Jaiucttah hn Glonlgnràa Onmorájia, A`fgnltac y Nimtu

aiuc imturg
rgs`
s`m
m
Yn`ala Lµ 58;

Ialthah hn `mvg`gnlm aloucar

Asgolatura; Hr
Hr.. Nfnrarhm Msmrgm
Msmrgm Vmkas

Yn`nstrn Aiahç`gim 6565-1

 

^lgvnrsghah Laigmlac
Jnhnrgim Zgccarrnac

IALXGHAH HN @MZG@GNLXM
ALO^CAV HN ^LA
UAVXÀI^CA
 

Nc aum`ùvgc A vgaka baiga nc nsn iml ula rapghnz imlsaln hn 9: d`/b. d`/b. Iualhm nc
aum`ùvgc A iruza ca glnrsni
glnrsniigùl
igùl qun sn `unsra, nc aum`ùvgc F parn hnc rnpmsm hnshn ula
hgsaliga hn 9> ` ac lmrn hn ca glnrsniigùl y sn `unvn baiga nc sur iml ula aincnraigùl
imlsaln hn 1.6 `/s6. Hnnr`gln ca pmsgigùl, vncmighah y aincnraigùl hn F rncatva a A > s
hnspuçs hn qun A iruza ca glnrsniigùl.
 

IALXGHAH HN @MZG@GNLXM ALO^CAV HN ^LA UAVXÀI^CA. VA[ÙL HN IA@FGM HN CA

IALXGHAH HN @MZG@GNLXM ALO^CAV
Imlsghçrnsn ula pariuca U hn `asa ` qun sn `unvn iml
rnspnim a ul sgsn`a hn
rnjnrnliga
rnjnrnliga lnwmlgalm Mxyz. ca ialthah hn `mvg`gnlm cglnac hn
ca pariuca nl ul glsaln
hnnr`glahm sn hnln im`m nc vnimr `v mfnlghm ac
`uctpcgiar ca vncmighah v hn ca

pariuca pmr su `asa

`v `. Nc `m`nlm
sn hnlm`gla acrnhnhmr hn M hnc vnimr
`m`nlm
hn ca ialthah hn `mvg`gnlm, m ca ialthah hn `mvg`gnlm
aloucar hn ca pariuca nl mrlm
a M nl nsn
ns n glsaln y sn hnlma pmr `nhgm hn BM. Ac rnimrhar ca
hnlgigùl hnc `m`nlm hn
ul vnimr y hnlmar `nhgaln r nc vnimr hn pmsgigùl hn U, sn nsirgfn;
Bm 0 r x `v
 

Yn calza ul saçcgn nl hgrniigùl paracnca a ca supnrign hn ca Xgnrra iml ula vncmighah hn

12265 `g/b hnshn ula acura hn 685 `g. Hnnr`gln ca vncmighah hnc saçcgn iualhm çsn
acialza su acura `áxg`a hn 6985 `g. Yg nc rahgm hn ca Xgnrra ns hn 97:5 `g.
 

Uunsm qun nc saçcgn sn `unvn fakm nc njnim

hn
hn ula junrza
ca Xgnrra, suinlrac
ialthahhgrgogha baiga nc inlrm M
hn `mvg`gnlm
aloucar Bm ns imlsaln.

Bm 0 r x `v

r.`vsnlш 0 Bm0 in

`unsra qunsml
im`m snlш v ns`áxg`ms.
`àlg`a nl F, hmlhn alm r

imlsnrvaigùl hn ca ialthah hn `mvg`gnlm

aloucar nlrn A y F.
 

 .   0

 .

VX 097:5 `g
    0

 
.
  
   0 
 
 

685 + 97:5 
0 . 12265
6985 + 97:5 ℌ


16>8:
ℌ
  0
 

NI^AIGMLNY HN @MZG@GNLXM NL XÇV@GLMY HN CAY IM@UMLNLXNY VAHGAC W

XVALYZNVYAC

Imlsghçrnsn ula pariuca U, hn immrhnlahas p pmcarns

mcarns r y ϸ, qun sn `unvn nl ul
pcalm fakm ca aiigùl hn vargas junrzas. Ac hnsim`pmlnr cas junrzas y ca aincnraigùl
hn ca pariuca nl cas im`pmlnlns
im`pmlnlns rahgac y ralsvn
ralsvnrsac
rsac y sustugr ca niuaigùl , sn
mftnlnl cas hms niuaigmlns nsiacarns;
 

^l fcmqun F hn `asa ` sn punhn hnscgzar cgfrn`nln smfrn ul frazm MA sgl

jrgiigùl, qun ogra nl ul pcalm bmrgzml
bmrgzmlac
ac a razùl imlsal
imlsalnn hϸm/h. Yg sn safn qun F
sn sunca a ula hgsaliga rm hn M, nxprnsn im`m juligùl hn rr,, a) ca im`pmlnln vr
hn ca vncmighah hn F a cm carom hn MA, f) ca `aolguh hn ca junrza bmrgzmlac J
nknrigha smfrn F pmr nc frazm MA.
 
