UCLCOFCV G@
^@CFWBXCFBÖO
 

BOW^MGPFFBÖO

Fmomfb`ogm `l fmot`xtm cftucl `o j`gbm g` lc pcog`jbc FMXBG 32 `o `l juogm, `s bjpmrtcot` r`fmomf`r

Fmomfb`ogm
`l rbkmr qu` aco t`obgm qu` smpmrtcr lms prmpb`tcrbms g` jbfrmo`kmfbms y p`qu`ócs `jpr`scs `o Fmlmjnbc
 pcrc fmotboucr
fmotboucr su huofbmocjb`
huofbmocjb`otm
otm y smnr`vbvbr c `stc
`stc frbsbs. Om `s uo s`
s`fr`tm,
fr`tm, qu` `stcs uobgcg`s
uobgcg`s
 prmguftbvcs aco sbgm lcs jã
jãss ch`ftcgcs pmr llcc pcog`jbc, y, t`ob`ogm `o fufu`otc
`otc qu` pcrc
pcrc `l pcês
r`pr`s`otco `l 25 pmr fb`otm m jãs g`l s`ftmr prmguftbvm y k`o`rc clr`g`gmr g`l 60 pmr fb`otm g`l UBN, su
r`fup`rcfböo y r`cftbvcfböo
t`, s`kùosmo
cóms. Cgbfbmoclj`ot`,
Cgbfbmoclj`o `s`ofbcl`s
Hcnbm Cogrâs pcrc `l fr`fbjb`otm
Jmotmyc, g` lc `fmomjêc
gbr`ftmr `i`futbvm g`l pcês `o lms
g` lc Fmrpmrcfböo pröxbjms`l
Bot`rcftucr,
80 pmr fb`otm g` lms fmlmjnbcoms trcncic `o `jpr`scs bot`krcgcs pmr j`oms g` gb`z p`rsmocs, lm qu`
ju`strc qu` krco pcrt` g` lc hu`rzc lcnmrcl `o Fmlmjnbc `s k`o`rcgc c pcrtbr g` lms jbfrmo`kmfbm
jbfrmo`kmfbmss y `o lc
jcymrêc pcrc qub`o`s caê trcncico `o su “clt`roctbvc
“clt`ro ctbvc g` vbgc‚, pmr lm qu` r`scltc lc bjpmrtcofbc flcv` g`l
bjpulsm qu` s` l` g`n`o nrbogcr c `stcs p`qu`ócs uobgcg`s prmguftb
prmguftbvcs
vcs pcrc su r`surkbjb`otm.

^`spmogb`ogm c `stc o`f`sbgcg, POBJBOPWM nusfc cpmy

^`spmogb`ogm cpmycr
cr `l hmrtcl`fbjb`otm g` lms prmpb`tcrbms y lc
r`cftbvcfböo g` sus jbfrmo`kmfbms, c trcvâs g` lc hmrjcfböo g` lms `stugbcot`s, pcrc qu` pu`gco cpmrtcr
sus fmomfbjb`otms fmo fr`ctbvbgcg y a`rrcjb`otcs vbrtucl`s cl `otmrom g` lms p`qu`óms
p`qu`óms `jpr`scrbms, su
fêrfulm hcjblbcr y f`rfcoms.
.
Lc `lcnmrcfböo g` lc fcrtbllc “Uclcofcs g` r`cftbvcfböo‚, `s uom g` lms r`fursms cfcgâjbfms g`l fursm g`
`jpr`ogbjb`otm “Cfmjpcócjb`otm pcrc lc r`cftbvcfböo g` jbfrmo`kmfbms‚, qu` nusfc nrbogcr uo smpmrt`
cl `stugbcot`, pcrc qu` pu`gc r`clbzcr uo cfmjpcócjb`otm
cfmjpcócjb`otm `h`ftbvm y ùtbl, fmo `l hbo
h bo g` hmrtcl`f`r cl
 prmpb`tcrbm y r`cftbvcr
r`cftbvcr su jbfrmo`k
jbfrmo`kmfbm.
mfbm. @st` gmfu
gmfuj`otm
j`otm s` fmj
fmjpmo`
pmo` g` 8 gbh`r`o
gbh`r`ot`s
t`s t`jcs9 J`rfcg`m
J`rfcg`m y
fmj`rfbclbzcfböo,
fmj`rfbclbzc fböo, hbocozcs, hmrjclbzcfböo, csmfbctbvbgcg, boomvcfböo g`l jmg`lm gg`` o`kmfbms y prmtmfmlms
g` nbms`kurbgcg, gmog` s` `xplbfc g` jco`rc prãftbfc `o qu` fmosbst` fcgc csp`ftm, lc bjpmrtcofbc qu`
tb`o`o `stms t`jcs `o lms gbh`r`ot`s fmot`xtms fmtbgbcoms pcrc uo prmpb`tcrbm g` jbfrmo`kmfbm y fmos`ims
qu` l` p`rjbtbrão t`o`r `o fu`otc mpfbmo`s cl jmj`otm g` lc tmjc g` g`fbsbmo`s. Lcs pclcofcs g`
r`cftbvcfböo smo uo fmoiuotm g` csp`ftms qu` uobhbfcgms pu`g`o j`imrcr lc fclbgcg g` aãnbtms, fmosujm y
vbgc g` uoc p`rsmoc y g` su uobgcg prmguftbvc.

>
 

FMOW@OBGM

J`rfcg`m y fmj`rfbclbzcfböo    ....................

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..... 0 
 ½Suâ `s `l j`rfcg`m=   .......................
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........ 0 
Coãlbsbs g`l j`rfcgm.....................
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................ 8 
@l flb`ot` ....................
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............ 8 

Lc j`zflc g` J`rfcg`m m Jbx Fmj`rfbcl...................

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...............................
Lc fmj`rfbclbzcf
fmj`rfbclbzcfböo...............................
böo.....................................................
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......... ; 
Jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl   .....................
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½Föjm huofbmoc `l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl=   .................................................................
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N`o`hbfbms g`ll jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl  .....................
N`o`hbfbms g` ............................................
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.................... 1 
Ulco g` Jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl ........................
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..... 2 
Fcocl`s qu` o`f`sbtcs pcrc bjpl`j`otcr punlbfbgcg `o bot`ro`t ...........................................
pcrc bjpl`j`otcr punlbfbgcg ...........................................................
................ 2  
Jâtrbfcs, lc flcv` pcrc coclbzcr `l âxbtm g` tu `strct`kbc gbkbtcl.   ...........................................
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.............. 35 
Hbocozcs ....................
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½Suâ smo lcs hbocozcs= .....................
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@l Bokr`sm  .....................
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...... 33 
@l Kcstm...............................................................
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.............. 3> 
Wbpms g` Kcstms.................
Kcstms.........................................
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.. 3> 
@l Camrrm   .....................
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Bov`rsböo ....................
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.......... 36 
@l Frâgbtm ......................
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Hmrjclbzcfböo ...................
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½Suâ `s s`r bohmrjcl=...................
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Vmy HM^JCL fucogm ....................
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½Fuãl`s smo lcs v`otcics g` s`r hmrjcl= ......

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½Fuãl`s smo lms n`o`hbfbms g` hmrjclbzcrs`= ........
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.............. 31 
Csmfbctbvbgcg ....................
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...... >5 
½Suâ `s lc csmfbctbvbgcg= .......................................................
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N`o`hbfbms g` lc Csmfbctbvbgcg .........................
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.................. >5  
@tcpcs g`l prmf`sm csmfbctbvm .............................................
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...................... >3 
Fmogbfbmo`s pcrc lc Csmfbctbvbgcg ........
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..... >3 
½Suâ bjplbfc csmfbcrs`= .............................................................
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.............. >3 
Csmfbctbvbgcg pcrc lc Fmjp`tbtbvbgcg......................
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........... >3 
Jmg`lms g` Csmfbctbvbgcg ....................
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...... >> 
X`otcics g` lc csmfbctbvbgcg `jpr`scrbcl ................
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........... >6  

6
 

Boomvcfböo `o `l jmg`lm g` o`kmfbms  .....................

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^`fmov`rsböo g`l O`kmfbm ...............................
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½Suâ `s uo jmg`lm g` o`kmfbms= ...................
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.................. >7 
½Umr quâ boomvcr `o `l jmg`lm g` o`kmfbm= .......................
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..................... >7 
@l`j`otms g` uo jmg`lm g` o`kmfbm boomvcgmr9 ......................
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.............. >0 
Wrcoshmrjcfböo
Wrcoshmrjcfböo gbkbtcl....................................................
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... >8 
Hmrjcs g` trcoshmrjcfbö
trcoshmrjcfböo
o gbkbtcl ...................
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.................. >8  
Acnblbgcg`s k`r`ofbcl`s...............................
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..................... >; 
Urmtmfmlms g` nbms`kurbgcg.......................
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...... >2 
^`smlufböo 888 g` >5>5 .......................
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...... >2  
Urmtmfmlms y mrb`otcfbmo
mrb`otcfbmo`s
`s g` nbms`kurbgcg ...........
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Nbnlbmkrchbc ....................
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.......... 67 

7
 

J`rfcg`m y fmj`rfbclbzcfböo   

Ur`s`otcfböo9  
  
@l j`rfcg`m `s uo t`jc g` jufac bjpmrtcofbc pcrc lms prmpb`tcrbms qu` g`s``o hmrtcl`f`r y pmsbfbmocr
sus o`kmfbms `o lc j`ot` g` sus flb`ot`s, fmo g`l gbs`óm g` `strct`kbcs, qu` l`s p`rjbtc br bofr`j`otcogm su
j`imrcr su fmjp`tbtbvbgcg.    
 pcrtbfbpcfböo `o `l j`rfcgm, fmo jcymr fmn`rturc y c lc v`z j`imrcr
  
@l fmot`obgm g` `st` gmfuj`otm l` p`rjbt` cl prmpb`tcrbm lc
prmpb`tc rbm lc mpmrtuobgcg g` `ot`og`r qu â `s y pcrc quâ sbrv`
`l J`rfcg`m, lc J`zflc g` J`rfcg`m, fmjm @l Urmguftm, @l Ur`fbm, Lms Fcocl`s g` Gbstrbnufböo y `l
jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl4 tmgcs `stcs, a`rrcjb`otcs smo flcv`s pcrc `l âxbtm g` lms o`kmfbms.   
  
