KIGIHIF GAK^LMGIUM PNRIZN^PMG KNLOIPIUM GHMNL

KIRIF-KIRIF, GAKZHIML @IL RN_NH

Kigihif mlm `mtudugil ultug knknlufm sihif situ tuois `irm kiti guhmif
Gakulmgism `ihik Gnpnriwitil MM

@asnl Znkbmkbmlo
Rmzgm Kuhyilm, U.Gnp., Lnrs., KK

@msusul ahnf 4
Cirif Libmhi Lacmtrmilm 9=9CG:5:25
Kutmi Gilsfi 9=9CG:5:29   

Uirm @ikiyiltm 9=9CG:5:2=   

Umlti Iloorinlm 9=9CG:5:22

Pyil Hissilavi Cizrml Luorifi 9=9CG:5:9?   

Gnhakpag 9b
Gnhis 9I

CIG^HPIU GNZNRI_IPIL

ZRAORIK UP^@M UIRDILI GNZNRI_IPIL

^LMSNRUMPIU BFIGPM GNLEILI

2:2:
 GIPI ZNLOILPIR

Unoihi pudm biom IHHIF U_P yilo tnhif knkbnrmgil gnsnkpitil gnpi`i

gikm ultug knlynhnsimgil kigihif mlm `nloil pnluf gnku`ifil snfmlooi gikm
`ipit knlynhnsimgillyi `nloil bimg. Ufihiwit snrti sihik snkaoi tnrhmkpif
eurifgil gnpi`i bioml`i tnremlti yiglm Libm Kufikki` UI_.
Kigihif mlm knkuit knlonlim Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knloitism
Ghmnl Kirif-kirif, Gakphiml, `il Rnwnh. _ihiupul kigihif mlm kulogml
gurilo snkpurli tipm duoi knkmhmgm `ntimh yilo eugup dnhis biom pnkbiei.
Unkaoi kigihif mlm `ipit knkbnrmgil wiwisil yilo hnbmf huis gnpi`i
 pnkbiei. _ihiupul kigihif mlm knkmhmgm gnhnbmfil `il gnguriloil. Gikm kafal
ultug siril `il grmtmg lyi. Pnrmkigismf.

Bil`ulo, 23 Iprmh 2:2:

Znluhms

m
 @ICPIR MUM

GIPI ZNLOILPIR ..................................................................................................... m

@ICPIR MUM ..................................................................................................................... mm
BIB M ZNL@IF^H^IL ............................................................................................. 9
9.9 Hitir Bnhigilo ................................................................................................ 9
9.2 Rukusil Kisihif .......................................................................................... 9
9.5 Puduil ................................................................................................................ 2
9.0 Kilciit .............................................................................................................. 2
BIB MM PMLDI^IL PNARM ......................................................................................... 5
2.9
................... nlonrtmil gakulmgism tnripnutmg ghmnl kirif  ―  kirif, rnwnh,
Z
gakphiml ............................................................................................................ 5

2.2 Pnglmg Gakulmgism

Kirif ―   kirif `ilPnripnutmg Knlonlim Ghmnl yilo
Rnwnh ...........................................................................0

2.5 Rnltilo Rnspal Kirif ................................................................................ >

2.0 Emrm  ―  emrm Kirif ............................................................................................. 3
2.> Znlynbib Kirif ............................................................................................. ?
2.3 Igmbit yilo igil Pmkbuh pi`i Zismnl Kirif ....................................... 6
2.? Umgip `il Eiri Knlofi`ipm Zismnl yilo Kirif ................................. =
2.6 Pnripm Kirif ................................................................................................. 9:
2.= Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knloitism Ghmnl yilo Gakphiml ................ 92
2.9: Znlynbib Pnrdi`mlyi Gakphiml ............................................................... 95
2.99 Umstnk Kilidnknl Gakphiml ................................................................... 95
BIB MMM GNUMKZ^HIL @IL UIRIL ................................................................. 93
5.9 Gnsmkpuhil ..................................................................................................... 93
5.2 Uiril ................................................................................................................ 93
@ICPIR Z^UPIGI ................................................................................................... 9?

mm
 BIB
M ZNL@IF^H^I
9.9 Hitir Bnhigilo L 

Gakulmgism tnripnutmg i`ihif gakulmgism yilo knl`aralo prasns

 pnlynkbufil ghmnl. @ihik pnlonrtmil himl knloitigil bifwi
gakulmgism tnripnutmg i`ihif prasns yilo `mouligil ahnf pnriwit
knkigim pnl`ngitil yilo `mrnleiligil sneiri si`ir, bnrtuduil `il
gnomitillyi `mpusitgil pi`i ghmnl.
Gakulmgism knrupigil prasns yilo siloit gfusus `il bnrirtm `ihik
fubuloil iltir kilusmi. Zi`i pracnsm gnpnriwitil gakulmgism knldi`m
hnbmf bnrkigli girnli knrupigil knta`i utiki `ihik
knlomkphnknltismgil prasns gnpnriwitil. Znloihikil mhku ultug
knlahalo snsiki knknrhugil gnkikpuil gfusus `il gnpn`uhmil sasmih
yilo bnsir (Ib`ihitm, 9=6=).
^ltug mtu pnriwit knknrhugil gnkikpuil gfusus `il gnpn`uhmil sasmih yilo
knleigup gntrikpmhil mltnhngtuih, tnflmeih `il mltnrpnrsalih yilo
tnrenrkml
`ihik pnrmhigu ‘eirmlo‛ itiu gismf siyilo / emlti (Daflsal, 9=6=) `ihik
 bnrgakulmgism `nloil arilo himl.
Znriwit yilo knkmhmgm gntrikpmhil bnrgakulmgism sneiri tnripnutmg tm`ig sidi
igil ku`if knldihml fubuloil risi pnreiyi `nloil ghmnl,
knlenoif tnrdi`mlyi kisihif hnoih, knkbnrmgil gnpuisil pracnsmalih
`ihik pnhiyilil gnpnriwitil `il knlmlogitgil emtri pracnsm
gnpnriwitil snrti emtri rukif sigmt, tntipm yilo pihmlo pnltmlo i`ihif
knloikihgil mhkulyi ultug knkbnrmgil pnrtahaloil tnrfi`ip snsiki
kilusmi.

