IG\CZGD \NDMG@^I^GD MGD GQ^@GD HN\NZGRG]GD

\GMG ]D.V MNDBGD MFGBDCQG ENMFQ ]ZG^EG ]^E\^I

GJMCEND \GMG QFQ]NE \NDANZDGGD

CIN@ ;

Gmftyg Mwf Qgputrg

( :<70.A.7<g.<6:1 )

VGVGQGD NHG @GZG\ \GIGDBHG ZGVG

QNHCIG@]FDBBF FIE^ HNQN@G]GD

\ZCMFQGZKGDG HN\NZGRG]GD

]G@^D :<:<
 INEJGZ \NDBNQG@GD

Igpcrgd fdf mf susud cin` ;

Dgeg ; Gmftyg Mwf Qgputrg
DFE ; :<70.A.7<g.<6:1
\rcbge Qtumf ; Q-7 Hnpnrgwgtgd
Kumui ; Igpcrgd \ndmg`uiugd mgd Gsu`gd Hnpnrgwgtgd
pgmg ]d.V mndbgd Mfgbdcsg Enmfs ]rgueg ]uepui
Gjmcend mf Qfstne \ndanrdggd

]nig` enighuhgd gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd snjgbgf pnrsygrgtgd udtuh

endyninsgfhgd \rghtfh \rg Hifdfh Hnpnrgwgtgd : \rcbge Qtumf Qgrkgd
Hnpnrgwgtgd Qnhcig` ]fdbbf Fieu Hnsn`gtgd Nhg @grgp \gigdbhg Zgyg.

Igpcrgd hnpnrgwgtgd fdf tnig` mfsntukuf cin` ;

Endbntg`uf
Hntug \rcbrge Qtumf Q7 Hnpnrgwgtgd \nejfejfdb Ghgmnefh

Enift`g Agrcifdg, Dnrs, E. Hnp Vnistrfg ^ifdg .]., Q.Hnp. Dnrs

f
 HG]G \NDBGD]GZ

Mndbgd enegdkgthgd \ukf Qyuhur hn`gmfrgt ]u`gd Vgdb Eg`g Nsg, hgrndg
gtgs jnrhgt mgd gdubnrg`-Dyg sn`fdbbg pndyusud mgpgt endyninsgfhgd Igpcrgd
\ndmg`uiugd ygdb jnrkumui ’ Igpcrgd \ndmg`uiugd mgd Gsu`gd Hnpnrgwgtgd
\gmg ]d.V Mndbgd Mfgbdcsg ]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend mf Qfstne \ndanrdggd
ZQ^M―. Igpcrgd pndmg`uiugd fdf mfsusud budg enindbhgpf tubgs (\\H :).
Igpcrgd \ndmg`uiugd fdf tfmgh inpgs mgrf jgdtugd jnrjgbgf pf`gh. Cin`
hgrndg ftu, sgyg fdbfd endbuagphgd tnrfeghgsf` hnpgmg ;
7. Fju Egrfg Gmni`nfm Ndsfg, Q.\m., E.Hns snighu Hntug Q]FHns Nhg @grgp
\gigdbhg Zgyg.
:. Fju Enfift`g Agrcifdg, Dnrs., E.Hnp snighu Hntug \rcbrge Qtumf Dnrs
Q]FHns Nhg @grgp \gigdbhg Zgyg.
1. Vnistrfg ^ifdg .]., Q.Hnp. Dnrs snighu pnejfejfdb ghgmnefh ygdb tnig`

jgdygh enejnrfhgd grg`gd, egsuhhgd, mgd jfejfdbgd mgige pndyninsgfgd

gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd fdf
=. Fju Enfmg Qfdtg Grgfdf, Q.Hnp.,Dnrs snighu accrmfdgtcr \rghtfh \rg Hifdfh :
\rcbrge Qtumf Qgrkgdg Hnpnrgwgtgd
>. Qneug pf`gh ygdb tnig` jgdygh enejgdtu mgige pnighsggd hnbfgtgd
pndbgjmfgd hnpgmg egsygrghgt fdf.
Qgyg endygmgrf jg`wg igpcrgd pndmg`uiugd fdf eudbhfd tnrmgpgt hnsgig`gd
mgd kgu` mgrf hgtg snepurdg. Cin` hgrndg ftu pndyusud endb`grgphgd sgrgd mgd
hrftfh ygdb enejgdbud mgrf pnejgag mgd eumg`-eumg`gd igpcrgd pndmg`uiugd
fdf mgpgt endagpgf sgsgrgd ygdb mf`grgphgd sn`fdbbg mgpgt jnregdoggt jgbf hftg
sneug.

\gigdbhg Zgyg, 2 Mnsnejnr :<:<

Gmftyg Mwf Qgputrg

ff
 MGO]GZ FQF

AC_NZ
INEJGZ \NDBNQG@GD...........................................................................f
HG]G \NDBGD]GZ..................................................................................ff
MGO]GZ FQF................................................................................................fff
JGJ 7 \NDMG@^I^GD.............................................................................7
7.7 Igtgr Jnighgdb....................................................................................7
7.: Zueusgd Egsgig`...............................................................................:
7.1 ]ukugd \nduifsgd.................................................................................:
7.1.7 ]ukugd ^eue............................................................................:
7.1.: ]ukugd H`usus...........................................................................1
7.= Egdoggt...............................................................................................1
7.=.7 ^dtuh Eg`gsfswg......................................................................1
7.=.: ^dtuh Hifnd mgd Hniugrbg.........................................................1
7.=.1 ^dtuh Fdstftusf...........................................................................1
7.=.= ^dtuh F\]NH.............................................................................1

JGJ : ]FDKG^GD \^Q]GHG....................................................................=

:.7 Hcdsnp\ndyghft..................................................................................=
:.7.7 Mnofdfsf......................................................................................=
:.7.: Gdgtcef Ofsfcicbf......................................................................>
:.7.1 Ntfcicbf......................................................................................2

:.7.=
Higsfofhgsf..................................................................................0 :.7.> \
gtcofsfcicbf ............................................................................71
:.7.? Egdfonstgsf Hifdfs....................................................................7>
:.7.2 Hcepifhgsf...............................................................................7>
:.7.0 \nenrfhsggd \ndudkgdb...........................................................7?
:.7.6 \ndgtgighsgdggd Enmfs............................................................72
:.:Egdgknend Gsu`gdHnpnrgwgtgd......................................................:>
:.:.7 \ndbhgkfgd Hnpnrgwgtgd..........................................................:>
:.:.: Mfgbdcsg Hnpnrgwgtgd.............................................................:0

:.:.1 FdtnrvndsfHnpnrgwgtgd............................................................:6

fff
 :.:.=FepinendtgsfHnpnrgwgtgd......................................................=7
:.:.>Nvgiugsf Hnpnrgwgtgd..............................................................=7
JGJ 1 GQ^@GD HN\NZGRG]GD.........................................................=1
1.7 \ndbhgkfgd...................................................................................=1
1.: Mfgbdcsg.....................................................................................>?
1.1 Fdtnrvndsf.....................................................................................>2
1.= Fepinendtgsf...............................................................................?=
1.> Agtgtgd pnrhnejgdbgd F..............................................................2<
1.? Agtgtgd pnrhnejgdbgd FF............................................................2=

JGJ= \ND^]^\.....................................................................................770

MGO]GZ \^Q]GHG......................................................................................

K^ZDGI..........................................................................................................

QG\...................................................................................................................

INGOIN]........................................................................................................

fv
 JGJ 7
\NDMG@^I^GD

7.7 Igtgr Jnighgdb

Mgige nrg ecmnrdfsgsf hnegkugd mf jfmgdb tnhdcicbf trgdspcrtgsf mgd
sneghfd jnrhnejgdbdyg ecjfiftgs egdusfg jnrhndmgrg mf kgigd rgyg
endynjgjhgd hnanighggd ygdb tnrkgmf sneghfd endfdbhgt snrtg gdbhg
hnegtfgd sneghfd tfdbbf. ]rgueg pgmg pndmumuh Fdmcdnsfg egsf` tntgp
enrupghgd pndynjgj hnegtfgd pgmg sniuru` hnicepch ueur mf jgwg` ueur
=> tg`ud. Injf` mgrf snpnr mug pgsfnd- pgsfnd trgueg enrupghgd ghfjgt
hnanighggd igiu ifdtgs, sninjf`dyg ghfjgt tnrkgtu`, iuhg tnejgh mgd iuhg
tusuh, hnrgaudgd iuhg jghgr mgd tndbbnige.
\nejnmg`gd gtgu cpnrgsf enrupghgd tfdmghgd pndbcjgtgd ygdb
mfighuhgd cin` mchtnr mndbgd endbbudghgd agrg fdvgsfo mndbgd enejuhg
gtgu endgepfihgd jgbfgd tuju` ygdb ghgd mftgdbgdf. Igpgrgtcef
enrupghgd sgig` sgtu prcsnmur pnejnmg`gd egycr mndbgd enighuhgd
pndygygtgd pgmg igpfsgd-igpfsgd mfdmfdb gjmcend, udtuh endmgpgthgd
jgbfgd crbgd gjmcend ygdb endbgigef egsgig` (R@C, mfhutfp mgrf
\rgwfrc`grmkc, :<7<).
Hnkgmfgd trgueg tnrkgmf hntfhg gmgdyg pnrpfdmg`gd ndnrbf mgrf iugr hn
mgige tuju` egdusfg. \rcsns pnrpfdmg`gd ndnrbf fdf jfsg jnrupg trgueg
tuepui gtgu trgueg tgkge. ]rgueg tuepui tnrkgmf sggt snjug` ndnrbf ygdb
mfpgpgrhgd hn tuju` tfmgh jnrjndtuh tgkge, snmgdbhgd trgueg tgkge gtgu
trgueg tnejus gmgig` trgueg ygdb mfghfjgthgd cin` egsuhdyg sugtu cjknh
hn mgige tuju` mgd tnrhgmgdb endnejus `fdbbg endynjgjhgd hnrusghgd
kgrfdbgd mfmgigedyg. ]rgueg jfsg sgkg endbndgf sniuru` jgbfgd tuju`,
snpnrtf hnpggig, t`crghs, gjmcend, nhstrneftgs mgd crbgd-crbgd mgige
igfddyg (Dgymua`, :<7=). ZFQHNQMGQ (:<71) endudkuhhgd jg`wg
pndynjgj anmnrg pgifdb ygdb pgifdb jgdygh gmgig` kgtu` ygftu snjnsgr =<,6
%.
Hnpgig mfvfsf `ujudbgd egsygrghgt (hgmfv @uegs) endygtghgd,
snjgdygh 7.>=2 kfwg endfdbbgi mudfg ghfjgt hcrjgd hnanighggd igiu ifdtgs

7
 :

mf sniuru` Fdmcdnsfg snkgh gwgi Kgdugrf :<7:. Gdbhg hnanighggd igiu ifdtgs
auhup tfdbbf mgd endcdkci, mgtgdyg snigeg sgtu sntndbg` juigd gmg 6.00=
hgsus, endfdbbgi mudfg 7.>=2 kfwg, iuhg jnrgt :.>?: kfwg mgd iuhg rfdbgd
2.>?= kfwg, Qgig` sgtu hnegtfgd ghfjgt hnanighggd gmgig` mf ghfjgthgd
trgueg gjmcend. Hnanighggd igiu ifdtgs enrupghgd pndynjgj hnegtfgd
2>% trgueg tuepui gjmcend, trgueg gjmcend enrupghgd pndynjgj
tnrjgdygh hn`figdbgd dygwg ygdb jnrsfogt trgbfs, trgueg gjmcend ygdb
tfmgh mf hntg`uf egsf` tntgp endkgmf ecech snjgbgf pndynjgj hnegtfgd
ygdb sn`grusdyg jfsg mf anbg`.. (Mnphns ZF :<7>).

