MJSL_^MKHOMßJ _A@PL EH_ OAJOLVOMAJL_ NL O\PPMO\EA_

^PH@HDA \JMNHN 0

O\P_A ^LAPMH_ O\PPMO\EHPL_ - OßNMKA >68?6;Q?

Img`lrey Nhzh
Rmgljh Dhrh`h
]mslt Vhaeh @aehøa
Emjh Ghrçh Padhs
Levms Shrkhs

^\^APH4 Ghrçh Heldhjnrh Ohstmeea

VPAKPHGH NL EMOLJOMH^\PH LJ VLNHKAKÇH MJCHJ^ME

L_O\LEH NL OMLJOMH_ NL EH LN\OHOMßJ
\JMSLP_MNHN JHOMAJHE H@MLP^H ] H NM_^HJOMH (\JHN)
D\EMA NL 0606
 

Mjtranuoomÿj

Lj lstl trh`hda, sl nlsthohrèj eas oajaomgmljta plrsajhels y lxplrmljomhels nl ohnh

uja nl eas mjtlkrhjtls qul oajcarghj le krupa, mjnhkhjna ehs nmvlrshs carghs nl ljsløhjzh
-hprljnmzhdl, nlpljnmljna nl ohnh oajtlxta, oaj le cmj nl hnqumrmr julvas sh`lrls y eh
trh
trhjsca
jscargh
rghomÿ
omÿjj nl lst
lstas,
as, phrt
phrtmlj
mljna
na nls
nlsnl
nl eh Lsouleh
Lsouleh trh
trhnmo
nmomaj
majhe,
he, tana
tana su praolsa
praolsa lj
ourrçoueas, lstèjnhrls, lstrhtlkmhs, blrrhgmljths, lto., bhsth eelkhr h eh Julvh Lsouleh a
Lsouleh oajtlgparèjlh.
Var atrh phrtl, sl rlhemzhrè ujh mjvlstmkhomÿj oaj le cmj nl hjhemzhr ehs julvhs
nmrlotrmols qul sl bhj nlshrraeehna nlsnl eh N@H (Nlrlobas `èsmoas nl hprljnmzhdl) y su
mgpelgljthomÿj lj ujh nmjègmoh phrh eh oajstruoomÿj nl nmclrljtls prapulsths ourrmouehrls
hrkugljthnhs phrh eh lnuohomÿj oajtlgparèjlh lj Oaeag`mh.
 

MJSL_^MKHOMAJL_ MJNMSMN\HEL_

Img`lrey Nhzh
VLM OAELKMA GMJ\^A NL NMA_ _HJ DA_L NLE K\HSMHPL
Lj le oaelkma Gmjuta nl Nmas nl _hj Dasí nle Kuhvmhrl ljoajtrhgas cujnhgljtas elkhels
mgparthjtls oaga eh Ely 86=2 nl 06634 Oÿnmka nl Mjchjomh y Hnaelsoljomh lj sus
Hrtçoueas 0,?,>,2,=,80,8> y 8< qul `mlj vhel eh pljh nlsthohr saj a`emkhomajls qul oaga
Mjstmtuomÿj Lnuohtmvh y ehs a`emkhomajls ítmohs cujnhgljthels nl eas gmsgas. _l lvmnljomh
eh lstruoturhomÿj arkhjmzhtmvh nlsnl eas a`dltmvas lsploçcmoas lj najnl sl lstmpuehj eas
Hxmaeÿ
Hxmaeÿkmo
kmoas,
as, Oak
Oakjmt
jmtmva
mvas,
s, saomhem
saomhemzhom
zhomÿj
ÿj y oajvmv
oajvmvljo
ljomh
mh y Vrayloo
Vrayloomÿj
mÿj h eh Oagujm
Oagujmnhn,
nhn,
 pehjtlhjna uj barmzajtl Mjstmtuomajhe lj pra nl eh Oagujmnhn nl _hj Dasí
D así Nle Kuhvmhrl, ls
nlomr qul lstl Oaelkma cargh ujh oagujmnhn qul patljoml le praolsa nl ljsløhjzh-
hprljnmzhdl hjoehna lj le gmsga VLM oaga trls oljtras nl Mjtlrís Cujnhgljthe.
-_astljm`memnhn Hg`mljthe
-Emnlrhzka Loaeÿkmoa
-Shearls
Le VLM prayloth krhj mjtlrís par patljomhr lj sus lstunmhjtls ehs bh`memnhnls phrh rlhemzhr 
uj hpartl plrtmjljtl h ehs jlolsmnhnls y carthelzhs nl su prapma gujmompma. Eh eh`ar 
lnuohtmvh nl Le Gmjuta nl Nmas lstè cujnhgljthnh lj4 eh saemnhrmnhn, le emnlrhzka y eh
mjjavhomÿj, ljcaohjn
mjjavhomÿj, ljcaohjnaa su lnuohom
lnuohomÿj
ÿj oaj vhearls phrh ujh oagujmnhn oaj hgar h Nmas. Eh
orlhomÿj
orlhomÿj nl ganle
ganleas
as qul smrvhj phrh pehjtlhr trhjscarghomajls
trhjscarghomajls pracujnhs h ehs lstruot
lstruoturhs
urhs
nl eh saomlnhn, qul eelkulj h eh pragaomÿj nl tana bag`rl y nl tanas eas bag`rls y le
 phsa phrh ohnh uja y phrh tanas nl oajnmomajls gljas bughjhs h oajnmomajls gès
bughjhs pehjtlhjna uj praylota Lnuohtmva oaj pehjls, prakrhghs, ourrçoueas carghtmvas
lj uj slotar nl mjtlrí
mjtlríss oljtrhnh
oljtrhnh cujnhgljtheg
cujnhgljthegljtl
ljtl lj eakrhr qul eas lstunmhjtls
lstunmhjtls hnqumlrhj
y nlshrraeelj oagpltljomhs hohnígmohs nl ohemnhn y hgpemhs hspmrhomajls y hptmtunls qul
glnmhjtl prakrhghs Nlpartmvas, Hrtçstmoas, Hohnígmoas, le oajaomgmljta y hgar par su
 prapma oajtlxta y oagujmnhn prapljnhj par le gldarhgmljta nle gujmompma he qul bholj
 phrtl.
 

Le prakrhgh plnhkÿkmoa acrlomna h eas lstunmhjtls sl ljghroh lj eh carghomÿj lj vhearls y

sl nlshrraeehj praylotas hohnígmoas l mjtlrnmsompemjhrmas lj plrghjljtl oajthota oaj eh
oagujmnhn. _l ljcaoh lj ujh lnuohomÿj oaj prmjompmas y vhearls lj carghomÿj h lstunmhjtls
qul slhj lsljomhels lj eh oagujmnhn.
_l tmljl ujh krhj lstruoturhomÿj h eas oagpajljtls nl Klstmÿj qul saj ehs lthphs nl eh
 prapulsth Mjstmtuomajhe, ehs nmrlotrmols tmljlj u slkumgmljta y glnmomÿj nl mgphota4
-Klstmÿj Nmrlotmvh
-Klstmÿj Hohnígmoh
-Hngmjmstrhtmvh y Cmjhjomlrh
-Klstmÿj oajvmvljomh y oagujmnhn
Eh phrtmomphomÿj nl eh heth nmrloomÿj ls uja nl eas chotarls gès mgparthjtls lj le `ulj
nlshrrae
nlshrraeea
ea nl eh prls
prlstho
thomÿj
mÿj nle slrvmom
slrvmomaa lnuohtm
lnuohtmva.
va. Ehs hotmvm
hotmvmnhn
nhnls
ls lsploçc
lsploçcmoh
mohss nl eh
nmrloomÿj tljnrèj qul vlr oaj eas smkumljtls hsplotas4
- Le nlshrraeea nl ehs paeçtmohs y a`dltmvas
- Eh pehjlhomÿj
- Eh rlvmsmÿj nl eas nmclrljtls nhtas lsthnçstmoas nl nlslgpløa pranuota nl eh prlsthomÿj
nle slrvmoma
- Eh pravmsmÿj nl rloursas jlolshrmas
Eas praylotas trhjsvlrshels qul sl ljouljtrhj lj le VLM nle Oaelkma Gmjuta nl Nmas nl _hj
Dasí
Dasí nl Ku
Kuhvm
hvmhr
hrll ls vl
vleh
ehrr pa
parr eh oa
oajo
joml
mljt
jtmz
mzho
homÿ
mÿjj kl
kljl
jlrhe
rhe holro
holrohh nl eh mg
mgpar
parth
thjom
jomhh
arkhjmkrhgh nl eh OAPVAPHOMßJ LN\OH^MSH GMJ\^A NL NMA_, eh ljtmnhn ouljth
oaj ujh Dujth Nmrlotmvh oajcarghnh par mgparthjtls gmlg`ras nl eh saomlnhn, qul bhj
lsthna rlehomajhnas oaj le slotar lnuohtmva nlsnl le Gmjmstlrma nl Lnuohomÿj Jhomajhe,
_lorlthrçh nl Lnuohomÿj, oagujmnhn lgprlshrmhe, Mkelsmh, lto. Oarrlspajnl h eh Dujth
Nmrlot
Nmrlotmvh
mvh cmdhr
cmdhr ehs paeçt
paeçtmohs
mohs klj
kljlrhe
lrhels
ls nl phrt
phrtmom
momphom
phomÿj
ÿj nl eh Mjstmt
Mjstmtuom
uomÿj
ÿj lj praylot
praylotas
as
lnuohtmvas nljtra nle phçs.
_l lstruoturh uj plrcme thjta nl Naoljtl, Lstunmhjtls, Vlrsajhe Hngmjmstrhtmva kljlrhjna
ujhs rlspajsh`memnhnls lstmpuehnhs lj le VLM, ujh eçjlh nl Hutarmnhn y ehs bh`memnhnls y
hotmtunls phrh le nlshrraeea nl ohnh uja nl eas ldlromomas nljtra nle Vehjtle Lnuohtmva.
 