9.2 Rukusil Kisihif

9.  Dnhisgil  Znlonrtmil gakulmgism tnripnutmg ghmnl kirif-kirif, rnwnh, `il

gakphim
2.  Bioimkili Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knloitism Ghmnl yilo Kirif-kirif
`il Rnwnh

9
 5.  Dnhisgil Rnltilo Rnspal
Kirif 0.  Unbutgil Emrm-emrm
Kirif
>.  Ipisidi Znlynbib Kirif
3.  Ipi Igmbit yilo Pmkbuhgil gntmgi kirif
?.  Bioimkili Umgip `il Eiri Knlofi`ipm Zismnl yilo Kirif
6.  Bioimkili Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knloitism Ghmnl ]ilo Gakphiml
=.  Ipisidi Znlynbib Pnrdi`mlyi
Gakphiml 9:. Dnhisgil Umstnk Kilidnknl
Gakphiml

9.5 Puduil

9.  ^ltug knlontifum pnlonrtmil gakulmgism tnripnutmg ghmnl kirif-

kirif, rnwnh, `il gakphiml

2.  ^ltug knlontifum gakulmgism tnripnutmg knloitism ghmnl yilo kirif-

kirif `il Rnwnh
5.  ^ltug knlontifum rnltilo rnspal kirif
0.  ^ltug knlontifum emrm-emrm kirif
>.  ^ltug knlontifum pnlynbib kirif
3.  ^ltug knlontifum igmbit yilo tmkbuhgil
?.  ^ltug knlontifum smgip `il eiri knlofi`ipm pismnl yilo kirif
6.  ^ltug knlontifum tnripm Kirif
=.  ^ltug knlontifum gakulmgism tnripnutmg knloitism ghmnl yilo gakphiml

9:. ^ltug knlontifum pnlynbib tnrdi`mlyi gakphiml

99. ^ltug knlontifum smstnk kilidnknl gakphiml. 

9.0 Kilciit
Kigihif mlm `m buit pnluhms `nloil tuduil ioir kifismswi,
tnlioi gnsnfitil itiu tnlioi kn`ms `ipit knkifikm gakulmgism tnripnutmg
Knloitism Ghmnl Kirif-kirif, Gakphiml, `il Rnwnh. 

2
 BIB
MM PMLDI^IL
PNARM 

2.9 Znlonrtmil gakulmgism tnripnutmg ghmnl kirif  ―   kirif, rnwnh, gakphiml

Efirhns ryeract (9=?=) knkbnrmgil `ncmlmsm kirif snbioim suitu rnigsm

nkasmalih guit yilo `m`itilogil ahnf ileikil, eikpur tiloil,
snriloil gitigiti, pnlynriloil dnhis, itiu crustism `il `memrmgil `nloil
rnigsm oiwit `irm smstnk syiric yilo bnbis `nloil bihisi-bihisil snriloil
itiu tnrsnkbulym.
@ivm`acc (9==9) knl`ncmlmsmgil kirif snbioim suitu nkasm yilo
knkpulyim emrm igtmvmtis smstnk smstnk syiric smkpitmg yilo tmloom `il i`ilyi
 pnrisiil tm`ig sugi yilo siloit guit `msnbibgil i`ilyi gnsihifil. Utuirt `il
sul`nnl (9=6?) knkbnrmgil pnlonrtmilknlonlim kirif i`ihif
pnrisiil
 dnlognh yilo tmkbuh snbioim rnspal tnrfi`ip gnenkisil yilo `mrisigil snbioim
ileikil.
Di`m, gnkirifil i`ihif suitu pnrisiil itiu nkasm yilo tmkbuh snbioim
rnigsm tnrfi`ip gnenkisil yilo knlmlogit `il `mrisigil snbioim
ileikil. Znloulogipil kirif yilo galtrugtmc `ipit knkbuit pnrisiil hnoi.
Uiloit snrmlo tnrdi`m tnlioi gnsnfitil firus knlofi`ipm pismnl yilo
kirif itiu knldnlognhgil, snbiomil knrnl`ifgil `mrm itiu sirgistmg,
sn`ilogil himllyi bnrsmgip knlultut, iornsmc, `il tnrilo-tnriloil
knkpnrhmfitgil smgip bnrkusufil. Pnrgi`ilo pismnl knloueipgil
tnouril yilo tm`ig piltis yilo bnrsmcit knrnl`ifgil pnkuhi itiu bifgil
`agtnr yilo su`if bnrpnloihikil. Pnlioi gnsnfitil kulogml knrisi
snbih, kirif, gnwmbiwiillyi tnroiloou, tm`ig sibir, itiu crustism.
Pnlioi gnsnfitil firus knlyi`irm bifwi rnigsm mlm i`ihif rnspals
 pismnl tnrfi`ip pnlyigmtlyi, `il bnhuk tnltu knlulduggil rnspals tnrfi`ip
 pnwiwileiri. Pmip pnwiwileiri firus knlyi`irm bifwi nkasm yilo
siki snpnrtm kirif, mrm, itiu tigut i`i pi`i gn`ui bnhif pmfig, pismnl
`il tnlioi gnsnfitil yilo knliloilmlyi. Unarilo pismnl `ipit
knloulogipgil
5
 pnrisiillyi gnpi`i tnlioi gnsnfitil, yilo firus bnrtml`ig sneiri pracnssmalih
`il abyngtmc, `il tm`ig knrisi `msnrilo itiu knldi`m `ncnlsmc.