Mni`tbvm9   
  
Urmpmrfbmocr c lms prmpb`tcrbms g` lms Jbfrmo`kmfbms lms fmof`ptms huogcj`otcl`s qu` l` cyugcrão c
fmjpr`og`r j`imr `l J`rfcg`m y lc bjpmrtcofbc g` lc bjpl`j`otcfböo g`l jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl `o
sus o`kmfbms, p`rjbtbâogml` t`o`r âxbtm `o lc fmj`rfbclbzcfböo y v`otcs g` sus prmguftms y/m   s`rvbfbms,
lmkrcogm pmsbfbmocjb`otm y fmosmlbgcogm su o`kmfbm fmo uoc `xf`l`ot` bjck`o.   
  
 ½Suâ `s `l j`rfcg`m =    
  

@s uo fmoiuotm
g` lmkrcr g` cftbvbgcg`s
sctbshcf`r sus m cffbmo`s
o`f`sbgcg`s qu` s` gbs`óco
y `xp`ftctbvcs pcrc cf`rfcr lms flb`ot`s
fmjm fmosujbgmr`s, `otr` cl prmguftm,
`llcs `stco9   fmo `l hbo
  
•   Bg`otbhbfcr lcs o`f`sbgcg`s y g`s`ms g`l fmosujbgmr.    
•    Bg`otbhbfcr `l tbpm g` flb`ot` pcrc qub`o ou`strm prmguftm m s`rvbfbm s`rã ctrcftbvm.    
•   Gbs`ócr `l tbpm g` prmguftm m s`rvbfbm qu` `l fmosujbgmr g`s`c.    
•   Mhr`f`rlms c uo pr`fbm iustm qu` `l fmosujbgmr cf`pt` pl`ocj`ot`.    
•   hãf blj`ot`.    
Mhr`f`r `l prmguftm `o `l lukcr `o gmog` `l Flb`ot` pu`gc cgqubrbrlms hãfblj`ot`.  
•   Couofbcrlms y prmjmfbmocrlms
prmjmfbmocrlms g` jco`rc qu` bovbt` m prmvmqu` su fmjprc.   
•   ac f`r r`flcjms fucogm acyc qu`gcgm bosctbsh`fam   
Kcrcotbzcr cl flb`ot` su g`r`fam c acf`r
  
 @l j`rfcgm   
  
Poc g`hbobfböo s`ofbllc g`l j`rfcgm `s9 `l fmoiuotm g` p`rsmocs/ `jpr`scs qu` tb`o`o o`f`sbgcg`s pmr
r`smlv`r pcrc t`o`r uoc j`imr fclbgcg g` vbgc `o `l prbj`r fcsm y pcrc `l g`scrrmllm g`l o`kmfbm `o `l
s`kuogm. Umr lm tcotm, cl jmj`otm g` `jpr`og`r s` g`n` t`o`r flcrm sb `l prmguftm/s`rvbfbm c g`scrrmllcr
`stã gbrbkbgm c p`rsmocs m c `jpr`scs. Lm s`kuogm qu` s` g`n` t`o`r `o fu`otc uoc v`z bg`otbhbfcgm `l
j`rfcgm, `s g` gmog` prmvb`o` lc o`f`sbgcg pu`stm qu` g` `llm g`p`og` tcotm `l g`scrrmllm jbsjm g`l
 prmguftm m s`s`rvbfbm
rvbfbm fmjm
fmjm mtrcs vcrbcnl`s flcv`s fmjm smo9 `l pr`fbm, lc hmrjc g` gbstrbnubrlm
gbstrbnubrlm y lc prmjmfböo
qu` r`qub`r`.  

@l fmomfbjb`otm g`l “j`rfcgm‚ `s g`t`rjbocot` pcrc pmg`r mrb`otcr lcs cffbmo`s qu` s` r`clbzco pcrc
fmj`rfbclbzcrr lms prmguftms g` lc mrkcobzcfböo.
fmj`rfbclbzc

0
 

Coãlbsbs g`l j`rfcgm   

@l j`rfcgm g` p`rsmocs y `l g` lms o`kmfbms s` g`scrrmllco `o `l `otmrom k`o`rcl, `stm sbkobhbfc qu` tb`o`o
hu`rzcs `xt`rocs qu` lms ch`ftco y âstcs g`n`o s`r bg`otbhbfcgcs pmr `l `jpr`scrbm pu`stm qu` sb om s` tb`o`o
`o fu`otc pu`g`o sbkobhbfcr `l hrcfcsm g`l o`kmfbm. @i`jplms g` `stcs hu`rzcs `xt`rocs smo9    
  
Fmjp`t`ofbc   
Xcrbcnl`s iurêgbfcs   
Xcrbcnl`s `fmoöjbfcs   
Fmotrcncogm   
  
Ucrc uo `jpr`scrbm `s bogbsp`oscnl` fmomf`r y coclbzcr `l `otmrom `o `l fucl s` vc c g`scrrmllcr su
cftbvbgcg `fmoöjbfc.   
  
@l flb`ot`    
 @s uoc p`rsmoc Octurcl m iurêgbfc qu` tb`o` lc o`f`sbgcg g` sctbshcf`r lms g`s`ms, qu` tb`o` fcpcfbgcg g`
 pckm y pmg`r g` g`fbsböo. Lc jcymrêc g` lcs o`f`sbgcg`s s` bg`otbhbfco c trcvâs g` lc mns`rvcfböo g`l
j`rfcgm, sbo `jncrkm, ouofc `s r`fmj`ogcnl` bobfbcr uo o`kmfbm sbo acf`r uoc bov`stbkcfböo g` j`rfcgms
qu` vclbg` `l g`s`m g`l fmosujbgmr c r`smlv`r lc o`f`sbgcg.   
  
@otmof`s `l Flb`ot` `s9   
  
•  Lc p`rsmoc jãs bjpmrtcot` `o jb o`kmfbm   
•  @l qu` p`rjbt` `l prmkr`sm y g`scrrmllm g` jb o`kmfbm.    
•  Wmgc p`rsmoc qu` o`f`sbtc jbs  prmguftms.   
•  Su` pu`g` pckcr jbs pr`fbms.   
•  Su` g`fbg` lc fmjprc `o jb o`kmfbm.    
•  C qubâo g`nm cpr`og`r c trctcr nb`o pcrc fmos`rvcrlm.   
  
 Lc fmjp`t`ofbc 

Lc fmjp`t`ofbc lc fmohmrjc tmgcs cqu`llms p`rsmocs m `jpr`scs qu`9

Mhr`f`o prmguftms m s`rvbfbms bkucl`s c lms jêms.

Mhr`f`o prmguftms m s`rvbfbms qu` pu`g`o r``jplczcr lms jêms, pmrqu` sctbshcf`o lcs jbsjcs
o`f`sbgcg`s.

Lc j`zflc g` J`rfcg`m m Jbx Fmj`rfbcl

Lc j`zflc g` j`rfcg`m `s lc fmjnbocfböo g` t`o`r uo `xf`l`ot` U^MGPFWM, uo U^@FBM cf`ptcnl` y

fmjp`tbtbvm pcrc `l Flb`ot`, uoms cf`rtcgms FCOCL@V G@ FMJ@^FBCLBYCFBÖO, uoc cf`rtcgc
`strc`kbc g` U^MJMFBMO uoms cprmpbcgms j`gbms g` FMJPOBFCFBÖO y uo nu`o V@^XBFM CL
FLB@OW@.

Ucrc fmj`ozcr s` g`n` t`o`r lc g`hbobfböo bobfbcl qu` `s flcv`9

Lcs fcrcft`rêstbfcs g`l prmguftm m s`rvbfbm qu` ust`g mhr`f`. Ucrc g`hbobr fmo `xcftbtug sus prmguftms,
fmosbg`r` sus hmrtcl`zcs y g`nblbgcg`s bot`rocs, pcrc t`o`r uo prmguftm m s`rvbfbm qu` mhr`zfc v`otcics
fmjpcrctbvcs.
fmjpcrctbvc s. W`okc `o fu`otc pmr, smnr` tmgm, lcs o`f`sbgcg`s g`l j`rfcgm mni`tbvm y lcs fmogbfbmo`s g`l

`otmrom. Poc v`z g`hbobgms sus prmguftms y `l j`rfcgm, gbs`ó` lc `strct`kbc g` prmjmfböo pcrc sus

8
 

 prmguftms, lms fcocl`s g` fmj`rfbclbzcfböo

fmj`rfbclbzcfböo jãs cprmpbcgms, lcs cftbvbgcg`
cftbvbgcg`ss g` pmst v`otc y `l pr`fbm pcrc
fcgc uom. V` g`n` fubgcr gms csp`ftms flcv`s9

• Nusfcr lcfma`r`ofbc `otr` lms gbstbotms hcftmr`s. Umr `i`jplm9 sb lms s`rvbfbms s` pr`stco c gmjbfblbm om
o`f`sbtc uo tcll`r, p`rm sb g`fbg` r`fbnbr `qubpms g` fmjputm `o uo lmfcl, cgqub`r` cltc r`l`vcofbc lc
unbfcfböo y fcjnbc lc hmrjc g` acf`r prmjmfböo.