 

^lgvnrsghah Laigmlac
Jnhnrgim Zgccarrnac

@MZG@GNLXM IGVI^CAV ^LGJMV@N (@I^)

v
t0t
v Iualhm; t 0 X (Unrgmhm)
 s
V
V 0 Vahg
hgm
m

 t05

Zncmighah aloucar ( )
 0 6/X
(rahgalns/sno)
Zncmighah(v )
v 0  .V
 

ALO^CM IM@UCNXM

•Umr alm, nc áloucm iim`pcntm

m`pcntm α, hn ula igriuljnrnliga hn
hn rahgm r , `nhghm nl
rahgalns,
ns;
 C
 Cmm l o I g ri u l j 6
   
rahgm r 
6
r 

•Yu sà`fmcm ns rah.

1 rnv0 6Υ rah
1 rnv 0 9:5¶

  9:5 5
1rah 
 6*9.18 >?.96 5
6  r a h g a l n  9 : 5 5
 s

1 rnvmcuigùl0
rnvmcuigùl09:5µ
9:5µ
 

Urmf. Iaciucar nc pnrgmhm hn rnvmcuigùl hn ul hgsim qun ogra a 8> VU@, nl sno.

Ymcuigùl;
0 (rahgalns/sno)
6/X

8>rnvmcuigmlns 6rahgalns 1`gl

8>rnvmcuigmlns 8.?1rah 
8.?1 rah 
  

utm `gl utm 1rnvmcuigml :5 sno   sno 

6 6   6rah
   X    1 . 9 s n o 
X   8 . ? 1 r a h /  s n o 
 

^lgvnrsghah Laigmlac
Jnhnrgim Zgccar rnac

Ca aincnraigùl inltràpnta
Nl ul bay
cunom `mvg`gnltm igriucar ulgjmr`n ca nc vnitmr vncmighah ia`
ula aincnraigùl; ia`fga
fga hn hgrnii
hgrniigùl,
gùl,

CA AI NCNVAIGÙL IN
INLXVGUNXA M LMV@AC (aL )  

Aincnraigml
Lmr`ac a 0 (al¶ + at¶)\5.>
al0 Z¶ / r 
al0 w¶r¶/ r 0 w¶.r 
at0 hZ /ht
a
at
v6 at
a L0
r 
a L 0 χ6 r 

^lgha
^lghahn
hns
s ; ` / s6
 

^lgvnrsghah Laigmlac
Jnhnrgim Zgccarrnac

a) ^l pulm sn `unvn pmr ula igriuljnrnliga hn rahgm gouac 6 i` . Ca rncaigùl nlrn nc

ia`glm rnimrrghm s y nc tn`pm  vgnln nxprnsaha pmr ;
s0i¹ hmlhn i 0 5.1> i`/s¹. Baccar ca aincnraigùl alonligac, ca aincnraigùl lmr`a y ca
aincnr
ain cnraig
aigùl
ùl rnsu
rnsuca
cal
lnn sg ccaa vn
vncmi
cmigha
ghah
h cgcglna
lnacc ns 5.9
5.961
61 `
`/s
/s 0

at0 hZ/ht

at0 h(9it¶)/ht
 Aincnraigùl talonligac
Z at0 :it

al
a 0 (al¶ + at¶)\5.>
a 0 (>1>.65>¶ + ?.:51¶)\5.>
 

^lgvnrsghah Laigmlac
Jnhnrgim Zgccarrnac

Iaciucar ca aincnraigùl rnsucal

rnsucaln
n sg ca aincnraigùl alonligac ns : i`/s¶ y ca
aincnraigùl lmr`ac ns 8>5 i`/s¶

8>5.58 i`/s¶
 

9. ^la partàiuca msigca iml ul `mvg`gnltm ar`ùlgim sg`pcn hn tac

jmr`a qun su hnspcaza`gnltm
hnspcaza`gnltm varàa hn aiunrhm i
iml
ml ca nxprnsgùl;
W 0> snl( 6t + x/: ) .
Hmlhn  x  nstá nl i` y t nl s. Nliunl
Nliunltrn
trn ca cml
cmlogt
ogtuh
uh h
hn
n ml
mlha
ha ,
jrniunliga, nc pnrgmhm, ca a`pcgtuh hnc `mvg`gnltm y ca vncmighah
hn prmpaoaigùl hn ca mlha.
Ymcuigùl;