Lj ouhjta h eh phrtmomphomÿj sl nlsthoh ehs èrlhs nle Ka`mlrja lsoaehr oaga glohjmsga nl
 phrtmomphomÿj qul vh nlsnl eh Plotarçh, Oajslda Nmrlotmva, Oajslda Hohnígmoa, Oajslda
Lstunmhjtme y Vlrsajlrçh, Hsaomhomÿj nl Vhnrls nl Chgmemh lstmpuehjna ehs glths h ehrka y
oarta pehza lj cujomajhgmljta Mjstmtuomajhe nlsnl le Oajtlxta mjtlrja oaga lxtlrja.
Oajoeusmajls
Lj le VLM nle Oaelkma Gmjuta nl Nmas sl eakrh nlsthohr ehs lthphs nl leh`arhomÿj
ljghrohnhs oaj eh prlphrhomÿj, nmhkjastmoa, ruths nl lstrhtlkmhs, klstmÿj mjstmtuomajhe y
Vlnhkÿkmoa qul plrgmtlj rlhemzhr ujh lvheuhomÿj h ohnh uja nl eas emjlhgmljtas qul heeç sl
lstmpuehj, ls mgparthjtl rlshethr su ljcaqul par eh oagujmnhn y le trh`hda qul lstl gmsga
 `rmjnh h ehs nmrlotrmols nl Klstmÿj thj Mjstmtuomajhe, Vlnhkÿkmoa plra thg`míj saomhe lj
najnl su prmjom
prmjomphe
phe a`dltmva ls carghr lstunmhj
lstunmhjtls
tls bughjmzhnarl
bughjmzhnarlss y hjhem
hjhemzhjna
zhjna le oajtlxta
oajtlxta
mjtlrja y lxtlrja phrh uj oarrlota cujomajhgmljta nle Oaelkma par lsa ls thj mgparthjtl
lstruoturhr uj Vraylota Lnuohtmva Mjstmtuomajhe `hshna lj le Vehj Hjuhe nl ^rh`hda lj
najnl sl `rmjnl ehs jarghs nl pehjlhgmljtas lstrhtíkmoas gldarhjna eh lnuohomÿj oaj
ohemnhn l mjvmthjna h eh oagujmnhn bholr phrtçompls nl eh carghomÿj h eas jmøas y jmøhs nl
lsth oagujmnhn.
 

Emjh Padhs

VPA]LO^A LN\OH^MSA MJ_^M^\OMAJHE NLE OAELKMA MJ_^M^\^A

^ÍOJMOA NM_^PM^HE D\EMA CEßPLT
Lelkç lsth mjstmtuomÿj lnuohtmvh parqul bmol phrtl nl leeh, hnlgès, oajsmnlra qul he slr 
tíojmoh el pulnl hparthr atras lelgljtas a rloursas lnuohtmvas qul el plrgmthj he lnuohjna
oajstrumrsl
oajstrumrsl nl ghjlrh mjtlk
mjtlkrhe,
rhe, le VLM nle OAELKMA D\EMA CEßPLT ls jag`rh
jag`rhna
na oaga
― Dÿvljls eçnlrls trhjscarghnarls nl eh rlhemnhn‗ lsth mjstmtuomÿj
mjstmtuomÿj ouljth oaj nas slnls, eh
_lnl H u`mohnh lj eh Oheel 860 H#;6->6 y eh _lnl @, ls eh prmjomphe, qulnh u`mohnh lj eh
Ohrrlrh 32 @# =>-80. Ehs nas slnls lstèj u`mohnhs lj eh eaohemnhn nl _u`h, lj le VLM jas
nhj uj rlsuglj sa`rl le oajtlxta saomhe nl eh oagujmnhn lsoaehr, najnl jas hjujomhj qul
uj krhj paroljthdl nl eas lnuohjnas nlrmvhj nl \VT ^m`h`uyls y Pmjoÿj y ja nl eh \VT
nl Eh cearlsth9 eh ghyarçh nl eh pa`ehomÿj nl eh \VT nl Eh cearlsth bholj phrtl nle lstrhta >
y < y he plrtljlolr h lstl tmpa nl lstrhta pulnlj apthr par oaelkmas prmvhnas9 ujh krhj phrtl
nl eh oagujmnhn lsoaehr nle OAELKMA D\EMA CEßPLT plrtljlolj h eas lstrhtas 8, 0 y ?,
krhj phrtl nl eas lstunmhjtls thg`míj pravmljlj nl eh eaohemnhn nl Ljkhtmvè, nl atrhs
eaoh
eaohem
emnh
nhnl
nlss su prapa
praparom
romÿj
ÿj ls gè
gèss `h
`hdh
dh.. He
Hekuj
kujhs
hs za
zajh
jhss nl eh ea
eaoh
ohem
emnh
nhnn nl _u
_u`h
`h saj
vuejlrh`els, yh slhj par su mjcrhlstruoturh, pa`ehomÿj9 sl mjcargh sa`rl eh loajagçh nl eas
 phnrls nl chgmemh, hjujomhjna qul sl ljoa
ljoajtrh`hj
jtrh`hj phnrls nl chgmemh
c hgmemh lj trh`hdas mjcarghels
oaga carghels.
_mkumljna oaj ea naougljthna lj le VLM, jas bholj sh`lr eh oa`lrturh lnuohtmvh bhsth le
høa 06834
 

^h`eh 8
Oa`lrturh lnuohtmvh nle Oaelkma Duema Ceÿrlz bhsth le høa 0683

 Jath. Plouplrhna nl4 OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT, VLM, 0682.

Le VLM thg`míj jas ouljth ouèe ls le tmpa nl trhjspartl qul crlouljthj eas lstunmhjtls,
mjcarghjna qul le lstunmhjtl ouljth oaj ruth lsoaehr nl eh _LN nlsnl eh \VT ^m`h`uyls y

Pmjoÿj, phrh le trhjspartl nl eas lstunmhjtls nl prllsoaehr y prmghrmh sl ouljth oaj 80

ruths, phrh eas krhnas 3 y ; sl ouljth oaj 3 ruths9 phrh eas lstunmhj
lstunmhjtls
tls qul ja a`tmljlj
a`tmljlj lstl
 `ljlcmoma apthj par le phka nl ruth prmvhnh, le trhjspartl lj `momoelth a phtmjlth. Vhrh eas
lstunmhjtls nl krhnas 2 h 88 sl bhj hsmkjhna su`smnmas nl trhjspartl par phrtl nle nmstrmta.
_mkumljna oaj ea pu`emohna lj le naougljta jas mjcarghj nl ohnh praolsa qul vmvmÿ eh
mjstmtuomÿj, nl eas homlrtas panlgas nlsthohr4
*Mgpelgljthomÿj nl eas prakrhghs nl lnuohomÿj glnmh tíojmoh (066=)4  _mstlghtmzhomÿj nl
 Nhtas, Klstmÿj nl _hjlhgmljta Hg`mljthe y Vrakrhghomÿj nl _actwhrl, h trhvís nle
_lrvmoma Jhomajhe nl Hprljnmzhdl.
*Mgp
*Mgpel
elgl
gljt
jtho
homÿ
mÿjj nl ea
eass pr
prak
akrh
rhgh
ghss nl ln
lnuo
uoho
homÿ
mÿjj glnm
glnmhh tí
tíoj
ojmo
mohh (0
(068
680-
0-06
068<
8<)4
)4
 Hngmjmstrhomÿj ^urçstmoh y Batlelrh y Hngmjmstrhomÿj nl Lgprlshs, oajvljma oaj eh
\jmvlrsmnhn Gmjuta nl Nmas.
*_l mjoeuyÿ le krhna naol lj  Vrakrhghomÿj nl _actwhrl oaj le _LJH (0680).
*Mjoeusmÿj
*Mjoeusmÿj nle praylot
praylotaa >6R>6 (0680)4 Oaj eh mjoarparhomÿj
mjoarparhomÿj nle praylota >6R>6 mjmomhna
mjmomhna
lj le pehj nl nlshrraeea nl eh @akatè bughjh, eh mjstmtuomÿj sl oajvlrtmrçh lj uj ganlea nl
 darjhnh ôjmoh9 eas lstunmhjtls pançhj mjorlgljthr sus hprljnmzhdls lj nmvlrsas hsplotas4
Hrtl, nlpartl, tlojaeakçh y oagujmohomÿj, omljomhs jhturhels y loaeakçh, omunhnhjçh hotmvh y

 phoçcmoh, le oumnhna y hutaoumnhna nle oulrpa, eÿkmoh ghtlgètmoh y nlshrraeea nle