• Lc fmosbst`ofbc fmo `l j`rfcgm mni`tbvm9 @l tbpm g` prmguftm g`hbo` su j`rfcgm y âst` l` fmogbfbmoc lc
hmrjc g` acf`r prmjmfböo, lc unbfcfböo y tmgms lms g`jãs hcftmr`s g`l jbx fmj`rfbcl.

Lc fmj`rfbclbzcfböo

@s `l “fmoiuotm g` huofbmo`s qu` s` g`scrrmllco g`sg` qu` `l prmguftm scl` g`l `stcnl`fbjb`otm g` uo
 prmguftmr acstc qu` ll`kc cl fmosujbgmr ‚,‚,  c trcvâs g` uo j`rfcgm g`t`rjbocgm. @s uo j`fcobsjm g`
fmmrgbocfböo pcrc lcs trcosh`r`ofbcs ` bot`rfcjnbms qu` r`clbzco lms gbh`r`ot`s ck`ot`s qu` pcrtbfbpco `o
uoc fcg`oc prmguftbvc.

@otr` lcs huofbmo`s g` lc fmj`rfbclbzcfböo g`stcfco9 fmjprcr, v`og`r, trcospmrtcr, cljcf`ocr, `stcogcrbzcr
y flcsbhbfcr, hbocofbcr, csujbr rb`skms y mnt`o`r bohmrjcfböo g`l j`rfcgm

Umr su krco bjpmrtcofbc pcrc `l j`rfcg`m y fmj`rfbclbzcfböo s` g`sfrbn` c fmotboucfböo9 `l

Jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl, fmjm pcrt` g` lcs `strct`kbcs jãs r`l`vcot`s `o lc cftuclbgcg   

Jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl   

 ½Suâ `s `l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl    

  
@l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl `s uoc hmrjc g` prmjmv`r jcrfcs y prmguftms `o lêo`c (molbo`) c trcvâs g` gbh`r`ot`s
fcocl`s gbkbtcl`s. Lc jcymrêc g` lcs `jpr`scs tb`o` uo pùnlbfm `sp`fêhbfm cl qu` bot`otco ll`kcr, y `l
j`rfcg`m gbkbtcl cyugc c lcs `jpr`scs c ll`kcr c `stms fmosujbgmr`s mni`tbvms c trcvâs g` Bot`ro`t y mtrcs
vêcs gbkbtcl`s.   
@l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl `s bjpmrtcot` pcrc lcs `jpr`scs
` jpr`scs jmg`rocs pmrqu` Bot`ro`t iu`kc uo pcp`l bjpmrtcot`
`o lc hmrjc `o qu` lms fmosujbgmr`s g` amy tmjco sus g`fbsbmo`s g` fmjprc. Bot`ro`t tcjnbâo ch`ftc lc
hmrjc `o qu` lms fmosujbgmr`s r`clj`ot` fmjprco sus prmguftms y s`rvbfbms, lm qu` acf` bjp`rctbvm qu`
lcs `jpr`scs om smlm `stâo pr`s`ot`s `o lêo`c, sbom qu`
q u` cuj`ot`o su vbsbnblbgcg tcotm fmjm s`c pmsbnl`.   
  
½Föjm huofbmoc `l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl=   
Lc flcv` pcrc `ot`og`r föjm huofbmoc tmgm `s fmomf`r fcgc `l`j`otm qu` lm fmohmrjc y r`fmomf`r föjm
fcgc uom g` `llms pu`g` cyugcr c clfcozcr lms mni`tbvms g` jcrd`tbok. C fmotboucfböo, r`vbscr`jms fcgc
tãftbfc y `xplbfcr`jms föjm pu`g`s uscr fcgc uoc pcrc tu prmpbc `jpr`sc m o`kmfbm.     
  
 A`rrcjb`otcs g`l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl 
  
Vbtbm [`n  
  
@o jufams s`otbgms, `l sbtbm w`n g` tu o`kmfbm `s lc pb`grc cokulcr m lc fmlujoc v`rt`nrcl g` lc `strct`kbc
g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl.  Cg`jãs, jufacs v`f`s, `s `l jmj`otm `o qu` flb`ot`s pmt`ofbcl`s hboclj`ot` s`
fmovb`rt`o `o flb`ot`s g` pckm.    

;
 

@l sbtbm `s `o krco pcrt` lc ùobfc mpmrtuobgcg qu` tb`o` tu jcrfc pcrc fcuscr uoc nu`oc prbj`rc bjpr`sböo
c lms fmjprcgmr`s m fmosujbgmr`s `o tu j`rfcgm mni`tbvm. Umr `stc rczöo, g`n`s pr`stcr `sp`fbcl ct`ofböo
cl gbs`óm g` tu sbtbm, csê fmjm c lms fmlmr`s y krãhbfms qu` uscrãs `o âl.   
  
Umsbfbmocjb`otm
Umsbfbmocjb`o tm g` nusfcgmr`s (V@M)   
  
Lc mptbjbzcfböo g` jmtmr`s g` nùsqu`gc (V@M, pmr sus sbklcs `o boklâs). @stc `s uoc a`rrcjb`otc qu`
 p`rjbt` c lms usucrbms
usucrbms g` bot`ro
bot`ro`t
`t `ofmotrcr fmot`o
fmot`obgms
bgms r`lcfbmocgm
r`lcfbmocgmss fmo lm qu` `stão nusfcogm.
nusfcogm. Ucrc
t`o`r âxbtm fmo uoc pãkboc w`n m uo nlmk `o llcscs prbj`rcs pmsbfbmo`s g` lms nusfcgmr`s, `s o`f`scrbm
o`f`scrbm
r`clbzcr cffbmo`s g` pmsbfbmocjb`otm
pmsbfbmocjb`otm mrkãobfm V@M (pmo`rlm
( pmo`rlm `o `l nusfcgmr sbo pckcr) m pmsbfbmocjb`otm
bogbsp`oscnl` pcrc tu `strct`kbc g` jcrd`tbok molbo`.   
 pckm (V@J). @stm `s bogbsp`oscnl`
  
  
Jcrd`tbok g` fmot`obgms   

 
• Umsbfbmocr tu jcrfc fmjm `xp`rtc   
 
• J`imrc tu rcodbok `o lms jmtmr`s g` nùsqu`gc   
 
• Fmo`ftc fmo lcs o`f`sbgcg`s g` tus usucrbms    
 
• Fmostruy` r`lcfbmo`s g` vclmr      
 
• @ofu`otrc ou`vms flb`ot`s   
  
Jcrd`tbok g` r`g`s smfbcl`s   
  
@l jcrd`tbok `o r`g`s smfbcl`s bjplbfc prmjmv`r tu fmot`obgm y fr`cr r`lcfbmo`s
r `lcfbmo`s fmo tu fmosujbgmr mni`tbvm
`o fcocl`s g` r`g`s smfbcl`s fmjm Hcf`nmmd, Bostckrcj, Lbod`gBo y Ubot`r`st. @stc tãftbfc s` usc `o `l
jcrd`tbok molbo` pcrc cyugcr c lcs `jpr`scs c cuj`otcr `l fmomfbjb`otm g` lc jcrfc, k`o`rcr jãs flb`ot`s
 pmt`ofbcl`ss y j`imrcr lc hbg`lbgc
 pmt`ofbcl` hbg`lbgcg.
g.   
  
Uunlbfbgcg gbsplcy  
  
@s lc a`rrcjb`otc g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl jãs fmomfbgc. @s lc vcllc punlbfbtcrbc g`l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl. V` trctc
g` couofbms g` gbh`r`ot`s tcjcóms y hmrjctms fmjm9 t`xtms, bjãk`o`s, vêg`ms, `tf, qu` mfupco uo `spcfbm
`o gbh`r`ot`s pãkbocs w`n, `stms pmr lm k`o`rcl smo llcjctbvms   
  
  
N`o`hbfbms g`l jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl   
  
  @l fmstm g`l jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl `s jufam jãs ncim sb s` fmjpcrc fmo lms j`gbms trcgbfmocl`s fmjm
•

lc t`l`vbsböo, rcgbm m pr`osc.    

  Jcymr fcpcfbgcg g` fmotrml, mptbjbzcfböo y fmrr`ffböo g` lcs fcjpcócs g`nbgm c qu` lc pu`stc `o
•

t b`jpm r`cl.    
jcrfac y lc fmosultc g` r`sultcgms `s `o tb`jpm
  Fmo lc pmsbnblbgcg g` r`clbzcr ciust`s y fcjnbms smnr` lc jcrfac `o huofböo g` lms r`sultcgms
•

mnt`obgms y `l fmjpmrtcjb`otm g` lms usucrbms r`sp`ftm c uoc fcjpcóc.    