7.: Zueusgd Egsgig`

Jgbgfegdghg` pndgtgighsggd prcsns Gsu`gd Hnpnrgwgtgd ]rgueg
]uepui Gjmcend mf Qfstne \ndanrdggd
7.1 ]ukugd Egsgig`
7.1.7 ]ukugd ^eue
^dtuh endbntg`uf, eneg`gef mgd endnrgphgd hcdsnp tncrf
mgrf ]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend mgige gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd.
7.1.: ]ukugd H`usus
7. ^dtuh endbntg`uf mgd eneg`gef hcdsnp mgsgr ]rgueg
]uepui Gjmcend
:. ^dtuh endbntg`uf mgd eneg`gef gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd ]rgueg
]uepui Gjmcend
1. ^dtuh eneg`gef agrg enejgtgsf gsupgd agfrgd pgmg pgsfnd
]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend.
=. ^dtuh eneeg`gef egdgknend hnpnrgwgtgd ]rgueg ]uepui
Gjmcend
7.= Egdoggt
7.=.7 ^dtuh Eg`gsfswg
Qnjgbgf jg`gd gaugd udtuh endgejg` pndbntg`ugd snrtg
endmgpgthgd pndbgigegd snagrg igdbsudb mgige enejnrfhgd gsu`gd
hnpnrgwgtgd pgmg pgsfnd ]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend
7.=.: ^dtuh Hifnd mgd Hniugrbg
 1

Endgejg` pndbntg`ugd hifnd mgd hniugrbg tndtgdb pndyghft ]rgueg

]uepui Gjmcend tnrutgeg tndtgdb agrg pndanbg`gd mgd
pndgdbbuigdbgddyg.
7.=.1 ^dtuh Fdstftusf (\ndmfmfhgd mgd Zueg` Qghft)
7. Fdstftusf
Endkgmf egsuhgd jgbf fdstftusf budg endgejg` iftnrgturn gtgu
rnonrndsf udtuh hnindbhgpgd pnrhuifg`gd.
:. Zueg` Qghft
Mgpgt mfbudghgd snjgbgf jg`gd pnrtfejgdbgd mgd egsuhgd mgige
upgyg endfdbhgthgd eutu pnigygdgd hnsn`gtgd h`ususdyg pndnrgpgd
gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd pgmg hifnd mndbgd ]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend
7.=.= ^dtuh F\]NH
^dtuh endgejg` gtgu enepnrhgyg pndbntg`ugd mf pndyghft mgige,
mgd enepnrcin` fdocregsf tndtgdb ]rgueg ]uepui Gjmcend
=
 >

JGJ :
]FDKG^GD \^Q]GHG

:.7 Hcdsnp \ndyghft

:.7.7 Mnofdfsf
]rgueg gmgig` anmnrg ofsfh mgd psfhfs, hnhnrgsgd ygdb endbghfjgthgd
anmnrg ]rgueg gmgig` anmnrg/rumgpghsg gtgu hnrubfgd psfhcicbfs gtgu necsfcdgi.
]rgueg gmgig` iuhg gtgu anmnrg ofsfh igfddyg gtgu anmnrg ofsfcicbfs ghfjgt
bgdbbugd necsfcdgi ygdb `njgt (Jrcchnr & Mcrigdm, :<<>).
]rgueg gmgig` pndynjgj hnegtfgd utgeg pgmg gdgh mgd crgdb mnwgsg
hurgdb mgrf == tg`ud. \ndygig`budggd gihc`ci mgd cjgt tnig` endkgmf oghtcr
fepifhgsf pgmg trgueg tuepui mgd tnejus snrtg trgueg ygdb mfsndbgkg gtgu tfmgh
mfsndbgkg. ]rgueg gjmcend gmgig` anmnrg pgmg gjmcend, mgpgt jnrupg trgueg
tuepui mgd tnejus snrtg trgueg ygdb mfsndbgkg gtgu tfmgh mfsndbgkg (Qenitznr,
:<<?).
]rgueg pnrut enrupghgd iuhg pgmg fsf rcdbbg pnrut mgpgt tnrkgmf mndbgd
gtgu tgdpg tnejusdyg mfdmfdb pnrut mfegdg pgmg pndgdbgdgd/pndgtgighsgdggd
injf` jnrsfogt hnmgrurgtgd mgpgt puig mfighuhgd tfdmghgd igpgrgtcef. ]rgueg
gjmcend mfmnofdfsfhgd snjgbgf hnrusghgd tnr`gmgp struhtur ygdb tnrintgh mfgdtgrg
mfgorgbeg mgd pnivfs ygdb mfghfjgthgd cin` iuhg tuepui gtgu ygdb endusuh.
]rgueg pgmg gjmcend mgpgt mf jgbf endkgmf mug kndfs, ygftu ;
:.7.=.7 ]rgueg pndntrgsf
:.7.7.7.7Iuhg tnejgh
:.7.7.7.:Iuhg tusuh
:.7.=.: ]rgueg dcd-pndntrgsf
:.7.7.:.7Hceprns
:.7.7.:.:@gdaur ghfjgt hnanighggd
:.7.7.:.1Qgjuh pndbgegd
:.7.7.:.=Anmnrg ghsninrgsf
]rgueg pgmg mfdmfdb gjmcend tnrmfrf mgrf ;
:.7.7.1 Hcdtusfc mfdmfdb gjmcend mfsnjgjhgd trgueg dcd-pndntrgsf
 ?

Hcdtusfc mfdmfdb gjmcend tfmgh tnrmgpgt anmnrg fdtrg gjmcend,

hneudbhfdgd tnrkgmf nhsfecsfs gtgu pndfejudgd mgrg` mgige kgrfdbgd
iudgh mgd egsg mgrg` mgpgt endynrupgf tuecr.
:.7.7.= Igsnrgsf, Kfhg tnrmgpgt iuhg pgmg mfdmfdb gjmcend ygdb endnejus rcdbbg
gjmcend `grus mf nhspicrgsf. Gtgu tnrkgmf hgrndg trgueg pndntrgsf.
]rgueg Gjmcend gmgig` tnrkgmfdyg gtgu hnrusghgd pgmg crbgd gjmcend
ygdb mgpgt endynjgjhgd pnrujg`gd ofsfcicbf sn`fdbbg tnrkgmf bgdbbugd
entgjcifsen, hnigfdgd fecdcicbf mgd bgdbbugd oggi jnrjgbgf crbgd.
]rgueg gjmcend pgmg fsf gjmcend, endurut Qummgrt` & Jruddnr
(:<<:) tnrmfrf mgrf;
:.7.7.> \nrocrgsf crbgdvfsnrgifdtrgpnrftcdnue
Anmnrg pgmg fsf gjmcend eudbhfd mf snrtgf cin` juhtf gmgdyg
anmnrg pgmg mfdmfdb gjmcend.
:.7.7.? Iuhg tusuh (trgueg pndntrgsf) pgmg gjmcend
Iuhg tusuh pgmg gjmcend mgpgt endbukf hnegepugd mfgbdcstfh
g`if jnmg`.
:.7.7.2 Anmnrg t`crgh gjmcend
Qntfgp iuhg pgmg t`crghs ygdb eudbhfd endnejus sgygp hfrf
mfgorgbeg, gtgu sgygp hgdgd mgd `gtf `grus mfnhspicrgsf (Qkgesu`fmgygt,
7660).

:.7.: Gdgtcef Ofsfcicbf

Gjmcend gmgig` jgbfgd tuju` ygdb jnrjndtuh rcdbbg tnrintgh mfgdtgrg
tcrghs mgd pnivfs. rcdbbg fdf jnrfsf vfsanrg mgd mfjudbhus mfdmfdb gjmcend ygdb
tnrjndtuh mgrf mgrf ctct gjmcend, aciuedg vnrtnjrgifs, mgd tuigdb fifue. ^dtuh
enejgdtu endntgphgd sugtu ichgsf mf gjmcend, ygdb pgifdb snrfdb mfpghgf
gmgig` pnejgbfgd gjmcend cin` mug jug` jfmgdb jgygdbgd `crfzcdtgi mgd mug
jfmgdb jgygdbgd vnrtfhgi. Jfmgdb jgygdbgd tnrsnjut enejgbf mfdmfdb gdtnrfcr
gjmcend endkgmf snejfigd mgnrg` (rnbfcdns). Mug jfmgdb mfgdtgrgdyg jnrkgigd
`crfzcdtgi enigiuf sntfdbbf tuigdb rgwgd fbg hnsnejfigd, ygdb jgwg` sntfdbbf
jgbfgd gtgs arfstg fifgag mgd mug jfmgdb igfddyg vnrtfhgi mf hfrf mgd hgdgd tuju`
ygftu mgrf tuigdb rgwgd fbg hnmnigpgd `fdbbg hn pnrtndbg`gd ifbgendtue
 2

fdbufdgin. Znbfc gjmcend tnrsnjut gmgig`; 7) `ypcacdmrfgag mnxtrg, :)

npfbgstrfag, 1) `ypcacdmrfgag sfdfstrg, =) iuejgifs mnxtrg, >) uejfifagi, ?)
iuejgifs sfdfstrg, 2) fdbufdgifs mnxtrg, 0) pujfag/`fpcbgstrfag, 6) fdbufdgifs sfdfstrg
(Bgejgr 7)

:.7.:.7 @ypcacdmrfgag mnxtrg enifputf crbgd ; icjus hgdgd `gtf, hgdtudb nepnmu,

snjgbfgd mucmndue oinhsurg `npgtfh hcicd, snjgbfgd bfdkgi hgdgd mgd

hnindkgr suprgrndgi hgdgd.

:.7.:.: Npfbgstrfag enifputf crbgd; pficrus bgstnr, mucmndue, pgdhrngs mgd

snjgbfgd mgrf `npgr.
:.7.:.1 @ypcacdmrfgag sfdfstrg enifputf crbgd; bgstnr, ifepg, jgbfgd hgumgi
pgdhrngs, oinhsurg ifndgifs hcicd, jgbfgd prchsfegi bfdkgi hfrf mgd hnindkgr
suprgrndgi hfrf.
:.7.:.= Iuejgifs mnxtrg enifputf crbgd; hcicd gsandmnd, jgbfgd mfstgi bfdkgi
hgdgd, snjgbfgd mucmndue mgd knkndue.