5
2.2 Pnglmg Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knlonlim Ghmnl yilo Kirif  ―  kirif
`il Rnwnh

Ruilo galsuhtism bmsi di`m snhihu pnluf `nloil nkasm, gfususlyi `irm
 pismnl. Gntmgi pismnl tm`ig bmsi knloaltrah nkasm, `agtnr `il pnriwit

tnrgi`ilo pnrhu knloitismlyi `nloil gakulmgism tnripnutmg. Bnrmgut bnbnripi

tmps bioimkili Il`i bmsi knliloilm pismnl itiu ilooati gnhuiroi pismnl yilo
kirif4

9.  Umiphif ultug knlofi`ipm nkasm yilo bnrioik

Gntmgi knlofi`ipm arilo sigmt, Il`i kulogml igil knlnkugil
 bnrbioim rnigsm nkasm. Unsiit sntnhif kuhim bngnrdi, Il`i pnrhu
knkpnrsmipgil `mrm ultug knlofi`ipm gntm`iglyikilil yilo
kulogml kuleuh. Il`i duoi pnrhu knlom`nltmcmgism gipil snsuitu
igil bnrubif knldi`m burug, bnr`isirgil bifisi tubuf pismnl.
2.  Pulduggil nkpitm
Gntmgi i`i pismnl kirif, eiri tnrbimg knlofi`ipmlyi
i`ihif knl`nloirgil `il knlulduggil nkpitm `irmpi`i mgut
bnr`nbit `il
 bnrirouknl. Uuhmt knlontifum igir pnlynbib gnkirifil, bmsi di`m girnli
knrngi sn`ilo gnsigmtil, gntigutil, itiu fih himl. @agtnr pnrhu tntip sibir
`il knl`nloirgil gnhufil pismnl knrngi, knsgmpul gi`ilo tm`ig kisug
igih. Ioir bmsi knhigugillyi, eabihif pasmsmgil `mrm Il`i `m pasmsm
knrngi
`il risigil sigmt yilo knrngi risigil. Il`i kulogml tm`ig
pnrhu knlofmriugil gntmgi knrngi knlonhuirgil giti-giti gisir gn `mrm
Il`i.
5.  Fitm-fitm `ihik bnrbmeiri
Giti-giti `agtnr bmsi `mdi`mgil ihit ahnf pismnl. @ihik smtuism
kirif, `agtnr pnrhu bnrfitm-fitm siit bnrbmeiri, snfmlooi tm`ig
knkpnrpirif smtuism. Giti-giti knkmhmgm gnguitil, di`m `irmpi`i
knkpnrpilis gnkirifil, Il`i kulogml bmsi knkbmirgil pismnl Il`i
knleurifgil `il knlyikpimgil pnrisiil knrngi. @nloil eiri
bmeiri yilo bnlir, Il`i kulogml bmsi knlnkugil ihisil crustism `il

0
gnkirifil knrngi, `irmkili mtu bnrisih `il knlynhnsimgil igir
pnrkisihifillyi.

0
 0.  Diloil knlofmriugil pnrisiil knrngi
Pm`ig i`i pismnl kirif yilo sugi `mfmriugil ahnf `agtnr itiu
 pnriwit. Pnlioi gnsnfitil dustru pnrhu knkbnrm pnrfitmil gfusus gn
pismnl mlm. Eiri Il`i knlulduggil rnspng igil knlulduggil
gnpn`uhmil Il`i tnrfi`ip smtuism yilo sn`ilo knrngi fi`ipm. Mlm duoi
bmsi `milooip snbioim
 pnrhml`uloil `mrm, ultug knlenoif gnhufil itiu gaknltir lnoitmc `m kn`mi
sasmih.
>.  Fmburhif knrngi
Dmgi Il`i tnhif bnrusifi knrn`igil ikirif pismnl `il tm`ig
 bnrfismh, bmirgil sidi pismnl kirif. Pm`ig i`i arilo yilo snkpurli, `il
 dmgi pismnl mloml kirif, bmirgil knrngi sn`mgmt kirif, girnli Il`i tifu
Il`i tnhif knkbnrm yilo tnrbimg `il Il`i tifu tm`ig I`i hiom yilo bmsi
Il`i higugil. Mloithif ultug tntip tnlilo `il bnrusifi knlofmbur
knrngi,
`il sikpimgil bifwi Il`i knkifikm pnrisiil knrngi. Bmirgil
gnbnrultuloil, pnhikpmisil, `il wigtu - igil knlynhnsimgillyi.

