgr ec d`kgs, i`furut K`vc` egf K`ftz
(73=>) egkgi I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf (Grsmge. >22>:5), ctu dgr`fg i`ecg
p`in`kgjgrgf dmususfyg
dmususfyg i`ecg vcsugk i`ickcdc `ipgt lufhsc ygctu:
g. Lufhsc gt`fsc, ygctu
ygctu egpgt i`fgrcd egf i`fhgrg
i`fhgrgmdgf
mdgf p`rmgtcgf scswg
uftud n`rdafs`ftrg
n`rdafs`ftrgsc
sc d`pgeg
d`pgeg csc p`kgjgrg
p`kgjgrgf
f ygfh
ygfh n`rdg
n`rdgctgf
ctgf e`fhgf
e`fhgf
igdfg
igdfg vcsug
vcsugkk ygfhectg
gfhectgipc
ipckdg
kdgf
f gtg
gtgu
u i`fy`rtg
i`fy`rtgcc t`ds
t`ds igt`r
igt`rcc egf
p`kgjgrgf.
n. Lufhsc gl`dtcl , ygctu egpgt i`fhhuhgm
i`fhhuhgm `iasc egf scdgp scswg
scswg..
o. Lufhsc
Lufhsc dahfctcl,
dahfctcl, ygctu
ygctu i`ip`rkg
i`ip`rkgfogr
fogr tujugf uftud i`igmgic
i`igmgic egf
i`fhcfhgtcflarigsc/p`sgf
i`fhcfhgtcflarigsc/p`sgf ygfh t`rdgfeufh egkgi hgingr.
e. Lufhsc oaip`fsgtcafs, ygctu egpgt i`fhgdaiaegscdgf scswg ygfh
k`igm
k`igm egf
egf kgingt
kgingti`f
i`f`rc
`rcig
ig egf i`igm
i`igmgic
gic csc p`kgjg
p`kgjgrg
rgf
f ygfh
ecsgjcdgf e`fhgf t`ds gtgu s`ogrg v`rngk.
>.<.? J`fcs-J`fcs I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf
R`in`kgjgrgf
Egkgi
Egkgi p`rd`
p`rd`ing
ingfhg
fhgffy
ffygg i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`k
p`in`kgjgr
gjgrgf
gf i`fhc
i`fhcdut
dutcc
p`rd`ingfhgf
p`rd`ingfhgf t`dfakahc. N`regsgrdgf
N`regsgrdgf p`rd`ingfhgf t`dfakahc
t `dfakahc
t`rs`nut, i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf ecd`kaipaddgf d`egkgi `ipgt d`kaipad
ygctu:
7. I`e
I`ecg mgsck t`df
t`dfak
akah
ahcc t`d
t`dfaka
fakah
hc o`tg
tgd,
d, gegkg
egkgm
m ogrg uftu
uftud
d
i`fhmgsckdgf gtgu i`fygipgcdgf igt`rc, s`p`rtc nudu egf igt`rc
vcsugkk stgtcs t`rutgig i`kgkuc pras`s
vcsug pras`s p`ro`tgdg
p`ro`tgdgf
f i`dgfcs
i`dgfcs gtgu
pmatahrglcs . D`kaipad i`ecg mgsck t`dfakahc o`tgd gftgrg kgcf: t`ds,
hrglcd, lata gtgu r`pr`s`ftgsc latahrglcd.
>. I`ecg mgsck t`dfakah
t`dfakahcc gueca-vcsu
gueca-vcsugk,
gk, ogrg p`fygipg
p`fygipgcgf
cgf igt`rcfyg
igt`rcfyg
e`fhgf
e`fhgf i`fhhufgd
i`fhhufgdgf
gf i`scf-i`s
i`scf-i`scf
cf i`dgfcs
i`dgfcs egf `k`dtrafcs
`k`dtrafcs uftud
uftud
i`fygjcdgf p`sgf-p`sgf
p`sgf-p`sgf gueca-vcsugk p`fygjcgf p`fhgjgrgf s`ogrg
gueca-vcsu
gueca-vcsugk
gk j`kgs n`rocrcdgf
n`rocrcdgf p`igdgcg
p`igdgcgf
f p`rgfhdgt
p`rgfhdgt d`rgs s`kgig
s`kgig

78
 pras`ss p`in`kgjgrg
pras` p`in`kgjgrgf,
f, s`p`rtc,
s`p`rtc, i`scf pray`dtar
pray`dtar lcki, tgp` r`oare`r,
pray`dtar vcsugk ygfh k`ngr.