:.7.:.> ^ejfifagi enifputf crbgd; Cendtue, ensndtnrfue, jgbfgd jgwg`

mucmndue, knkndue mgd finue.

:.7.:.? Iuejgifs sfdfstrg enifputf crbgd; hcicd gsandmnd, jgbfgd mfstgi bfdkgi hfrf,
snjgbfgd knkndue mgd finue.
:.7.:.2 Fdbufdgifs mnxtrg enifputf crbgd; snhue, gpndmfhs, jgbfgd mfstgi finue mgd
urntnr hgdgd.
:.7.:.0 \ujfag/@fpcbgstrfa enifputf crbgd; finue, vnsfag urfdgrfg mgd utnrus (pgmg
hn`gefigd).
:.7.:.6 Fdbufdgifs sfdfstrg enifputf crbgd; hcicd sfbecfm, urntnr hfrf mgd cvgrfue

hfrf.
 0

Mndbgd endbntg`uf prcynhsf crbgd fdtrg-gjmcend tnrsnjut, mgpgt

eneprnmfhsf crbgd egdg ygdb hneudbhfdgd endbgigef anmnrg kfhg mgige
pnenrfhsggd ofsfh mftneuhgd hnigfdgd pgmg mgnrg` gtgu rnbfc tnrsnjut (Brfooft`,
:<<1)
^dtuh hnpndtfdbgd hifdfs rcdbbg gjmcend mfjgbf endkgmf tfbg rnbfc
ygftu ; rcdbbg pnrftcdnue, rcdbbg rntrcpnrftcdnue mgd rcdbbg pnivfs. rcdbbg
pnivfs snjndgrdyg tnrmfrf mgrf jgbfgd mgrf fdtrgpnrftcdngi mgd snjgbfgd
rntrcpnrftcdngi. Zcdbbg pnrftcdngi mfjgbf endkgmf mug ygftu jgbfgd gtgs mgd
jgwg`. rcdbbg pnrftcdngi gtgs, ygdb mftutupf tuigdb tuigdb tcrghs, tnregsuh
mfgorgbeg, ifvnr, ifnd, bgstnr mgd hcicd trgdsvnrsue. Grng fdf kubg mfdgeghgd
snjgbgf
hcepcdnd tcrghc-gjmcefdgi mgrf gjmcend. Qnmgdbhgd rcdbbg pnrftcdngi
jgwg` jnrfsf usus `gius, snjgbfgd hcicd gsandmnd mgd mnsandmnd, hcicd sfbecfm,
agnaue, mgd crbgd rnprcmuhsf pgmg wgdftg (]rgueg, :<7:).
Zcdbbg rntrcpnrftcdngi tnrmgpgt mf gjmcend jgbfgd jnighgdb, jnrfsf gcrtg
gjmcefdgifs, vndg agvg fdonrfcr, snjgbfgd jnsgr mucmndue, pgdarngs, bfdkgi, mgd
urntnr, pnreuhggd pgshgnrfcr hcicd gsandmnd mgd mnsandmnd snrtg hcepcdnd
rntrcpnrftcdngi mgrf rcdbbg pnivfs. Qnmgdbhgd rcdbbg pnivfs mfhnififdbf cin` tuigdb
pnivfs ygdb pgmg mgsgrdyg gmgig` jgbfgd jgwg` mgrf rcdbbg pnrftcdngi mgd
rntrcpnrftcdngi. Jnrfsf rnhtue, hgdmudb hndafdb, pnejuiu` mgrg` fifghg, mgd
crbgd rnprcmuhsf fdtnrdg pgmg wgdftg (Brfooft`, :<<1).

:.7.1 Ntfcicbf
Endurut (@umgh & Bgiic, :<<7) hnanighggd gtgu trgueg ygdb tnrkgmf pgmg
gjmcend, ueuedyg jgdygh mfghfjgthgd cin` trgueg tuepui. \gmg hnanighggd
hndmgrggd jnrectcr, hnanpgtgd, mnsninrgsf ygdb tfmgh tnrhcdtrci enrupghgd
hnhugtgd ygdb endynjgjhgd trgueg hntfhg tuju` hifnd tnrpuhui sntfr ecjfi gtgu
jndmg tuepui igfddyg.
]rgueg ghfjgt jndmg tgkge ueuedyg mfsnjgjhgd cin` iuhg tnejgh ygdb
endynjgjhgd hnrusghgd ygdb jnsgr mfmgige gjmcend. Qnigfd iuhg tnejgh,
trgueg gjmcend mgpgt kubg mfghfjgthgd cin` iuhg tusuh, ghgd tntgpf iuhg tusuh
snmfhft endynjgjhgd trgueg pgmg crbgd fdtnrdgi mfgjmcend.
 6

]rgueg pgmg gjmcend mfsnjgjhgd cin` : hnhugtgd ygdb enrusgh, ygftu ;

:.7.1.7 \ghsggd /jndmg tuepui
Enrupghgd trgueg gjmcend tgdpg pndntrgsf hn mgige rcdbbg
pnrftcdnue. Iuhg tuepui pgmg gjmcend jfsg mfsnjgjhgd cin` kgtu`,
hnhnrgsgd ofsfh gtgu puhuigd, hnanighggd hndmgrggd jnrectcr, anmnrg
ghfjgt jnrcig`rgbg, jndturgd, inmghgd, mnsnigrgsf, hceprnsf gtgu sgjuh
pndbgegd. Injf` mgrf ><% mfsnjgjhgd cin` hnanighggd igiu ifdtgs.
:.7.1.: ]rgueg tnejus
Enrupghgd trgueg gjmcend mndbgd pndntrgsf hn mgige rcdbbg
pnrftcdnue. Iuhg tnejus pgmg gjmcend mfsnjgjhgd cin` tusuhgd jndmg
tgkge gtgu iuhg tnejgh.

:.7.= Higsfofhgsf
]rgueg gjmcend mfsnjgjhgd cin` : enhgdfsen ygdb enrusgh, ygftu;
:.7.=.7 ]rgueg tuepui
Enrupghgd trgueg gjmcend tgdpg pndntrgsf hn mgige rcdbbg
pnrftcdnue. Iuhg pgmg gjmcend jfsg mfsnjgjhgd cin` kgtu`, hnhnrgsgd
ofsfh gtgu puhuigd, hnanighggd hndmgrggd jnrectcr, anmnrg ghfjgt
jnrcig`rgbg, jndturgd, inmghgd, mnsninrgsf, hceprnsf/sgjuh pndbgegd.
Injf` mgrf ><% mfsnjgjhgd cin` hnanighggd.
:.7.=.: ]rgueg tnejus
Enrupghgd trgueg gjmcend mndbgd pndntrgsf hn mgige cdbbg
pnrftcdnue. Iuhg tnejus pgmg gjmcend mfsnjgjhgd cin` tusuhgd jndmg
tgkge gtgu iuhg tnejgh. Jnrmgsgrhgd crbgd ygdb tnrhndg trgueg gjmcend
mfjgbf :, ygftu ;
:.7.=.:.7]rgueg pgmg crbgd pgmgt snpnrtf `npgr, ifepg/ifnd, mndbgd bnkgig utgeg
pnrmgrg`gd.
:.7.=.:.:]rgueg pgmg crbgd pgmgt jnrcdbbg snpnrtf usus, sgiurgd nepnmu mndbgd
bnkgig utgeg gmgig` pnrftcdftfs.
:.7.> \gtcofsfcicbf (RCA)
Kfhg tnrkgmf trgueg pndntrgsf gtgu dcd-pdntrgsf hneudbhfdgd tnrkgmf
pndmgrg`gd fdtrg gjmcend ygdb snrfus, pgsfnd ghgd enepnrif`gthgd tgdmg-
tgdmg frftgsf ygdb mfsnrtgf pndurudgd `ftudb sni mgrg` enrg` ygdb gh`frdyg
bgejgrgd higsfh sych `necrgbfh. Jfig sugtu crbgd vfsnrgi endbgigef
pnrocrgsf, eghg tgdmg-tgdmg pnrocrgsf, tgdmg-tgdmg frftgsf pnrftcdfue anpgt
tgepgh. ]gdmg-tgdmg mgige trgueg gjmcend tnrsnjut enifputf dynrf tnhgd,
dynrf spcdtgd, dynrf inpgs mgd mfstndsf gjmcend tgdpg jfsfdb usus jfig
tnig` tnrkgmf pnrftcdftfs ueue.Jfig sych tnig` igdkut pgsfnd ghgd
endbgigef tghfhgrmf mgd pndfdbhgtgd su`u tuju`, kubg tnrmgpgt
inuhcsftcsfs. Jfgsgdyg tgdmg-tgdmg pnrftcdftfs eudbhfd jniue tgepgh.
\gmg ogsn gwgi pnrocrgsf hnafi `gdyg tgdmg-tgdmg tfmgh h`gs ygdb eudaui.
Jfig tnrmgpgt hnaurfbggd jg`wg egsuh rcdbbg gjmcend, eghg cpnrgsf
`grus mfighuhgd (Egdskcnr, :<<7).
 Bgyg prnmfspcsfsf trgueg 4
nigstfsftgs & vsfhcsftgs tuju`

]rgueg tuepui gjmcend

J7 J: J1 J= J> J?