2.5 Rnltilo Rnspal Kirif

Znrmhigu isnrtmc knrupigil pnrmhigu ml`mvm`u yilo kikpu knlyitigil

itiu knloulogipgil risi kirif itiu tm`ig sntudu tilpi knlyigmtm itiu
knlyihifgil arilo himl. @nloil pnrmhigu mlm `ipit knhnoigil pnrisiil pi`i
ml`mvm`u. Crustism knrupigil rnspals yilo tnrdi`m igmbit oioih knleipim
tuduil. Znrmhigu Zismc knrupigil pnrmhigu ml`mvm`u yilo tm`ig kikpu ultug

knloulogipgil pnrisiil kirif yilo sn`ilo `mihikm, `mhigugil `nloil tuduil

knlofml`irm suitu tultutil lyiti. Iornsmc knrupigil pnrmhigu yilo knlynrtim
kirif, knrupigil `araloil knltih ultug bnrtml`ig `il kismf
tnrgaltrah. Ml`mvm`u iornsmc tm`ig knkpn`uhmgil fig arilo himl. Biom
ml`mvm`u mlm fm`up i`ihif kn`il pnpnriloil. Bmisilyi ml`mvm`u gurilo
pnreiyi `mrm. Firoi
`mrmlyi `mtmlogitgil `nloil eiri knlouisim arilo himl ultug
knkbugtmgil gnkikpuil yilo `mkmhmgmlyi. Utrns, enkis , firoi `mrm rnl`if
`il risi bnrsihif

>
`ipit knlmkbuhgil gnkirifil yilo `ipit knloirif gnpi`i pnrmhigu
gngnrisil.

>
2.0 Emrm  ―  emrm Kirif

9.  Ispng bmahaom

Rnspal cmsmahaoms tmkbuh girnli gnomitil smstnk syiric atalik

bnrnigsm tnrfi`ip sngrnsm npmlnrpml snfmlooi tngilil `irif knlmlogit,
tigm`irgm (crngunlsm `nlyut diltulo knlmlogit) widif knknrif, pupmh
knkbnlogig, crngunlsm pnkbuiloil urml knlmlogit.

2.  Ispng nkasmalih

Knrisi tm`ig bnr`iyi, putus isi, crustism, loikug, mloml bnrgnhifm, `nl`ik,
 bnrkusufil, sigmt fitm, knlyihifgil `il knlultut. Zrmhigulyi snhihu mloml
knlirmg pnrfitmil arilo himl, knkbuit gnoi`ufil,
gnbigiril,knhirmgil
`mrm, knleurm `il pnlymkpiloil sngsuih.
5.  Ispng mltnhngtuih
Igil tnrus knleimr pnlynbib gnkirifillyi

0.  Ispng sasmih

Knhmputm mltnr igsm sasmih, bu`iyi, galsnp pnreiyi `il
gntnroiltuloil, nkasm kirif igil knlmkbuhgil gnkirifil arilo himl
snrti pnlahigil `irm arilo himl.
>.  Ispng spmrmtuih, gnyigmlil, lmhim `il karih knkpnloirufm
tnrfi`ip
ulogipil hmloguloil `nloil tm`ig knkpn`uhmgil karih. Fikzif (2::9)
 duoi knldibirgil tnrfi`ip emrm-emrm arilo yilo sn`ilo kirif, yimtu4
i)   Emrm pi`i widif, bnrupi pnrubifil pi`i guhmt knldi`m wirli gulmlo

 pueit, tubuf bnrontir gnris, tmkbuh bumf pi`i su`ut kuhut, bahi kiti
kknrif, fm`ulo gnkbulo gnkpms onrigil tm`ig tnrgnl`ihm.
 b)  Emrm pi`i hm`if, knhuleurlyi kigmil, enhiil, giti-giti yilo
knlyigmtigil, `l ueipil-ueipil yilo gndm yilo knkbuit arilo yilo
 bnrigih snfit knrisi rmsmf ultug knl`nloirgilyi.
e)  Emrm pi`i ilooati tubuf. Pmkbuhlyi gnmlomlil ultug knknuguh,
knhugim, knrabng, bifgil knkbuluf.
`)  Emrm pi`i fitm, `m`ihik fitm igil tmkbuh risi gnbnlemil, `nl`ik, `il
`nlogm, knlynkbulymgil gnburugil, knrisi onkbmri`ihik `ugilyi.