?. I`ecg mgsck t`dfakahc ygfh n`regsgrdgf daiput`r, i`rupgdgf ogrg
i`fhmgsckd
i`fhmgsckdgf
gf gtgu i`fygipgc
i`fygipgcdgf
dgf igt`rc
igt`rc e`fhgf
e`fhgf i`fhh
i`fhhufgd
ufgdgf
gf
suin`r-su
suin`r-suin`r
in`r ygfh
ygfh n`rngscs
n`rngscs icora-pras`sar. N`
N`rng
rnghg
hgcc gpk
gpkcdg
cdgsc
sc
t`dfakahc n`rngscs daiput`r egkgi p`in`kgjgrgf uiuifyg ecd`fgk
s`nghgc oaiput`r gsscst`e cfstruotcaf. Gpkcdg
Gpkcdgsc
sc t`rs`n
t`rs`nut
ut gpgnckg
gpgnckg
eckcmgt egrc ogrg p`fygjcgf egf tujugf ygfh cfhcf ecogpgc i`kcputc
tutarcgk, p`fygjcgf igt`rc s`ogrg n`rtgmgp, erckks `fe prgotco` kgtcmgf
uftud
uftud i`ing
i`ingftu
ftu scswg
scswg i`fhu
i`fhugsg
gsgcc igt`rc
igt`rc ygfh t`k
t`kgm
gm ecp`kg
ecp`kgjgr
jgrcc
s`n`kuifyg, p`rigcfgf egf sciukgsc (kgtcmgf uftud i`fhgpkcdgsdgf
p`fh`tgmugf egf d`t`rgipckf ygfh ngru ecp`kgjgrc), egf ngscs egtg
(suin`
(suin`rr ygfh egpgt
egpgt i`ing
i`ingftu
ftu scs
scswg
wg i`f
i`fgin
gingm
gm cfl
cflari
arigs
gscc egf
egf
p`fh`tgmugf
p`fh`tgmugf s`sugc e`fhgf d`cfhcfgf igscfh-igscfh).
5. I`ecg mgsck hgnufhgf t`fakahc o`tgd egf t`dfakahc daiput`r, gegkgm
ogrg
ogrg uftu
uftud
d i`fh
i`fhmg
mgsc
sckd
kdgf
gf egf
egf i`
i`fy
fygi
gipg
pgcd
cdgf
gf igt`
igt`rc
rc ygfh
gfh
i`fh
i`fhhg
hgnu
nufh
fhdg
dgf
f p`ig
p`igdg
dgcg
cgf
f n`n`
n`n`rg
rgpg
pg n`ft
n`ftud
ud i`ec
i`ecgg ygfh
gfh
ecd`fegkcdgf daiput`r. Daiput`r ygfh i`ickcdc d`igipugf ygfh
m`ngt s`p`rtc juikgm rgfeai gds`s i`iarc ygfh n`sgr, mgre ecsd
ygfh n`sgr, egf iafcta
iafctarr ygfh
ygfh n`r`sakusc
n`r`sakusc tcfhhc ectgingm
ectgingm e`fh
e`fhgf
gf
pgrgr`k
pgrgr`k (gkgt-gkgt
(gkgt-gkgt tgingmgf)
tgingmgf),, s`p`rtc:
s`p`rtc: vceca ecsd pkgy`r, p`rg
p`rgfhdg
fhdgtt
d`rgs uftud n`rhgnufh egkgi sugtu jgrcfhgf egf scst`i gueca.
gueca.
_`kgcf
_`kgcf p`ing
p`inghc
hcgf
gf ctu geg kghc
kghc p`ing
p`inghc
hcgf
gf i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f
i`furut j`fcs, egyg kcput, egf ngmgffyg s`nghgc n`rcdut.
g N`regsgrdgf
N`regsgrdgf j`fcsfyg,
j`fcsfyg, i`ecg t`rnghc i`fjgec:
7. I`ecg guectcl
I`ecg ygfh mgfyg i`fhgfegkdgf sugrg sgjg s`p`rc rgeca, dgs`t
r`dare`r, p`rcfhgf mctgi.i`ecg cfc tcegd oaoad uftud argfh tukc
gtgu i`ipufygc d`kgcfgf p`fe`fhgrgf.
p`fe`fhgrgf.
