Tmno mspmlgoc

Nhdmch dm lgruaîo hrthakïtglo rmocgzodo posh o posh

Lgruaîo nhdmch hrthakïtglo posh o posh

Vmsunmk nhdmch y co eofrglolgük dm eçruco Lgruaîo

Co lgruaîo hrthakïtglo rmocgzodo lhk gktmrnmdgo.
prmlgsgük gkvhculro vorghs prhlmdgngmkths
tçlkglhs qum dmfmk smaugr uk prhthlhch NHDMCH DM LGV]AÎO
portglucor poro lodo polgmktm, oktms dmc Dmspuçs dm mksonfcor chs nhdmchs mk mc
prhlmdgngmkth qugrðraglh mk sî. Mktrm msths ortglucodhr (Ega. ?), vmrgegqum0
A. Qgccgok
Orkmtt prhlmdgngmkths, sm dmstolok chs sgaugmktms0 ?O - Mc posodhr dm co auîo gklgsoc dmfm mstor
okïcgsgs eolgoc prmlgsh, okïcgsgs rodgharïeglh, thlokdh co nmso gklgsoc.
jolmr rmagstrhs mktrm orlhs u hlcusocms, ?F - Mc posodhr dm auîo gklgsoc dmfm mstor
jolmr nhdmchs dm amstolgük, pcokgeglolgük mk mc pukth lmrh. Mstm `umah kh dmfm
prmlgso dm nhvgngmkths dm hrthdhklgo, nhvmrsm mk kgkaðk nhnmkth duroktm co
mksonfcor chs nhdmchs mk uk ortglucodhr lgruaîo nhdmch.
smng-o`ustofcm y rmocgzor mc nhdmch dm
lgruaîo poro jolmr mc eçruco qugruraglh
gktmrnmdgh. Ocaukhs outhrms yo jok
dmnhstrodh qum co lgruaîo nhdmch rmocgzodo OO
lhk gkstrunmkths dgagtocms ms
gkdudofcmnmktm nïs prmlgso,
prhphrlghkokdh uko noyhr egdmcgdod o chs
vochrms dm rmemrmklgo hftmkgdhs mk mc
cofhrothrgh duroktm co lgruaîo hrthakïtglo,
prhphrlghkokdh uk mxlmcmktm phst hpmrotgvh

y rmsuctodhs lhksgstmktms lhk co FF

FF
pcokgeglolgük gkglgoc dm lodo polgmktm. Mc
prhpüsgth dm mstm tmno mspmlgoc ms dmslrgfgr,
posh o posh, chs prhlmdgngmkths dm

EGA]VO ?

A. Qgccgok Orkmtt * @hk Ign ** Mduordh

\okt´Oko *** Emrkokdh Roaokmcg N. Agacgh ****

** Gkstrulthro lcîkglo y prhemshro0 Chno Cgkdo, ]LCO y ]\L ]kgvmrsgtgms y Ermskh ]kgvmrsgty Nmdgloc Lmktmr9 mk prïltglo prgvodo, \okto Fïrforo, Locgehrkgo9
prmsgdmktm dm co Orkmtt \hlgmty ehr Eolgoc Vmlhkstrultghk Lhursms y prmsgdmktm dm co Ehukdotghk ehr Odvoklmd Hrtjhakotjgl \uramry.

Rocofros lcovm0 * ** * Mk prïltglo prgvodo, \okto Fïrforo, Locgehrkgo9 Ngmnfrh dm co Eukdolgük dm Lgruaîo Hrthakïtglo Ovokzodo.
Nhdmch dm lgruaîo. Lgruaîo * ** ** * Rrhemshr rmsphksofcm dm co Dgslgpcgko dm Lgruaîo, Eoluctod dm Hdhkthchaîo dm Fouru, ]kgvmrsgdod dm \ìh Rouch9 ngmnfrh dm co Eukdolgük dm Lgruaîo
Hrthakïtglo Ovokzodo.
hrthakïtglo. Eçruco qugrðraglo.
* ** ** ** * Mstudgoktm dm nomstrîo mk Msthnothchaîo / Lgruaîo, Eoluctod dm Hdhkthchaîo dm Fouru, ]kgvmrsgdod dm \ìh Rouch.
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226 7<

Norqum cos cmtros "D" y "M" mk chs codhs dm

chs nhdmchs, dmpmkdgmkdh dmc codh dmrmljh h
gzqugmrdh, rmspmltgvonmktm
rmspmltgvonmktm (Ega. 6O, F). Kh ms
kmlmsorgh norlor "NZ" (noxgcor) y "ND" DD
DD MM
MM
(nokdîfuco) mk chs nhdmchs, mstos norlos shk
shch poro co nm`hr vgsuocgzolgük phr portm dm chs
cmlthrms (Ega. 6O, F).

¡UONH\ O MNRMPOV!
\m rmtgro mc posodhr dm auîo gklgsoc. Co rmcolgük
mktrm co cîkmo nmdgo dmc noxgcor y co nokdîfuco EGA]VO 6O EGA]VO 6F

mstï norlodo lhk cïpgz.

Duroktm mc norlodh dm msto cîkmo nmdgo,

mc lmktrh dm co lo`o
l o`o poro mc posodhr dm auîo
gklgsoc sm numstro mk co nmso gklgsoc, qum
mstorï volîo, lhnh pukth dm rmemrmklgo (Ega.
<O).
Tonfgçk sm dgfu`o uko cîkmo mk mstm
luodrh poro rmsoctor msto rmemrmklgo (Ega.
<O).
Agrm mc ortglucodhr jolgo otrïs, lhnh sm
numstro mk co egauro <F.
Lo`mrh
]kh shch ngro mc codh dmrmljh dmc
EGA]VO <O EGA]VO <F
ortglucodhr.
\m dgfu`o uko cîkmo vmrtgloc rmlto
dmsdm mc ortglucodhr, o trovçs dmc noxgcor,
josto co nokdîfuco, mk co rmagük nhcor
(Ega. <F).
Ojhro, ukh shch ngro mc codh
gzqugmrdh dmc ortglucodhr.
Co cîkmo vmrtgloc sm dgfu`o dm co ngsno nokmro
qum sm jgzh mk mc codh dmrmljh.
Oc ngror mc codh gzqugmrdh, co cîkmo
vmrtgloc mk mc codh dmrmljh kh pormlm smr
rmlto phrqum mc ïkauch dm vgsgük smrï
dgemrmktm (Ega. <L).
O portgr dm oquî, smrï kmlmsorgh EGA]VO <L EGA]VO 4
Arokdms Coahs Dgagnotgl (ACD),  Nmso
mqugpodo lhk uko pgkzo dgagtoc y fchqum
poro nhdmchs, poro sus nmdgdos.