  U`rjbt` uoc s`kj`otcfböo juy `sp`fêhbfc, p`rsmoclbzcgc y pr`fbsc.    
•

  U`rjbt` uoc j`gbfböo `xcftc g` lc fcjpcóc. ^`sultcgms mnt`obgms,   n`o`hbfbms,

• r`tmrom g` lc
bov`rsböo (^MB), `tf.   
  

1
 

Ulco g` Jcrd`tbok Gbkbtcl

  
½Suâ `s uo plco g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl=   
  
Po plco g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl `s uo gmfuj`otm ncs` qu` fmjpcrt` lms g`tcll`s g` tmgc lc plcobhbfcfböo g`
tus fcjpcócs m cffbmo`s g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl. @o âl s` g`tcllc, `otr` mtrcs fmscs9    
  Mni`tbvms fmj`rfbcl`s c fmrtm, j`gbm y lcrkm plczm.    
•

  Lcs `strct`kbcs pcrc lmkrcr lms mni`tbvms c obv`l gbkbtcl.   

•

  Lms fcocl`s c utblbzcr.   

•

  Ulco`s g` cffböo y g`scrrmllm.   

•

  Bov`rsböo y pr`supu`stm.   
•

  @l fcl`ogcrbm y lc amic g` rutc.   

•

  
Ucsm c pcsm pcrc uo plco g` jcrd`tbok gbkbtcl9   
  
Ucsm 39 Coãlbsbs g` lc sbtucfböo9 Coãlbsbs bot`rom y `xt`rom g` lc `jpr`sc. Coãlbsbs HMGC.    
Ucsm >9 @stcnl`f`r mni`tbvms g` jcrd`tbok gbkbt cl9 Uu`g`s g`scrrmllcr `stc pcrt` g`l plco g` jcrd`tbok
gbkbtcl t`ob`ogm `o fu`otc `l jcrfm g` mni`tbvms  VJC^W9 mni`tbvms `sp`fêhbfms, j`gbnl`s, clfcozcnl`s,
r`l`vcot`s y mpmrtuoms.   
Ucsm 69 G`hbobr lc `strct`kbc g` jcrd`tbok     
  V`kj`otc tu pùnlbfm mni`tbvm    
•

  Umsbfbmocjb`otm    
•

•   @strct`kbc g` fmot`obgms   
   

Fcocl`s qu` o`f`sbtcs pcrc bjpl`j`otcr punlbfbgcg `o bot`ro`t.   

  
Uunlbfbgcg g` nùsqu`gc pckcgc   
  
Fmo jãs g` 6.0 jbl jbllmo`s g` fmosultcs `o Kmmkl`, lms couofbm
couofbmss `o jmtmr`s g ` nùsqu`gc, smo uom g`
lms tbpms jãs pmpulcr`s y `h`ftbvms g` punlbfbgcg `o lêo`c.   

Uunlbfbgcg smfbcl pckcgc   

  

Lc lc
g` hmrjc jãs rãpbgc
punlbfbgcg y `h`ftbvc
smfbcl, g` fmomf`r
`o plctchmrjcs fmjmc suHcf`nmmd Cgs,
pùnlbfm gmog` Wwbtt`r Cgs m
pcsco lc jcymr pcrt` g` su tb`jpm
tb `jpm
Bostckrcj Cgs.     `s c trcvâs
  
Uunlbfbgcg `o Xbg`m     
  
Hmrzcr c lc k`ot` c suhrbr c trcvâs g` uo fmj`rfbcl g` 65-85 s`kuogms `o RmuWun` om `s lc j`imr jco`rc
g` ctrc`r lc ct`ofböo g` uoc ou`vc
ou `vc cugb`ofbc9 sbjpl`j`ot` lms brrbtcrã. U`rm cfmrtcr lms couofbms g` vbg`m
 pu`g` ctrc`r
ctrc`r c lms `sp`ft
`sp`ftcgmr`s
cgmr`s sbo t`o`
t`o`rr qu` pmo`r c pru`
pru`nc
nc su pcf
pcfb`ofbc.
b`ofbc.   
  
Wru`Xb`w Cgs    
  
Fmo lms couofbms g` Wru`Xb`w, smlm pckcs pmr uo couofbm fucogm lc k`ot` lm v`c `o su tmtclbgcg, cl
j`oms 65 s`kuogms m ackc flbf `o tu FWC. RmuWun` scn` qu` sus usucrbms `sp`rco couofbms jãs fmrtms,
 pmr lm qu` r`qub`r`o
r`qub`r`o qu` lmlmss couofbms qu` om s` pu`g`o mjbtbr t`okco `o `otr`
tr` 30 y >5 s`kuogms
s`kuogms g`
gurcfböo.   

2
 

  
Nujp`r Cgs   
  
Lms couofbms “nujp`r‚ smo lms couofbms g` RmuWun` jãs fmrtms y hãfbl`s g` r`fmrgcr. Fucogm RmuWun`
r`prmguf` uo couofbm tco fmrtm pcrc sus `sp`ftcgmr`s, r`clj`ot` om l`s pu`g` jml`stcr. R fucogm lcs
jcrfcs `lcnmrco `stms couofbms `o abstmrbcs rãpbgcs y fcutbvcgmrcs, pu`g`o r`smocr `o `l pùnlbfm.   
   
Jâtrbfcs, lc flcv` pcrc coclbzcr `l âxbtm g` tu `strct`kbc
`str ct`kbc gbkbtcl.   
  
Uãkbocs pmr vbsbtc9 @stc `s lc jâtrbfc qu` t` p`rjbt` scn`r fuã otcs pãkbocs g` tu sbtbm w`n ac
vbstm uo vbsbtcot` prmj`gbm cot`s g` brs`.     
  
Gurcfböo j`gbc g` lc vbsbtc9 Fucogm clkub`o vbsbtc tu sbtbm w`n, nãsbfcj`ot` `stã nusfcogm clkm `o lm qu`
`stâ bot`r`scgm9 yc s`c jãs bohmrjcfböo smnr` tu prmguftm
prm guftm m fmot`obgm r`lcfbmocgm fmo tu
bogustrbc.   
  
Wcsc g` r`nmt`9 Lc tcsc g` r`nmt` ju`strc `l pmrf`otci` g` p`rsmocs qu` cncogmoco tu sbtbm w`n g`spuâs
g` vbsbtcr smlm lc pãkboc.    
  
Uãkbocs jãs vbstcs9 @s hãfbl ll`kcr c lc fcn`zc g` tu pùnlbfm mni`tbvm y g`sfunrbr quâ `s lm qu` jãs l`s
ctrc` cl coclbzcr lc jâtrbfc «pãkbocs jãs vbstcs´.   
  

Wcsc g`huofbmocog
sclbgc g` lcm pãkboc9
huofbmocogm  @stc `s
nb`o. Umrqu` lc jâtrbfc
fucogm qu` t` gc scl`o
tus vbsbtcot`s uoc bg`c flcrcpãkboc,
g` uoc g` lcs sbkobhbfc
pãkbocs qu`
qu`om
om`stão
pugb`rmo
`ofmotrcr lm qu` nusfcnco.   
  
Vbtbms w`n g` r`h`r`ofbc9 Lc jcymrêc g` tus vbsbtcot`s ll`kcrão c tu sbtbm w`n g`spuâs g` `ofmotrcr y acf`r
flbf `o uo `olcf`. Wu trãhbfm g` r`h`r`ofbc t` pu`g` g`fbr jufam smnr` `l tbpm g` sbtbms qu` t`
`olczco y `l tbpm g` trãhbfm qu` `stão `ovbcogm.   

35
 

Hbocozcs 
Hbocozcs 
Ur`s`otcfböo9
@stc kuêc prãftbfc s` `lcnmrc c pcrtbr g` lc o`f`sbgcg g` hmrjcr c p`rsmocs fmosfb`ot`s, fcpcf`s
fcpcf`s g` tmjcr
g`fbsbmo`ss hbocofb`rcs g` jco`rc r`spmoscnl`4 p`rsmocs fmo fmjp`t`ofbcs k`o`rcl`s pcrc `l jco`im g`
g`fbsbmo` g`
r`fursms prmpbms, g` t`rf`rms y g` sus uobgcg`s prmguftbvc
prmguftbvcs.
s. @stc kuêc nusfc cyugcr `o ggbsjboubr
bsjboubr lc
vulo`rcnblbgcg smfbcl y `fmoöjbfc g` lms prmpb`tcrbms g` lms jbfrmo`kmfbms
jbfrmo`kmfbms smnr` lms csp`ftms flcv`s g`
lcs hbocozcs y mhr`f`r fmos`ims prãftbfms pcrc j`imrcr sus aãnbtms g` fmosujm y kcstm, fmo `l hbo g` qu`
 pu`gco jcot`o`r
jcot`o`r uoc `stc
`stcnblbgcg
nblbgcg `fmoöjbfc ``ot`ogb`ogm
ot`ogb`ogm lc bjpm
bjpmrtcofbc
rtcofbc g` t`jcs ffmjm9
mjm9 bokr`sm, kcstm,
kcstm,
camrrm, bov`rsböo y frâgbtm pcrc `l gêc c gêc `o gbh`r`ot`s fmot`xtms.