>. I`ecg vcsugk
I`ecg ygfh mgfyg i`fhgfegkdgf cfe`rg p`fhkcmgtgf. I`ecg cfc
geg ygfh i`fgipckdgf hgingr ecgi s`p`rtc lcki strcp, skce`s,

7=
 lata
lata,, hging
gingrr gtgu
gtgu kudc
kudcsg
sgf,
f, egf
egf o`tg
o`tgdg
dgf.
f. Geg
Geg pukg
pukg ygfh
gfh
i`fgipckdgf hgingr gtgu scinak ygfh n`rh`rgd s`p`rtc lcki ncsu,
egf lcki dgrtuf.
?. I`ecg gueca vcsugk
I`ecg
I`ecg ygfh i`ipufy
i`ipufygc
gc ufsur
ufsur sugrg
sugrg egf ufsur
ufsur hging
hgingr.
r. J`fcs
J`fcs
i`ec
i`ecgg cfc
cfc i`ip
i`ipufy
ufygc
gc d`
d`ig
igip
ipug
ugf
f ygfh
gfh k`n
k`ncm
cm ngcd
ngcd dg
dgr`
r`fg
fg
i`kcputc
i`kcputc d`eug j`fcs i`ecg
i`ecg ygfh p`rtgig
p`rtgig egf
egf d`eug. I`ecg
I`ecg cfc
ecnghc egkgi:
a Gueca vcsugk iurfc ygctu
ygctu ngcd ufsur sugrg igupuf u
ufsur
fsur
hgingr e`rgsgk egrc sgtu suin`rs`p`rtc vce`a dgs`t.
a Gueca
Gueca vcsug
vcsugkk tcegd
tcegd iurfc
iurfc ygctu
gctu ufsur
ufsur sugrg
sugrg egf ufsur
hgingrfyg n`rgsgk egrc suin`r yg
ygfh
fh n`rn`eg.
n`rn`eg. Icsgkfyg
lcki ncfhd
ncfhdgc
gc sugrg
sugrg ygfh ufsur
ufsur hging
hgingrfy
rfygg n`rgs
n`rgsgk
gk egrc
egrc
skce`s pray`dtar
pray`dtar egf ufsur sugrgfyg
sugrgfyg n`rgsgk
n`rgsgk egrc tgp`
r`oare`r
n N`regsgrdgf
N`regsgrdgf egyg
egyg kcputfyg,
kcputfyg, i`ecg t`rnghc i`fjgec:
i`fjgec:
7. I`ecg e`fhgf
e`fhgf egyg kcput kugs egf s`r`ftgd.
R`fhhufggf i`ecg cfc tcegd t`rngtgs ak`m t`ipgt egf rugfh s`rtg
egpgt i`fjgfhdgujuikgm gfgd ececd ygfh ngfygd egkgi wgdtu
ygfh sgig.s`p`rtc rgeca egf t`k`vcsc s`rtg cft`rf`t.
>. I`ecg e`fhgf
e`fhgf egyg kcput t`rngtgs ak`m rugfh egf t`ipgt.
t`ipgt.
I`ecg cfc egkgi p`fhhufggffyg i`inutumdgf rugfh egf t`ipgt
ygfh dmusus
dmusus s`p`rtc
s`p`rtc lcki saufe
saufe skce`
skce`ss lcki rgfhdgc,
rgfhdgc, ygfh
ygfh mgrus
i`fhhufgdgf
i`fhhufgdgf `ipgt t`rtutup
t`rt utup egf h`kgp.
?. I`ecg uftud p`in`kgjgrgf cfvceugk.