:7,11
Cumah sm qugto mc nhdmch dm co nokdîfuco
dmc ortglucodhr y mstm nhdmch sm eg`o oc fchqum
dmc ACD 
Lhchqum mc fchqum lhnh sm numstro mk co egauro
4.
Mc locgfrodhr sm lhchlo suovmnmktm
s uovmnmktm
EGA]VO =O EGA]VO =F

shfrm mc fhrdm gklgsoc norlodh mk mc Mk kumstrh losh, co octuro vmrtgloc nmdgdo

gklgsgvh lmktroc gzqugmrdh, ngdgmkdh osî su rmagstrodh (shch sm rmprmsmkto co portm
octuro vmrtgloc. supmrghr dm co tor`mto) (Ega. =O). eum dm :7,11 nn.
\m utgcgzo mc ehrnucorgh dm lgruaîo nhdmch, dhkdm Hfsmrvm co octuro vmrtgloc nmdgdo mk msto Mc locgfrodhr sm lhchlo mk mc fhrdm gklgsoc
sm rmocgzorïk thdos cos nmdglghkms ïrmo dm co jh`o (Ega. =F). norlodh mk chs lokgkhs. Nmdgdo
 74 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226

Co octuro vmrtgloc dm chs lokgkhs dmrmljh m

gzqugmrdh, rmspmltgvonmktm.
Tmkgmkdh mk lumkto qum mc fhrdm gklgsoc
dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc supmrghr gzqugmrdh, cos
lðspgdms dm chs lokgkhs y cos lðspgdms
nmsghvmstgfucorms
nmsghvmstgfuco rms dm chs smaukdhs nhcorms
supmrghrms dmfmk jofmrsm norlodh
prmvgonmktm lhk cïpgz, yo qum msths shk chs
pukths dm rmemrmklgo poro rmagstror co
EGA]VO 1

dgnmksgük vmrtgloc dm thdh mc poqumtm (Ega.

5).
EGA]VO 5
Tmkao mk lumkto co nmdgdo hftmkgdo mk msto
ïrmo dm co jh`o (Ega. 1).
Mk kumstrh losh, cos octuros eumrhk dm
::.1= y ::.== nn poro chs lokgkhs dmrmljh m
gzqugmrdh, rmspmltgvonmktm
rmspmltgvonmktm (Ega. :O, F).
::,1= ::,==
Agrm mc fchqum lhk co portm phstmrghr
dmc noxgcor jolgo ofo`h lhnh sm
numstro mk co egauro 7. Lhchqum mc
EGA]VO :O EGA]VO :F
locgfrodhr mk co norlo mk mc vmstgfucor
dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc supmrghr gzqugmrdh,
ngdgmkdh osî su phsglgük jhrgzhktoc. h
oktmrhphstmrghr.

Co nmdgdo jhrgzhktoc hftmkgdo mk msto ïrmo

sm okhto mk co tofco (Ega. ?2O,
F) Mk kumstrh losh, hftuvgnhs 11.51

EGA]VO ?2O
nn.
Agrm mc fchqum lhk su codh gzqugmrdh
jolgo ofo`h. Mc locgfrodhr sm lhchlo mktrm EGA]VO 7

chs dhs gklgsgvhs lmktrocms poro nmdgr co

cîkmo nmdgo (Ega. ??).

Hfsmrvm co nmdgdo dm co cîkmo nmdgo dmc 11,51

noxgcor mk msto ïrmo dmc rmagstrh (Ega. ?6O, F).

Mk kumstrh losh, msto nmdgdo eum dm

44.:1 nn.
\m gnprgnm mc pcok dm trotongmkth
qugrðraglh (sg sm utgcgzo mc _uglilmpj)  h
 h
utgcgzonhs mc oktgrrmtrharono dm rostrmh
prmdgltgvh y mk olmtoth dm popmc u htro EGA]VO ?2F EGA]VO ??
ehrno dm okïcgsgs dm co rodgharoeîo dm
pmregc dm co loro dmc polgmktm.

\m ngdm co dgstoklgo dmsdm co mspgko kosoc 44,:1

oktmrghr josto mc fhrdm gklgsoc dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc
supmrghr.
Mk kumstrh losh, msto nmdgdo ms dm 6: nn.
EGA]VO ?6O EGA]VO ?6F
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226 7=

6:
:7,11

5?,11

EGA]VO ?< EGA]VO ?4 EGA]VO ?=

\m vmrgeglo co octuro vmrtgloc dmc gklgsgvh Lhchqum mc locgfrodhr mk cos norlos Cos dgstoklgos jhrgzhktocms dm co lhcunko
lmktroc. Vmstokdh mstm kðnmrh, co nmdglgük lhrrmsphkdgmktms
lhrrmsphkdgmktms o cos pgrgehrnms lhnh sm kosoc oktmrghr y cos pgrgehrnms gkdglok qum sm
dm MKO mk mc fhrdm dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc numstro mk cos egauros ?7O, F. \m ngdm co nhvmrï mc jumsh dmsdm co fosm dm co korgz
supmrghr. dgstoklgo jhrgzhktoc dm cos pgrgehrnms gzqugmrdo y dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo nhdmch (Ega. ?7O, F).
Mk kumstrh losh0 :7.11-6: > dmrmljo.
5?,11 Co gnphrtoklgo lcîkglo dm cos nmdglghkms. Tmkao mk lumkto cos nmdgdos dm cos pgrgehrnms
Co pgkzo sm numvm o
5?,11. Mk 5?.11, co pukto dm co pgkzo
mstï eg`o (Ega. ?<)
Dmspuçs dm co eg`olgük, norqum mc
nhdmch lhk co pukto dm co pgkzo (Ega. ?4).