3
 @il knrisi sn`mf itis onkbmrilyi, knkutusgil fubuloil
`il knldnhng-dnhngilyi.
 Luf ( 9==5 ) knldnhisgil sneiri oikbhilo bnbnripi emrm-emrm yilo
`ipit `mhmfit ipibmhi snsnarilo kirif, `miltirilyi4
9)  Knkbnsirlyi pnkbuhuf `irif urit hnfnr snrti knknriflyi widif

2)  Knrnlout `il knlonrutgil widif

5)  Znrkusufil gnpmfig himl

0)  Knkbihis pnrkusufil arilo himl

2.> Znlynbib Kirif

I`i bnbnripi pnlynbib `irm gnkirifil yimtu 4

9.  Cigtar Cmsmg

i)   Gnhnhifil yilo bnrhnbmfil

 b)  I`ilyi zit-zit tnrtnltu yilo `ipit knlynbibgil kirif, snpnrtm

gurilolyi zit isik`m atig.
e)  Farkal gnhikml, snpnrtm pi`i wigtu knlstruism pi`i wilmti

2.  Cigtar psmgms

i)  Rnl`if fitm, knlmhim `mrmlyi snhihu knrisi `mrmlyi rnl`if `irm yilo
snbnlirlyi.

 b)  Uakbalo, knlmhim `mrmlyi knhnbmfm `irm yilo

snbnlirlyi e)  Noamstms, igil snhihu knknltmlogil `mrm

snl`mrm

Knlurut Luf, Fikzif, Fiwwi ( 9==5) bnrpnl`ipit bifwi i`i bnbnripi

cigtar yilo knlynbibgil gnkirifil yimtu 4
9)  Hmloguloil,

2)  Znrtnlogiril `il pnr`nbitil

5)  Unl`i ouriu `nloil eiri yilo bitmh

0)  Knkusufm arilo himl `nloil snoihi eiri

?
 >)  Ealogig `il sakbalo `m kugi bukm yilpi

fig 3)  Hupi knlonl`ihmgil `mrm

?)  Arilo himl tm`ig knhigsiligil gnwidmbillyi gnpi`i

smpnkirif 6)  Znldnhisil arilo himl tnrfi`ip imblyi

=)  Knlomloit pnrkusufil `il `nl`ik hiki

9:)  Hihim tnrfi`ip igmbit `mtmkbuhgil ahnf kirif.

2.3 Igmbit yilo igil Pmkbuh pi`i Zismnl Kirif

9.  Znl`ngitil Zsmgahaom

Omn ( 9=== ) knloitigil bifwi ‘ikirif knrupigil suitu

rnigsm nkasmalih yilo tnrbmisigil `ihik gnfm`upil snfirm-firm
snsnarilo‛. Unsuloouflyi rioik nkasm yilo gisir `ipit `m smlogmrgil
`il sngurilo- gurilolyi `ipit `mgnl`ihmgil. Unfmlooi tm`ig `ipit
knlmkbuhgil bifiyi yilo hnbmf pirif yilo `mtmkbuhgil `irm ikirif
tnrsnbut.
i)   Bifiyi cmsmahaom

Ikirif `il gngnenwii yilo tnrdi`m igil knkpnloirufm gnsnfitil

snsnarilo. Fih tnrsnbut igil knlmkbuhgil fmpnrtnlsm, strns,
`nprnsm, kiio, oiloouil pulosm diltulo, mlsaklmi gnhnhifil,
bifgil snriloil diltulo. Bifgil ikirif snarilo mbu yilo
sn`ilo knlyusum `ipit knloigmbitgil pnrieulil yilo bnrbifiyi
`m`ihik

imr susulyi.
Kir`ml ( 9==: ) knrngi yilo knkmhmgm knltih hnkif
firus knlyi`irm bifwi bnbnrpi gngnenwiil `ipit
knloarbilgil fm`uplyi. Knrngi kulogml tm`ig knlontifum,
tnrlyiti bilyig kilusmi igmbit `irm kirif yilo bnrhnbmfil
snfmlooi mi kitm girnli snriloil diltulo. Ikirif duoi bmsi
knlyibibgil bnrgurilolyi licsu kigil, snrti tnroilooulyi
atat `il siric snhik bnrdik-dik
 bifgil bnrfirmfirm.

6
  b)  Bifiyi psmgahaom

Uneiri psmgahaoms ikirif `ipit knkbifiyigil tnrfi`ip

kilusmi girnili igil bnrmkcmgism lnoitmc, ikirif duoi bmsi
knrusig pahi
 pnkmgmril knldi`m hnbmf pnl`ng, bifgil `nloil kirif bmsi

knkutusgil emlti gismf

snsnarilo. e)  Bifiyi sasmih
_itig pnkirif igil knloigmbitgil tnrdi`mlyi `msfirkalms, snpnrtm
 putuslyi dihmlil emlti gismf, putuslyi pnrsifibitil, gnfmhiloil
 pngnrdiil, tnrgnli fugukil pn`ili, bifgil `nloil pnrkusufil
 bmsi knlmkbuhgil pnloilmiyiil `il pnkbulufil. 

2.? Umgip `il Eiri Knlofi`ipm Zismnl yilo Kirif

Zismnl yilo kirif mloml4

9.  @m`nloirgil
2.  @mknlonrtm.
5.  @mfarkitm
0.  @mbnrm pnrkmltiil kiic
>.  @mbnrm pnldnhisil
3.  I`i tml`igil pnrbimgil `ihik wigtu yilo tnpit

Bnrmgut mlm smgip `il eiri knrn`ik gnkirifil pismnl.

9.  @nloirgil.