 

 pljshgmljta omljtçcmoa. Vhrh qul eh lxplrmljomh lnuohtmvh culrh gès smkjmcmohtmvh sl

rlarkhjmzÿ eh prapulsth ourrmouehr, mjtlkrhomÿj nl gès naoljtls y atras praolsas lnuohtmvas
qul el hparthrçhj h lsth lxplrmljomh, oaga4 H sh`lr, Oagpljshr, Mnhrtls, Ohjth @akatè
Ohjth y le prakrhgh Oaelkmas Hgmkas nle ^urmsga.
*Carthelomgmljta nl praolsas lnuohtmvas (068<)4 Eh mjstmtuomÿj sl vmjoueÿ he MNPN, hnlgès
nl bholr phrtmomphomÿj lj lvljtas oaga _MGAJ\, mgpelgljthomÿj nle praylota BLPGL_,
he prakrhgh nl lgprljnmgmljta duvljme nl eh oèghrh nl oaglroma, Vraylota ^LO, Vraylota
_h`lr Nmkmthe y le hoagphøhgmljta nl @rmtmsb Oaujome phrh eh paeçtmoh nle `memjkõmsga.
Eh mjstmtuomÿj he tljlr ujh vmsmÿj prakrlsmsth bh plrgmtmna qul lsth rlpehjtll praolsas y
 praylotas lnuohtmvas, y qul lstas slhj
slh j armljthnas h plnhkakçhs y ganleas lnuohtmvas qul el
hpartlj smkjmcmohtmvh
smkjmcmohtmvhgljtl
gljtl he lstunm
lstunmhjtl
hjtl y h su oajstruoomÿ
oajstruoomÿjj nl hprljnmzhdls,
hprljnmzhdls, hnlgès nl eh
mgpelgljthomÿj nl ehs ^MO y nl lsth cargh patljomhemzhr bh`memnhnls tlojaeÿkmohs.
Oajsmnlra qul eas prapÿsmtas carghtmvas prapulstas hkruphj chvarh`elgljtl eas eakras qul
sl qumlrlj a`tljlr smkumljna le VLM y le pehj nl carghomÿj4
*Cargho
Carghomÿj
mÿj omunhn
omunhnhjh4
hjh4 lj lstl sl prltljnl qul eas jmøas, jmøhs y dÿvljls sl carglj lj
tarja he nmsourrmgmljta nl eas nlrlobas bughjas y nl ujh phrtmomphomÿj oajsomljtl lj eh
saomlnhn, oaj le cmj nl kljlrhr ujh shjh oajvmvljomh lj tarja he rlsplta nl eh nmvlrsmnhn, eh
mjoeusmÿj y eh lqumnhn. Oajsmnlrhr 
*Bh`me
Bh`memnhnls
mnhnls nl pljshgmljta
pljshgmljta44 _l `usoh eh cagljthomÿj nl bh`memnhnls nl pljshgmljta
 par glnma nl lstrhtlkmhs y lsphomas qul plrgmthj eh hnqumsmomÿj nle pljshgmljta orçtmoa,
oagpelda y orlhtmva.
*Mjjavho
Mjjavhomÿj,
mÿj, Omljom
Omljomh,
h, ^lojaeakç
^lojaeakçhh y saomln
saomlnhn4
hn4 _l hspmrh h qul eas lstunmhjtls pulnhj
a`tljlr y chvarlolr le pljshgmljta mjjavhnar y omljtçcmoa, lsta h trhvís nle usa hnlouhna
nl ehs blrrhgmljths ^MO.
*Oagprljsmÿj nle gujna saomhe, jhturhe y oueturhe4 Carthelolr eh oagprljsmÿj nl ehs
èrlhss bughjç
èrlh bughjçstm
stmohs,
ohs, bmstÿr
bmstÿrmoh
mohs,
s, saomhel
saomhels,
s, hg`
hg`mlj
mljthe
thels
ls y klakrècm
klakrècmohs
ohs nle lstunm
lstunmhjt
hjtll y
chvarlolr eh oajstruoomÿj nl sus oajaomgmljtas crljtl he gujna saomhe, jhturhe y oueturhe.
 

*Oarparlmnhn4 Vragavlr lsphomas phrh qul le lstunmhjtl oagprljnh qul le oulrpa ls uj

mjtlrglnmhrma nl eas oajaomgmljtas, lstl ls najnl qulnh ghrohna eas praolsas lstítmoas
najnl qulnh rlceldhna eh ohphomnhn nle mjnmvmnua nl hnhpthrsl h eh saomlnhn ohg`mhjtl.
*^rh`hda lj lqumpa-oaeh`arhtmva4 Oajslkumr qul eas lnuohjnas nlshrraeelj eh ohphomnhn
nl trh`hdhr lj lqumpa
lqumpa,, nl mjtljsmcmohr
mjtljsmcmohr ehs pasturhs
pasturhs nl emnlrhzka,
emnlrhzka, oagujmohomÿj
oagujmohomÿj hslrtmvh
hslrtmvh y eh
oaeh`arhomÿj lj `ôsqulnh nle `mlj oagôj.
*Oagprljsmÿj nle gujna h trhvís nl eas eljkuhdls (eljkuh lxtrhjdlrh y eas eljkuhdls
prapmas nl eh omljomh y eh tlojaea
tlojaeakçh)4
kçh)4 Hgpemcmohr eas oajaomgmljtas y ehs oagprljsmajls
crljtl he gujna y eh saomlnhn h trhvís nle nlshrraeea y prapmlnhn nl nmclrljtls eljkuhdls.
Atra nltheel mgparthjtl nle VLM nle OAELKMA MJ_^M^\^A ^ÍOJMOA NM_^PM^HE
D\EMA CEßPLT, ls su ljcaqul bhomh ea bughjçstmoa, ―oajstmtuyl ujh eçjlh nl trh`hda le
carthelomgm
carthelomgmljta
ljta nl eas pmehrls pehjtlh
pehjtlhnas
nas par eh \JL_OA4 Hprljnlr h oajaolr, hprljnlr h
bholr, hprljnlr h oajvmvmr y hprljnlr h slr, mjsugas qul sl oajorlthj lj le hprljnlr h
lgprljnlr prapma nl eh carghomÿj tíojmoh nle oaelkma.‗ OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT, 0682.
Vlrcme nle lstunmhjtl y nle naoljtl lj le OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT
Le lstunmhjtl4 He oajsmnlrhrsl uj eçnlr trhjscarghnar qul sl nmstmjkul par slr uj mjnmvmnua
qul hotôh oaj rlsplta, oaga uj omunhnhja rlspajsh`el, rlsmemljtl y hutÿjaga.
Le naoljtl4
naoljtl4 Armljth bhomh le emnlrhzka, eh lxprlsmÿj nl mnlhs y eh oagujmohomÿj hslrtmvh9
 pasll oagpltljomhs nl trh`hda lj lqumpa y hsç pragavlr mjmomhtmvhs y hotmvmnhnls nl
cagljthomÿj nl trh`hda oaeh`arhtmva9 ls ohphz nl cagljthr eh saeuomÿj nl oajcemotas nl
cargh phoçcmoh y prapmomhr eh oajvmvljomh shjh, thjta lj le oaelkma oaga lj eh saomlnhn.
Eas prapÿsmtas nle naoljtl4
Naol
Naoljtl
jtlss nl Vr
Vrll
llsoa
soaeh
ehr,
r, rlsp
rlspajnl
ajnl he praolsa
praolsa nl ljsløhjz
ljsløhjzh-hp
h-hprlj
rljnmz
nmzhdl
hdl99 carthel
carthelol
ol le
nlshrraeea nl eh oajcmhjzh y slkurmnhn, y nl lsth ghjlrh carthelolr eas èg`mtas nl mnljtmnhn,
eljkuhdl, eh sljsagatrmomnhn, le pljshgmljta oagpelta y eh rlprlsljthomÿj smg`ÿemoh.
Naol
Naoljtl
jtlss nl Vr
Vrmg
mghrm
hrmh,
h, hp
hpart
arthre
hrels
ls h ea
eass jul
julva
vass om
omgm
gmljt
ljtas
as nl hp
hprlj
rljnm
nmzhd
zhdll na
najn
jnll sl
nlshrraeel eas praolsas nl ljsløhjzh-hprljnmzhdl4 carghr jmøas y jmøhs nl cargh mjtlkrhe
najnl hprljnhj h ljehzhr sus oajaomgmljtas lnuohtmvas oaj le sh`lr, le sh`lr bholr y le
sh`lr vmvmr y oajvmvmr, oaj le a`dltmva qul le praolsa nl prllsoaehr y prmghrmh pulnhj
 

hrtm
hrtmou
oueh
ehrs
rsll oaj
oaj le om
omoe
oeaa nl slou
sloujn
jnhr
hrmh
mh99 ho
hoag
agph
phøh
øhrr ea
eass nm
nmvl
vlrs
rsas
as nl
nlsh
shrr
rrae
aeea
eass qu
qull
lxplrmgljthrèj eas jmøas y jmøhs, lstas saj4 le nlshrraeea garhe, mjtlelotuhe, lgaomajhe,
saomhe y hclotmva.
Naol
Na oljtl
jtlss nl @è@èsm
smoh
oh _l
_louj
oujnhr
nhrmh
mh y Glnm
Glnmh,
h, nl`l rlspajnlr he hoagphøhgmljta nl eh
cargh
carghom
omÿj
ÿj oag
oagpe
pelt
lthh y le nl ea
eass pra
praol
olsa
sass nl lj
ljslø
sløhjz
hjzh-h
h-hprl
prljn
jnmz
mzhd
hdl,
l, lj ta
tarja
rja h eh
mjoarparhomÿj ehtljtl nl oajaomgmljtas nmsompemjhrls9 hparthrel he nlshrraeea nl bh`memnhnls
nl trh`hda hutÿjaga y oaeh`arhtmva9 eh carghomÿj lj ítmoh y vhearls, hnlgès nle nlshrraeea
nl oagpltljomhs omunhnhjhs.
\jh nl ehs nlcmom
nlcmomljomhs
ljomhs ljoajt
ljoajtrhnhs
rhnhs lj le VLM ls eh hnlouhomÿ
hnlouhomÿjj nl mjcrhlstruot
mjcrhlstruoturh,
urh, oaga sl
gljomajh hjtlrmargljtl eh mjstmtuomÿj `usoh eh mjoeusmÿj h ehs nmvlrsmnhnls, plra sus
mjsthehomajls ja ouljthj oaj hnlouhomajls qul rlspajnhj h lstl tmpa nl jlolsmnhnls,
mjougpemljna nl hekujh cargh uja nl sus prapÿsmtas u a`dltmvas.
Atra pujta phrh rlshethr ls su ljcaqul oajstruotmvmsth saomhe najnl sl prltljnl praparomajhr 
uj slrv
slrvmom
momaa lnuo
lnuohtm
htmva
va nl ohe
ohemnh
mnhn,
n, patljo
patljomhe
mhemzh
mzhjna
jna lj eas lnu
lnuohjn
ohjnas
as eh ohphomn
ohphomnhn
hn nle
 pljshgmljta orçtmoa, eelvèjnaea h hotuhr nl cargh hutÿjagh y oaj rlspajsh`memnhn saomhe,
hpartèjnael h eh trhjscarghomÿj nl eh saomlnhn y nl su rlhemnhn. Eh mjstmtuomÿj ljtmljnl qul
eas hprljnmzhdls saj oajstrumnas lj uj praolsa nl mjtlrhoomÿj hotmvh ljtrl le mjnmvmnua y su
ljtarja. Eh mjstmtuomÿj `hsh su praolsa lnuohtmva lj eh a`tljomÿj nl oagpltljomhs4
*Oagpltljomhs lsljomhels trhjsvlrshels
  Emjkõç
Emjkõçstmoa-o
stmoa-oagujmohtmvhs4 sl `usoh qul le lnuohjna ljouljtrl le rloajaomgmljta nle
agujmohtmvhs4
eljkuhdl oaga ujh nl ehs ohphomnhnls qul bh ghrohna le oursa lvaeutmva nle slr bughja,
najnl pulnl mjtlrprlthr y oajstrumr julvhs oajolpomajls nl eh rlhemnhn.
Eÿkmoa-Ghtlg
Eÿkmoa-Ghtlgètmohs4
ètmohs4 nmjhgmzhr le pljshgmljta ghtlgètmoa par su mgparthjomh lj eh
saomlnhn y lj eas nmvlrsas hsplotas, oaga4 ehs hrtls peèstmohs, eh hrqumtloturh, eh mjkljmlrçh,
eh loajagçh, lto.
_aom
_aomhe
hels
ls44 Oa
Oagp
gprlj
rljnl
nlrr eh mg
mgpa
part
rthj
hjom
omhh nl eh hn
hnqu
qums
msmo
momÿ
mÿjj nl oa
oajo
jolpt
lptas
as `è
`èsm
smoa
oass sa`rl
sa`rl
ohrhotlrls
ohrhotlrls nl ehs omljomh
omljomhss bughjhs, najnl sl cagljt
cagljtlj
lj lsphomas phrh eh oagprljsmÿj
oagprljsmÿj nl eh
rlhemnhn, pra`elgètmohs saomhels, nlrlobas bughjas.
 