Msto cîkmo dmnorlodo lhrrmsphkdm o co

cîkmo dm hstmhthnîo. Tonfgçk ms co
rmemrmklgo utgcgzodo poro vmr mc nhdmch (Ega.
?=).
Cos sgaugmktms cîkmos mstïk norlodos mk mc
nhdmch0
• Ljoecokms pgrgehrnms gzqugmrdh y EGA]VO ?5 EGA]VO ?1

dmrmljh.
• Mspgko kosoc oktmrghr Mstos norlos sm
rmocgzok `usth phr mklgno dm co cîkmo dm
hstmhthnîo poro eolgcgtor co nmdglgük
dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo nhdmch (Ega. ?5).

Mc nhdmch sm agro lhk co mspocdo

jolgo ofo`h lhnh sm numstro mk co
EGA]VO ?:O
egauro ?1. Lhchqum mc locgfrodhr mk co
norlo dm co lhcunko kosoc oktmrghr9
Msh olofo dm sulmdmr.
EGA]VO ?:F

Cumah, sm ngdm co dgstoklgo jhrgzhktoc dm

co lhcunko kosoc oktmrghr, dm nhdh qum
phdonhs mstor rmocnmktm smaurhs dmc
nhvgngmkth dm co lhcunko kosoc oktmrghr y su
rmpmrlusgük mk mc tm`gdh fcokdh dm co loro y
eolgcgtor co nmdglgük dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo

nhdmch (Ega. ?1).

Msto nmdgdo sm hfsmrvo mk msto ïrmo dm co

tofco (Ega. ?:O, F).
Mk kumstrh losh0 11,4= nn. EGA]VO ?7O EGA]VO ?7F
 75
mk msto ïrmo dmc mkljuem (Ega. 62O).
Mk kumstrh losh, cos nmdgdos dmc codh
gzqugmrdh y dmrmljh shk 55.=4 y 57.21 nn,
rmspmltgvonmktm (Ega. 62F, L).
Mc dgoarono prmdgltgvh sm usorï
kumvonmktm.
\m ngdm co dgstoklgo dmsdm co lðspgdm
dgstoc dmc prgnmr nhcor josto mc fhrdm gklgsoc
dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc.
Mk kumstrh losh, msto nmdgdo eum dm 4?
nn.
Msto nmdgdo sm hfsmrvo mk msto ïrmo dmc
arïeglh (Ega. 6?).
\m mklumktro co dgstoklgo jhrgzhktoc
dmsdm mc gklgsgvh lmktroc gzqugmrdh y sm
rmsto co nmdglgük mklhktrodo dmsdm co
lðspgdm dgstoc dmc prgnmr nhcor supmrghr oc
fhrdm gklgsoc dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc.
Mk kumstrh losh0 11.51 - 4? >
<5,51 nn dmsdm mc gklgsgvh lmktroc. Co pgkzo
dgagtoc mstï locgfrodo
EGA]VO 62O
4?
EGA]VO 6?
EGA]VO 64
V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226
poro co nmdglgük hftmkgdo (<5.51) y cumah,
co pukto dm co pgkzo sm eg`o (Ega. 66)
Lhk co portm phstmrghr dmc nhdmch jolgo
ofo`h, sm dgfu`o uko cîkmo o cïpgz mk onfhs
nhcorms (dmrmljh m gzqugmrdh) mk mc pukth
dhkdm mc locgfrodhr thlü mc nhdmch (Ega.
6<). Mstos norlos sm utgcgzorïk poro nmdgr
cos dgstoklgos nhcorms vmrtglocms y
troksvmrsocmss (Ega. 64).
troksvmrsocm
Mstos norlos shk cos ngsnos qum cos
utgcgzodos poro dmtmrngkor mc nhvgngmkth
vmrtgloc dmc nhcor duroktm mc trozodh prmdgltgvh,
dm ojî co gnphrtoklgo dm hftmkmr mstos
norlos.
\g co pukto dm co pgkzo kh thlo kgkaðk
dgmktm mk mc nhdmch, norqum mc cuaor
dhkdm mstï thlokdh, phr m`mnpch, mc ïrmo
dm co trgturolgük h co lrmsto ocvmhcor
dmspuçs dmc ðctgnh dgmktm.
55,=4
EGA]VO 62F
4?
11,51
EGA]VO 66
EGA]VO 6=O
Mc nhdmch sm lhchlo lhnh sm numstro mk
co egauro 6= y sm ngdmk
n gdmk cos dgstoklgos
vmrtglocms dm onfhs nhcorms, utgcgzokdh cos
norlos qum sm jglgmrhk (Ega. 6=O, F).
Vmagstrm mstos nmdglghkms mk msto ïrmo dm
co tofco (Ega. 65O, F, L).
Mk kumstrh losh0 ::.?6 nn poro mc nhcor
dmrmljh y :1.2? nn poro mc nhcor gzqugmrdh.
Mc nhdmch sm agro lhk su codh gzqugmrdh jolgo
ofo`h, lhnh sm numstro mk co egauro 61O, 61F y sm
ngdmk cos dgstoklgos troksvmrsocms dm chs nhcorms
dmrmljh m gzqugmrdh, utgcgzokdh cos ngsnos norlos
hftmkgdos mk cos egauros 6<, 64 .
Mstos nmdgdos sm okhtok mk co tofco (Ega.
6:O, F).
Mk kumstrh losh, shk 16.:5 y ??.5< nn,
rmspmltgvonmktm, poro chs nhcorms dmrmljh m
gzqugmrdh.
Ojhro sm loclucok chs nhvgngmkths.
57,21
EGA]VO 62L
EGA]VO 6<
EGA]VO 6=F
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226 71

::,?6 :1,2?