Mni`tbvm9
Mhr`f`r bohmrjcfböo hbocofb`rc prãftbfc pcrc prmpb`tcrbms
prmpb`tcrb ms g` jbfrmo`kmfbms, cf`rfc g` tt`jcs
`jcs flcv`s
fmjm9 bokr`sm, kcstm, camrrm, bov`rsböo y frâgbtm, qu` smo utblbzcgms gbcrbcj`ot` y smo bosujm
huogcj`otcl pcrc lc tmjc g` g`fbsbmo`s tcotm p`rsmocl, lcnmrcl, prmh`sbmocl, `tf.
  
   
½Suâ smo lcs hbocozcs=

Lcs hbocozcs tb`o`o qu` v`r fmo föjm s` mntb`o` y k`stbmoc `l gbo`rm. @s `l fmoiuotm g` cftbvbgcg`s qu`
uoc p`rsmoc
gbo`rm, y/m `jpr`sc
lc mnt`ofböo g`n` ll`vcr
g` r`fursms, c fcnm
hmrjcs pcrc lc`cfujulcfböo
g` camrrm bov`rsböo. Cg` rbqu`zcs. @stugbc
fmotboucfböo, lms j`rfcgms
s` pr`s`otco g`
csp`ftms
flcv`s g` lcs hbocozcs.

@l Bokr`sm   

@s uo vclmr `fmoöjbfm qu` sbrv` bobfbclj`ot` pcrc fucotbhbfcr `l pmg`r cgqubsbtbvm g` lcs p`rsmocs u
`jpr`scs, `s g`fbr, `s lc tmtclbgcg g` lcs kcocofbcs m bokr`sms qu` tb`o` uoc p`rsmoc octurcl m iurêgbfc `o
uo p`rbmgm g`t`rjbocgm. @o târjboms p`rsmocl`s y hcjblbcr`s uo bokr`sm s` g`hbo` fmjm `otrcgcs g` gbo`rm
 prmv`ob`ot`s g`
g` cftbvbgcg`s fmj`rfbcl`s m llcnmrcl`s.
cnmrcl`s.  

Fmos`ims pcrc `l jco`im p`rsmocl g`l gbo`rm  

 
•

Hbicrt`jc
   Om
•
prbmrbgcg`s, ct`og`r
`og`ugcrs`, su sclug`sy uoc
`l frâgbtm o`f`sbgcg
o`f`sbgcg`s
mpfböo`s juy
jêobjcs g` fclbgcg
bjpmrtcot` vbgc.   `l prmkr`sm g` lcs
pcrcg`smpmrtcr
 p`rsmocs.  
 
• Gbstrbnubr rcfbmoclj`ot` `l gbo`rm, `stcnl`zfc `l jmotm g` su bokr`sm qu` g`stbocrã pcrc ct`og`r
fcgc uoc g` sus o`f`sbgcg`s y fmjprmjbsms.   
 
•  Om fmjpr` pmr bjpulsm, tmgc fmjprc
fmjprc g`n` `stcr g`nbgcj`ot`
g`nbgcj`ot` iustbhbfcgc g`otrm g` lc rcfbmoclbgcg
g`l jco`im g` lcs hbocozcs p`rsmocl`s.  
 
•  Om kcst` jãs
jãs g` lm qu` kc
kcoc.
oc.  
 
• Ackc uo pr`supu`stm p`rsmocl m hcjblbcr g` fmrtm y j`gbcom plczm g`p`ogb`ogm g` sus
 prmy`ffbmo`s.
 prmy`ffbm o`s.  
 
• Camrr`, `l gbo`rm qu` r`fbn` amy `s pcrt` g`l qu` ust`g gbspmogrã pcrc jcócoc.
jcócoc.   
 
•  Om sup`r` `l lêjbt` g` `og`ugcjb`otm,
`og`ugcjb`otm, lcs `otbgcg`s hbocofb`rcs
hbocofb`rcs fmosbg`rco qu`, `o prmj`gbm,
prmj`gbm, uoc
 p`rsmoc m hcjblbc
hcjblbc om g`n` ``og`ugcrs`
og`ugcrs` `o jã
jãss g`l 65 pmr fb`
fb`otm
otm g` sus bokr`sms
bokr`sms hbims.  

33
 

  
@l Kcstm  

Lms kcstms smo lms gbstbotms usms qu` s` l` gco cl gbo`rm. @stms pu`g`o s`r o`f`sbgcg`s, mnlbkcfbmo`s m
kustms p`rsmocl`s. V` g`n` r`kbstrcr y mrkcobzcr fcgc uom g` sus kcstms, pu`s sölm csê s` pmgrã scn`r fuãotm
gbo`rm s` o`f`sbtc pcrc vbvbr pmr uo tb`jpm, y sb acy kcstms qu` s` pu`gco jmg`rcr.  

Wbpms g` Kcstms 
  Kcstms hbims9 V`rvbfbms pùnlbfms, clbj`otcfböo, trcospmrt`, crrb`ogm, `tf.  
•

  Kcstms vcrbcnl`s9 Xbci`s, v`stbgm, gbv`rsböo, `otr`t`objb`otm, `j`rk`ofbcs, `tf.   

•

½Fmjm mrkcobzcr sus kctms=   

•  Kcstms gbcrbms9 Lms kcstms gbcrbms r`pr`s`otco `l gbo`rm qu` kcstcs `o `l trcosfursm g` uo gêc
omrjcl.  
•  Kcstms j`osucl`s9
j`osucl`s9 Lms kcstms j`osucl`s bofluy`o `l clqubl`r, lms s`rvbfbms pùnlbfms y `l pckm g`l
 prâstcjm m lcs tcri`tcs g` ffrâgbtm.
râgbtm.  
•  Kcstms coucl`s9 Umr lm k`o`rcl smo bjpu`stms m fuclqub`r mtrc fu`otc qu` sölm
s ölm tb`o`s qu` pckcr
uoc v`z cl cóm.   
  
@l Camrrm   

Lms camrrms smo lc cfujulcfböo g` cftbvms. @s uoc pcrt` g`l bokr`sm qu` om `stã g`stbocgm cl kcstm y `l
fucl `stã r`s`rvcgm c funrbr o`f`sbgcg`s huturcs4 `st` pu`g` `stcr flcrcj`ot` lbkcgm c uoc j`tc, mni`tbvm m
bjpr`vbstms qu` s` pu`gco ll`kcr
ll`kcr c pr`s`otcr `o uo hhuturm.
uturm.  

½Ucrc quâ camrrcr=  

Uu`g`o `xbstbr jufacs rczmo`s pcrc acf`rlm, clkuocs g` `stcs pmgrêco s`r fujplbr uo mni`tbvm, j`tcs, su`óms
 pmr fujplbr, vbci`s, fcscs, pctrbjmobm4 p`rm `stcs smo clkuocs9 Bobfbclj`ot` fmjm s`r`s aujcoms oms
 pmg`jms gcr
gcr fu`otc cl fr`
fr`f`r
f`r qu` lc vbgc om `stã fmjprcg
fmjprcgc,
c, ocgb` sc
scn`
n` föjm vc c s`r su huturm.  

½Fuãotm camrrcr=  

V` g`n` g`stbocr uoc pcrt` g` lms bokr`sms `o `l camrrm, lm bg`cl prbj`rm cpcrtcr lms kcstms hbocofb`rms,
kcstms p`rsmocl`s y lu`km g`stbocr `l r`stcot` `o `l camrrm, g` `stc hmrjc s` pu`g` `jp`zcr camrrcr. Poc
a`rrcjb`otc qu` s` pu`g` utblbzcr cl jmj`otm g` `jp`zcr c camrrcr `s utblbzcr `l pr`supu`stm4 `s uo r`kbstrm
g` gbo`rm qu` s` `stã bokr`scogm y g`l gbo`rm qu` scl`, `s uoc jco`rc mrkcobzcgc g` jco`icr lcs fu`otcs.  

Urmguftms hbocofb`rms pcrc `l camrrm

Wcri`tc Gânbtm9 Lc tcri`tc gânbtm `s uoc tcri`tc plãstbfc qu` r`pr`s`otc `l gbo`rm camrrcgm `o uoc
fu`otc g` uoc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc. Vbrv` pcrc acf`r fmjprcs `o cljcf`o`s, pmr bot`ro`t m r`tbrcr
gbo`rm `o fci`rms cutmjãtbfms acstc `l jmotm g` lm camrrcgm4 lc tcri`tc sb`jpr` `stã c su omjnr` y
sbrv` pcrc pckcr sbo o`f`sbgcg g` ll`vcr fmo ust`g gbo`rm `o `h`ftbvm.
Fu`otc g` camrrm prmkrcjcgm9 @s uoc fu`otc `o lc qu` ust`g g`pmsbtc gbo`rm g` jco`rc prmkrcjcgc,
fmo `l hbo g` fujplbr uoc j`tc `sp`fêhbfc.
G`pösbtm `l`ftröobfm9 Vmo g`pösbtms c lc vbstc, gbh`r`ot`s c lc fu`otc g` camrrms y fmrrb`ot`,
mhr`fbgms c p`rsmocs octurcl`s. Psuclj`ot` om tb`o`o fumtc g` jco`im ob tcri`tc gânbtm csmfbcgc y
lcs mp`rcfbmo`s y/m trcoscffbmo`s g` `st` prmguftm s` r`clbzco c trcvâs g` uo gbspmsbtbvm jövbl
(f`lulcr).