\ Gifrgd jgifh hn Hceprns crbgd Endbndgf crbgd Endmnsgh igejudb Hnrusghgd jnsgr
ndfdbhgt vndg endurud gjmcend bfdkgi gjmcend
gd ]FG
Igejudb mfstrns
Endmnsgh crbgd Gifrgd mgrg` hn Hcdtfduftgs crbgd
Endmnsgh t`crgh Fsf snhudaup
fdtrg gjmcend bfdkgi endurud tnrputus
kgdtudb endurud @AI endfdbhgt

Hceprnsf \ndfdbhgtgd ]FG Igku oftgi biceniurus Hnrusghgdkgrfdbgd

AC endurud Zgsg eugi mf pnrut
mfgorgbeg endurud huift

Endnhgd rnsnptcr
Gifrgd mgrg` hn \rcmuhsf urfd Eugi Bgdbbugd
Nhspgdsf pgru ghut
ctgh endurud endurud fdtnbrftgshuift
tfmgh dcregi

Mnofsft dutrfsf
Hnsgmgrgd Dynrf
\cig dgogs Bgdbbugd
tfmghnonhtfo endurud
nifefdgsf urfd
Dynrf Ghut
Bgdbbugd pnrousf
kgrfdbgd snrnjrgi
:.7.? Egdfsonstgsf Hifdfs(]gdmg mgd Bnkgig)
Endurut @umgh & Bgiic tgdmg mgd bnkgig trgueg gjmcend, ygftu ;
:.7.?.7 Dynrf
Dynrf mgpgt tnrkgmf euigf mgrf dynrf snmgdb sgepgf ygdb jnrgt. Dynrf
mgpgt tfejui mf jgbfgd ygdb iuhg gtgu tnrsnjgr. ]nrmgpgt dynrf sggt mftnhgd
mgd dynrf inpgs.
:.7.?.: Mgrg` mgd agfrgd
Gmgdyg pnduepuhgd mgrg` gtgu agfrgd mfrcdbbg pnrftcdfue ygdb
mfsnjgjhgd cin` frftgsf.
:.7.?.1 Agfrgd gtgu umgrg mfjgwg` mfgorgbeg
Dynrf mfsnjnig` hfrf ygdb mfsnjgjhgd cin` pnrmgrg`gd ifepg. ]gdmg
fdf gmg sggt pgsfnd mgige pcsfsf rnhuejnd.
:.7.?.= Eugi mgd eudtg`
:.7.?.> \ndurudgd hnsgmgrgd (egigfsn, intgrbf, bnifsg`)
Vgdb mfsnjgjhgd cin` hn`figdbgd mgrg` mgd tgdmg-tgdmg gwgi s`cah
`necrgbfh

:.7.2 Hcepifhgsf
Endurut senitznr(:<<7) hcepifhgsf ygdb mf snjgjhgd hgrndg gmgdyg trgueg
pgmg gjmcend gmgig` mgige wghtu snbnrg mgpgt tnrkgmf sych `necrgbfh mgd
afmnrg, pgmg ogsn igdkut mgpgt tnrkgmf fdonhsf, t`rcejcsfs vndg,nejcif puiecdgr,
strnss uisnrgsf mgd pnrmgrg`gd, pdnuecdfg, tnhgdgd uisnrgsf, gtnintgsfs egupud
snpsfs.

:.7.0 \nenrfhsggd \ndudkgdb

:.7.0.7 \nenrfhsggdmfgbdcstfh
:.7.0.7.7Octc t`crghs
^dtuh enif`gt gmgdyg trgueg pgmg t`crgh.
:.7.0.7.:\nenrfhsggd mgrg` rutfd
\nenrfhsggd @j mfpnriuhgd udtuh jgsn-ifdn mgtg jfig tnrkgmf pnrmgrg`gd
tnrus endnrus. Mnefhfgd puig mndbgd pnenrfhsggd `negtchrft.
\nenrfhsggd inuhcsft ygdb eninjf`f :<.<<</ee tgdpg tnrmgpgtdyg
fdonhsf endudkuhhgd gmgdyg pnrmgrg`gd auhup jgdygh hneudbhfdgd
 7=

rupturg ifndgifs. Qnrue gefigsn ygdb endfdbbf endudkuhhgd

hneudbhfdgd gmgdyg trgueg pgdhrngs gtgu pnrocrgsf usus `gius.
Hndgfhgd trgdsgefdgsn endudkuhhgd hneudbhfdgd trgueg pgmg `npgr.
:.7.0.7.1\igfd gjmcend octc tnbgh
Enepnrif`gthgd umgrg jnjgs mgige rcdbbg pnrftcdnue, umgrg jnjgs
rntrcpnrfdngi mnhgt mucmndue, acrpus gifdnue mgd pnrujg`gd bgejgrgd
usus.
:.7.0.7.=\nenrfhsggd urfdn rutfd
Endudkuhhgd gmgdyg trgueg pgmg sgiurgd hnef` jfig mfkuepgf `negturf.
^rfdn ygdb knrdf` jniue mgpgt endyfdbhfrhgd gmgdyg trgueg pgmg
sgiurgd urcbndftgi.
:.7.0.7.>_\ (Fdtrgvndcus \ynicbrge)
Hgrndg gigsgd jfgyg jfgsgdyg `gdyg mfefdtghgd jfig gmg pnrsgdbhggd
trgueg pgmg bfdkgi
:.7.0.7.?Mfgbdcstfh \nrftcdngi Igvgbn (M\I)
Mgpgt enejgdtu endneuhgd gmgdyg mgrg` gtgu agfrgd usus mgige
rcdbbg pnrut. @gsfidyg mgpgt gegt enejgdtu. ]ntgpf M\I fdf `gdyg gigt
mfgbdcstfh. Jfig gmg hnrgbugd, hnrkghgd igpgrgtcef (bcim stgdmgrm).
Fdmfhgsf udtuh enighuhgd M\I gmgig` snjgbgf jnrfhut ;
₈ Dynrf gjmcend ygdb tfmgh jfsg mftnrgdbhgd snjgjdyg
₈ ]rgueg pgmg jgbfgd jgwg` mgrf mgmg
₈ @fpctndsf, `negtchrft turud tgdpg gigsgd ygdb knigs
₈ \gsfnd anmnrg gjmcefdgi mndbgd bgdbbugd hnsgmgrgd (cjgt, gihc`ci,
anmnrg ctgh)
₈ \gsfnd anmnrg gjmcefdgi mgd anmnrg enmuig spfdgifs (suesue tuigdb
jnighgdb)
₈ \gtg` tuigdb pnivfs
Hcdtrg fdmfhgsf rnigtfo enighuhgd M\I gmgig` snjgbgf jnrfhut ;
₈ @gefi
₈ \nrdg` cpnrgsf gjmcefdgi
₈ Cpnrgtcr tfmgh jnrpndbgigegd
₈ Jfig `gsfidyg tfmgh ghgd enrujg` pndgtgighsgdggd
 7>

:.7.0.7.2^itrgscdcbrgof mgd A] Qagd

Qnjgbgf pnenrfhsggd tgejg`gd pgmg pndmnrftg ygdb jniue mfcpnrgsf mgd
mfsgdbsfhgd gmgdyg trgueg pgmg `npgr mgd rntrcpnrftcdnue

:.7.6 \ndgtgighsggd Enmfs

:.7.6.7 Gjmcefdgi pgrgandtnsfs
Endndtuhgd gmgdyg pnrmgrg`gd mgige rcdbbg pnrftcdfue, enrupghgd
fdmfhgsf udtuh igpgrctcef.
:.7.6.: \nenrfhsggd igpgrcshcpf
Endbntg`uf snagrg igdbsudb pndynjgj gjmcend ghut.
:.7.6.1 \negsgdbgd DB]
Enenrfhsg agfrgd ygdb hniugr mgrf igejudb pgmg trgueg gjmcend.
:.7.6.= \nejnrfgd gdtfjfctfh
Endanbg` fdonhsf.
:.7.6.> Igpgrctcef
:.: Egdgknend Gsu`gd Hnpnrgwgtgd
:.:.7 \ndbhgkfgd Hnpnrgwgtgd
:.:.7.7 Gdgednsg
Gdgednsg jnrtukugd udtuh endbuepuihgd mgtg tndtgdb egsgig`
hnsn`gtgd mgd enmfs pgsfnd sn`fdbbg enrnhg mgpgt endbfmndtfofhgsf
pnrhfrggd mfgbdcsfs / egsgig` enmfs ygdb mf`gmgpf pgsfnd.
:.:.7.: J7 (Jrngt`fdb)
\nenrfhsggd ofsfh pgmg sfstne pnrdgpgsgd sgdbgt endmuhudb udtuh
endbntg`uf egsgig` pgmg hifnd mndbgd bgdbbugd sfstne hgrmfcvgshuinr.
\nenrfhsggd fdf enifputf ;
:.:.7.:.7Fdspnhsf jndtuh mgmg
^dtuh enif`gt snjnrgpg jnrgt bgdbbugd sfstne hgrmfcvgshuinr. Jndtuh
mgmg ygdb jfgsg mftneuhgd gmgig` ;
:.:.7.:.7.7 Jndtuh mgmg t`crghs p`ofsfs (pgdkgdb mgd bnpndb)
:.:.7.:.7.: Jndtuh mgmg t`crghs nd jgtngu (t`crghs mgmg jurudb)
:.:.7.:.7.1 Jndtuh mgmg t`crghs nesfsnegtcus (mgmg jnrjndtuh snpnrtf tcdb)
:.:.7.:.7.= Jndtuh mgmg t`crghs pnhtus nhshgvgtus (mgmg anhudb hn mgige.
 7?

:.:.7.:.7.> Bnrghgd pnrdgpgsgd ; hgkf hnsfentrfsgd bnrghgd pnrdgpgsgd hifnd

:.:.7.1 J: (Jiccm)
Frgeg kgdtudb ; Ornhundsf ..x/e, rnbuinr gtgu frrnbuinr
Mfstndsf _ndg Kubuigrfs
]nhgdgd Mgrg` ; @fpctndsf mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgt mgrf pndbbudggd vndtfigtcr
Judyf kgdtudb ; Mf`gsfihgd cin` ghtfoftgs hgtup kgdtudb
:.:.7.1.7Q7 ; ]nrmndbgr sggt hcdtrghsf kgdtudb / sfstci vndtrfhni. ]nrkgmf ghfjgt
pndutupgd hgtup eftrgi mgd trfhuspfm.
:.:.7.1.:Q: ; ]nrmndbgr sggt gh`fr hctrghsf vndtrfhni. ]nrkgmf ghfjgt pndutupgd
hgtup puiecdgi mgd hgtup gcrtg.
Mfhndgi mndbgd vndtrfhuinr bgiicp, egdgdmghgd gmgdyg mfigtgsf vndtrfhni.
Eureur ; tnrmndbgr ghfjgt gmgdyg grus turjuigdsf mgrg`. Jfgsgdyg
tnrmndbgr pgmg pgsfnd bgdbbugd hgtup gtgu A@O.
\ndbfsfgd hgpfinr ; dcregi hurgdb mgrf 1 mntfh
Dgmf pnrfonr ; gmg / tfmgh mgd hugiftgsdyg `grus mfpnrfhsg. Grftefg mgpgt
tnrkgmf ghfjgt gmgdyg `fpchsfg efchgrmfgi.
\EF (\cfdt co Egxfegi Fepuis); Mfgentnr dcregi : ae, pgmg fdtnrhcstgi
hn ifeg hfrf pgmg bgrfs efmhigvfhuig. \nrbnsnrgd ichgsf endudkuhgd
gmgdyg pnejnsgrgd vndtrfhni pgsfnd `fpchsnefg hrcdfs.
Nmneg ; Mfhgkf ichgsf mgd mnrgkgtdyg.
:.:.7.= J1 (Jrgfd)
\ndurudgd tfdbhgt hnsgmgrgd pgmg pgsfnd mndbgd rnspfrgtcr mgpgt
tnrkgmf ghfjgt pndurudgd \AC: ygdb endynjgjhgd vgschcdtrfhsf
anrnjrgi. Ghfjgtdyg ghgd endurudhgd sfrhuigsf anrnjrgi.
^dtuh endfigf tfdbhgt hnsgmgrgd mgpgt mfbudghgd sugtu shgig
pndbhurgd ygdb mfsnjut mndbgd Bigsbcw Aceg Qagin (BAQ).
BAQ eneudbhfdhgd udtuh endfigf snagrg cjynhtfo rnspcd pgsfnd
tnr`gmgp ifdbhudbgd. Hcepcdnd ygdb mfdfigf gmgig` ; Znspcd tnrjgfh
juhg egtg, rnspcd ectcrfh, mgd rnspcd vnrjgi. Dfigf hnsgmgrgd pgsfnd
gmgig` kueig` dfigf-dfigf mgrf hntfbg hcepcdnd tnrsnjut.
 72