EGA]VO 65O

EGA]VO 65F EGA]VO 65L

prmdgljh duroktm co ruto. Rhr ch tokth, ms

kmlmsorgh lhkhlmr trms nhvgngmkths poro
rmocgzor co lgruaîo nhdmch0
• nhvgngmkth jhrgzhktoc dmc gklgsgvh
lmktroc supmrghr.
• nhvgngmkth vmrtgloc dmc gklgsgvh lmktroc
supmrghr.
• nhvgngmkth vmrtgloc dmc prgnmr nhcor
noxgcor.
Roro cos okhtolghkms mk co jh`o0 Mk
nhvgngmkths vmrtglocms y jhrgzhktocm
jhrgzhktocms0
s0 EGA]VO 61O EGA]VO 61F

• \gakh phsgtgvh (+)0 sgakgeglo ovoklm

h ounmkth vmrtgloc.
• \gakh kmaotgvh (-)0 sgakgeglo rmgkglgh h
gnpoltolgük.
Mk nhvgngmkths troksvmrsocms0
• \gakh phsgtgvh (+)0 sgakgeglo agror o co
dmrmljo (mk smktgdh jhrorgh). EGA]VO 6:F
• \gakh kmaotgvh (-)0 sgakgeglo agror o co EGA]VO 6:O

gzqugmrdo (mk smktgdh oktgjhrorgh).

Mc lonfgh dmsmodh o co cîkmo nmdgo sm

dmtmrngko lcîkglonmktm.
Co gklcgkolgük dmc lokgkh tonfgçk sm
dmtmrngko lcîkglonmktm. \g uk codh dmc
noxgcor ms nïs gklcgkodh, osgnçtrglh, sm
jolm kmlmsorgh lhnpmksor msto gklcgkolgük
gnpoltokdh mc codh gkemrghr dmc nhdmch, mk
rmcolgük lhk ch qum sm prmdg`h mk mc mxonmk
lcîkglh.
EGA]VO 67O

\m rmocgzo mc lïcluch y sm hftgmkm mc vochr

dmsmodh poro co phsglgük euturo dmc nhcor. Ms mc
vochr qum dmfm hftmkmrsm dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo
nhdmch. Umrgegqum thdo msto gkehrnolgük oktms
EGA]VO 67F
dm osmrror mc nhdmch.

Ojhro, lhrto mc nhdmch. \m toror co mspocdo y chs lhstodhs (Ega.

67O, F).
rmlhngmkdo usor uko sgmrro nuy dmcaodo ]ko vmz lhrtodh, sm cgfmro dmc nhdmch
y oegcodo. qum mstï ukgdh oc fchqum dm nmtoc y sm
Ms kmlmsorgh agror mc nhdmch poro qum lhgklgdo prhnumvm mc dmsaostm,
lhnh sm numstro mk co egauro <2,
mspmlgocnmktm sg sm pcokmo uko
gnpoltolgük noxgcor. Amkmrocnmktm, mc
dmsaostm dm = nn nïs dm ch gkdglodh mk
mc dgsmÿh prmdgltgvh ms mc
 7:
sueglgmktm poro mvgtor gktmremrmklgos duroktm co
gnpoltolgük (Ega. <2O, F).
Chs prhlmdgngmkths dmslrgths o
lhktgkuolgük shk poro lgruaîo nuctgsmanmkth
dmc noxgcor.
Ojhro, sm dmtmrngko dükdm lhrtor mc
nhdmch poro lgruaîo nuctgsmanmktoc
(Ega. <?).
Mk kumstrh losh, mc noxgcor tgmkm uk
dhfcm pcokh hlcusoc, phr ch tokth, mstï
gkdglodo co lgruaîo nuctgsmanmktoc dmc
noxgcor.
Chs nhdmchs supmrghr m gkemrghr sm lhchlok
nokuocnmktm mk uko phsglgük dhkdm sm
prhdulm co nïxgno gktmrluspgdolgük. Chs codhs
dmrmljh m gzqugmrdh sm okocgzok phr smporodh
(Ega. <6O, F).
Cumah sm dmtmrngko dükdm sm jorïk chs
lhrtms. Msth dmpmkdmrï dmc losh (Ega. <6O,
F).
EGA]VO <?
GKTMVL]\- THR O
GDMKTGEGLOLGÜK THR
ORVHRGODO
EGA]VO <<O
EGA]VO <4O
V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226
FO\M DM
NHKTO@M
EGA]VO <2O EGA]VO <2F
Mk kumstrh losh, chs lhrtms smrïk mktrm chs Lhchqum mc codh dmrmljh dmc noxgcor mk
gklgsgvhs cotmrocms y chs lokgkhs. nïxgno gktmrluspgdolgük lhk co nokdîfuco y
vmrgegqum co hlcusgük mk mc codh gzqugmrdh (Ega.
6 > gklgsgvh cotmroc < > <<O).
lokgkh Co hlcusgük dm mxtrmnh o mxtrmnh sgakgeglo
Mk kumstrh losh, htro rozük poro rmocgzor qum joy uko dmeglgmklgo mk mc okljh dmc orlh.
co hstmhthnîo nuctgsmanmktoc dm Cm Ehrt G dmc Rhr ch tokth, co hstmhthnîo nuctgsmanmktoc ms
noxgcor ms co dmeglgmklgo mk mc okljh dmc orlh. kmlmsorgo poro mxpokdgr mc noxgcor.
LOKGKH
LOKGKH
EGA]VO <6O EGA]VO <6F
Lhchqum mc codh gzqugmrdh dmc noxgcor mk
nïxgno gktmrluspgdolgük lhk co nokdîfuco y
vmrgegqum co hlcusgük mk mc codh dmrmljh (Ega.
<<F).
Chs lhrtms sm rmocgzok lhnh sm numstro phr
cos cîkmos rh`os mk co egauro <4O.
THR OTHRH GKTMVL]\- Uocm co pmko nmklghkor qum chs lhrtms
GDMKTGEGLOLGÜK
ORVHRGODO rmocgzodhs mk mc nhdmch dm ymsh tgmkmk co ehrno dm
uko "W" qum smanmkto mc ymsh mk < portms shch
EGA]VO <<F
poro jolmr co eçruco. \gk mnforah, mk mc polgmktm,
chs lhrtms lhrrmsphkdgmktms tgmkmk co ehrno dm uko
"J" lhnh mk mc dgoarono dm co egauro y mk co ehth dm
co pïagko sgaugmktm, yo qum chs lhrtms
poronmdgokhs mk mc pocodor pmrngtmk uk noyhr
lhktrhc dm co mxpoksgük noxgcor dm ehrno smauro.
sgk gnphkmr rgmsahs voslucorms o co nulhso y chs
EGA]VO <4F
jumshs dmc pocodor
pocodor (Ega. <4O, F, L, D y <= O, F).
Msqumnos y ehths troksqugrðraglos dm
hstmhthnîo nuctgsmanmktoc
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226 77

dmc noxgcor, mkeotgzokdh co ehrno dm "J" (Ega.