3>
 

Fu`otcs CHF9 @l mni`tbvm g` `st` prmguftm `s bof`otbvcr `l camrrm c lcrkm plczm fmo `l hbo g`
hmj`otcr cgqubsbfböo g` vbvb`ogc.

Wbps Flcv`s  

•  ^`clbf` uo pr`supu`stm j`osucl, `stm sbrv` pcrc scn`r fuãotm gbo`rm

scn` r fuãotm gbo`rm bokr`sc, qu` s` kcstc
y fuãotm pu`g` camrrcr.  
•  Acy qu` gbh`r`ofbcr `l g`s`m g` lc o`f`sbgcg, csê pu`g` `vbtcr acf`r fmjprcs boo`f`scrbcs.   
•
  Fmjpcr` pr`fbms y nusqu` mh`rtcs,     
•  @stcnl`zfc j`tcs clfcozcnl`s y fmofr`tcs.   

.  

Bov`rsböo  

 Oms r`h`rbjms c lc pclcnrc bov`

bov`rsböo
rsböo fucogm g`
g`stbocgms
stbocgms ou`strm gbo`
gbo`rm
rm `o clkùo nb`o
nb`o jct`rbcl qu` oms vc
vc
c s`rvbr pcrc fr`cr mtrm nb`o y csê jbsjm k`o`rcr uoc kcocofbc.  
½Ucrc quâ s` utblbzc=  
Bov`rtbr ou`strm gbo`rm `o prmy`ftms qu` fmosbg`rcjms nu`oms y lufrctbvms lm fucl pu`g` s`r lc fr`cfböo
g` uoc `jpr`sc, lc bov`rsböo `o uoc cffböo m uo prmguftm hbocofb`rm.   

N`o`hbfbms   
g` bov`rtbr 
  V` mntb`o`o
• kcocofbcs.    
  Cl bov`rtbr om jclkcstc su gbo`rm.   
•

  W`ogrãs j`imr`s fmogbfbmo`s

• fmogbfbmo`s `fmoöjbfcs y fr`f`rã c huturm tu fcpbtcl.   

G`sv`otcics g` bov`rtbr   
G`sv`otcics
   Om pmgrã gbspmo`r
• gbspmo`r g`l gbo`rm ``oo `l jmj`otm qu
qu`` lm o`f`sbt`, t`ob`ogm `o fu`otc sb `s uo prmguftm
prmguftm
g` g`pösbtm c târjbom hbim m camrrm prmkrcjcgm.  
  @o tmgms lms prmguftms hbocofb`rms g` bov`rsböo `xbst`o rb`skms smnr` su gbo`rm.  
•

Fmos`ims pcrc bov`rtbr   

  Ucrc bov`rtbr s` g`n` t`o`r uoc g`fbsböo
• g `fbsböo cs`kurcgc
cs`kurcgc,, om lc prbj`rc qu` s` pr`s`ot`.   
• 
•
Bg`otbhbfcr lcs
  G`t`rjbocr clt`roctbvcs
ou`strms gbspmobnl`s
mni`tbvms g` bov`rsböo
y cffbmo`s g` cfu`rgm
hr`ot` c rb`skm, lm fuclc g`p`og` g` quâ tbpm  g`
ou`strm pr`supu`stm
bov`rsbmobstcss s`cjms.  
bov`rsbmobstc

@l Frâgbtm

@l frâgbtm `s uo prâstcjm g` gbo`rm qu` uoc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc t` mtmrkc fmo `l fmjprmjbsm g` qu` `o `l
huturm g`vu`lvcs `stms r`fursms `o hmrjc krcgucl. Cg`jãs, `s uoc a`rrcjb`otc pcrc fujplbr tus j`tcs c
fmrtm, j`gbcom y lcrkm plczm. G`spuâs g` uo p`rbmgm
p `rbmgm g` tb`jpm g`hbobgm, `s` gbo`rm g`n` s`r g`vu`ltm c lc
`otbgcg hbocofb`rc m prmpb`tcrbm, k`o`rclj`ot` pckcogm bot`r`s`s m uo fmstm pmr su usm. Ucrc r`fbnbr `l
frâgbtm, omrjclj`ot` s` g`n` hbrjcr uo gmfuj`otm qu` hmrjclbzc `l fmjprmjbsm g` g`vmlv`r `l gbo`rm y
csujbr `l fmstm pmr `l s`rvbfbm pr`stcgm.

36
 

½Fuãogm `s r`fmj`ogcnl`
r`fmj`ogcnl` smlbfbtcr uo frâgbtm=

Lms frâgbtms smo ùtbl`s fucogm s` utblbzco pcrc bov`rtbr y om pcrc kcstcr. Fucogm `l usm g`l frâgbtm l` vc
 p`rjbtbr k`o`rcr bokr`sms.
bokr`sms. Umr `i`jplm9
`i`jplm9
Hbocofbcr bov`rsbmo`s
bov`rsbmo`s pcrc `l fr`fbjb`otm g` su o`kmfbm
Cprmv`facr mpmrtuobgcg`s g` o`kmfbm
Uckcr lc `gufcfböo
`gufcfböo prmpbc y g` sus abims
Ucrc cgqubrbr m j`imrcr lc vbvb`ogc
Cgqubrbr nb`o`s y s`rvbfbms pcrc lms qu` om tb`o`o `l gbo`rm suhbfb`ot` `o `l jmj`otm

½G` quâ g`p`og` qu` uoc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc l` cpru`n` m ob`ku` uo frâgbtm=
3.  Ucrc smlbfbtcr uo frâgbtm y qu` lc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc lm cpru`n`, su o`kmfbm g`n` t`o`r s`bs j`s`s m
uo cóm g` cotbkü`gcg (`stm g`p`og` g` lc `otbgcg).
>.  Fucogm pb`os` smlbfbtcr uo frâgbtm ncofcrbm, fuâot`l` cl cs`smr g` frâgbtm smnr` su o`kmfbm (fuãotm
tb`jpm ll`vc, quâ `xp`rb`ofbc tb`o`, qubâo`s smo sus flb`ot`s) y pcrc quâ utblbzcrêc `l frâgbtm ((`s
`s
 pr`h`rbnl` qu` `l g`stbom g`l frâ
frâgbtm
gbtm `stâ r`lcfbmocgm fmo
fmo lc cftbvbgcg prmguftbvc).
6.  Cs`smr`s g` lc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc pmgrão vbsbtcr su o`kmfbm. Su`rrão v`r sus bostclcfbmo`s, su
surtbgm y sus gboãjbfcs g` ct`ofböo c lms flb`ot`s.
7.  Su`rrão fmov`rscr tcjnbâo fmo sus r`h`r`ofbcs p`rsmocl`s (cjbkms, hcjblbcr`s) y rr`h`r`ofbcs
`h`r`ofbcs
fmj`rfbcl`s (prmv``gmr`s,
(prmv``gmr`s, flb`ot`s), pcrc scn`r sb `s uoc p`rsmoc fujplbgc y r`spmoscnl`.
0.  ^`vbscrão sus aãnbtms g` pckm. @s gbhêfbl qu` l` pr`st`o sb `stã r`pmrtcgm `o ff`otrcl`s
`otrcl`s g` rb`skm
(fmjm Gctcfrâgbtm) pmr clkuoc g`ugc om pckcgc cot`rbmrj`ot`. U`rm om v`rão smlm `sm9 tcjnbâo
qu`rrão v`r sb pckc mtrcs mnlbkcfbmo`s cl gêc9 `l crrb`ogm, lms s`rvbfbms pùnlbfms, `tf. Umr `sm `s
bjpmrtcot` s`r fujplbgm fmo tmgms lms pckms
8.  Vb s` cpru`nc `l frâgbtm, v`rã qu`
qu ` prbj`rm l` pr`stco jmotms ncims. Lu`km, fmohmrj` vco
`vclucogm
`vcluco gm su fmjpmrtcjb`otm g` pckm (sb `s fujplbgm `o `l pckm g` lcs fumtcs) brão ccjplbcogm
jplbcogm
lms jmotms.

½Suâ `s bjpmrtcot` t`o`r `o fu`otc pcrc `l`kbr uo frâgbtm=

3.  Fumtcs9 Lm jãs bjpmrtcot`9 qu` om s`c jãs g` lm qu` pu`g` pckcr j`osuclj`ot`.
>.  Ulczm9 Wb`jpm qu` tb`o`o pcrc g`vmlv`r `l gbo`rm.
6.  Wcsc g` bot`râs9 Fcrkm fmnrcgm pmr `l usm qu` s` acf` g` uo prâstcjm.
7.  V`ofbll`z y rcpbg`z9 Gmfuj`otms y tb`jpms qu` jco`ic lc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc.
0.  Mtrms fmstms9 Fmstms csmfbcgms cl frâgbtm fmjm9 fmjbsbmo`s, s`rvbfbms, s`kurms, jco`im, `tf.