Omljtç
Omljtçcmo
cmoa-tl
a-tloja
ojaeÿk
eÿkmoh
mohs4
s4 sl lj
ljou
oulj
ljtr
trhh plrt
plrtmj
mjlj
ljtl
tl le nl
nlsh
shrr
rrae
aeea
ea nl oh
ohph
phom
omnh
nhnl
nlss nl
oagprljsmÿj nl eh rlhemnhn, najnl le lstunmhjtl sl holrohrè h praolsas nl mjnhkhomÿj l
mjvlstmkhomÿj.
Hrtçstmohs y gatrmols4 sl lvmnljomh uj nlshrraeea lj ehs ohphomnhnls y bh`memnhnls cçsmohs y
hrtçst
hrtçstmoh
mohss qul el chva
chvarlol
rlolrèj
rèj lj le oag
oagpart
parthgm
hgmljt
ljtaa gatar
gatar nle lstunm
lstunmhjt
hjtll h trh
trhvís
vís nl
 prèotmohs, hotmvmnhnls qul el hpartlj he `mljlsthr mjnmvmnuhe y saomhe.
sa omhe.
^h`eh 0
 Le pehj nl lstunmas phrh eh lnuohomÿj prllsoaehr y `èsmoh prmghrmh

 Jath. Plouplrhna nl4 OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT, VLM, 0682.

 

^h`eh ?
 Vehj nl lstunmas phrh eh `èsmoh sloujnhrmh y glnmh

 Jath. Plouplrhna nl4 OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT, VLM, 0682.

Eh vhearhomÿj lgprljnl nlsnl le 8.6 he ?.> oarrlspajnl h uj nlslgpløa `hda, nlsnl le ?.<
he ?.= oarrlspajnl h uj nlslgpløa `èsmoa, nlsnl le >.6 he >.< oarrlspajnl h uj nlslgpløa
heta y nle >.3 he <.6 oarrlspajnl h uj nlslgpløa suplrmar.
Lj oajoeusmÿj, panlgas hcmrghr qul eh mjstmtuomÿj ouljth oaj praolsas, praylotas qul el
hparthj h eas lstunmhjtls eas lsphomas phrh qul oajstruyhj sus oajolpomajls nl hprljnmzhdl9
hnlgès qul he pasllr nmvlrshs lstrhtlkmhs phrh qul le lnuohjna surdh y sl nlshrraeel nl ujh
cargh mjtlkrhe, hnlgès nl carghrsl phrh eh trhjscarghomÿj nl eh saomlnhn nlsnl uj hsplota
nmclrljtl he nle atra.
 

Rmgljh Dhrh`h
HJHEM_M_ VPA]LO^A LN\OH^MSA MJ_^M^\OMAJHE (VLM) NL EH L_O\LEH
VHPH EH CAPGHOMAJ NL HP^M_^H_ MJ^LKPA_ (LCHM)
Lj le smku
smkuml
mljt
jtll tr
trh`h
h`hda
da,, sl hjhem
hjhemzhr
zhrèè uj pr
prayl
aylot
otaa ln
lnuo
uoht
htmv
mvaa mj
mjst
stmt
mtuom
uomaj
ajhe
he VLM
VLM nl eh
mjstmtuomÿj nl lnuohomÿj phrh le trh`hda y le nlshrraeea bughja nl Eh Lsouleh phrh eh
carghomÿj nl hrtmsths çjtlkras LCHM. Oh`l hoehrhr, qul sl vh h tljlr lj ouljth nl cargh
kljlrhe.
Vhrh oagljzhr,
oagljzhr, eas cmjls y a`dltmvas nle VLM sl lvmnlj
lvmnljomhj
omhj oaga ujh mjstmtuom
mjstmtuomÿj
ÿj qul he slr 
 phrtmomphjtl nl eh lnuohomÿj phrh le trh`hda y le nlshrraeea bughja sl bh pehjtlhna nas
a`dltm
a`dltmvas
vas cujn
cujnhgl
hgljth
jthels,
els, le prmglr
prmglraa ls pragavlr
pragavlr eh carghom
carghomÿj
ÿj y prho
prhotmo
tmohh glnmhj
glnmhjtl
tl
nlshrraeea nl praolsas nl hprljnmzhdls lj oajaomgmljtas tíojmoas y bh`memnhnls nlsnl le
èg`mta hrtçstmoa phrh eakrhr ehs oagpltljomhs eh`arhels hotuhels y slkujna, ls oajtrm`umr he
 praolsa nl carghomÿj mjtlkrhe oaga slrls saomhels, glnmhjtl eas prakrhghs celxm`els y
oablrljtls nl ohnh lstunmhjtl lj su phrtmomphomÿj y arkhjmzhomÿj. Var atra ehna, le pmehr 
cujnhgljthe nl eh mjstmtuomÿj ls oajtrm`umr he praolsa nl carghomÿj mjtlkrhe nle theljta
bughja lj eas hsplotas qul sl rmklj lj ehs saomlnhnls y oueturhs, oajcargl oaj le oajtlxta
nl ohnh plrsajh.
Nl hou
houlrna
lrna oaj ea hjtlrm
hjtlrmar,
ar, le praylot
praylotaa lnuoht
lnuohtmva
mva mjstmt
mjstmtuom
uomajhe
ajhe sl cujnhgl
cujnhgljth
jth lj eh
 phrtmomphomÿj nl tanh eh oagujmnhn lnuohtmvh par glnmas oaga slr ujh mjstmtuomÿj nl
slrvm
slrvmom
omaa pô`
pô`em
emoa,
oa, tr
trhj
hjsca
scarg
rghr
hrsl
sl lj hk
hkljt
ljtls
ls hot
hotmv
mvas
as ph
phrh
rh slr pranu
pranuot
otar
ar nl julvh
julvhss
oajolptuhemzhomajls tlÿrmohs y prèotmohs y eh mjtlrrlehomÿj ljtrl le èg`mta lnuohtmva y tanas
sus oagpaj
oagpajljtls
ljtls oaga naoljt
naoljtls,
ls, hngmjmstrhtm
hngmjmstrhtmvas,
vas, oagujm
oagujmnhn
nhn y le èg`mta saomaloajÿgmo
saomaloajÿgmoaa
y ouet
ouetur
urhe
he nl qu
quml
mljj sl hp
hprap
rapml
ml oaj lstl
lstl prayl
praylot
otaa ln
lnuo
uoht
htmv
mva.
a. Lst
Lsthh ph
phrt
rtmo
momp
mphom
homÿj
ÿj sl
cujnhgljth lj oagpltljomhs `èsmohs, omunhnhjhs y eh`arhels, ehs ouhels vhj mjtlkrhnhs ja
saea h ohrhotlrmzhr h eas lstunmhjtls y sus omroujsthjomhs smja h eakrhr uj praolsa nl
gldarhgmljta oajtmjua y rlprlsljthnhs lj ohemnhn lnuohtmvh.