<=O, F, L, D).
Mc smanmkth dmrmljh dmc noxgcor sm
lhchlo mk hlcusgük lhk co nokdîfuco, sg co
hlcusgük kh ms odmluodo, smrï kmlmsorgh mc
dmsaostm dmktoc (o`ustms).

Mstos prmkdos dmfmk ccmvorsm o lofh

suovmnmktm lhk ocaðk gkstrunmkth.

Co hlcusgük sm vmrgeglo kumvonmktm y EGA]VO <4L EGA]VO <4D

cumah, mc dmsaostm sm ccmvo o lofh josto

charor uko hlcusgük odmluodo. Mc dmsaostm
dmfm jolmrsm shch mk chs smanmkths dmrmljh
m gzqugmrdh, roro vmz ms kmlmsorgh o`ustor chs
dgmktms oktmrghrms.

Co lmro sm uso poro eg`or chs smanmkths

noxgcorms mk sus kumvos phsglghkms, mk co
sgaugmktm smlumklgo0
• Lhk lmro pmao`hso, mc smanmkth
dmrmljh dmc noxgcor sm eg`o o co nokdîfuco.
EGA]VO <=O EGA]VO <=F

• Cumah, sm nokgpuco mc smanmkth

oktmrghr, eg`ïkdhch mk hlcusgük lhk co
nokdîfuco y mk rmcolgük lhk mc smanmkth
phsglghkodh prmvgonmktm.

• Egkocnmktm, mc smanmkth noxgcor

gzqugmrdh sm lhchlo, dm co ngsno nokmro, lhk
lmro pmao`hso.
Dmspuçs dm co eg`olgük dm chs smanmkths EGA]VO <=L EGA]VO <=D
noxgcorms, sm hfsmrvo sg frmljo 
ehrnodh mktrm chs smanmkths kh ms ? h 6 nn
nïs arokdm qum mc frmljo prmqugrðraglh,
phrqum uk ounmkth noyhr qum mc dm co frmljo
Rumdm lousor uko colmrolgük mk co nulhso,
rmsuctokdh mk dmjgslmklgo y ofshrlgük üsmo
ocvmhcor.

Osmaðrmsm dm qum co cîkmo nmdgo dmc

noxgcor y co nokdîfuco lhgklgdok, mk msm
pukth, msos nmdgdos dm co cîkmo nmdgo
EGA]VO <5O EGA]VO <5F
rmocgzodos prmvgonmktm kh sm tgmkmk mk
lumkto.
Ojhro, chs smanmkths noxgcorms sm Msto lopo dm lmro osmaurorï qum y co portm gktmrko (porrgloko) sm junmdmlm
mstofgcgzok lhchlokdh uko cïngko dm msto supmreglgm lufgmrto pmrnokmzlo mktrm chs smanmkths noxgcorms, poro eolgcgtor
lmro k mc 1 mk mc nhdmch noxgcor, y usokdh smlo duroktm co eg`olgük egkoc dm chs co odjmrmklgo dmc ymsh qum sm lhchlorï mk
uko cïnporo, msto lmro sm eukdm mk mc smanmkths noxgcorms lhk ymsh, yo qum msto rmagük.

nhdmch (Ega. <5O). mk mso supmreglgm sm usorï htroo lmro
(fcoklo), qum sm odjgmrm shch cos
Kh usm uko ccono nuy eumrtm poro ïrmos smlos.
mvgtor mc rgmsah dm dmrrmtgr co lmro
pmao`hso tonfgçk. Mc nhdmch sm agro, lhnh mk mc
Cumah, mc ymsh sm prmporo y sm oarmao
mktrm chs smanmkths noxgcorms (Ega. <5L).
\m mspmro qum mc ymsh sm mkdurmzlo (Ega.
<5D).
 ?22 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226

Co lmro fcoklo mstï olonpokodo, shch poro

jolmrco nïs nocmofcm.
Mc htrh smanmkth noxgcor (qum lhktgmkm
chs dgmktms) sm lhchlo shfrm co lmro fcoklo,
dm nhdh qum sm gktmrphkm mktrm chs
smanmkths noxgcorms
noxgcorms qum sm jok osmrrodh
(dgvgdgdh) (Ega. <:O).

Mc smanmkth noxgcor qum lhktgmkm chs

dgmktms sm lhchlo mk cos phsglghkms dmsmodos,

EGA]VO <5L EGA]VO <5D
utgcgzokdh mc ACD  y
 y chs vochrms hftmkgdhs. Cos
nmdglghkms egkocms pumdmk dmsvgorsm mk uk
nïxgnh dm 2.6 nn dm chs vochrms loclucodhs.

Rumdm smr kmlmsorgh oarmaor h mcgngkor

loktgdodms vorgofcms dm lmro fcoklo h
dmsaostm mk mc ymsh dm chs smanmkths
noxgcorms poro pmrngtgr mc phsglghkongmkth
lhrrmlth dmc nhdmch. Ms gnphrtoktm qum
joyo sueglgmktm lmro poro mstofgcgzor chs
smanmkths.
EGA]VO <1F
]ko vmz qum mc nhdmch jo sgdh phsglghkodh,
vumcvo o nhktorch mk mc ortglucodhr. Umrgegqum co cîkmo

EGA]VO <1O
nmdgo, yo smo qum joyo suergdh h kh mc lonfgh
pcokmodh.
Mk kumstrh losh, mc nhvgngmkth
prhpumsth ms dm ? nn o co gzqugmrdo mk
rmcolgük lhk co cîkmo nmdgo hrgagkoc (Ega. <:O).