]fdbhgt hnsgmgrgd gmgig` uhurgd mgrf hnsgmgrgd mgd rnspcd

snsncrgdb tnr`gmgp rgdbsgdbgd mgrf ifdbhudbgd, tfdbhgt hnsgmgrgd
mfjnmghgd endkgmf ;
:.:.7.=.7 Acepcs Endtfs (acdsafcus), ygftu hnsgmgrgd dcregi, sgmgr snpndu`dyg,
mgpgt endkgwgj sneug pnrtgdyggd tndtgdb hngmggd snhnififdbdyg.
:.:.7.=.: Gpgtfs, ygftu hngmggd hnsgmgrgd ygdb snbgd udtuh jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd
snhftgrdyg, sfhgpdyg gau` tgh gau`.
:.:.7.=.1 Mnifrfue, ygftu bnifsg`, mfscrfndtgsf (crgdb, tnepgt, wghtu),
enejnrcdtgh, jnrtnrfgh-tnrfgh, jnr`giusfdgsf, hgmgdb jnr`gygi.
:.:.7.=.= Qcedcind (Cjtudmgsf, Intgrbf), ygftu hnsgmgrgd endurud, rnspcd
psfhcectcr ygdb igejgt, eumg` tnrtfmur, dgeud hnsgmgrgd mgpgt puif`
jfig mfrgdbsgdb (eumg` mfjgdbudhgd) tntgpf kgtu` tnrtfmur igbf, egepu
enejnrf kgwgjgd vnrjgi.
:.:.7.=.> Qtupcr (scpcrc hceg), ygftu hngmggd snpnrtf tnrtfmur inigp, tntgpf gmg
rnspcd tnr`gmgp dynrf.
:.:.7.=.? Aceg (acegtcsn), ygftu tfmgh jfsg mfjgdbudhgd, tfmgh gmg rnspcd
tnr`gmgp rgdbsgdbgd gpgpud (tfmgh gmg rnspcd hcrdng egupud rnoinh
eudtg`, eudbhfd kubg tfmgh gmg rnspcd pupfi tnr`gmgp ag`gyg).
\nrujg`gd tfdbhgt hnsgmgrgd mgpgt mfghfjgthgd mgrf jnrjgbgf oghtcr,
tnregsuh pnrujg`gd mgige ifdbhudbgd hfefg ctgh snpnrtf hnrgaudgd,
hnhurgdbgd chsfbnd hgrndg jnrhurgdbdyg gifrgd mgrg` hn ctgh, mgd
tnhgdgd jnrinjf`gd mf mgige rcdbbg tuigdb hnpgig.
:.:.7.> J= (Jigmmnr)
Hgtntnr urfd
^rfdn ; wgrdg, kueig`, mgd hgrghtnrfstfh urfdn, tnregsuh jnrgt kndfs urfdn.
\ndurudgd kueig` urfdn mgd pndfdbhgtgd rntndsf agfrgd mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgt
enduruddyg pnrousf pgmg bfdkgi.
:.:.7.? J> (Jcwni)
Zcdbbg euiut \ndfigfgd pgmg euiut gmgig` gmg tfmghdyg insf pgmg euiut
gtgu pnrujg`gd pgmg ifmg` mgpgt endudkuhgd gmgdyg mn`fmgrsf.
:.:.7.?.7Jfsfdb usus
 70

Gmg gtgu tfmghdyg mgd hugiftgs jfsfdb usus `grus mfhgkf snjniue
enighuhgd pgipgsf gjmcend.Jfsfdb usus mgpgt tnrkgmf pgmg pgrgiftfh finus
mgd pnrftcdftfs.Ighuhgd cjsnrvgsf jfsfdb usus snigeg · :
endft.\ndurudgd ectfiftgs usus mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgt tnrtnigddyg umgrg
ygdb jnrgsgi mgrf snhftgr snigdb ndmctrghngi mgd dgsctrghngi.
:.:.7.?.:Mfstndsf gjmcend
Mgpgt mfsnjgjhgd cin` pnduepuhgd agfrgd.Gsftns mgpgt mfhntg`uf
mndbgd enenrfhsg gmgdyg bnicejgdb gfr pgmg gjmcend.Mfstndsf
gjmcend mgpgt kubg tnrkgmf ghfjgt pnrmgrg`gd ygdb mfsnjgjhgd hgrndg
pndbbudggd F\\_.\ndynjgj igfd pnrmgrg`gd sgiurgd anrdg pgmg pgsfnd
mndbgd rnspfrgtcr gmgig` strns, `fpnrsnhrnsf bgstnr, pndbbudggd stnrcfm
ygdb jnrinjf`gd, hurgdbdyg tnrgpf gdtgsfm, mgd hurgdbdyg pnegsuhgd
eghgdgd.
:.:.7.?.1Dynrf
:.:.7.?.=Mgpgt endudkuhgd gmgdyg pnrmgrg`gd bgstrffdtnstfdgi
:.:.7.?.>\ndbniugrgd mgrf DB] ; kueig` mgd wgrdgdyg
:.:.7.?.?Eugi mgd eudtg`
:.:.7.2 J? (Jcdn)
Rgrdg huift, su`u, hninejgjgd, mgd turbcr huift.
Gmgdyg pnrujg`gd wgrdg huift8 wgrdg hnjfrugd endudkuhgd gmgdyg
sfgdcsfs (ukudb huhu, nhstrneftgs, tnifdbg, `fmudb, jfjfr mgd enejrgd
euhcsg). \uagt pgmg wgkg` mgd enejrgd euhcsg mgpgt jnr`ujudbgd
mndbgd rndmg`dyg hgmgr `gnecbicjfd gtgu s`ch. \uagt, sfgdcsfs pgmg
pgsfnd ygdb endbbudghgd vndtfigtcr mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgt gmgdyg
`fpchsnefg. Kgudmfan (wgrdg hudfdb) pgmg pgsfnd ygdb endbbudghgd
rnspfrgtcr mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgtpndurudgd gifrgd mgrg` pcrtgi ghfjgt mgrf
pndbbudggd OZA mgige kgdbhg wghtu igeg.
\gmg pgsfnd mndbgd huift bnigp, pnrujg`gd wgrdg tnrsnjut tfmgh
jnbftu knigs tnrif`gt.Rgrdg hnenrg`gd pgmg huift mgpgt endudkuhgd
gmgdyg mnege, fdonhsf.\gmg pgsfnd ygdb endbbudhgd vndtfigtcr, fdonhsf
mgpgt tnrkgmf ghfjgt bgdbbugd pnejnrsf`gd kgigd dgpgs mgd suhtfcd ygdb
tfmgh stnrfi.
 76

:.:.: Mfgbdcsg Hnpnrgwgtgd

Mfgbdcsg hnpnrgwgtgd ygdb eudbhfd eudaui pgmg gmgig` snjgbgf
jnrfhut;
:.:.1.7Dynrf jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd pndanmnrg ofsfh
:.:.1.:\cig dgpgs tfmgh nonhtfo jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd nhspgdsf pgru tfmgh dcregi
:.:.1.1Znsfhc fdonhsf jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd tfdmghgd pnejnmg`gd, tfmgh
gmnhugtdyg pnrtg`gdgd tuju`
:.:.1.=Bgdbbugd nifefdgsf urfdn jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd pndurudgd hgpgsftgs
:.:.1.>Mnofsft dutrfsfjnr`ujudbgd mndbgd hntfmgh egepugd endanrdg
:.:.1.?Bgdbbugd fdtnbrftgs huift jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd hnrusghgd kgrfdbgd huift
:.:.1 Fdtnrvndsf Hnpnrgwgtgd
:.:.1.7Dynrf ghut j.m gbnd pndanmnrg ofsfh

Qntnig` mfighuhgd tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd 7x2 kge tfdbhgt dynrf enejgfh mndbgd
hrftnrfg `gsfi ;

7) Hnegepugd endudtgshgd ghtfvftgs endfdbhgt (>)

:) Hniu`gd dynrf endurud (>) 1)
Enrfdbfs endurud (>)
=) Qfhgp prctnhtfo endurud (>)
>) Bnifsg` endurud (>)
?) Ornhundsf dgmf enejgfh (>) \
cig dgpgs enejgfh (>)

]fdmghgd

₈ Fmndtfofhgsf ichgsf, hgrghtnrfstfh, murgsf, ornhundsf,hugiftgs, fdtndsftgs dynrf ₈

Fmndtfofhgsf shgig dynrf
₈ Fmndtfofhgsf rnspcds dynrf dcd vnrjgi
₈ Jnrfhgd tnhdfh dcdogreghcicbfs udtuh endburgdbf rgsg dynrf (efs. ]NDQ,
`fpdcsfs, ghuprnsur, tnrgpf eusfh, jfconnmjgah, tnrgpf pfkgt, grcegtnrgpf,
tnhdfh fegkfdgsf tnrjfejfdb, hceprns `gdbgt/mfdbfd, tnrgpf jnegfd)
₈ \nrtfejgdbhgd kndfs mgd suejnr dynrf mgige pnefif`gd strgtnbf enrnmghgd
dynrf
₈ Knigshgd pndynjgj, pnrfcmn, mgd pnefau dynrf ₈
Knigshgd strgtnbf enrnmghgd dynrf
₈ Gdkurhgd endbbudghgd gdgibntfh snagrg tnpgt
₈ Gkgrhgd tnhdfh dcdogreghcicbfs udtuh endburgdbf rgsg dynrf ₈
Hcigjcrgsf pnejnrfgd gdgibntfh, kfhg pnriu

:.:.1.: \cig dgogs tfmgh nonhtfo jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd pndurudgd nhspgdsf pgru
]ukugd ; Qntnig` mfighuhgd pnrgwgtgd :x:= kge Hntfmghnonhtfogd pcig dgogs pgmg
hifnd mgpgt tnrgtgsf
Hrftnrfg `gsfi ;
₈ Endmnecdstrgsfhgd jgtuh nonhtfo mndbgd sugrg dgogs ygdb jnsf`, tfmgh gmg
sfgdcsfs mgd myspdnu ( egecu endbniugrhgd snptue,egepu jnrdgogs
mndbgd eumg`, tfmgh gmg pursnm ifps)
₈ Endudkuhhgd kgigd dgogs ygdb pgtnd ( hifnd tfmgh enrgsg tnranhfh, frgeg
dgogs, ornhundsf pnrdgogsgd mgige rndtgdb dcregi, tfmgh gmg sugrg
gjdcregi)
₈ ]gdmg- tgdmg vftgi mgige rndtgdb dcregi (tnhgdgd mgrg`, dgmf, pnrdgogsgd)
Fdtnrvndsf ;
₈ Agtgt pnrujg`gd upgyg mgd pcig jnrdgogs.
₈ Cjsnrvgsf pndurudgd nhspgdsf mfdmfdb mgmg.
₈ Agtgt hgrghtnrfstfh jgtuh (efsgidyg, endntgp, nonhtfo, tgh nonhtfo), kubg
prcmuhsf mgd hgrghtnrfstfh sputue.
₈ \nrtg`gdhgd pcsfsf tuju`/ hnpgig tnpgt mgd budghgd gigt kgigd dgogs snsugf
hnjutu`gd.
₈ Hcigjcrgsf pnejnrfgd jrcdhcmfigtcr, acdtc` gefdcofifd, sgijutnrci mii.
Gwgsf udtuh nonh sgepfdb enrubfhgd mgrf cjgt, acdtc` tghfhgrmf,
`fpnrtndsf, trnecr, fdscedfg.
₈ Gkgrhgd jgtuh nonhtfo pgmg pgsfnd.