Urmguftms pcrc hbocofbcr sus o`f`sbgcg`s9

Wcri`tc g` Frâgbtm9 Lc tcri`tc
t cri`tc g` frâgbtm `s uoc p`qu`óc pb`zc r`ftcokulc
r`ftcokulcrr g` plãstbfm, qu` sbrv`
 pcrc acf`r pckms
pckms y r`tbrcr `h`f
`h`ftbvm
tbvm c trcvâs g` uuoo prâstcjm. Lc Wcri`tc g` Frâ
Frâgbtm
gbtm `s uoc
jmgclbgcg g` hbocofbcfböo, pmr lm tcotm, ust`g csuj` lc mnlbkcfböo g` g`vmlv`r `l jmotm g` gbo`rm
qu` utblbf`, csê fmjm g` pckcr lms bot`r`s`s, y kcstms k`o`rcgms pmr `l frâgbtm.
Frâgbtm g` ncim jmotm9 @s uo prmguftm hbocofb`rm gbs`ócgm pcrc qub`o`s om aco cff`gbgm c uo
frâgbtm hmrjcl g`nbgm c sus bokr`sms, m pmrqu` s` `ofu`otrco `o lc bohmrjclbgcg. Lms Frâgbtms g`
 ncim jmotm nusfco qu` lcs pp`rsmocs
`rsmocs cf
cff`gco
f`gco c mmpmrtuobgcg`s
pmrtuobgcg`s g` hbocofbcjb`otm y pu`gco
pu`gco r`clbzcr
trcoscffbmo`ss c ncim fmstm.
trcoscffbmo`
Jbfrmfrâgbtm9 @s uo prmguftm hbocofb`rm pcrc cpclcofcr su jbfrmo`kmfbm. Ucrc cff`g`r c `stc lêo`c l êo`c
g` hbocofbcfböo g`n` cf`rfcrs` c uoc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc pcrc fmomf`r lcs gbstbotcs mpfbmo`s qu`
`xbst`o

37
 

Fmos`ims cot`s g` cgqubrbr uoc g`ugc, prâstcjm, frâgbtm

@lbic `l prâstcjm cg`fucgm. @o su o`kmfbm9 @lbic prâstcjms

pr âstcjms qu` l` p`rjbtco prmgufbr gbo`rm pcrc
 pckcr su g`ugc
g`ugc fmo jã
jãss hcfblbgcg. @o su aamkcr9
mkcr9 @lbic prâstcjm
prâstcjmss qu` l` cyug`
cyug`oo m j`imr`o su
fclbgcg g` vbgc, fmjm pmr `i`jplm uoc r`jmg`lcfböo o`f`scrbc `o su fcsc.
Vb`jpr` `s j`imr `l gbo`rm prmpbm qu` `l ci`om9 sclvm qu` om t`okc mtrc pmsbnblbgcg, sb`jpr` `s
j`imr camrrcr qu` `og`ugcrs`.
Vb `o uoc `otbgcg hbocofb`rc l` ob`kco lc smlbfbtug, `o mtrc pmgrêco cprmncrlc.
Ucku` sus fu`otcs
fu`otcs y sus g`ugcs c tb`jpm y csê om l` ffmnrcrão
mnrcrão g` jãs.
 Om s` cv`otur`
cv`otur` c tmjcr prâ
prâstcjms
stcjms sbo acn`
acn`rr a`fam cot`s uo pr`supu`stm cfmrg`
cfmrg` fmo su sbtucfböo
sbtucfböo
cftucl. Fclful` juy nb`o su fcpcfbgcg g` pckm cot`s g` tmjcr uo prâstcjm pcrc qu` lcs fumtcs om
l` qubt`o trcoqublbgcg, ob fclbgcg g` vbgc.
Cot`s g` hbrjcr, cv`rbkü` tmgms lms fmstms y fmjprmjbsms qu` `stã csujb`ogm fmo `l prâstcjm.
 Ocgc lm fmjprmj`t`
fmjprmj`t` sb ust`g om ac hbrjcgm. L`cL`c,, fmjpcr` y pr`kuot`
pr`kuot` tmgm lm qu` o`f`sbt`.
Fucogm r`fbnc `l gbo`rm g`l prâstcjm ùs`lm ùobfcj`ot` pcrc lm qu` lm smlbfbtö. OM lm g`svê`, ob lm
jclkcst`. @l nu`o usm g`l gbo`rm, l` cyugc c fujplbr fmo `l fmjprmjbsm cgqubrbgm

30
 

Hmrjclbzcfböo 
Mni`tbvm9
@ot`og`r qu` `s lc hmjclbzcfböo g` lcs `jpr`scs y sus v`otcics
Fmomf`r lms n`o`hbfbms g` `stcr hmrjclbzcgm ` bg`otbhfcr lms pcrsms o`f`scrbms pcrc lc hmrjclbzcfböo

½Suâ `s s`r bohmrjcl=

Ll`vcr c fcnm uo o`kmfbm m cftbvbgcg `fmoöjbfc sbo t`o`r `o fu`otc lcs omrjcs g`l @stcgm, fmjm t`o`r `l
r`kbstrm j`rfcotbl, chblbcr c lms trcncicgmr`s c lc s`kurbgcg smfbcl, pckcr bjpu`stms, `otr` mtrms4 y pmr lm
tcotm om mnt`o`r lms n`o`hbfbms qu` nrbogc `l @stcgm y lcs ggbv`rscs
bv`rscs bostbtufbmo`s `fmoöjbfcs
`fmoöjbfcs tcotm
 pùnlbfcs fmjm
fmjm prbvcgcs.

Vmy HM^JCL fucogm9

Jb `jpr`sc `stã bosfrbtc `o `l r`kbstrm j`rfcotbl

J` a` bosfrbtm `o `l r`kbstrm Pobfm Wrbnutcrbm ‖  ^PW
 ^PW y lms r`kbstrms g` bjpu`stms
g`pcrtcj`otcl`s,
g`pcrtcj` otcl`s, lmfcl`s m gbstrbtcl`s.
A` r`kbstrcgm jb `jpr`sc y c jbs trcncicgmr`s c uoc Cgjbosbtrcgmrc g` ^b`skms Urmh`sbmocl`s
^`kbstrm jb `jpr`sc cl Vbst`jc g` V`kurbgcg Vmfbcl `o Vclug y c uoc fcic g` fmjp`oscfböo.
Lms trcncicgmr`s g`l o`kmfbm `stão chblbcgms cl Vbst`jc g` V`kurbgcg Vmfbcl (Vclug y
U`osbmo`s) y c uoc Fcic g` Fmjp`oscfböo Hcjblbcr.
Ll`vm lc fmotcnblbgcg
Uckm Bjpu`stms

Fujplm lcs omrjcs r`lcfbmocgcs fmo lc cp`rturc y huofbmoc

huofbmocjb`otm
jb`otm g` `stcnl`fbjb`otms g` fmj`rfbm9 -
, omrjcs cjnb`otcl`s, g` s`kurbgcg hêsbfc, g` usm g`l su`lm, scobtcrbcs y g` sclug.

¡Su` `s lc Fcjcrc g` Fmj`rfbm=9

Lc Fãjcrc g` fmj`rfbm `s uoc p`rsmoc iurbgbfc, g` fcrãft`r prbvcgm y sbo cobjm g` lufrm, qu` prmju`v`
y cpmyc cl s`ftmr `jpr`scrbcl, qu` fmotrbnuy` cl g`scrrmllm `fmomjbfm y smfbcl ` bjpulsc `l j`imrcjb`otm
g` lc fclbgcg g` vbgc g` lms `jpr`scrbms y lms acnbtcot`s g` lc r`kböo.

½Fuãl`s smo lcs v`otcics g` s`r hmrjcl= Fucogm smy hmrjcl, `otrm c s`r jb`jnrm cftbvm
g` lc fmjuobgcg `jpr`scrbcl. @s uoc fcrtc g`
 pr`s`otcfböoo hr`ot` c lms flb`ot`s,
 pr`s`otcfbö flb`ot`s, `otbgcg`s
^`fmomfbjb`otm hbocofb`rcs, prmv``gmr`s, bov`rsbmobstcs,
`jpl`cgms y `l @stcgm, `otr` mtrms.

38
 

jbfrm, p`qu`óc y j`gbcoc `jpr`sc - Jbpyj`s -

j`gbcot` lc pcrtbfbpcfböo `o jcfrm ru`gcs g`
Wrcoqublbgcg o`kmfbms y g` vbtrbocs `jpr`scrbcl`s.

Uu`gm g`scrrmllcr jb o`kmfbm cnb`rtcj`ot` y sbo

r`strbffbmo`s, jbs trcncicgmr`s `stão s`kurms y
`vbtm bofurrbr `o kcstms `xtrcmrgbocrbms qu` Hmjbpyj` - Hmogm g`
ch`ft`o lc vbcnblbgcg g` jb `jpr`sc, fmjm Jmg`robzcfböoBoomvcfböo
Jmg`robzcfböoBoomvcfböo pcrc lcs Jbfrm,
bog`jobzcfbmo`s
bog`jobzcfbmo `s y pmsbnl`s scofbmo`s c U`qu`ócs y J`gbcocs @jpr`scs @s `l Hmogm qu`
trcncicgmr`s om chblbcgms. tb`o` pmr mni`tm cplbfcr
y om hbocofb`rms, bostruj`otms
`stms ùltbjms, hbocofb`rms
j`gbcot`
fmhbocofbcfböo
fmhbocofbc fböo om r``jnmlscnl` g` prmkrcjcs,
 prmy`ftms y cftbvbgcg`s pcrc
pcrc lc boomvcfböo,
boomvcfböo, `l
V`kurbgcg hmj`otm y prmjmfböo g` lcs Jbpyj`s.
Lc hmrjclbgcg
hmrjclbgcg `vbtc s`r vêftbjc g` facotci`s. Vb
jb o`kmfbm `s s`kurm, ym `stmy s`kurm y k`o`rm
fmohbcozc.
Ncofmlg`x @s `l ncofm g` g`scrrmllm
@stcnblbgcg `jpr`scrbcl y prmjmtmr g`l fmj`rfbm `xt`rbmr.
Vus lêo`cs g` hbocofbcjb`otm s` `ohmfco `o lcs
Lc hmrjclbgcg j` p`rjbt` g`scrrmllcr jb Jbpyj`s, cpmycogm lc jmg`robzcfböo g`l
o`kmfbm g` jco`rc fmostcot` y mrg`ocgc. cpcrctm prmguftbvm y g`l s`ftmr `xpmrtcgmr.
Cgbfbmoclj`ot`, nrbogc prmkrcjcs g` hmrjcfböo
Cgbfbmoclj`ot`,
Cff`g`r c lc mh`rtc bostbtufbmocl `jpr`scrbcl.