Eas cujnhgljtas cmeasÿcmoas

cmeasÿcmoas qul sl rlceldhj lj le naougljta saj, oajsaemnhr eh hutajagçh
hutajagçh
lstunmhjtme phrh kljlrhr hetlrjhtmvhs nl oajaomgmljta, pljshgmljta y saeuomÿj h eas rltas nl
 

ehs julvhs kljlrhomajls. Nlsnl eas cujnhgljtas plnhkÿkmoas tmljl oaga a`dltmva armljthr 
nlsnl eh hohnlgmh ehs oagpltljomhs nl eh oagujmnhn par glnma nl eas prakrhghs nl
carghomÿj qul acrlol eh mjstmtuomÿj, y eakrhr ujh mjoeusmÿj saomhe h jmvle eaohe y jhomajhe,
hnlgès nl prapmomhr le hg`mljtl lnuohtmva nlsnl le rlsplta oajtlgpehjna eas nlrlobas
bughjas y eh suplrhomÿj mjnmvmnuhe y oaelotmva.
Le praylota ourrmouehr mjstmtuomajhe
mjstmtuomajhe (VOM), sl nlshrra
nlshrraeeh
eeh lj nmclrljtls
nmclrljtls jmvlels nl carghomÿj
carghomÿj
qul sl hoolnlj par ouhtra prakrhghs, le prmglra ls le prakrhgh phrh eh vmvljomh y eh
carghomÿj nl ehs nhjzhs rlkmajhels nl Oaeag`mh, eh ouhe lstè ljcaohnh lj eh sljsm`memzhomÿj
nl nhjzhs trhnmomajhels y su mjtlkrhomÿj oaj ehs huehs nl oehsl. _lkujna le prakrhgh phrh eh
carghomÿj gusmohe, bmjohna lj ujh lstmguehomÿj mjjavhnarh phrh le praolsa mjtlkrhe nlsnl
tanas eas lelgljtas qul oagpajlj lstl hrtl, tlrolra, le prakrhgh phrh eh prèotmoh y
carghomÿj
carghomÿj nl hrtls peèstmoh
peèstmohs,
s, qumlj prltljnl pracujnmz
pracujnmzhr
hr lj blrrhgmljths
blrrhgmljths y tíojmohs
tíojmohs najnl
ehs rlprlsljthomajls sl hprapmlj nlsnl qumlj ehs oajstruyl bhomh qumljls vhj nmrmkmnhs. Var 
ôetmga, le prakrhgh phrh eh prèotmoh y carghomÿj nle naoljtl phrh le tlhtra mjchjtme, qul
 `usoh mgpueshr nlsnl le èg`mta hohnígmoa nl eh lnuohomÿj glnmh `èsmoh, carthelolr le
nlshrr
nlshrrae
aeea
ea oarpa
oarparhe
rhe cu
cujnh
jnhgl
gljt
jthe
he lj ea
eass jm
jmøas
øas y jm
jmøh
øhs,
s, hn
hnlg
lgès
ès nl oa
oajsm
jsmnlr
nlrhrs
hrsll ujh
hetlrjhtmvh nl em`lrthn nl lxprlsmÿj y prmgmomh nmnèotmoh.
Hsçç gm
Hs gmsga
sga,, le our
ourrç
rçou
ouea
ea oajtl
oajtlgp
gpeh
eh uj pe
pehj
hj nl lstun
lstunma
mass qul sl lstruo
lstruotu
turh
rh nls
nlsnl
nl le
slkumgmljta nl carghomÿj, qul lstè nmsløhna phrh ujh lvheuhomÿj hohnígmoh, ls nlomr,
lsth`elo
lsth`e lolr
lr eas
eas ea
eakra
krass nl eh mjmjtl
tlrrl
rrleh
ehom
omÿj
ÿj nl
nlee naolj
naoljtl
tl y le lstun
lstunmh
mhjt
jtl9
l9 eh lv
lvhe
heuho
uhomÿ
mÿjj
mjstmtuomajhe hjuhe eh ouhe oajsmstl lj hcmhjzhr gldarhs y patljomhemnhnls lj pra nle ohg`ma
oajsthjtl y aptmgmzhomÿj nl eas praolsas9 par ôetmga, lvheuhomÿj nle plrsajhe naoljtl, qul
rlceldh le nlslgpløa slglstrhe nl oagpltljomhs plnhkÿkmohs y lvheuhomÿj nl lsths. _mj
lg`hrka, lj le VLM ja sl gljomajhj praylotas trhjsvlrshels.
Lj oajslouljomh, sl nh h ljtljnlr qul sl nmspajnrè nl ujh celxm`memnhn ourrmouehr yh qul
oajtlgpeh le oajsthjtl hprljnmzhdl y trhjscarghomÿj nl eas prakrhghs oaj le cmj nl
carthelolr ehs oagpltljomhs, mjjavhomajls y orlhtmvmnhnls oaga mjstrugljtas nle nlshrraeea

mjtlkra plrsajhe y saomhe nle heugjhna y eh hohnlgmh.

 

Var atra ehna, eas hsplotas oaeh`arhtmvas y phrtmomphtmvas nl eh oagujmnhn lnuohtmvh sl

lgpelhj lj le oagpajljtl arkhjmzhomajhe nl eh mjstmtuomÿj, le slkumgmljta nl lkrlshnas
 phrh nhr chotm`memnhn
c hotm`memnhn y lvmnljomh nl ehs prèotmohs nl eas oajaomgmljtas hprljnmnas nljtra nl
eh mjstmtuomÿj oaga uj lelgljta phrh eh celxm`memnhn ourrmouehr lj uj cutura. ^hg`míj eh
vmjouehomÿj lj le slotar pranuotmva oaj nmclrljtls houlrnas y oajvljmas.
Nlsnl eh plrsplotmvh su`dltmvh, eas lelgljtas ourrmouehrls sm saj chomemthnarls nle nlshrraeea
bughja y saomhe, yh qul le VLM lstè nmsløhna lj cujomÿj nl eakrhr hkljtls trhjscarghomajls
nl Oaeag`mh qul lstè lj `usoh nl ujh saomlnhn mjtlkrhnarh nl shjh oajvmvljomh y phz. Eas
lelgljtas a`sthouemzhnarls, sl panrçhj rlceldhr lj ja slr lsploçcmoas phrh ujas prapÿsmtas
hgpemas oaga eas pragulvlj lj eh gmsmÿj, vmsmÿj, cmeasacçh y a`dltmvas nl eh prapulsth
 plnhkÿkmoh.
Var leea, orla qul el bhol cheth he VLM, nhr hgpemtun h eas prakrhghs ourrmouehrls, hnlgès nl
oehrmcmohr ehs lstrhtlkmhs qul sl ghjldhj lj eh prapulsth nl klstmÿj y ehs lvheuhomajls
hjuhels phrh ljtljnlr eas mjnmohnarls nl ohrèotlr lstrhtíkmoa qul sl rlqumlrlj phrh uj
emjlhgmljta arkhjmzhna y gldar lstruoturhna. Ljtajols, sl prapajnrçh nlsljvaevlr oaj
nltheel eas prakrhghs ourrmouehrls nlsnl ohnh ujh nl ehs hsmkjhturhs prapulsths y eas
 praylotas trhjsvlrshels, qul par eh jhturhelzh nle VLM, sl ghjldhrçhj phrh hsç eakrhr ujh
glda
gldarr mjtl
mjtlrho
rhoom
omÿj,
ÿj, vm
vmsuh
suhem
emzh
zhom
omÿj
ÿj y ls
lstr
truot
uoturh
urhss oa
oaga
ga le el
eljku
jkuhd
hdll lj
ljtr
trll prakrh
prakrhgh
ghs,
s,
 phrtmomphomÿj y rhzajls nl gatmvhomÿj phrh mjoeusa rlhemzhr ujh na`el tmtuehomÿj, hnlgès nl
ougpemr oaj ehs glths guetmhjuhels nl eh mjstmtuomÿj.
Nl ho
houl
ulrn
rnaa oaj
oaj eh
ehss jlol
jlolsm
smnh
nhnl
nlss nl eh rlkm
rlkmÿj
ÿj a gm oa
oajt
jtlx
lxta
ta,, lx
lxms
mstl
tl uj
ujhh rh
rhzÿ
zÿjj nl
a`slrvhomÿj, hjèemsms, oagphrhomÿj l mjtlkrhomÿj h eh ghtrmz nle hg`mljtl lnuohtmva oaj ehs
jarghs tíojmohs lstruoturhnhs y, par ljnl, sl pulnl rlhemzhr ujh hprapmhomÿj y hnhpthomÿj
bhomh ujh lnuohomÿj mjjavhnarh y nmclrljtl oaj ujh mjoeusmÿj saomhe, tljmljna lj ouljth le
Nlshrraeea \jmvlrshe nle Hprljnmzhdl (N\H).
H gana nl oajoeusmÿj, le VLM pehjtlhna par eh Lsouleh phrh eh carghomÿj nl Hrtmsths
Çjtlkras (LCHM), ls mjjavhnar y rlpehjtlh guobhs carghs nl hprljnmzhdl lj eh lnuohomÿj

suplrmar, oh`l rlshethr qul eas rltas prapulstas saj nl krhj mgparthjomh, plra bhol cheth
 

 prlpajnlrhr pujtas arkhjmzhomajhels lsploçcmoas, eas ouhels pajlj lj prèotmoh y vlrnhnlra

ohg`ma lj eh gmsmÿj y vmsmÿj pehjtlhnhs.

Levms Shrkhs
VPA]LO^A LN\OH^MSA MJ_^M^\OMAJHE ‟ E. J. K. - @HPPHJOH@LPGLDH
Le Emola Julvh Kljlrhomÿj ls ujh mjstmtuomÿj lnuohtmvh ja acmomhe, nl vaohomÿj ohtÿemoh,
qul cujnhgljth su ganlea nl carghomÿj nlsnl ujh plrsplotmvh plnhkÿkmoh loeíotmoh,
bh`mljna oajstrumna su praylota lnuohtmva mjstmtuomajhe oaga ujh prapulsth loeíotmoh,
nmsløhnh herlnlnar nl uj jôoela oajstruotmvmsth, plra hnapthjna lelgljtas nl nmvlrsas
ganleas y rlclrljtls plnhkÿkmoas lxmtasas, thels oaga eh plnhkakçh oajolptuhe, le ganlea
nl mjtlemkljomhs gôetmpels, le nmsløa nl ourrçoueas trhjsvlrshels, eas nmsløas ujmvlrshels phrh
le hprljnmzhdl,
hprljnmzhdl, le ganlea nl lvheuh
lvheuhomÿj
omÿj `hshnh lj lvmnlj
lvmnljomhs,
omhs, eas ourrçoueas
ourrçoueas trhjsvlrshels,
trhjsvlrshels,
le hprljnmzhdl `hshna lj praylotas, ljtrl atras.