I`ec
I`ecgg cfc
cfc p`
p`fh
fhhu
hufg
fggf
gffy
fygg mgfy
mgfygg uf
uftu
tud
d s`arg
s`argfh
fh ecrc.
ecrc. Sgfh
Sgfh
t`ri
t`rigs
gsud
ud egk
egkgi
gi i`e
i`ecg
cg cfc
cfc gegkg
gegkgm
m iaeu
iaeukk n`
n`rp
rprah
rahrg
rgi
i egf
egf
p`fhgjgrgf i`kgkuc daiput`r.
o N`regsgrdgf
N`regsgrdgf ngmgffyg,
ngmgffyg, i`ecg t`rnghc i`fjgec:
7. I`ecg s`e`rmgfg.
I`ecg cfc ngmgf egsgrfyg iuegm ecp`rak`m egf mgrhgfyg iurgm,
ogrg p`inugtgffyg iuegm, egf p`fhhufggffyg
p`fhhufggffyg tcegd
tc egd sukct.

73
 >. I`ecg daipk`ds.
I`ecg
I`ecg cfc gegkgm
gegkgm i`ecg
i`ecg ygfh ngmgf
ngmgf egsgrfy
egsgrfygg dai
daipk`
pk`ds
ds suk
sukct
ct
eceg
ecegpg
pgtt s`rt
s`rtgg ig
igmg
mgkk mgrh
mgrhgf
gfy
yg, su
sukc
kctt i`in
i`inug
ugtf
tfy
yg, egf
egf
p`fhhufggfyg
p`fhhufggfyg i`i`rkudgf d`t`rgipckgf ygfh i`igegc.
>.<.5 Rrcfscp-Rrcfscp R`ickcmgf I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf
R`in`kgjgrgf
_`tcgp i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf i`ickcdc d`ufhhukgf igscfh-igscfh,
igdg egrc ctukgm huru ecmgrgpd
ecmgrgpdgf
gf egpg
egpgtt i`ic
i`ickcm
kcm i`ecg ygfh s`sugc
s`sugc
e`fhgf d`nutumgf gtgu tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf. E`fhgf mgrgpgf ngmwg
ngmwg
p`fhhufggf i`ecg gdgf i`ip`ro`pgt egf i`ip`riuegm p`fogpgcgf
tujugf
tujugf p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf.
rgf. Geg n`n`rgpg
n`n`rgpg prcfscp ygfh p`rku ecp`rmgtcdgf
ecp`rmgtcdgf
egkgi p`ickcmgf i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf, yg
ygctu:
ctu:
g. Mgrus
Mgrus geg d`j`kgsgf
d`j`kgsgf t`ftgfh
t`ftgfh igdsue egf tujugf
tujugf p`ickcmgf
p`ickcmgf i`ecg
p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf.
rgf. Gpgdgm
Gpgdgm p`ickcmgf
p`ickcmgf i`ecg ctu uftud p`in
p`in`kgj
`kgjgrgf
grgf,,
uftud cflarigs
cflarigscc ygfh n`rsclgt
n`rsclgt uiui, gtgudgm
gtgudgm s`d`eg
s`d`egrr mcnurgf sgjg
i`fh
i`fhcs
cscc wgdt
wgdtu
u dasa
dasafh
fh.. K`ncm
`ncm dmus
dmusus
us kg
kghc
hc,, gpgd
gpgdgm
gm uftu
uftud
d
p`in`kgjgrgf d`kaipad gtgu cfecvceu, gpgdgm sgsgrgffyg scswg UD,
_E, _KUR,
_KUR, _IP,
_IP, gtgu
gtgu scswg
scswg pgeg
pgeg _KN,
_KN, igsygrg
igsygrgdgt
dgt p`e`s
p`e`sgg
ggf
f
gtgudg
gtgudgm
m igsygrg
igsygrgdgt
dgt p`
p`rda
rdatgg
tggf.
f. Egpgt
Egpgt pukg
pukg tujugf
tujugf t`rs`
t`rs`nut
nut gdgf
gdgf
i`fygfhdu
i`fygfhdutt p`rn`egg
p`rn`eggf
f wgrfg,
wgrfg, h`rgd
h`rgd gtgu sugrg. Icsgkfyg
Icsgkfyg pras`s
dcicg (lgrigsc), gtgu p`in`kgjgrgf p`in`egmgf (d`eadt`rgf).