Tonfgçk sm vmrgeglo, mc nhvgngmkth phstmrghr

dmc noxgcor, chs nhvgngmkths dmfmk smr
CÎKMO NMDGO
sgnçtrglhs, lhnh sm numstro mk co egauro <:F.
HVGAGKOC K]MUO

CÎKMO NMDGO
EGA]VO <:O
Chs nhdmchs noxgcor y nokdgfucor mstïk
smporodhs.
Mc mxlmsh dm lmro pmao`hso dm chs
nhdmchs sm mcgngko suovmnmktm (Ega.
<1O).
Chs nhdmchs dmfmk smr lhnh mk co egauro
<1F, mk mstm nhnmkth.
Norqum cos ïrmos dm chs dgmktms qum sm
jok usodh dm uko nokmro nuy cconotgvo
EGA]VO <:F
ms lhnh smrï dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo lhk
lhrrmllgük troksvmrsoc
troksvmrsoc y lhrrmllgük dmc pcokh
hlcusoc (Ega. <1F).
Ojhro, ms kmlmsorgh posor lmro mktrm chs
dhs fchqums dm co nokdîfuco (mc qum lhktgmkm
chs dgmktms y mc qum mstï eg`odh o co fosm
nmtïcglo dmc ACD). \m lhchlo lmro pmao`hso mk
mc smanmkth noxgcor eg`odh o co fosm nmtïcglo,
usokdh uko cïnporo poro pcostgeglor mso lmro.
\g co cîkmo nmdgo h mc nhvgngmkth
phstmrghr shk gklhrrmlths, sm mcgngko mc nhdmch
dmc ortglucodhr, sm lhrrgamk cos phsglghkms y sm
vmrgeglok kumvonmktm thdos cos dmnïs
nmdgdos. ACD 
y thdh sm dmvumcvm oc ortglucodhr. Mstm
prhlmdgngmkth dmfm rmpmtgrsm toktos vmlms
lhnh smo kmlmsorgh poro hftmkmr mc
phsglghkongmkth nïs oprhpgodh phsgfcm (Ega.
<:L, D).
Dmspuçs dm lhnpcmtor co lgruaîo nhdmch,
sm ngdm co dgstoklgo mktrm co nokdîfuco
lmktroc y chs gklgsgvhs noxgcorms (Ega. <7O, F).
Mk kumstrh losh, msto nmdgdo ms dm ?2 nn9

poro osmaurorsm dm qum mstos prmkdos sm tmkao mk lumkto msto nmdgdo mk msto ïrmo dmc
rmprhduzlok lhrrmltonmktm mk mc polgmktm arïeglh (Ega. <7L, D).

duroktm co lgruaîo. Co lmro fcoklo (nïs nocmofcm, pcïstglh) Mk mc trozodh prmdgltgvh, sm ngdm co dgstoklgo
sm lhchlo shfrm co lmro odjmsgvo. dmsdm chs gklgsgvhs lmktrocms supmrghrms o chs
Mk msto mtopo, mc nhdmch noxgcor  gkemrghrms.
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226
EGA]VO <:L
EGA]VO <7O
EGA]VO <7L
Mk kumstrh losh ms gauoc o ?2 nn9 \m
khto.
Msto ms co prumfo egkoc poro osmaurorsm
dm qum co lgruaîo nhdmch mstç cgsto y smo
lhrrmlto. Msths dhs vochrms hftmkgdhs mk chs
ðctgnhs dhs mcmnmkths dmfmk lhgklgdgr h
dgemrgr, mc nïxgnh, mk ? nn. \g msto dgemrmklgo
ms noyhr o ? nn, co nmdglgük mk msto ïrmo
dm co tor`mto sm vmrgeglo kumvonmktm, poro
mklhktror dükdm sm lhnmtgü mc mrrhr, dm nhdh
qum sm pumdo jolmr su lhrrmllgük.
Mc ortglucodhr dm co lofmzo sm nokm`o
jolgo ofo`h poro ngkgngzor chs nhvgngmkths dm
co nokdîfuco, yo qum mc nhdmch shch sm su`mto
lhk lmro. Osmaðrmsm dm qum joyo sueglgmktm
lmro poro mstofgcgzor chs dhs fchqums dm co
nokdîfuco, poro mvgtor qum sm smpormk
s mpormk y
EGA]VO <:D
?2
EGA]VO <7F
?2
?2
EGA]VO <7D
sm pgmrdm thdo co lgruaîo nhdmch (Ega.
42).
Ojhro, jo ccmaodh mc nhnmkth dm
jolmr eçruco  gktmrnmdgh
 gktmrnmdgh \m cgnpgo thdo co
supmreglgm hlcusoc dm onfhs nhdmchs poro
mcgngkor luocqugmr lmro rmsgduoc h rmfofos
dm ymsh qum pumdok lousor gktmremrmklgo.
Chs nhdmchs mstïk ogscodhs lhk vosmcgko
cîqugdo h ogscoktm dm aroso (Ega. 4?O).
Co rmsgko olrîcglo sm utgcgzo poro
jolmr eçruco  Ega.
 Ega. 4?F, L).
Co rmsgko olrîcglo sm nokgpuco lhk uko
mspïtuco mk uko hcco josto qum oclokzo co eosm
pcïstglo (Ega. 4?D).
Co rmsgko sm rmtgro dm co hcco duroktm co
eosm pcïstglo y sm cm do uko ehrno sgngcor o co
dmc orlh. ]kh dmfm mstor smaurh dm qum co
loktgdod dm rmsgko olrîcglo nokgpucodo ms
sueglgmktm poro thdh mc orlh dmktoc. Co rmsgko
sm lhchlo cumah mk mc nhdmch noxgcor (Ega.
46O).
Mc ortglucodhr sm lgmrro. Mc pgk dm co auîo
gklgsoc dmfm thlor co nmso gklgsoc.
?2?
NOKD
EGA]VO 42
(Ega. 46F, L, D).
Co mcgngkolgük dmc mxlmsh dm rmsgko
lhngmkzo oktms dm co phcgnmrgzolgük
lhnpcmto. Luokdh lhngmkzo co
phcgnmrgzolgük,
phcgnmrgzolgü k, sm pumdm ofrgr mc ortglucodhr,
mcgngkor mc mxlmsh nïs arokdm y eçruco lhchlor
josto qum mstç lhnpcmtonmktm phcgnmrgzodh.
Chs mcïstglhs sm lhchlok ocrmdmdhr dmc
ortglucodhr, phrqum duroktm co phcgnmrgzolgük co
rmsgko olrîcglo tgmkdm o suergr pmqumÿos
mxpoksghkms (Ega. 46M).
]ko vmz qum co rmsgko sm jo mkdurmlgdh
phr lhnpcmth, mc olofodh egkoc y co mcgngkolgük
dm chs mxlmshs rmstoktms sm ccmvok o lofh lhk
uko pgmzo dm nokh y uk tocodrh dm dmsaostm.
Dmspuçs dm tmrngkor, cos lðspgdms dm chs
dgmktms dmfmk pmkmtror dm ? o 6 nn mk mc eçruco 
Osmaðrmsm, mk chs nhdmchs, qum mc eçruco 
kh lufrgrï kgkaukh dm chs shphrtms h tufhs
lhk uk noramk dm 2.= nn.
Mc eçruco Kh dmfm mxtmkdmrsm nïs occï
dm chs smaukdhs nhcorms supmrghrms. Msto
mxtmksgük phstmrghr dm co eçruco dmpmkdmrï
dm luïkto mstofgcgdod sm kmlmsgtm, pumdm
smr dmc
 ?26 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226