Bmirgil pismnl knhnpis gnkirifillyi. Eirm cigti mltm pnrkisihifillyi,

 diloil hupi bifwi pi`i tifip mlm gmti bnrurusil `nloil pnrisiil `il
nkasm, bugil snsuitu yilo rismalih. Nkasm snhihu knlutupm kigsu`
 pismnl yilo snsuloouflyi.
@nloirgil `nloil nkpitm, biyilogil gmti bnri`i `ihik pasmsm pismnl
yilo hnhif, onhmsif, sigmt, gfiwitmr igil valms `agtnr, `hh.
Cagus. Diufgil snkui fih yilo knrmltilom galsnltrism gmti pi`i pismnl
(tnhnpal, tiku himl, `hh).
^hilom sntmip cigti yilo `mgnkugigil pismnl, snbioim til`i gmti bnlir-

 bnlir knl`nloirgil knrngi.

=
 2.  Bnrusifi snpnl`ipit `nloil pismnl.
Bugil bnrirtm gmti snhihu knkbnlirgil pismnl, likul snbioim sihif
situ tigtmg knrn`igil kiriflyi pismnl, gmti knleirm pamlt-pamlt
`ihik
 pnrlyitiil pismnl yilo bmsi gmti sntudum. Kmsihlyi, ‘]i Zig, siyi
snpnl`ipit bifwi tm`ig snfiruslyi pismnl knluloou hiki ultug bmsi
knl`ipitgil gikir. Pipm siit mlm gikir pnriwitil gikm knkilo
sn`ilo pnluf, gikm bnrdildm igil knleirm dihil gnhuirlyi
`il knhipargillyi pi`i Bipig snsnonri kulogml.‛

5.  Pntip tnlilo `il guisim `mrm.

Mloithif girigtnrmstmg pismnl `m rukif sigmt i`ihif knrngi yilo sn`ilo
enkis, onhmsif `il gfiwitmr igil gal`msm `mrm itiu gnhuiroilyi,
snfmlooi siloit bmsi `mknlonrtm bifwi `ihik gal`msm snpnrtm mtu
snsnarilo enl`nrulo bnrtml`ig nkasmalih.

Bnrfitm-fitm `nloil li`i suiri, firus tntip rnl`if, pasmtmc

`il knlnlilogil. Diloil tnrbiwi ahnf li`i suiri pismnl yilo
enl`nrulo
tmloom `il enpit.
Uikpimgil mlcarkism `nloil sapil `il pnhil-pnhil.
Pntip ouligil giti-giti farkit snpnrtm smhigil, tnrmkigismf itis
kisugillyi, `il snbut pismnl `nloil likilyi

2.6  Pnripm Kirif

Bnbnripi ifhm knlonkugigil pnl`ipit yilo bnrbn`i tnltilo

rnspal kirif. Upmnhbnronr (]uhmiltm, 2::? 4 2=) knlyitigil bifwi sneiri
mlstmlgtmc, eiri ihikm ultug knlongsprnsmgil gnkirifil i`ihif knrnspal
sneiri iornsmc. Upmnhbnronr knlonkugigil tmoi pnl`ngitil utiki yilo
`mhigugil arilo ultug knliloilm pnrisiil kiriflyi bimg sneiri si`ir
itiupul tm`ig si`ir yimtu 4
i.   Gnkirifil `mngsprnsmgil, sneiri isnrtmc bugil iornsmc, eiri yilo pihmlo
snfit `ihik knlongsprnsmgil gnkirifil.
 b.  Gnkirifil `ipit `mtngil, gnku`mil `moiltm itiu `mihmfgil. Fih mlm

9:
 tnrdi`m gntmgi gnkirifil `mtifil, bnrfnltm knkmgmrgillyi, `il
cagus

 pi`i snsuitu yilo pasmtmc. Puduillyi i`ihif ultug knlofihilom itiu

9:
 knlngil gnkirifil `il `moiltm `nloil pnrmhigu yilo hnbmf galstrugtmc.
Bifiyi `irm dnlms ngsprnsm gnkirifil mlm i`ihif dmgi gnkirifil
tm`ig
`mngsprnsmgil gnhuir, kigi gnkirifil igil bnrbihmg gn `ihik `mrm
snl`mrm. Gnkirifil yilo bnrbihmg pi`i `mrm snl`mrm igil knloigmbitgil
fmpnrtnlsm, tngilil `irif tmloom itiu `nprnsm. Gnkirifil yilo
tm`ig
`mgnhuirgil `ipit knlemptigil kisihif himl yimtu knloirif pi`i
ngsprnsm kirif yilo pitahaom, snpnrtm pnrmhigu pismc-iornsmc
(knhiwil arilo sneiri tm`ig hilosulo `mbil`mlogil sneiri
hilosulo, tilpi knkbnrmtifu ihisillyi) itiu suitu gnprmbi`mil
yilo likpig tnrus knlnrus bnrkusufil itiu smlms.
e.  Gnkirifil `ipit `mrn`igil `m `ihik, irtmlyi tm`ig filyi
knloaltrah
 pnrmhigu huir tntipm duoi knloaltrah rnspal mltnrlih, knloikbmh hilogif
ultug knkpnrhikbit `ntig diltulo, knlnlilogil `mrm, `il knkbmirgil
 pnrisiil mtu surut.
Bilyig tnripm yilo `msuoufgil ahnf piri ifhm psmgahaom yilo
bnrgnliil ultug knliloouhilom gnkirifil yilo `miltirilyi
`mgnkugigil ahnf ifhm
 psmgasmbnrlntmgi Kixwnhh kihtz ( 9=6: ) knlyirilgil tmoi hilogif ultug
knlenif gnkirifil

9)  Zil`ilohif enrkml hmfit widif snl`mrm yilo sn`ilo kirif

`il ngspnrmgil bioim kili gnhmfitilyi.
2)  Fmhilogil nlnrom yilo knhn`ig mtu `ihik suitu igtmcmtis

5)  Knluhmslyi surit yilo gndm `nloi giti-giti gisir

snbioimkili hiyiglyi gmti kirif.