(d`eadt`rgf).
n. Dgrg
Dgrgdt`
dt`rcs
rcstcd
tcd i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f s`tcg
s`tcgp
p i`ecg
i`ecg p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f
i`ipufygc dgrgdt`rcstcd t`rt`ftu, ngcd eckcmgt egrc d`ufhhukgffyg,
ogrg
ogrg p`in
p`inug
ugtg
tgf
f igup
igupuf
uf ogrg
ogrg p`fh
p`fhh
hufgg
ufggff
ffy
yg. I`ig
I`igmg
mgic
ic
dgrgdt`rcstcd i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf i`rupgdgf d`igipugf egsgr ygfh
mgrus ecickcdc huru
huru egkgi dgctgffyg
dgctgffyg p`ickcmgf i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf.
Ec
Ecsg
sgip
ipcf
cfh
h ctu
ctu i`in
i`in`r
`rcd
cdgf
gf d`iu
d`iufh
fhdc
dcfg
fgf
f pgeg
pgeg huru
uru uftu
uftud
d
i`fhhufgdgf
i`fhhufgdgf n`rnghgc i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf s`ogrg n`rvgrcgsc.
o. Gk
Gkt`
t`rf
rfgt
gtcl
cl pckcm
pckcmgf
gf,, ygct
gctu
u gegf
gegfy
yg s`ju
s`juikg
ikgm
m i`ec
i`ecgg ygfh
gfh eg
egpg
pgtt
ecngfecfhdgf
ecngfecfhdgf gtgu ecdaip`tcscdgf. E`fhgf e`icdcgf huru ncsg
i`f`ftudgf pckcmgf i`ecg p`in`kgjgrgf igfg ygfh
ygfh gdgf ecpckcm,
jcdg t`regpgt n`n`rgpg
n`n`rgpg i`ecg ygfh
ygfh egpgt ecngfecfhdgf.
ecngfecfhdgf.

>2
 NGN ?
R@FPUPR
?.7 D`scipukgf
D`scipukgf
N`regsgrdgf p`ingmgsgf ygfh geg, egpgt ect`iudgf d`scipukgf s`nghgc
n`rcdut.
7. Uujugf p`in`kgjgrgf t`recrc egrc tujugf uiui egf tujugf dmusus. Uujugf
uiui s`p`rtc ghgr scswg i`igmgic dafs`p-dafs`p p`ftcfh ygfh t`rogdup
eg
egkgi
kgi sugtu
sugtu ncegfh
ncegfh stuec,
stuec, n`kgjg
n`kgjgrr i`fgip
i`fgipckdg
ckdgf
f pras`e
pras`eur,
ur, i`igmg
i`igmgic
ic
munufhgf dgusgk p`ftcfh ygfh t`rogdup egkgi sugtu ncegfh stuec, s`rtg
eg
egpgt
pgt i`ip`
i`ip`kgjg
kgjgrc
rc tuhgs
tuhgs ygfh eceudu
eceudufh
fhfyg
fyg.. Uuj
Uujug
ugf
f dmu
dmusus
sus ge
gegkg
gkgm
m
p`
p`rfy
rfygtg
gtggf
gf dmusus
dmusus t`ftgf
t`ftgfh
h mgsck
mgsck p`in`
p`in`kgj
kgjgrg
grgf
f ygfh eccfhc
eccfhcfdg
fdgf
f ygfh
i`fhgou pgeg dafstrud t`rt`ftu.
>. R`ftcfhfyg tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf gegkgm uftud i`fckgc mgsck p`in`kgjgrgf,
i`incincfh scswg n`kgjgr s`rtg i`rgfogfh
i `rgfogfh scst`i p`in`kgjgrgf.
?. Dkgscl
Dkgsclcdgsc
cdgsc egrc
egrc tujugf p`in`kgjgr
p`in`kgjgrgf
gf t`recrc egrc tchg rgfgm,
rgfgm, ygdf
ygdfcc (7)
dahfctcl, (>) gl`dtcl, egf (?) pscdaiatar.