:.:.1.1 Mnofsft dutrfsf

Qntnig` mfighuhgd fdtnrvndsf 7 x 2 kge eghg kgigd dgpgs hifnd endurud, mndbgd
hrftnrfg `gsfi;

₈ Jnrgt jgmgd enejgfh (>)

₈ Dgosu eghgd enejgfh (>)
]fdmghgd
₈ Fmndtfofhgsf stgtus dutrfsf
₈ Fmndtfofhgsf ginrbf mgd fdtcinrgdsf eghgdgd
₈ Fmndtfofhgsf eghgdgd ygdb mfsuhgf
₈ Ecdftcr gsupgd eghgdgd
Ecdftcr jnrgt jgmgd
₈
₈ Ecdftcr `gsfi pnenrfhsggd igjcrgtcrfue
₈ Ighuhgd crgi `ybfndn snjniue eghgd, kfhg pnriu
₈ Ogsfiftgsf endndtuhgd pnmcegd mfnt (efs. pgrgefmg eghgdgd)
₈ Qgkfhgd eghgdgd snagrg endgrfh mgd su`u ygdb snsugf
₈ Jnrfhgd eghgdgd tfdbbf snrgt udtuh endanbg` hcdstfpgsf
₈ Gdkurhgd pcsfsf mumuh, kfhg pnriu
₈ Hcigjrgsf mndbgd g`if bfzf udtuh endndtuhgd kueig` hgicrf mgd kndfs
dutrfndt ygdb mfjutu`hgd, kfhg pnriu
:.:.1.= Bgdbbugd fdtnbrftgs huift j.m
Qntnig` mfighuhgd tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd 7x2 kge fdtnbrftgs huift mgd kgrfdbgd
enejgfh mndbgd hrftnrfg `gsfi ;

₈ Hnrusghgd kgrfdbgd endurud (>)

₈ Hnrusghgd igpfsgd huift endurud (>) ₈
Dynrf endurud (>)
₈ \nrmgrg`gd endurud (>) ₈
Hnenrg`gd endurud (>)
₈ \nrousf kgrfdbgd endfdbhgt (>)
₈ ]nhstur enejgfh (>)

]fdmghgd

₈ Fmndtfofhgsf pndynjgj iuhg jghgr

₈ Fmndtfofhgsf murgsf tnrhndg iuhg jghgr mgd rfwgygt pndgdbgdgd iuhg
snjniuedyg
₈ Ecdftcr hcdmfsf iuhg (efs. pnrsndtgsf uhurgd iuhg, mnrgkgt iuhg, pnrmgrg`gd,

wgeg mgsgr iuhg, fdonhsf, nhsumgt, jgu iuhg, hcdmfsf tnpf iuhg)
₈ Budghgd tnhdfh gsnptfh snigeg enrgwgt iuhg
₈ Inpgshgd jgiutgd igeg mndbgd endb`fdmgrf dynrf mgd pnrmgrg`gd ₈
Zndmge mndbgd gfr stnrfi kfhg jgiutgd indbhnt pgmg iuhg
₈ Jnrsf`hgd iuhg mndbgd agfrgd stnrfi (efs. DgAF <,6%, agfrgd gdtfsnptfh) ₈
Ighuhgd tnrgpf rnighsgsf udtuh endburgdbf dynrf
₈ Kgmwgihgd ornhundsf pnrgwgtgd iuhg jnrmgsgrhgd gmg gtgu tfmghdyg fdonhsf,
kueig` nhsumgt mgd kndfs jgiutgd ygdb mfbudghgd
₈ Budghgd ecmne mrnssfdb snsugf mndbgd hcdmfsf iuhg (efs. `yrcaciicfm,
pciyenr, arystgifdn aniiuicsn)
₈ Knigshgd tgdmg mgd bnkgig fdonhsf
₈ Hcigjcrgsf pnejnrfgd gdtfjfctfh, kfhg pnriu

:.:.1.> Bgdbbugd nifefdgsf urfdn j.m

]fdmghgd

₈ Fmndtfofhgsf tgdmg mgd bnkgig rntndsf gtgu fdhcdtfdndsfg urfdn

₈ Fmndtfofhgsf oghtcr ygdb endynjgjhgd rntndsf gtgu fdhcdtfdndsfg urfdn
₈ Ecdftcr nifefdgsf urfdn (efs. ornhundsf, hcdsfstndsf, grceg, vciuen, mgd
wgrdg)
₈ Agtgt wghtu-wghtu mgd `giugrgd jnrhnef` Jgtgsf gsupgd agfrgd, kfhg pnriu ₈
Gejfi sgepni urfdn tndbg` (efmstrnge) gtgu huitur
₈ Gkgrhgd tgdmg mgd bnkgig fdonhsf sgiurgd hnef`
₈ Gkgrhgd endbuhur gsupgd agfrgd mgd `giugrgd urfdn ₈
Gkgrhgd endbgejfi spnsfend urfdn efmstrnge
₈ Gkgrhgd endbndgif tgdmg jnrhnef` mgd wghtu ygdb tnpgt udtuh jnrhnef` ₈
Gkgrhgd tnrgpf ecmgiftgs pndbugtgd ctct-ctct pgdbbui/jnrhnef`gd kurhgd
efdue ygdb auhup, kfhg tfmgh gmg hcdtrgfdmfhgsf
₈ Gdkurhgd endburgdbf efdue endknigdb tfmur
₈ Hcigjcrgsf pnejnrfgd cjgt supcsftcrfg urntrg, kfhg pnriu
:.:.= FepinendtgsfHnpnrgwgtgd
Fepinendtgsf gmgig` pndbcig`gd mgd pnrwukumgd mgrf rndagdg
hnpnrgwgtgd ygdb tnig` mfsusud pgmg tg`gp pnrndagdggd.Kndfs tfdmghgd pgmg
fepinendtgsf fdf tnrmfrf mgrf tfdmghgd egdmfrf, sgifdb
hntnrbgdtudbgd/hcigjcrgsf, mgd tfdmghgd
rukuhgd/hntnrbgdtudbgd.Fepinendtgsf tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd mfsnsugfhgd
mndbgd rndagdg tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd.\gmg sftugsf dygtg snrfdb
fepinendtgsf kgu` jnrjnmg mndbgd rndagdg.@gi fdf tnrkgmf hgrndg pnrgwgt
jniue tnrjfgsg endbbudghgd rndagdg tnrtuifs mgige enighsgdghgd tfdmghgd
hnpnrgwgtgd. Vgdb jfgsg gmgig` rndagdg tfmgh tnrtuifs ygftu gpg ygdb
mfpfhfrhgd, mf rgsghgd, ftu ygdb mfighsgdghgd.
@gi fdf sgdbgt enejg`gyghgd hifnd mgd pnrgwgt kfhg jnrghfjgt ogtgi,
mgd kubg tfmgh enendu`f gspnh inbgi.Qnjniue enighsgdghgd tfdmghgd ygdb
sumg` mfrndagdghgd, pnrgwgt pnriu enevgifmgsf mndbgd sfdbhgt gpghg`
rndagdg tfdmghgd egsf` snsugf mgd mf jutu`hgd hifnd snsugf mndbgd hcdmfsf
sggt fdf.\nrgwgt kubg endfigf mfrf sndmfrf, gpghg` enepudygf hnegepugd
fdtnrpnrscdgi, fdtninhtugi, tnhdfh snsugf mndbgd tfdmghgd ygdb mfighsgdghgd.

7.:.7 NvgiugsfHnpnrgwgtgd
Nvgiugsf endbgau hnpgmg pndfigfgd, tg`gpgd, mgd pnrjgfhgd. \gmg
tg`gp fdf pnrgwgt endneuhgd pndynjgj endbgpg sugtu prcsns hnpnrgwgtgd
mgpgt jnr`gsfi gtgu bgbgi. (Giogrc-InOnvrn, :<7<). \nrgwgt endneuhgd
rnghsf hifnd tnr`gmgp fdtnrvndsf hnpnrgwgtgd ygdb tnig` mf jnrfhgd mgd
endntgphgd gpg ygdb endkgmf sgsgrgd mgrf rndagdg hnpnrgwgtgd mgpgt mf
tnrfeg. \nrndagdggd enrupghgd mgsgr ygdb endmuhudb sugtu nvgiugsf.
Endntgphgd hnejgif fdocregsf jgru ygdb mfjnrfhgd hnpgmg hifnd
udtuh endbbgdtf gtgu endb`gpus mfgbdcsg hnpnrgwgtgd, tukugd, gtgu
fdtnrvndsf hnpnrgwgtgd. Endndtuhgd tgrbnt mgrf sugtu `gsfi ygdb fdbfd
mfagpgf gmgig` hnputusgd jnrsgeg gdtgrg pnrgwgt mgd hifnd. Nvgiugsf
jnrochus pgmg fdmfvfmu hifnd mgd hnicepch mgrf hifnd ftu sndmfrf. \rcsns
nvgiugsf enenriuhgd jnjnrgpg hntnrgepfigd mgige endntgphgd rndagdg
gsu`gd hnpnrgwgtgd. ]nregsuh pndbntg`ugd endbndgf stgdmgr gsu`gd
hnpnrgwgtgd, rnspcd hifnd ygdb dcregi tnr`gmgp tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd, mgd
pndbntg`ugd hcdsnp mgige tnigmgd mgrf hnpnrgwgtgd.
 JGJ 1

GQ^@GDHN\NZGRG]GD

Dgeg Eg`gsfswg ; Gmftyg Mwf Qgputrg

DFE ; :<70.A.7<g.<6:1
Zugdb \rghtnh ; Zugdb jnmg`
]gdbbgi \rghtnh ; 6 Dcvnejnr :<:<
]gdbbgi & Kge \ndbhgkfgd ; 6 dcvnejnr :<:< &<6.<< RFJ