_iyln @ynr ( 9=?? ) knlonkugigil sndukhif stritnom ultug
knloitism gnkirifil pi`i bnrbioim smtuism yilo knleigup 96 eiri, yimtu7

9.  Unhihu knlomloitgil `mrm bifwi tm`ig pnrhu kirif.

2.  Bnrusifi knlul`i gnkirifil snhiki 9> `ntmg 5: `ntmg

`il sntnruslyi

5.  Ipibmhi sn`ilo knloidirm ilig `mpnrhugil gnkirifil yilo bnrpuri-

99
  puri

0.  Pm`ig pnrhu kirif tnrfi`ip yilo tm`ig `msugim

99
 >.  Gmti firus si`ir bifwi arilo himl bnrfig ipi yilo `msugimlyi, `il
gmti tig pnrhu knkirifmlyi
3.  Unhihu knkmlti arilo himl ultug snhihu knlismfitm gmti.

?.  Knkpulyim bugu eititil gnkirifil.

6.  Kiu knloukukgil bifwi il`i tnhif kirif.

=.  ^ltug knlntrrihmsmr `ngitgilhif `mrm il`i `nloil yilo `memltim

9:.  Ipibmhi sntnhif tnlilo bmeirigil `nloil arilo yilo il`i kirifm

99.  Onkbasgil gnkirifil il`i pi`i `ntmg pnrtiki gnkirifiil

il`i.

92.  Il`i pnrhu mloit bifwi >:% arilo tm`ig igil sugi tnrfi`ip
gnputusil il`i, di`m il`i tm`ig pnrhu kirif
95.  Kiu knlenrmtigil gnkirifilyi gnpi`i arilo himl

90.  Umlogmrgil pnlofiripil-pnloifiripil gnpi`i arilo himl yilo il`i

kmhmgm

9>.  Mloitgilhif `mrm il`i bifwi ilig-ilig igil snhihu igtmc `il bnrmsmg
 di`m tm`ig pnrhu kirif girnli mtu.
93.  Emltmhif `mrm il`i snl`mrm

9?.  @ihik gnkientil hihuhmltis il`i snhihu knloneng snbnripi hiki

il`i tmm`ig kirif.
96.  @irmpi`i il`i knldi`m bu`ig nkasmalih hnbmf bimg il`i
bnrpmgmr ultug knkbuitlyi snbioim suitu tiltiloil ultug
knrubiflyi.

2.= Gakulmgism Pnripnutmg Knloitism Ghmnl yilo Gakphiml

mi ‘gnhufil‛ bnrisih `irm giti gnhuf yilo bnrirtm ‘tnrhifmrlyi pnrisiil susif‛. Gnhufil (eakphiml) i`ihif snbuif giti yilo bnrgalatism lnoitmc biom
i ukuklyi `mpnrsnpsmgil snbioim gnsihifil, kisihif, strns, crustism,gnkirifil, galchmg, fugukil, tultutil, oiltm ruom, `il
rtnknl Znl`m`mgil Lismalih).

92
 Knlurut Rusi`m (2::0), gnhufil knrupigil ulogipil `irm gntm`igpuisil yilo `mrisigil ahnf galsuknl. Gn
knkbuit galsuknl knrisi tm`ig `mpnrfitmgil.

2.9:  Znlynbib Pnrdi`mlyi Gakphiml

Zi`i `isirlyi pnhilooil yilo knlonhuf girnli knrisi tm`ig puis i`i
 bnbnripi pnlynbiblyi. Knlurut Uanfirta I. Kidm` (2::=490=) bilyig fih yilo knlmkbuhgil tnrdi`m gnhufil `irm ghmnl, snpnrtm 4

i.  Znhiyilil yilo `mfiripgil `irm gmti tm`ig snpnrtm yilo knrngi firipgil
 b.  Knrngi `mieufgil, kmsihlyi `mbmirgil knluloou tilpi pnldnhisil e.  Unsnarilo bnrhigu tm`ig sapil itiu tm`ig i`i yilo
knl`nloirgil
`.  Pm`ig i`i yilo kiu bnrtilooulo diwib tnrfi`ip suitu gnsihifil

I`ilyi gnoioihil `ihik gakulmgism, `hh. 

2.99  Umstnk Kilidnknl Gakphiml

Kilidnknl pnliloilil gakphiml yilo ncngtmc knkbutufgil

 prasn`urn yilo dnhis `il tnrstrugtur `nloil bimg ioir `ipit knlynhnsimgil kisihif snrti `m`ugulo ahnf sukbnr `iyi `il mlcristrugtur yilo kn
ioir `ipit gmlnrdi gnrdi yilo knkuisgil.