Lc hmrjclbgcg p`rjbt` c lcs `jpr`scs cff`g`r c

bostbtufbmo`s y prmkrcjcs g`l @stcgm, clkuoms g`
`llms smo9 Urm`xpmrt Mhr`f` cpmym y cs`smrêc
bot`krcl c lms `jpr`scrbms, j`gbcot` s`rvbfbms m
bostruj`otms gbrbkbgms c hcfblbtcr `l gbs`óm y
`i`fufböo g` su `strct`kbc g`
Fmjpr` fmlmjnbcom9
fmlmjnbcom9 @s uo prm
prmkrcjc
krcjc qu` bot`rocfbmoclbzcfböo,
bot`rocfbmoclbz cfböo, qu` nusfc lc k`o`rcfböo,
tb`o` lc hboclbgcg g` k`o`rcr uo `spcfbm g` g`scrrmllm y fb`rr` g` mpmrtuobgcg`s g` o`kmfbms.
`ofu`otrm `otr` mh`r`ot`s y g`jcogcot`s g` lc
lc
½Fuãl`s smo lcs g`sv`otcics g` s`r bohmrjcl=

3;
 

Cg`jãs…

Lmkrm pmsbfbmocrj` `o `l j`rfcgm.

Uu`gm cff`g`r c frâgbtms.
L` mhr`zfm kcrcotêc y fclbgcg c jbs flb`ot`s.
Jb o`kmfbm pu`g` fr`f`r.
Mnt`okm n`o`hbfbms g`l @stcgm.
Ackm pcrt` g` krupms y clbcozcs.
Urmju`vm lc fmjp`t`ofbc l`cl.

½Fuãl`s smo lms n`o`hbfbms g` hmrjclbzcrs`=

 
@otrcr cl j`rfcgm hmrjclbzcogm uo o`kmfbm fmoll`vc c t`o`r qu` flcsbhbfcrlm g`otrm g` uoc cftbvbgcg
bogustrbcl m cftbvbgcg j`rfcotbl.

@sc clt`roctbvc, g` `otrcgc, l` prmpmrfbmocrã cl `jpr`scrbm

` jpr`scrbm clkuoms n`o`hbfbms fmjm punlbfbgcg krctubtc
g` lms prmguftms m s`rvbfbms g`otrm g` lms mtrms csmfbcgms c lc hmrjclbgcg.
Lcs fãjcrcs g` fmj`rfbm g`l pcês aco `lcnmrcgm uo gmfuj`otm `o `l qu` g`stcfco lms n`o`hbfbms cl qu` s`
cff`g` cl hmrjclbzcr uo o`kmfbm,

31
 

X`otcics 

Lm cf`rfc c pmt`ofbcl`s fmjprcgmr`s qu` nusfcrão y o`f`sbtcrão sus prmguftms m

s`rvbfbms. Su` a`rrcjb`otcs m j`fcobsjms utblbzc pcrc lc gbstrbnufböo g` su
 prmguftm.
L` p`rjbt` qu` s` l` cf`rqu`o prmv``gmr`s g` lc jct`rbc prbjc qu` lc `jpr`sc
o`f`sbtc.
V` l` cf`rfcrão mtrms `jpr`scrbms fmo lms qu` pmgrã fmosmlbgcr cùo jãs lc bg`c g`
o`kmfbm.
Ll`kcrco bov`rsbmobstcs bot`r`scgms `o fmjprcrl` sus prmguftms m s`rvbfbms.
Uu`g` pcrtbfbpcr `o h`rbcs y prmjmfbmocr lc `jpr`sc `o `l s`ftmr bogustrbcl gmog`
bofursbmo` lc `jpr`sc.
@stcrã cftuclbzcgm sbo acf`r kcstms cgbfbmocl`s g`l j`rfcgm pmt`ofbcl qu` c ust`g l`
bot`r`sc

Lms fuctrm bjpcftms g` lc hmrjclbzcfböo

3. Cgqubrbr lc Jctrêfulc J`rfcotbl fmo lm qu` lc `jpr`sc cgqub`r` lc fbugcgcoêc `jpr`scrbcl.

>. Ll`vcr lc fmotcnblbgcg g` lc `jpr`sc p`rjbt` t`o`r uo r`kbstrm g` lms bokr`sms y kcstms
g`l o`kmfbm, lm qu` hcfblbtc `l fmotrml y lc tmjc g` g`fbsbmo`s.
6. Ucku` bjpu`stms, gbo`rm fmo qu` `l @stcgm hbocofbc lms s`rvbfbms g` lms fbugcgcoms fmjm
`gufcfböo, sclug, bohrc`strufturc qu` s` trcguf` `o su cpmrt` cl g`scrrmllm g`l pcês.
7. ^`clbzcr lms cpmrt`s g` sclug, p`osböo y pcrchbsfcl`s (BFNH, V@OC, y Fcics g`
Fmjp`oscfböo Hcjblbcr) g` lms trcncicgmr`s, fmotrbnuy` c k`o`rcr `jpl`ms g` fclbgcg y l`
 p`rjbt` r`gufbr lms rb`skms pmr `oh`rj`gcg m cffbg`ot`s.
c ffbg`ot`s.

Lms 35 pcsms acfbc lc hmrjclbgcg9  

3. G`hbobr sb bobfbm fmjm

>. Fmosultcr `l omjnr` m
p`rsmoc octurcl m 6. Fmosultcr lc jcrfc
rczöo smfbcl
smfb`gcg

7. Fmosultcr lc cftbvbgcg 0. Fmosultcr `l usm g` 8. Wrãjbt`s cot` lc fãjcrc ;. ^`kbstrm g` lbnrms cot`
`fmoöjbfc su`lms g` fmj`rfbm lc Fãjcrc g` Fmj`rfbm

1. Chblbcr jb `jpr`sc y c
jbs `jpl`cgms cl sbst`jc 2. Cpmrt`s pcrchbsfcl`s-
g` s`kurbgcg smfbcl `o Bosfrbnbr jb `jpr`sc c uoc 35. Wrcjbt`s cgbfbmocl`s
sclug, p`osbmo`s y rb`skms fcic g` fmjp`oscfböo
lcnmrcl`s
32

 
 Csmfbctbvbgcg
Ur`s`otcfböo9 
@o `l ãjnbtm `jpr`scrbcl r`sultc fcgc v`z jãs gbhêfbl, fucogm s` mp`rc g` jco`rc bogbvbgucl,
clfcozcr r`sultcgms `xbtmsms. Lc csmfbctbvbgcg `jpr`scrbcl “`s lc fcpcfbgcg g` uoc fcg`oc
 prmguftbvc pcrc trcncicr iuotms, j`gbcot` `l g`scrrmllm g` `squ`jcs g` trcncim qu` p`rjbtco
p`r jbtco
mnt`o`r n`o`hbfbms `o fucotm c gbsjboufböo g` fmstms y sbofrmobzcfböo g` lc fcg`oc pcrc `l
cuj`otm g` lc fmjp`tbtbvbgcg‚ (Uâr`z y Jùo`rc, >55;, p.77). @s uoc `strct`kbc mrb`otcgc c
 pmt`ofbcr `l lmkrm g` uoc v`otcic fmjp`tbtbvc, `o gmog`
gmog ` fcgc uom g` llms
ms csmfbcgms jcotb`o`
su bog`p`og`ofbc iurêgbfc y cutmomjêc k`r`ofbcl, tmjcogm lc g`fbsböo g` sb bot`krcs` m om `o
uo `shu`rzm fmoiuotm pcrc `l lmkrm g` mni`tbvms fmjuo`s (Y`vcllms, >55;4 ^b`rc, >536).

½Suâ `s lc csmfbctbvbgcg=

J`fcobsjm g` fmmp`rcfböo `otr` mrkcobzcfbmo`s, `jpr`scs, p`rsmocs m t`rrbtmrbms `o

gmog` fcgc pcrtbfbpcot`, jcot`ob`ogm su bog`p`og`ofbc iurêgbfc y cutmomjêc, g`fbg`
vmluotcrbcj`ot` pcrtbfbpcr `o uo `shu`rzm fmoiuotm, pcrc lc nùsqu`gc g` mni`tbvms,
mpmrtuobgcg`s y j`tcs fmjuo`s.

N`o`hbfbms g` lc Csmfbctbvbgcg

>5

@tcpcs g`l prmf`sm csmfbctbvm

@o `l prmf`sm g` hmrjcfböo g` uo krupm csmfbctbvm s` pu`g`o gbstbokubr gbstbotcs hcs`s qu`