Le VLM nl eh mjstmtuomÿj bh smna oajstrumna oaj le lsculrza oajdujta nl tanas eas lsthgljtas
nl eh oagujmnhn lnuohtmvh9 hjuhegljtl ls rlvmshna y hotuhemzhna, nl ghjlrh qul sl ní
rlspulsth h ehs jlolsmnhnls nle oajtlxta mjstmtuomajhe h phrtmr nl ujh lvheuhomÿj plrghjljtl
nl eas rltas qul sl el pehjtlhj h eh mjstmtuomÿj lj glnma nl uj hg`mljtl eaohe, rlkmajhe y
kea`he smlgprl ohg`mhjtl. Le rlsuethna nl lshs rlvmsmajls ls ljvmhna h eh _lorlthrçh nl
Lnuohomÿj ohnh høa, nl ghjlrh qul sl ní cl nle oajsthjtl lsculrza par acrlolr ujh
 prapulsth lnuohtmvh mjjavhnarh y hnhpth`el
hn hpth`el nl houlrna oaj ehs omroujsthjomhs.

Vhrh eakrhr lsl praolsa nl oajsthjtl hnhpthom

hnhpthomÿj
ÿj h ehs jlolsmnhnls rlkmajhels
rlkmajhels y kea`hels,
kea`hels, le
Emola bh mgpelgljthna eh gltanaeakçh nl ―hjèemsms nl oajtlxta‗, h phrtmr nl eh ouhe sl
mnljtmcmoh le mgphota qul tmljl eh prapulsth lnuohtmvh y ehs pasm`els apartujmnhnls nl
glda
gldarh
rh qul
qul surkl
surkljj nl eh mg
mgpe
pelg
lglj
ljth
thom
omÿj
ÿj nl su ga
ganle
nleaa plnhk
plnhkÿkm
ÿkmoa
oa.. Eh om
omun
unhn
hn nl
@hrrhjoh`lrgldh ls ujh nl ehs eaohemnhnls mjtlrglnmhs nl Oaeag`mh oaj gldarls rlsuethnas
lj lvheuhomÿj par phrtl nle MOCL_, y lj leeh sl ljouljtrhj hekujhs nl ehs gldarls 866
mjstmtuomajls lnuohtmvhs nle phçs (ljtrl ehs qul sl ouljth le Emola), ea ouhe oajstmtuyl uj
rlta oajsthjtl, qul sl sugh he oagpragmsa saomhe qul tmljl eh mjstmtuomÿj y qul sl vl
 

rlceldhna
rlceldhna lj ehs `lohs phromhels y huxme
huxmemas
mas lnuohtmvas qul acrlol, nhjna apartujmnhn
apartujmnhn h gès
 plrsajhs nl hoolnlr h ujh
u jh heth ohemnhn lnuohtmvh qul, nl atra gana, ja panrçhj a`tljlr.

Le VLM nl eh mjstmtuomÿj ls guy oagpelta, lxolnmljna eas rlqulrmgmljtas jarghtmvas phrh eh

oajstruoomÿj nl lstl naougljta ghtrmz, plra sl trhth nl uj a`dlta nl oajaomgmljta qul
 pulnl slr smlgprl plrclotm`el, rhzÿj par eh ouhe le lqumpa nmrlotmva nl eh mjstmtuomÿj tmljl
nljtra nl su rae gmsma
gmsmajhe
jhe eh mnljtmcmoho
mnljtmcmohomÿj
mÿj plrghjljtl nl ehs apartujmn
apartujmnhnls
hnls nl gldarh.
gldarh. Lj
lstl gagljta, ujh jlolsmnhn mgparthjtl qul nl`l slr supemnh lj le VLM ls eh gldarh lj le
rlta qul supajl eh lnuohomÿj lj gagljtas nl phjnlgmh, najnl sl nl`l slkumr khrhjtmzhjna
eh gldar ohemnhn lnuohtmvh, oaj ehs nmcmouethnls prapmhs nl hoolsa, mjtlrhoomÿj y husljomh nl
lsphomas phrh le hprljnmzhdl oaeh`arhtmva qul supajl le oajcmjhgmljta.

Lj gm apmjmÿj, ls mgprlsomjnm`el qul le oaelkma gmkrl bhomh uj ganlea nl lnuohomÿj gmxta

(`eljnln), qul oag`mjl eh prlsljomhemnhn y eh vmrtuhemnhn, tljmljna lj ouljth qul ea gès
 pra`h`el ls qul le rlkrlsa h oehsls ouhjna le oajcmjhgmljta phsl, vh h tljlr ujh krhj
ohjtm
ohjtmnhn
nhn nl emgm
emgmth
thom
omajl
ajlss nl lsp
lspho
homa
ma y hk
hkea
eagl
glrho
rhomÿ
mÿj,
j, pa
parr ea ou
ouhe
he sl nl
nl`lj
`lj or
orlh
lhrr eh
ehss
oajnmomajls phrh qul eas lstunmhjtls pulnhj taghr phrtl nl su carghomÿj lj ehs huehs y atrh
 phrtl nl ghjlrh hutÿjagh nlsnl eh vmrtuhemnhn.

Eh oagujmnhn lnuohtmvh nle Emola bh lsth`elomna eas smkumljtls cmjls mjstmtuomajhels (Emola
 Julvh Kljlrhomÿj, 0606)4

 Carthelomgmljta nl ujh oajsomljomh mjoeusmvh.

 Nlshrraeea nl eh ohphomnhn phrh hotuhr nljtra nl krupas bltlrakíjlas.
 Carthelomgmljta nl eh ohphomnhn nl hnhpthrsl he ohg`ma.
 Le nlshrraeea nl eh oagpltljomh oagujmohtmvh.
 Nlshrraeehr eh ohphomnhn nl pljshr par sç gmsga.
 Nlshrraeea nl ehs oagpltljomhs jlolshrmhs phrh oajvlrtmrsl lj uj omunhnhja nmkmthe.
 Cagljthr eh mjvlstmkhomÿj oaga glnma phrh le nlshrraeea nl eh orlhtmvmnhn y eh

mjjavhomÿj.
 

 Kljlrhr oagpragmsa oaj eh oajslrvhomÿj, pratloomÿj y gldarhgmljta nle glnma

hg`mljtl.
 Nlshrraeehr eh bh`memnhn phrh klstmajhr le oajaomgmljta.
 Carthelolr eh mnljtmnhn y ouetmvhr le nlshrraeea nle slr.
 Nlshrraeea nl eh nmgljsmÿj oakjmtmvh.
 Cagljta nl ujh oueturh nle lgprljnmgmljta.
 Vragaomÿj nle trh`hda oaaplrhtmva.
 Eh carghomÿj lj le rlsplta h eh vmnh y eas nlgès nlrlobas bughjas.
 Carthelomgmljta nl eh nmgljsmÿj lspmrmtuhe.
Vhrhh le oug
Vhr ougpe
pemg
mgml
mljt
jtaa nl ea
eass cm
cmjls
jls,, sl bh
bhjj lsth`e
lsth`elo
lomn
mnaa 86 pm
pmeh
ehrls
rls lp
lpms
mstl
tlga
gaeÿ
eÿkm
kmoa
oas,
s,
nlajtaeÿkmoas y bughjas (plnhkÿkmoas, cmeasÿcmoas, saoma- hjtrapaeÿkmoas y psmoaeÿkmoas).

 Lnuohomÿj phrh tanh eh vmnh (eajk-emcl elhrjmjk.

 Oajlxmÿj oaj eh rlhemnhn y ehs jlolsmnhnls nle oajtlxta.
 Vhrtmomphomÿj omunhnhjh y nlgaorhomh.
 Oagujmohomÿj hslrtmvh.
 Lnuohomÿj plrsajhemzhnh y plrsajhemzhjtl.
 Nmèeaka ljtrl ea eaohe y ea kea`he y oumnhna nl eh ohsh oagôj (le gujna).
 \sa nl eh tlojaeakçh lj saeuomÿj nl pra`elghs y le gldarhgmljta nl eh ohemnhn nl
vmnh.
 Ouetmvhr le nlshrraeea nle slr.
 Oueturh nle emnlrhzka y nle lgprljnmgmljta oaj rlspajsh`memnhn saomhe.
 Lstçguea h eh orlhtmvmnhn.
Le VLM nle Emola lstè oajstrumna pljshjna lj eh mjnmvmnuhemnhn nl eas lstunmhjtls. \jh nl
ehs prlgmshs cujnhgljthels ls qul eh lnuohomÿj nl`l slr plrsajhemzhnh, plra ja nlsnl eh
vmsmÿj oagôj qul oajsmnlrh lstl ganlea oaga ―uj naoljtl par uj lstunmhjtl‗, ea ouhe lj eh
 prèotmoh ls mgpasm`el, smja oaga uj ganlea lj le qul eas naoljtls oajaolj h ohnh
lstunmhjtl
lstunmhjtl nlsnl su mjnmv
mjnmvmnuhe
mnuhemnhn
mnhn y, h phrtmr
phrtmr nl heeç, ea hoagphøh lj eh oajstruoomÿj
oajstruoomÿj nl su
 

 prapma praolsa
pra olsa nl hprljnmzhdl. Hs
Hsçç gmsga, eh mjstmtuomÿj `usoh rlspajnlr h ehs jlolsmnhnls
nle glnma, `usohjna carghr h ehs plrsajhs lj bh`memnhnls, oajaomgmljtas, hotmtunls y
vhearls qul els slhj nl utmemnhn phrh nlsljvaevlrsl pranuotmvhgljtl lj su glnma y slr 
omunhnhjas qul hpartl nl ghjlrh pasmtmvh h su oagujmnhn. Lj eh `ôsqulnh nl lsth glth, bh
smna cujnhgljthe le mjoeumr oaga rlclrljtls eh lnuohomÿj plrsajhemzhnh mkjhomhjh y eas
nmsløas ujmvlrshels phrh le hprljnmzhdl.

Eh phrtmomphomÿj nl eas nmclrljtls lsthgljtas nl eh oagujmnhn lstunmhjtme sl nh lj tanas eas

èg`mtas mjstmtuomajhels. ^anas phrtmomphj lj eh leh`arhomÿj y oajstruoomÿj nl eas rlclrljtls
mjstmtuomajhels, thels oaga le VLM, le Ghjuhe nl Oajvmvljomh, le _mstlgh Mjstmtuomajhe nl
Lvheuhomÿj nl eas Lstunmhjtls, eh Vlrsplotmvh Vlnhkÿkmoh, le Vehj nl Lstunmas, lto.