1.7 \ndbhgkfgd
1.7.7 Fmndtftgs \gsfnd
Dgeg ; ]d.E
^eur ; >? ]`d
Kndfs Hnigefd ; Ighf-Ighf
Quhu/Jgdbsg ; Mgygh/Fdmcdnsfg
Gbgeg ; Fsige
\nhnrkggd ; \nmgbgdb
\ndmfmfhgd ; QM
Qtgtus \nrhgwfdgd ; sumg` endfhg`
Gigegt ; ]nwgdb Zgdkgu
]bi EZQ ; 6 Dcvnejnr :<:<
Mfgbdcsg Enmfs ; ]rgueg tuepui gjmcend

1.7.: ZfwgygtHnsn`gtgd/\nrgwgtgd
1.7.:.7 Hniu`gd ^tgeg ;
\gsfnd endbniu` dynrf pnrut snjnig` hgdgd sghft, jfig jnrbnrgh mgd
jnrdgogs, snpnrtf tnrtusuh-tusuh, pnrut snjnig` hgdgd, shgig 2 mgrf (<-7<),
`figdb tfejui
1.7.:.: Zfwgygt \ndyghft Qnhgrgdb ;
\gsfnd egsuh ZQ^M mr. Mcrfs Qyivgdus \gigdbhg Zgyg pgmg tgdbbgi 6
Dcvnejnr :<:<, · 7 `grf snjniue egsuh rueg` sghft hifnd snmgdb
endnjgdb pc`cd mgd hneumfgd pgsfnd tnrtfepg jgich hgyu pgmg pnrut,
 sntnig` hnkgmfgd hneumfgd pgsfnd mf jgwg hn pushnsegs tntgpf hgrndg
hntnrjgtgsgd sgrgdg mgd prgsgrgdg pgsfnd igiu mf rukuh hn ZQ^M mr. Mcrfs
Qyivgdus mndbgd suspnat pnrmgrg`gd fdtrg gjmcend. \cst igpgrgtcef gtgs
fdmfhgsf fdtnrdgi jinnjfdb. ]M; 7=</0< ee@b, D; 0: x/ endft, Q; 12c A,

ZZ; := x/ endft tnrmgpgt iuhg pcst cp `grf 7. Iuhg pcst cp 1ae mf tutup
mndbgd pnrjgd, hnenrg`gd, jndbhgh, pgdgs, \gsfnd tgepgh inegs
1.7.:.1 Zfwgygt \ndyghft Qnjniuedyg (rfwgygt pndyghft mgd rfwgygt cpnrgsf)
]fmgh gmg
1.7.:.= Zfwgygt \ndyghft Hniugrbg
]fmgh gmg pndyghft hnturudgd mgrf hniugrbg.

1.7.1 Bndcbrge Hniugrbg ;

HN]NZGDBGD;

5 Ighf-ighf

5 \nrnepugd

5 Endfdbbgi

5 Bgrfs Hnturudgd

5 ]fdbbgi snrueg`

5 Hifnd ( ]d.E)
1.7.= \nenrfhgsggd Ofsfh
1.7.=.7 Hngmggd ^eue ;
\gsfnd tgepgh ineg` mgd bnifsg`, tnrpgsgdb fdous DgAi <,6% :< ]pe
pgmg tgdbgd hgdgd

1.7.=.: Qtgtus Endtgi ;

]fdbhgt Hnsgmgrgd acepcsendtfs, Nhsprnsf wgkg` enrfdbfs, Jndtuh
jgmgd sfentrfs, Agrg jnrjgrfdb/jnrbnrgh ocwinr, Jnrjfagrg knigs, Qugsgdg
`gtf jgfh, \ndgepfigd auhup rgpf, Oudbsf hcbdftfo ; Crfndtgsf wghtu
pgsfnd endbntg`uf pgbf, sfgdb mgd egige, Crfndtgsf Crgdb pgsfnd
endbntg`uf pnrgwgt mgd mchtnr, Crfndtgsf ]nepgt pgsfnd mgpgt
enejnmghgd tnepgt, @giusfdgsf ]fmgh Gmg, \rcsns jnrpfhfr jgfh, Fdsfb`t
Jgfh, Enhgdfsen pnrtg`gdgd mfrf Gmgptfo.
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; tfmgh gmg

1.7.=.1 ]gdmg-tgdmg _ftgi ;

]M; 7=</0< ee@b, D; 0: x/ endft, Q; 12c A, ZZ; := x/ endft

1.7.=.= \nrdgpgsgd(Jrngt`fdb)
Jndtuh Mgmgsfentrfs, hnjfgsggd enrchch tfmgh gmg, Jgtuh ]fmgh Gmg,
Dynrf Mgmg ]fmgh Gmg, Qnsgh Dgpgs ]fmgh Gmg, ]ypn \nrdgogsgd Mgmg
mgd pnrut, Frgeg \nrdgogsgd ]nrgtur, sugrg dgpgs vnsfhuinr, sugrg dgpgs
tgejg`gd tfmgh gmg
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; ]fmgh gmg
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.> Agrmfcvgsauinr (Jinnmfdb)

Dynrf mgmg tfmgh gmg, Hrge Hghf tfmgh gmg, puagt gmg, pusfdb tfmgh gmg,
aiujfdb ofdbnr tfmgh gmg, sfgdcsfs tfmgh gmg, sghft hnpgig tfmgh gmg, pgitgsf
tfmgh gmg, pfdbsgd tfmgh gmg, agpfiigry rnofii 9: mntfh, cnmneg tfmgh gmg,
gsftns tfmgh gmg, fatus acrmfs Qugrg kgdtudb Dcregi iup-mup, _ndg
Kubuigrfs dcregi
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; ]fmgh gmg
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; tfmgh gmg
1.7.=.? \NZQVGZGOGD (JZGFD)
 Dfigf BAQ ; N ; = ( enejuhg egtg spcdtgd, _ ; > ( hceudfhgsf vnrjgi
jgfh ), E ; ? ( endbfhutf pnrfdtg` ), ]ctgi Dfigf BAQ ; 7> dcregi,
Hnsgmgrgd ; Acepcs Endt`fs, Znoinhs Ag`gyg ; Hgdgd/Hfrf \csftfo, Dynrf,
ichgsf jgbfgd pnrut snjnig` hgdgd, pgsfnd tgepgh inegs mgd bnifsg`, ^kf

Qygrgo Hrgdfgi ; Dnrvus Hrgdfgi F pgsfnd mgpgt enejnmghgd jgu, Dnrvus

Hrgdfgi FF pndbif`gtgd jgfh, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi FFF pgsfnd mgpgt enenkgehgd
mgd enejuhg egtg, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi F_ pgsfnd mgpgt endbbnrghhgd ctct
egtg, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi _ pgsfnd mgpgt endbudyg` eghgdgd, Dnrvus
Hrgdfgi _F pgsfnd susg` endcin` hngrg` sgepfdb, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi _FF
pgsfnd mgpgt endbnhsprnsfhgd wgkg`, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi _FFF pgsfnd mgpgt
endmndbgr pnrfdtg` pnrgwgt mgd mchtnr, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi FP pgsfnd mgpgt
endnigd eghgdgd mndbgd jgfh, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi P pgsfnd mgpgt jnrjfagrg
mndbgd jgfh mgd igdagr, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi PF pgsfnd susg` endbbnrghgd

in`nrdyg hn hfrf mgd hgdgd, Dnrvus Hrgdfgi PFF pgsfnd mgpgt

endbbnrghhgd ifmg`,
^kf Hccrmfdgsf ; Nhstrfeftgs Gtgs Kgrf hn kgrf \csftfo, Kgrf hn `fmudb \csftfo,
Nhstrfeftgs Jgwg` ]ueft hn knepui hghf \csftfo, ^kf Hnstgjfigd ]uju` ;
\csftfo, Znoinhs jfsnp mgd trfsnp hgdgd mgd hfrf pcstfo mndbgd shgig >,
rnoinhs jrghfcrgmfgifs hgdgd mgd hfrf pcsftfo mndbgd shgig >, rnoinhs pgtnig
hgdgd mgd hfrf pcsftfo mndbgd shgig >, rnoinhs gh`fins hgdgd mgd hfrf pcsftfo
mndbgd shgig >, rnoinhs jgjfdshf hgdgd mgd hfrf pcsftfo mndbgd shgig >. ^kf
sndsgsf pgsfnd mf sndtu` jfsg enrnspcd.

Hniu`gd igfddyg ; dynrf tnrtusuh tusuh

Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; dynrf ghut
1.7.=.2 Nifefdgsf ^rf (Jigmmnr) ;
\rcmuhsf ^rfdn 7<<< ei 7x/`r, Rgrdg hudfdb, Jgu h`gs gecdfgh, ]fmgh
gmg egsgig`/igdanr
Hniu`gd Igfddyg ; ]fmgh gmg
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg
1.7.=.0 Nifefdgsf Givf (Jcwni) ;
Euiut mgd Ogrfdb jgfh, Jfjfr inejgj, Bfbf indbhgp, Busf tfmgh gmg

pnrgmgdbgd, Ifmg` inejgj mgd puagt, Euhcsg inejgj, ]cdsfi tfmgh gmg
 pnrgmgdbgd, Znatue tfmgh gmg pnrgmgdbgd, @gnecrcfm tfmgh gmg, JGJ :
x/`r Hcdsfstndsf ]fmgh gmg egsgig`, Jfsfdb usus dcregi, Dynrf tnhgd tfmgh
gmg, Jndkcigd, ichgsf tfmgh gmg
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; ]fmgh gmg

Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.6 ]uigdb - Ctct - Fdtnbuend (Jcdn) ;
Hnegepugd pnrbnrghgd sndmf ]nrjgtgs, pgrnsn tfmgh gmg, pgrgifsn tfmgh
gmg, `nefpgrnsn tfmgh gmg, hrnpftgsf tfmgh gmg, Dynrf mgd jndbhgh, ichgsf
mf mgnrg` pnrut hgdgd , hnhghugd ichgsf tfmgh gmg, oigsfmftgs tfmgh gmg,
spgtfsftgs tfmgh gmg, ^hurgd ctct Qfentrfs, ^kf hnhugtgd ctct Nhstrfeftgs
gtgs >/> Nhstrfeftgs jgwg` >/>, ]uigdb jnighgdb Dcregi, mnocteftgs tfmgh
gmg, pnrgmgdbgd tfmgh gmg, pnriuhggd mf pnrut hgdgd
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; iuhg 1ae, hnenrg`gd, jndbhgh, pgdgs,