Niuaigùl.  t   x
 y   AYn
 AYnll6 (  )
Cmlogtuh hn mlha 0 16υ i`  16
Unrgmhm 0 9.18 i`
Jrniunliga 0 1/9.18 Bz
A`pcgtuh 0 > i`
Zncmighah hn prmpaoaigùl hn ca mlha;
Z 0 Cmlo. Hn Mlha/ Unrgmhm X 0 16* 9.18 / 9.18 0 16 i`/s
 

@MZG@GNLXM VNCAXGZM NLXVN HMY UAVXÀI^CAY NL ^L @GY@M

VNJNVNLIGAC

Imlsghnrn`ms hms pariucas, A y F, qun sn

Imlsghnrn`ms
`un
unvvnl nl nc nspa
paiigm y sn
snal
al rA y rF sus
vnimrns hn pmsgigùl iml rnspnim ac mrgonl
M hn ul rnjnrnligac hahm.

rA + rF/A 0 rF

Cas vncmighahns hn A y F `nhghas nl nsn

rnjnrnligac
rnjnrnligac snrál;
ZA + ZF/A 0 ZF
 

@MZG@GNLXM IGVI^CAV ^LGJMV@N.`iu

Ns aqunc `mvg`gnlm qun hnsirgfn ula raynimrga igriucar iml vncmighah imlsaln nl `ùhucm

Niuaigùl
Niuaigù l hnc `mvg`gnltm ulg
ulgjmr`n
jmr`n ; Y0 Z . t Yg bay nspai
nspaiggm gglgig
lgiga
ac qunha Y 0 Z .
t + Y5
Aincnraigùl lmr`ac m inltràpnta a L  ’ Z6
V

Cas orájgias hn nstn `mvg`gnltm snrál cas `gs`as qun cas hn iuacqugnr `mvg`gnltm
ulgjmr`n cunom A UAVXGV HN CAY OVÁJGIAY Y/t W Z / t LM NY UMYGFCN
HGYXGLO^GV NC @MZG@GNLXM VNIXGCÀLNM ^LGJMV@N HNC IGVI^CAV
^LGJMV@N WA Q^N LM LMY UNV@GXNL YAFNV CA XVAWNIXMVGA, YMCM
GLJMV@AL HN CAY VNCAIGMLNY HN UVMUMVIGMLACGHAH NLXVN CAY
HGJNVNLXNY @AOLGX^HNY Q^N HNJGLNL NC @MZG@GNLXM, UAVA YAFNV CA
XVAWNIXMVGA LNINYGXA@MY NC ZNIXMV HN UMYGIGÙL NL J^LIGÙL HNC
XGN@UM W VNUVNYNLXAVCM NL ^L YGYXN@A HN NKNY HN VNJNVNLIGA R,W.
 


 Nc vnitmr vncmighah v ns sgn`prn talonltn


a ca traynitmrga
traynitmrga y lmr`ac ac vnitmr r 
v
U6
 s

r @aolgtuhns aloucarns
 U1
6

 
 r 1

 ^la igriuljnrnliga im`pcnta 9:5µ 6 rah


rg

 v  Umr hnjglgigùl   Yn `ghn nl rah
 s
V 

V 

  (rah/s) ù fgnl 1 rp` 0 6 rah/s
 
 :5
V  t
 

s   V 
v V
 
 t t it
itnn
Z0χ.V

 0 itn (pmr snr V itn)

Ca niuaigùl hnc `mvg`gnltm ns;    t      (t 

5

t)
5

 Unrgmhm X hnc `mvg`gnltm, ns nc tgn`pm qun tarha nc `ùvgc

`ùvgc nl har ula vuncta
im`pcnta y sn `ghn nl snoulhms
 

Jrniunliga j hnc `mvg`gnltm, ns nc lû`nrm hn vunctas qun qun tarha nc `ùvgc

 pmr ulghah hn tgn`pm. Ns ca glvnrsa hnc pnràmhm. Yn `ghn nl sno -1 qun ta`fgçl
sn
cca`al Bnrzgms (Bz)

Nc pnràmhm y ca jrniunliga sml glvnrsms;

hnspnkalhm X0 1
j 

 0 6н
X
 

NC @MZG@GNLX
@ MZG@GNLXM
M IGVI^CAV ^LGJMV@N@NLXN
AINCNVAHM (@I^A)

 Ns aqunc `mvg`gnltm qun hnsirgfn ula traynitmrga igriucar iml vncmighah, cglnac y

aloucar, qun varàal hn jmr`a imlstaltn iml nc tgn`pm

 Ca niuaigùl hnc `mvg`gnltm ns;

ns;

   5
    t 1 t 6

t 
5
65


 

 . V 0 aX

`aolgtuh cglnac0 `aolgtuh aloucar pmr rahgm

Y(nspaigm nl `ntrms)0 ( áloucm nl rah ) .V
Z(vncmighah)0  (vncmighah aloucar ).V
aX (aincnraigùl talonligac) 0 (aincnraigùl
alouca). V