Oaga praylotas trhjsvlrshels, sl bhj oajsaemnhna nas, herlnlnar nl eas ouhels kmrhj ehs
nlgès mjmomhtmvhs
mjmomhtmvhs mjstmtuoma
mjstmtuomajhels.
jhels. Lj le Vraylot
Vraylotaa nl Vhrtmomphom
Vhrtmomphomÿj
ÿj _aomhe y Nlgaorhomh,
Nlgaorhomh, eh
oagujmnhn hparth lj eh oajsaemnhomÿj nle ka`mlrja lsoaehr y, h phrtmr nl heeç, sl ljohuzhj
eas lsculrzas qul plrgmthj kljlrhr ohgphøhs nl heta mgphota saomhe y oagujmthrma, ja saea
he mjtlrmar nle Emola, smja oaga phrtl nl eh prayloomÿj bhomh eh oagujmnhn, lsplomhegljtl
lj slotarls oaj krhjnls jlolsmnhnls mjshtmsclobhs. Lj le Vraylota Lsoaehr Hg`mljthe, eh
oagujmnhn
oagujmnhn lnuohtmvh pragulvl y oajoml
oajomljomh
jomh h tanas sus gmlg`ras holroh nl eh mgplrmash
mgplrmash
jlolsmnhn nl lgprljnlr hoomajls plquløhs y krhjnls, mjnmvmnuhels y oaelotmvhs, qul jas

 plrgmthj lvmthr y gmtmkhr le mgphota nl julstrhs hotmvmnhnls bughjhs lj le ljtarja. H

trhvís nl lstas nas praylotas, eas lstunmhjtls nle Emola saj carghnas oaga mjnmvmnuas
saomhe y hg`mljthegljtl rlspajsh`els.

Le ourrçouea lstè nmsløhna oaj `hsl lj ehs èrlhs `èsmohs nlcmjmnhs par eh jarghtmvmnhn, h
sh`lr4

ÈPLH_ H_MKJH^\PH_ KPHNA_

Omljomhs Jhturhels y Lnuohomÿj Hg`mljthe Omljomhs Jhturhels 8¶ h <¶

@maeakçh 3¶ h =¶
 

Ghttlr & Ljlrky 3¶ h ;¶

Cçsmoh 2¶ h 88¶

Xuçgmoh 2¶ h 88¶

Omljomhs _aomhels 8¶ h =¶
Omljomhs _aomhels
Oagpltljomhs Omunhnhjhs 86¶ h 88¶

Lnuohomÿj Cmjhjomlrh 3¶ h =¶
Loajagçh y Lnuohomÿj Cmjhjomlrh
Loajagçh 86¶ y 88¶

@leehs Hrtls - Veèstmoh 8¶ h 88¶

Lnuohomÿj Hrtçstmoh
Gôsmoh 8¶ h ;¶

Lnuohomÿj Ítmoh y lj Shearls Bughjas Ítmoh y Garhe Ormstmhjh 8¶ h 88¶

Lnuohomÿj Cçsmoh 8¶ h 88¶

Lnuohomÿj Cçsmoh Plorlhomÿj y Nlpartls Nlshrraeea Gatrmz y Oarparhe 8¶ h ?¶

Vhtmjhdl 8¶ h ?¶

Bughjmnhnls Eljkuh Ohstleehjh 8¶ h 88¶

Ghtlgètmohs Ghtlgètmohs 8¶ h 88¶

^lojaeakçh l Mjcargètmoh 8¶ h 88¶

^lojaeakçh l Mjcargètmoh
OHN =¶ h 88¶

Cmeasacçh Cmeasacçh =¶ h 88¶

Mjkeís 8¶ h 88¶
^rhmjmjk _imees ?¶ h 88¶

Mnmagh Lxtrhjdlra _omljol 8¶ h 0¶

Kea`he Oueturl 8¶ h 0¶
Crhjoís 86¶ h 88¶

Mjvlstmkhomÿj Mjvlstmkhomÿj 86¶ h 88¶

]mslt @aehøa
 

VLM MJ_^M^\OMAJ LN\OH^MSH L_O\LEH JAPGHE _\VLPMAP NLE @HDA OH\OH

OH\OH_MH HJ^MAX\MH

Lj eh Mjstmtuomÿj Lnuohtmvh Lsouleh Jarghe _uplrmar nle @hda Ohuoh u`mohnh ohrrlrh 06 J¶ 0-66
sa`rl eh ohrrltlrh ^rajohe nl Aoomnljtl bhomh le jartl (Ohuohsmh Hjtmaqumh) sl cujnhgljth
tlÿrmohgljt
tlÿrmohgljtll lj le VLM ―Carghjna-ja
―Carghjna-jass Ghlstras ouetas, pô`emoa y paeçtmoas
paeçtmoas phrh eh vmnh‗ nlcmjl
su prapulsth lnuohtmvh, oaga ujh mjstmtuomÿj carghnarh nl ghlstras eh ouhe trh`hdh par le
 `mljlsthr lnuohtmva nl ghjlrh oajdujth oaj ehs nmrlotmvhs hohnígmohs, hngmjmstrhtmvh y nl
oagujm
oag ujmnhn
nhn lj ouh
ouhjta
jta h eh mgp
mgpelg
elgljt
ljthom
homÿj
ÿj nl ujh ohemnh
ohemnhnn lnuohtm
lnuohtmvh.
vh. Le pra
praylot
ylotaa lnuohtm
lnuohtmva
va
mjst
mjstmt
mtuo
uoma
majhe
jhe,, sl nl
nltl
tlrg
rgmjh
mjh oa
oaga
ga eh rut
ruthh phr
phrhh le nmnmslø
sløa,
a, mg
mgpe
pelg
lglj
ljth
thom
omÿj
ÿj y lvlvhe
heuh
uhom
omÿj
ÿj nl
 prakrhghs, praylotas, hoomajls qul lgprljnl eh lsouleh jarghe phrh le l e gldarhgmljta nl eh aclrth
lnuohtm
lnuo htmvh,
vh, Oaj lsta jas gulstr
gulstrhh qul le sh`lr
sh`lr mjs
mjstmt
tmtuom
uomajh
ajhee sl cujnhgl
cujnhgljthjth lj eh carghom
carghomÿj
ÿj nl
ghlstras oaj ujh vmsmÿj gès plnhkÿkmoh, mjvlstmkhtmvh l mjjavhnarh.

Eh Mjstmtuomÿj Lnuohtmvh Lsouleh Jarghe _uplrmar nle @hda Ohuoh acrlol h tanas sus lstunmhjtls
ujh lnuohomÿj oagpelgljthrmh oagpragltmnh oaj eh carghomÿj nl ghlstras qul prhotmohj le
nlshrraeea nl praolsas nl carghomÿj plnhkÿkmoh l mjvlstmkhomÿj lnuohtmvh. Lsta qumlrl nlomr qul
eas lstunmhjtls nl eh Lsouleh Jarghe _uplrmar a`tmljlj le tçtuea nl @hobmeelr hohnígmoa oaj
íjchsms lj plnhkakçh, smljna hsç eas lstunmhjtls tanhvçh ja tmljlj le hvhe phrh nhr oehsl pulsta
qul nl`lj ourshr > slglstrls hnmomajhels phrh a`tljlr le tçtuea nl jarghemsth suplrmar. Eas
lstunmhjtls qul ja bhj lstunmhna gçjmghgljtl eh lnuohomÿj glnmh nl`lr ourshr < slglstrl phrh
a`tljlr le tçtuea nl Jarghemsth _uplrmar.

Le tçtuea qul atarkh eh Mjstmtuomÿj Lnuohtmvh nle @hda Ohuoh oaga Jarghemsth suplrmar ls uj
lqumvheljtl
lqumvh eljtl h uj tlojÿeaka. Var atrh phrtl, eh mjstmtuomÿj
mjstmtuomÿj tmljl oajvljmas
oajvljmas oaj lsoulehs hemhnhs lj
ehs ouhels eas lstunmhjtls rlhemzhj sus prèotmohs, sl bhj orlhna oajvljmas mjtlrmjstmtuomajhels oaj
ehs Lsoulehs Hemhnhs ur`hjhs y rurhels nle gujmompma lj prèotmoh plnhkÿkmoh rurhe y prllsoaehr 
rlhemzhnhs par lstunmhjtls nlsnl le prakrhgh nle 0¶ he <¶ slglstrl. Nlsnl eh prhotmoh plnhkÿkmoh
nl eas lstunmhjtls nljtra y culrh nl eh Mjstmtuomÿj sl prapajl orlhr lsphomas phrh lstmguehr eh
mjvl
mjvlst
stmk
mkhom
homÿj
ÿj y le nls nlshrr
hrrae
aeea
ea nl oaoagp
gpltltlj
ljom
omhs
hs pln
plnhk
hkÿkm
ÿkmoh
ohs,
s, oagujm
oagujmoh
ohtm
tmvhs
vhs y eheh`ar
`arhe
hels
ls
khrhjtmzèjnael h eh oagujmnhn eh pragaomÿj nl ghlstras mnÿjlas y oagpltljtls.