dmc smaukdh nhcor oc tmrlmr nhcor, sg ms

phsgfcm.
Lhchlor mc eçruco mk mc nhdmch noxgcor y sm
rmocgzok pmrehrolghkms poro qum duroktm co
lgruaîo chs lofcms pumdok posor o trovçs dm
msths oau`mrhs, qum shk kmlmsorghs shch poro co
lgruaîo nuctgsmanmktoc dmc noxgcor.

\gmnprm mcmagnhs lhchlor mstos

EGA]VO 4?O EGA]VO 4?F

pmrehrolghkms poro qum mstçk mktrm uk
dgmktm y htrh mk cos ocnmkos.

Tonfgçk sm rmocgzok pmrehrolghkms o lodo codh

dm chs gklgsgvhs lmktrocms gkemrghrms, dm nhdh qum uk
jgch, qum poso o trovçs dm msths oau`mrhs y o trovçs
dm chs frolimts dm msths dgmktms, pumdm odoptor
nm`hr mc eçruco 
o co nokdîfuco
\m dm`o uko fokdo okljo dm rmsgkos mk
co rmagük cgkauoc poro qum, duroktm co lgruaîo,
co cmkauo sm pumdo lhchlor mklgno h dmfo`h
dm mso fokdo, ch qum eolgcgto nuljh duroktm
co lgruaîo, phr ch qum kh joy kmlmsgdod dm
EGA]VO 4?L EGA]VO 4?D Rrmhluporsm phr co gktmremrmklgo dm co cmkauo
mk co hlcusgük.

Osî ms lhnh mc eçruco  sm

 sm vm mk mc
ortglucodhr (Ega. 46O).
\m osmauro, mk chs nhdmchs, qum mc
eçruco  kh
 kh lufrgrï kgkaukh dm chs shphrtms h
tufhs lhk uk noramk dm 2,= nn (Ega.
46F, L, D).
Roro vmrgeglor mc lonfgh mk mc okljh
dmc orlh, ms kmlmsorgh nmdgr mc okljh dmc
orlh oktms dm co lgruaîo nhdmch, dmsdm
chs lokgkhs josto chs smaukdhs rmshrtms.
Uocm co pmko rmlhrdor qum chs lonfghs mk
EGA]VO 46F
mc okljh dmc orlh shch shk phsgfcms mk co
lgruaîo nuctgsmanmkth dmc noxgcor.

EGA]VO 46O
\m rmtgro mc nhdmch dmc ortglucodhr y sm
jolmk cos ngsnos nmdgdos dmc okljh dmc
orlh. Osmaðrmsm dm qum cos nmdglghkms
oktms y dmspuçs dm co lgruaîo nhdmch sm
ccmvorhk o lofh utgcgzokdh chs ngsnhs pukths
dm rmemrmklgo.

Cumah, sm locluco co dgemrmklgo hftmkgdo mk

chs nhdmchs prm y phsqugrðraglhs9 okhtm mc vochr

mk mc ehrnucorgh.
Ojhro, sm vmrgeglok chs lonfghs mk mc
pcokh hlcusoc y co gklcgkolgük dmc noxgcor.
EGA]VO 46L EGA]VO 46D Roro loclucor mc lonfgh mk
 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226
pcokh hlcusoc dmc noxgcor, sm oarmaok chs
nhvgngmkths vmrtglocms (mk ngcînmtrhs)
suergdhs phr mc gklgsgvh lmktroc y chs nhcorms
dmrmljh m gzqugmrdh, ukh o co vmz. Mc
rmsuctodh dm msto suno sgakgeglo luïkth sm
nhvgü vmrtglocnmktm mc nhcor mk rmcolgük lhk
mc gklgsgvh lmktroc, ms dmlgr, luïc eum mc lonfgh
mk mc pcokh hlcusoc dmc noxgcor. Roro loclucor
mc lonfgh mk co gklcgkolgük dmc noxgcor, thnm
chs vochrms dm chs nhvgngmkths vmrtglocms (mk
ngcînmtrhs) qum suermk chs lokgkhs (dmrmljo m
gzqugmrdo) y rmstm mc vochr nïs pmqumÿh dmc
vochr nïs arokdm. Mc rmsuctodh hftmkgdh
sgakgeglo luïkth sm jo nhvgdh uk lokgkh mk
rmcolgük lhk mc htrh9 ch ngsnh dmfm jolmrsm
lhk chs rmshrtms. Dm msto nokmro, sm
dmtmrngko mc vochr dmc lonfgh mk mc pcokh
jhrgzhktoc dmc noxgcor.
LO\H LCÎKGLH ? - Ehths gktrohrocms prm y phsthpmrothrgos (? oÿh y nmdgh) dmc ermktm y mc pmregc, utgcgzokdh co tçlkglo dm jolmr eçruco  gktmrnmdgh
?2<
¡Egkocnmktm tmrngkostm! mstorï lhnprhnmtgdh lhk ustmd, y ch qum cm
Dmspuçs dm lhnpcmtor co lgruaîo olhksm`onhss qum joao ms pmrsmvmror m
olhksm`onh
nhdmch y lhnpcmtor mc ehrnucorgh gktmktor lhnprmkdmr dükdm y phr quç sm
lhrrmlth, mc spc gkt  oc
 oc ortglucodhr y chs lhnmtgmrhk chs mrrhrms, poro qum kh sm
mcïstglhs sm lhchlok poro noktmkmr mc eçruco rmpgtok. ]ko vmz qum thdh mstç tmrngkodh, mc
mk phsglgük y dm ehrno smauro. Co lgruaîo trofo`h smrï rmlhnpmksodh lhk fumkhs
nhdmch dmfm rmocgzorsm mc dîo oktmrghr o rmsuctodhs poro sus polgmktms.
co lgruaîo utgcgzokdh nhdmchs rmlgmktms,
gdmocnmktm thnodhs trms dîos oktms dm co
lgruaîo. Htrhs notmrgocms m gkstrunmkths
qum kh sm nmklghkorhk pumdmk utgcgzorsm
hlosghkocnmktm poro rmmnpcozor chs qum
sm jok dmnhstrodh, sgmnprm qum kh joyo
lhnprhngsh mk co tçlkglo y qum chs
rmsuctodhs sm hftmkaok gdçktglhs o chs
qum hftuvgnhs. Oc prgklgpgh, msths
prhlmdgngmkths pumdmk pormlmr dgeîlgcms,
ocaukhs mrrhrms shk prhfofcms
EGA]VO 4<
 gktmrnmdgh dmslrgth mk mc nokuoc
LO\H LCÎKGLH 6 - Ehths
- Ehths gktrohrocms prm y phshpmrothrgos (4
oÿhs) dmsdm mc ermktm, utgcgzokdh co ngsno tçlkglo qum mk mc
losh lcîkglh ?.
 ?24 V Dmktoc Rrmss Hrthdhk Hrthp Eolgoc, Norgkaï, vhc. 1, k. ?, p. 7<-?2=, mkmrh / emfrmrh. 6226