Girigtnrmstmg pnlmhimil kilidnknl gakphiml yilo ncngtmc knlurut

Pdmptala `il Ilistismi (2::5) i`ihif snbioim bnrmgut 4

9. Gakmtknl

Zmfig kilidnknl `il snkui ilooati knkmhmgm gakmtknl yilo tmloom ultug knl`nloirgil `il knlynhnsimgil kisihif gakphiml `ihik rilogi pn

95
 2. Snsmbhn

Kilidnknl `ipit knkbnrmgil mlcarkism yilo dnhis `il

igurit gnpi`i pnhilooil tnltilo prasn`urn pnlyikpimil gakphiml `il pmfg-pmfig yilo `ipit `mfubulom.

5. Ienssmbhn

Knldikml bifwi pnhilooil `ipit knlyikpimgil gakphiml

sneiri bnbis, ku`if, `il kurif.

0. Gnsn`nrfiliil

Zrasn`urn gakphiml sn`nrfili `il ku`if `mpifikm pnhilooil

>. Gnenpitil

Gakphiml `mtiloilm snenpit kulogml. Rnltilo wigtu

 pnlynhnsimil yilo rnihmstms.

3. Cimrlnss

Untmip gakphiml knl`ipitgil pnrhiguil yilo siki, i`mh, tilpi knkbn`i-bn`igil.

?. Ealcm`nltmih

Knlofiroim `il knldioi gnmlomlil `il prmvism pnhilooil.

6. Rnear`s

@iti knlonlim gakphiml `msusul sn`nkmgmil rupi snfmlooi

knku`ifgil sntmip upiyi pnrbimgil yilo bnrgnsmlikbuloil.

=. Uukbnr `iyi

Knloihagismgil sukbnr `iyi `il mlcristrugtur yilo knki`im ultug pnlonkbiloil `il pnlynkpurliil smsmtnk
 pnliloilil gakphiml tnrkisug pnhitmfil tnlioi gnrdi.

90
 9:. Rnkn`y

Znkneifil `il pnlynhnsimil yilo tnpit (snpnrtm

 pnrkafalil kiic, fi`mif, oiltm ruom)ultug sntmip gakphiml
`mtntipgil `il `mmkphnknltismgil sneiri galsngunl.

Knlurut N`vir`ssal `irm ^lmvnrsmtis Girhsti`, Uwn`mi (`mgutmp irm

Giwil Hiki Lnws, 2::6) Eiri knliloilm gnhufil `irm pnhilooil i`ihif snbioim bnrmgut 4

i.  Diloil knkbuit bnrtikbif rukmt `nloil snoihi kieik carkuhmr7

 b.  Diloil pnrlif knlomrmk surit tilpi bnrgakulmgism vnrbih tnrhnbmf
`ifuhu7
e.  Unonri knleirm tifu ipi yilo `mmlomlgil pnhilooil yilo gakphiml7
`.  ^ltug gakphiml yilo tm`ig tnrhihu snrmus, kmlti kiic igil diuf hnbmf

 bimg `irmpi`i knlomrmk bnrhnkbir-hnkbir surit pnrkafalil kiic

n.  Bnrmgil tilooipil prmbi`m `il spnsmcmg
c.  Gntmgil knlofi`ipm pnhilooil yilo knlyikpimigil gnhufil, mgutmhif nkpitm
o.  Dmgi knkilo gakphiml mtu tm`ig `mtudugil gnpi`i il`i, `il il`i firus knkbuit rncnrnlsm gnpi`i smipi pnhilooil firus knh
 dnhisgil sneiri rmlem ihisillyi
f.  Znrdnhis ihtnrlitmc ipi yilo i`i ultug knlynhnsimgil pnrsaihil
 pnhilooil gakphiml
 
m.Diloil hupi bnrmtifu pnhilooil hilogif pnrbimgil ipi yilo
`mbuit snfubuloil `nloil pnlyikpimil gakphiml mtu.
gnhufil knldim gibir bimg. Mtu til`ilyi pnkbnrm gakphiml pnreiyi.

9>
 BIB
MMM GNUMKZ^HIL @IL UIRIL 
5.9 Gnsmkpuhil

yi yilo
nrmgil gnpi`i ghmnl. ^ltug `ipit knhigugillyi `nloil bimg `il ncngtmc `mpnrhugil hitmfil `il pnloisifil gntnrikpmhil bnrgakulmgism snfmlooi n
yilo mi kmhmgm ultug knhigugil gakulmgism tnripnutmg, mi pi`i igfmrlyi igil knlyi`irm bifwi gakulmgism tnripnutmg yilo mi higugil
mrmlyi snl`mrm.

5.2 Uiril

@ihik knhiyilm ghmnl fnl`iglyi pnriwit snhihu bnrgakulmgism

`nloil ghmnl ultug knl`ipitgil pnrsntuduil tml`igil yilo `mhigugil, `nloil
 bifisi yilo ku`if `mpifikm ahnf ghmnl `il pnriwit fnl`iglyi snhihu knknoilo tnouf ntmgi gnpnriwitil

93
 @ICPIR Z^UPIGI

Gmlo, F. S. l.`. Fil`hmlo Smahnlt ar Ioornssmvn Zitmnlts 4 I Zhil car ]aur

Faspmtih. WZ`c[ Ivimhibhn tfrauof4

Zriknstm, @. l.`. Knloiloilm Gnhufil Eustaknr (Rukif Uigmt). WZ`c[ Daodi4

Ivimhibhn tfrauof4

Uwirtz, K. 9==>. Bugu Idir @miolastmg Cmsmg. Digirti4 NOE.

9?