5. Dgrgd
Dgrgdt`rc
t`rcstc
stcd
d p`n`kg
p`n`kgjgr
jgr i`kcpu
i`kcputc
tc `tfcd,
`tfcd, duktur
dukturgk,
gk, stgtus
stgtus sascgk
sascgk,, icfgt
icfgt,,
d`
d`ig
igip
ipug
ugf
f gwgk
gwgk,, hg
hgy
yg n`
n`kg
kgjgr
jgr,, ia
iatcv
tcvgs
gsc,
c, p`
p`rd
rd`i
`ing
ngfh
fhgf
gf `ias
`iasc,
c,
p`rd`ingfhgf
p`rd`ingfhgf sascgk, p`rd`ing
p`rd`ingfhgf
fhgf iargk egf spcrctugk s`rtg
p`rd`ingfhgf
p`rd`ingfhgf iatarcd
0. _uin`r n`kgjgr (k`grfcfh r`sauro`s
r`sauro`s ) gegkgm s`iug suin`r ngcd n`rupg
egtg, argfh egf wujue t`rt`ftu ygfh egpgt echufgdgf ak`m p`s`rtg ececd
egkgi n`kgjgr.
<. I`ecg
I`ecg p`in`kgjg
p`in`kgjgrgf
rgf egkgi pras`s
pras`s p`in`kgjgr
p`in`kgjgrgf
gf n`rlufhsc
n`rlufhsc s`nghgc
s`nghgc gkgt
ngftu p`in`kgjgrgf, egf s`nghgc i`ecg suin`r n`kgjgr.
?.> _grgf
R`fukcs n`rmgrgp s`iahg igdgkgm cfc egpgt i`fgingm p`fh`tgmugf nghc
p`ingog i`fh`fgc tujugf p`in`kgjgrgf, dgrgdt`rcstcd p`n`kgjgr, egf suin`r
& i`ecg.
i`ecg. R`fukcs
R`fukcs i`fygegrc
i`fygegrc ngmwg igdgkgm
igdgkgm cfc
c fc igscm
igscm ngfygd
ngfygd d`sg
d`sgkgmgf
kgmgf
igupuf d`durgfhgf egf sgfhgt jgum egrc dgtg s`ipurfg. Ak`m dgr`fg ctu,
p`fukcs
p`fukcs sgfhgt
sgfhgt i`fhmgrgp
i`fhmgrgpdgf
dgf drctcd egf sgrgf t`ftgfh
t`ftgfh igdgkgm cfc uftud
uftud
p`rngcdgf pgeg igdgkgm ygfh s`kgfjutfyg.

>7
 EGLUG^ RP_UGDG

cf. >223. R`fececd

Ngmgrueecf.
Ngmgruee R`fececdgf
gf Rscdakahc
Rscdakahc R`rd`ingfhgf.
R`rd`ingfhgf. Jahjgdg
Jahjgdgrtg:
rtg: Gr-^uzz
Gr-^uzz
I`ecg.
N`ffy, G. >223. Iae`k E`sgcf _cst`i R`in`kgjgrgf . Jgdgrtg: Ecgf ^gdygt.
Dgrtgecfgtg, & _ufgrya. 7338. R`fececdgf uftud R`fh`ingfhgf _EI N`riutu
I`igsudc Gnge ]]C: Cipkcdgsc Ncincfhgffyg . Rur
Rurwad
wad`rt
`rta:
a: Igdgkg
Igdgkgm
m
Dafv`fsc Fgscafgk Ecvcsc-Ecvcsc CRNC.
Fgsutcaf. >277. U`dfakahc R`fececdgf. Jgdgrtg: Nuic Gdsgrg.
^clg–c, G. >228. @vgkugsc R`in`kgjgrgf. _`igrgfh: PFF@_ R^@__
_gfjgy
_gfjgyg,
g, X., & Nuecig
Nuecigfjgy
fjgyg,
g, G. >278.
>278. Rgrgec
Rgrgechig I`fhgjgrr. Jgdg
hig Ngru I`fhgjg Jgdgrtg:
rtg:
Dgfogfg.
_ufegygfg, ^. >27?. I`ecg R`in`kgjgrgf Igt`igtcdg. Ngfeufh : Gklgn`tg.
_ygm, Iumcnncf. >277. Rscdakahc R`fececdgf. Ngfeufh: RU.^`igjg ^asegdgryg.
Pfa, M. >272. R`r`fogfggf R`in`kgjgrgf. Jgdgrtg: Nuic Gdsgrg.

>>