Vmemrmklgos

? - ÏKA]CH, MJ Trotongmkth dm 4, p. 677-<??, Okïcgsgs eolgoc dm tm`gdhs. On @ Hrtjhd Hrtjhp

nochlcusgük 1no
nochlcusgük  1no md. Egcodmcego
\\ Qjgtm Dmktoc Nokueolturgka,
?771.
6 - OVKMTT, AQ y lhc. Lhrrgagmkdh
loros octmrodos vmrtglocnmktm0 hrthdhklgo y
lgruaîo hrthakïtglo
hrthakïtglo.. Gkt @ Oduct Hrtjhdhk
Hrtjhakotj \ura,
Chnford, v.?<, kh. 4, p. 651-615,
?77:.
< - OVKMTT, AQ y lhc. Lmpjo dm tm`gdhs fcokdhs
Okïcgsgs chnçtrglh0 dgoaküstglh y pcokgeglolgük dmc
trotongmkth dm co dmehrngdod dmktheolgoc. On @
Hrtjhd Hrtjhp dmktheolgoc, \ok Cugs v. ??5, kh.
<, p. 6<7-6=<, ?777.
4 - OVKMTT, AQ9 FMVANOK, VT
Lcovms eolgocms poro mc dgoaküstglh dm hrthdhklgo y co
pcokgeglolgük dmc trotongmkth - portm G. On @ Hrtjhd
Hrtjhp dmktheolgoc, \t.
dmktheolgoc, \t.
?77<.
= - OVKMTT, AQ9 FMVANOK VT
Lcovms eolgocms poro mc dgoaküstglh dm hrthdhklgo y c o
pcokgeglolgük dmc trotongmkth - portm GG. On @ Hrtjhd
Hrtjhp dmktheolgoc, \ok
dmktheolgoc, \ok Cugs, v.?2<, kh. =, p.
<7=-4??,
?77<.
5 - OVKMTT, AQ9 QHVCMW @r., LN
Co lgruaîo dm nhtgvolgük dmc trotongmkth0 dmegkglgük
dm co nhtgvolgük dmc polgmktm poro mc trotongmkth. On
@ Hrtjhd Hrtjhp dmktheolgoc, \t.
dmktheolgoc, \t. Chugs, vhc. ??=, kh.
<, p. 6<<-6<:, ?777. 1 - FMAA, V@9 JOVIKM\\, NO
Uhcvmr  Gkt @ Oduct Hrtjhdhk Hrtjhakotj \ura, Chnford,
Okïcgsgs lmeochnçtrglh dm co korgz oducto. @ Hroc
Noxgccheol \ura, Ljglo-ah,
\ura, Ljglo-ah, v. =<, kh. ??,
p.?65:-?614,
?77=
: - FMVANOK, VT Lmeochnçtrglo suovm
dmktheolgoc,  \ok Cugs, v.??5, kh. 4, p. <1<-<:7,
?777. 7 - KAOK, R. mt oc. Tm`gdhs fcokdhs y
lonfghs mk mc pmregc dmkthmsqumcçtglh oshlgodhs lhk
co mxpoksgük noxgcor y mc trotongmkth dmc l oslh lhk
prhtrollgük.
On @ Hrtjhd Hrtjhp dmktheolgoc, \ok
dmktheolgoc, \ok Cugs,
v.?27, kh.?, p. <:-47, ?775. ?2 - H'NOCCMW, ON9
NGCH\MUGL, O.
]sh dm ortglucodhrms mk mc Vmgkh ]kgdh phr
hrthdhklgstos lhksucthrms mk co pcokgeglolgük dm co
lgruaîo hrthakïtglo.
\ura,  Chnford,
v. ?4, kh. <, p. 6<5-
646, ?777.
?? - VM\MKDM, VO mt oc. Okïcgsgs dm
nhdmchs poro lgruaîo hrthakïtglo.
Vmv Fros Hrthd, Vîh dm @okmgrh, vhc. <7,
k. <, p 66<-661, ?771.

mcmltrükglh0 msoktokoBusp.fr
msoktokoBusp.fr Chugs, v. ?2<, kh.

Dgrmllgük poro lhrrmsphkdmklgo

Mduordh \okt´Oko Dmportonmkth dm
Msthnothchaîo - Lgruaîo - Eoluctod dm
Hdhkthchaîo dm Fouru - ]kgvmrsgdod dm \ìh
Rouch

Oc. Dr. Hltïvgh Rgkjmgrh Frgshcco, 7-1=

U. ]kgvmrsgdod - LMR0 ?12?6-?2? lhrrmh