Egsgig` hnpnrgwgtgd ; rfsfhc fdonhsf

1.7.=.7< Huift-Huift Zgejut
Zfwgygt ginrbf cjgt tfmgh gmg, eghgdgd tfmgh gmg, hcsentfh tfmgh gmg,
Qu`u huift \gdgs, Rgrdghuift Dcregi,turbcr jgfh, ]nhstur Hgsgr Insf
_nsfhuig, ichgsf mf mgnrg` in`nr, mgmg, pudbbudb, mgd hnmug tgdbgd,
Kgrfdbgd pgrut ]fmgh Gmg, ]nhstur rgejut @gius, Mfstrfjusf rgejut
enrgtg, Jndtuh huhu QfentrfsY
Hniu`gd igfddyg ; iuhg 1ae, hnenrg`gd, jndbhgh, pgdgs,
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; rfsfhc fdonhsf

1.7.=.77 Qfstne \ndbfdmnrggd

Egtg/\ndbif`gtgd ; Oudbsf pndbif`gtgd Jgfh/dcregi, Bnrghgd jcig egtg
Jnrbnrgh dcregi, _fsus Egtg Hgdgd (_CM) ;?/? Egtg hfrf (_CQ) ;
?/?, Qhninrg ; Dcregi/putf`, Hcdkudatfvg \uagt/gdnefa, Hcrdng Jndfdb,
Dynrf tfmgh gmg, gigt jgdtu tfmgh gmg.
Hniu`gd igfd ; tfmgh gmg
]nifdbg / \ndmndbgrgd ; Oudbsf pndmndbgrgd Jgfh
@fmudb / \ndafuegd ; Jndtuh Qfentrfs pcifp tfmgh gmg
Insf tfmgh gmg, pgtndsf tfmgh gmg, cjstruhsf tfmgh gmg, dynrf tnhgd sfdus

tfmgh gmg, trgdsiuefdgsf tfmgh gmg

 Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg
1.7.=.7: In`nr Mgd Hnindkgr Ifeon
Egssg ]fmgh, Kgrfdbgd \grut ]fmgh, Hnindkgr Ifeon ]fmgh tnrgjg,
Hnindkgr ]yrcfm ]fmgh tnrgjg, Ecjfiftgs in`nr tnrjgtgs

Hniu`gd igfddyg ; tfmgh gmg

Esgig` hnpnrgwgtgd ; tfmgh gmg
1.7.=.71 QfstneZnprcmuhsf
Znprcmuhsf \rfg Hnenrg`gd, tfmgh gmg Bgtgi-bgtgi tfmgh gmg, Bigdm \ndfs
tfmgh gmg, Egntus ^rntrg tfmgh gmg, Mfsa`grbn, wgrdg tfmgh gmg, Qrctue
tfmgh gmg, @nrdfg tfmgh gmg, Hnigfdgd tfmgh gmg
Hniu`gd igfd ; tfmgh gmg
Egsgig` hnpnrgwgtgd ; tfmgh gmg
1.7.=.7= \cig OudbsfHnsn`gtgd

1.7.=.7=.7Dutrfsfmg Entgjcifsen
]J ; 7?>ae, JJ snhgrgdb ; >>hb, JJ Qnjniue sghft ; ?< hb,
JJ / (]j x ]j )
>> / (7,?> x 7,?>)
>>/:,2: 5 :<,::
Mfnt tfmgh gmg
Hnsuhgrgd endnigd ]fmgh
Hniu`gd igfddyg tfmgh gmg

\cig Eghgd Qn`grf- Qnsumg` Qghft Qnjniue Qghft

`grf
Ornhundsf/`grf 1 x sn`grf 1 x sn`grf

\crsf µ pcrsf 7 pcrsf

Dgosu eghgd Jgfh jgfh

Kndfs Eghgdgd Jujur mgd sgyur Dgsf iguh mgd

sgyur
Kndfs Efduegd Gfr putf` mgd susu Gfr putf`, tn` mgd
hcpf
Kueig` efduegd/aa/:= 7,<<< aa 7,><< aa
kge
Hnjfgsggd eghgd \gbf, sfgdb , egige \gbf, sfgdb,
egige
 Hniu`gd/egsgig` ]fmgh gmg ]fmgh gmg

Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.7=.:\cig fstfrg`gt mgd tfmur

Qnjniue sghft sfgdb 5 7-: kge, egige 5 2-0 kge, snsumg` sghft sfgdb 5
7 kge, egige 5 ?-2 kge
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; tfmgh gmg
1.7.=.7=.1Hcbdftfo
\gsfnd endbgtghgd tg`u tndtgdb pndyghft ygdb mfmnrftgdyg sggt fdf, mgd
tfdmghgd hnpnrgwgtgd pgsfnd endbntg`uf gpg ygdb tnrkgmf pgmg mfrfdyg.
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg
1.7.=.7=.=Hcdsnp mfrf
(Bgejgrgd mfrf, fmngi mfrf, fmndtftgs mfrf, `grbg mfrf, pnrgd);
Bgejgr mfrf (\gsfnd mgpgt endnrfeg hcdmfsf dyg snhgrgdb) fmngi mfrf
( fmndtftgs mfrf (ighf - ighf) pnrgd (pnmgbgdb) `grbg mfrf (pgsfnd
endnrfeg hngmggddyg snhgrgdb).

Ghtfvftgs Qn`grf-`grf, Mfrueg` enighuhgd ghtfvftgs snpnrtf jfgsg

jnrmgbgdb, Mf ZQ mf jgdtu sniuru`dyg cin` hniugrbg mgd pnrgwgt.

Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd; ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.7=.>Hcpfdb -]cinrgdsf tnr`gmgp Qtrnss

\gsfnd endbgtghgd kfhg gmg egsgig` mfsninsgfhgd mndbgd jgfh

Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.7=.?Dfigf-\cig Hnyghfdgd
Hniugrbg yghfd jg`wg sneug tfdmghgd ygdb mfighuhgd cin` tndgbg
hnsn`gtgd tfmgh gmg jnr`ujudbgd mndbgd hniugrbgdyg
Egsgig` Hnpnrgwgtgd ; ]fmgh gmg

1.7.=.7> Qcsfgi - Qpfrftugi

1.7.=.7>.7Hnegepugd jnrhceudfhgsf.
\gsfnd egepu jnrhceudfhgsf mndbgd jgfh.

1.7.=.7>.:Jg`gsg sn`grf-`grf.
 mgygh mgd fdmcdnsfg.
1.7.=.7>.1@ujudbgd mndbgd hniugrbg
`grecdfs.
1.7.=.7>.=@ujudbgd mndbgd tnegd/pntubgs hnsn`gtgd/crgdb igfd Jgfh.

Crgdb jnrgrtf/tnrmnhgt Fstrf, gdgh mgd hniugrbg.

1.7.=.7>.>Hnjfgsggd endbbudghgd wghtu iugdb.
Jnrmgbgdb mgd huepui jnrsgeg hniugrbg.
1.7.=.7>.?Hnbfgtgd jnrfjgmg`
Qnigeg sghft pgsfnd kgrgdb jnrfjgmg` mgd jnrmcg
1.7.=.7? Mgtg \ndudkgdb (Zgmfcicbfs, Igjcrgtcrfue, \ndudkgdb Igfddyg)
1.7.=.7?.7@gsfi igjcrgtcrfue tgdbbgi 72-77-:<71 puhui <6.1< RFJ;
7) @necbicjfd ; 7<,> b/mi (d ; 7=-72,> b/mi)
:) Nrftrcsft ; >,<< 7<>/ui (d ; =,>->,6 7<?/ui)

1) Inuhcsft =) ; 7:,> (d ; =,<-77,1 7<1/ui)

@negtchrft 7<=/ui ; (d ; =<->:%)
=7,0%
>) ]rcejcsft
; :<0
?) Bci mgrg`
;G
2) @JQGB
; - (dnbgtfo)

1.7.=.72 \NDG]GIGHQGDGGD ENMFQ

Agmnxcenr fcmfdn 1 x 7 Qnjgbgf pnrgwgtgd F_

(Fcmcscrj) iuhg.

Hgtnrciga 1 x 7> Qnjgbgf pnrnmg dynrf F_ mgd

pnrgmgdbgd

Entrcdfmgzci 1 x ><< eb Endgdbgdf fdonhsf F_

ghfjgt jghtnrf gtgu
pgrgsft mf huift, tuigdb, sndmf,
mgrg`, sfstne sgrgo mgd
mgnrg` tuju` igfddyg.
Dgprcxnd 7 x ><< br Endburgdbf bnkgig Crgi
dynrf, jndbhgh, mgd
hnenrg`gd
Dncspcrfd 1x7 Qnjgbgf endb`ndtfhgd F_
pnrhnejgdbgd jghtnrf pgmg
iuhg, sginp
hcejfdgsf fdf kubg
enegtfhgd jghtnrf mf iuhg
tnrsnjut.

\cvfmcdn fcmfdn 1 x 7 Qnjgbgf endb`gejgt F_

(Jntgmfdn) pnrhnejgdbgd jghtnrf
sn`fdbbg rfsfhc fdonhsf
pgmg iuhg mgpgt
mftnhgd.

Qfivnr suiogmfgzfdn 1x7 Qnjgbgf udtuh F_

endb`ndtfhgd
pnrtueju`gd jghtnrf
ygdb mgpgt
 endynjgjhgd fdonhsf.

Quionrgzci : x 7 br Mfbudghgd udtuh F_

endbcjgtf fdonhsf huift
\gigdbhgrgyg <6 dcvnejnr :<:<

Eg`gsfswg

Gmftyg Mwf Qgputrg

 GDGIFQFQ MG]G

MG]G Q^JVNH]FO MGD MG]G HNE^DBHFDGD

EGQGIG@
CJVNH]FO \NDVNJGJ

MQ 5 hceprns crbgd gjmcend Dynrf ghut

\gsfnd endbniu` dynrf pnrut snjnig`
hgdgd sghft, jfig jnrbnrgh mgd
endmnsgh crbgd fdtrg gjmcend
jnrdgogs, snpnrtf tnrtusuh-tusuh, pnrut
snjnig` hgdgd, shgig 2 mgrf (<-7<),
`figdb tfejui
pndfdbhgtgd ]FG
MC 5

- Hifnd tgepgh enrfdbfs

- ]nrmgpgt iuhg pcst cp - trgueg gjmcend
]rgueg gjmcend

-- \ W
; dynrf jfig jnrbnrgh mgd jnrdgogs
; tnrgsg tnrtusuh - tusuh
- Z ; jnrgsgi mgrf pnrut snjnig` Dynrf
hgdgd
- Q ; shgig dynrf 2 mgrf (<-7<)
- ]; `figdb
Dynrf ghut
tfejui ]]_
]M; 7=</0< ee@b,
D; 0: x/ endft,
Q; 12c A,
ZZ; := x/ endft
MQ 5 pgsfnd endbniu` dynrf hnrusghgd gjmcend Znsfhc fdonhsf

MC 5
- tnrmgpgt iuhg pcst cp `grf 7.
- Iuhg pcst cp 1ae mf tutup mndbgd hcdtfduftgs tnrputus
pnrjgd
- Hnenrg`gd -
Jndbhgh
- pgdgs Hnrusghgd kgrfdbgd huift

Hnegtfgd sni-sni

Znsfhc fdonhsf