Nljtra nl eas praol

Nljtra praolsas
sas lnuo
lnuohtm
htmvas
vas mjst
mjstmt
mtuom
uomajhe
ajhels
ls thg`míj
thg`míj sl mgpelglj
mgpelgljth th eh lstrht
lstrhtlkm
lkmhh nl
lj
ljsl
sløh
øhjz
jzhh ,qul
,qul plrg
plrgmt
mtll qu
qull ea
eass ls
lstu
tunm
nmhj
hjtl
tlss oagp
oagprl
rljn
jnhj
hj ea
eass nm
nmcl
clrl
rljt
jtls
ls cl
cljÿ
jÿglglja
jass nl
oajthgmjhomÿj hg`mljthe phrtmljna nl uj rloajaomgmljta vmsuhe y oajolptuhe nl su ljtarja cçsmoa
y `maeÿkmoa, sl trhth nle VPHL (Vraylota Hg`mljthe Lsoaehr), uj praylota plnhkÿkmoa qul
 pragulvlj le hjèemsms y eh oagprljsmÿj nl eas pra`elghs y ehs patljomhemnhnls hg`mljthels
eaohels,
eaohels, rlkmajhe
rlkmajhels
ls y jhomaj
jhomajhels,
hels, y qul kljlrhj lsphomlsphomas
as nl phrtmomphomÿj
phrtmomphomÿj phrh mgpelgljthr 
mgpelgljthr 
saeuomajls hoarnls oaj ehs nmjègmohs jhturhels y saomaoueturhels.
 

^hg`míj sl trh`hdh oaj vmjouehomÿj nle slotar pranuotmva y/a lgprlshrmhe lj prèotmohs saomhels eas
ouhels carthelolj eh lnuohomÿj, h trhvís nle nlshrraeea nl hemhjzhs lstrhtíkmohs, le praolsa nl
hrtmouehomÿj l mgpelgljthjna oaj le slotar pranuotmva nl eh rlkmÿj .

Eh Mjoeusmÿj Lsoaehr

Le VLM nl eh LJ_@O lstè armljthna nlsnl uj ljcaqul nl lnuohomÿj mjoeusmvh, qul rloajaol he
lsthna oaga peurmítjmoh y peurmoueturhe, guetmoueturhe qul rloajaol h eh plrsajh lj su nmkjmnhn y
nlrlobas y sus nl`lrls. Eh mjstmtuomÿj htmljnl lstl oagpragmsa tljmljna lj ouljth eas prmjompmas
cujnh
cuj nhgl
gljt
jthe
hels
ls oaga
oaga44 MjMjtl
tlkr
krhe
hemn
mnhn,
hn, NmNmvl
vlrsm
rsmnhn
nhn,, Huta
Hutajag
jagçh
çh,, Vhrtm
Vhrtmom
omph
phom
omÿj
ÿj oa
oagu
gujm
jmth
thrm
rmh,
h,
Mjtlroueturhemnhn y celxm`memnhn phrh ljrmqulolr eh rlhemnhn saomhe gmljtrhs sl oajstruylj eas
 praolsas lnuohtmvas, Eh prakrlsmvmnhn oaga rlsuethna nl eh nmjègmoh nl oajsaemnhr le
oajaomgmljta, _aemnhrmnhn y lqumphrhomÿj nl apartujmnhnls phrh le carthelomgmljta ljtrl eas
krupas saomhels.

Nljtra nl eas Jôoelas nl _h`lrls Mjtlrnmsompemjhrls4 _l ljouljtrhj 

Carg
Carghohomÿ
mÿj
j Vlnhk
Vlnhkÿk
ÿkmo
moh-
h- Vlnhkak
Vlnhkakçh,
çh, Nmnèot
Nmnèotmoh,
moh, Vsmoaeakçh
Vsmoaeakçh,, Vrèotmoh
Vrèotmoh Mjmomhomÿj
Mjmomhomÿj lj le
oagpajljtl nl mjvlstmkhomÿj, Htljomÿj h eh Vrmglrh Mjchjomh y Lnuohomÿj mjoeusmvh.
 Omljomh y ^lojaeakçh- Ghtlgètmohs, Omljomhs Jhturhels y ^lojaeakçh l Mjcargètmoh ,
 Oagujmohomÿj y Oueturh- lsphøae l mjkeís.
 Ítmoa saomhe - Omljomhs _aomhels, Cmeasacçh, Ítmoh y Plemkmÿj.
 Eônmoa hrtçstmoa- Lnuohomÿj Cçsmoh, Lnuohomÿj Hrtçstmoh, Eônmoh Plorlhomÿj y Nlpartl.

Vlrcme nl eas nmrlotmvas naoljtls4

Ls uj klstar lj ehs hoomajls nl oajnmomajls gçjmghs y nl ohemnhn nl houlrna oaj eh htljomÿj

mjoeusmvh nl eh mjstmtuomÿj lnuohtmvh, hsç gmsga rlnmrloomajh lstrhtíkmohgljtl le gldarhgmljta eh
ouetur
oueturh,
h, ehs pae
paeçt
çtmoh
mohss y ehs prèo
prèotmo
tmohs
hs pln
plnhkÿk
hkÿkmoh
mohss mjvlst
mjvlstmkh
mkhtmv
tmvhs
hs nl eh Mjstmtu
Mjstmtuomÿ
omÿjj Lnuoht
Lnuohtmvh
mvh
jarghemsth.

Vlrsajhemzh
Vlrsajhemzhnar
nar nl eh rlsp
rlspulst
ulsthh nmvlrsm
nmvlrsmcmo
cmohnh
hnh y bltlra
bltlrakíjl
kíjlhh lj le rloajaom
rloajaomgml
gmljta
jta nle tld
tldmna
mna
bughja oajstmtutmva nl eh Oagujmnhn Lnuohtmvh.

Vlrcme nle lstunmhjtl

Nlgastrhr le rlsplta bhomh eh jarghtmvmnhn jhomajhe l mjstmtuomajhe ghjtljmljna ujh vmsmÿj

cuturmsth y hotmtun nl slrvmoma bhomh eas nlgès.

_lr oajsomljtl nl eh omljomh, eh mjvlstmkhomÿj, eh plnhkakçh y eh tlojaeakçh, phrh eakrhr su

carghomÿj,
carghom
eaohe ÿj, prayloo
prayloomÿj
y rlkmajhe. mÿj y phrtmomphom
phrtmomphomÿj
ÿj lj eas praolsas nl orlomgmljta y nlshrraeea
nlshrraeea mjstmtuomajhe,
mjstmtuomajhe,
 

_lr çjtlkra, ohphz nl hsugmr oaj rlspajsh`memnhn su praclsmÿj4 rlspltuasa, mjtlrlshna, eçnlr 
oajstruotar y nlcljsar nl eh jhturhelzh y nl su ljtarja, oaj sljtmna pô`emoa y paeçtmoa, qul el
 plrgmth taghr nlomsmajls y rlsaevlr pra`elghs lj le ghroa nl eh rlspajsh`memnhn saomhe.

Vlrcme nle ghlstra carghnar

_lr bughja pljshjtl, praclsmajhe nl eh lnuohomÿj qul nlcmjl su praylota nl vmnh lj le rlcelda par 
su vaohomajhemnhn plnhkÿkmoh. _mljna eçnlr lj le qul bholr plnhkÿkmoa nljtra y culrh nl eh
Mjstmtuomÿj Lnuohtmvh.

Gulstrh uj sljtmna nl plrtljljomh y ls rlspltuasa nl eh nmvlrsmnhn y eh mjoeusmvmnhn. Nl`l slr uj

ghlstra oagpragltmna lj le oajtlxta lnuohtmva qul nlshrraeeh praolsas qul mjvaeuorlj eh
mjjavhomÿj l mjvlstmkhomÿj.

Vlrcme nle ghlstra lj carghomÿj

Oaga ghlstra lj carghomÿj ls eçnlr oagpragltmna oaj le nlshrraeea nl ehs oagujmnhnls y eh

hprapmhomÿj nl ehs nmsompemjhs lsploçcmohs qul htmljnl, prhotmohjna uj pljshgmljta orçtmoa y
rlcelxmva qul el plrgmth eh oajstruoomÿj nle sh`lr plnhkÿkmoa tljmljna lj ouljth ehs tlarçhs,
nmnèotmohs y ourrmouehrls.

Oagpragltmna lj eh carghomÿj nl jmøas, hnaelsoljtls y dÿvljls y oaj eas praolsas nl ljsløhjzh

y hprljnmzhdl y le rlsplta par ehs nmclrljomhs mjnmvmnuhels, oueturhels, ítjmohs y saomhels. Le
ghlstra lj carghomÿj sl hprapmh nl eas prmjompmas plnhkÿkmoas nl lnuoh`memnhn y ljsløh`memnhn le
ouhe prhotmoh nmclrljtls hetlrjhtmvhs plnhkÿkmohs y nmnèotmohs lj nmclrljtls oajtlxtas.

Nlshrraeeh bh`memnhnls phrh le usa plnhkÿkmoa nl ehs ^MO le ouhe els plrgmtmrè le nmsløa nl julvhs
lstrhtlkmhs y blrrhgmljths lnuohtmvhs nmnèotmohs.

Vlrcme nle phnrl nl chgmemh a hounmljtl

_aj plrsajhs oajsomljtls nl su oa-rlspajsh`memnhn oaga armljthnarls nl prlsljtls y cuturhs

kljlrhomajls ehs ouhels `rmjnhj uj hoagphøhgmljta oajsthjtl nurhjtl tana le praolsa. Vhnrls
nmspulstas he hoagphøhgmljta nl sus bmdas nlsnl eh prèotmoh nle hgar y le sljtmr hclotmva lj
najnl sl lnuoh h trhvís nle nmheaka y eh oagprljsmÿj.

Vlrcme nle lkrlshna4

Eçnlr oag
Eçnlr oagprag
pragltm
ltmna
na oaj le nlshrrae
nlshrraeea
ea nl ehs oagujm
oagujmnhn
nhnls,
ls, Oajstr
Oajstruot
uotar
ar nle oajaom
oajaomgml
gmljta
jta
omljtçcmoa
omljtçcmoa y plnhkÿk
plnhkÿkmoa,
moa, qul sustlj
sustljthj
thj su carghom
carghomÿj
ÿj oaga praclsmajhels
praclsmajhels nl eh lnuohomÿj phrh eh
htljomÿj nl eas jmvlels nl lnuohomÿj Vrllsoaehr y @èsmoh Vrmghrmh.
 

±Oÿga sl lnuohj eas jmøas y ehs jmøhs lj gm oagujmnhn1

Oaj le hjèemsms nl eas VLM naougljthnas hjtlrmargljtl panlgas mnljtmcmohr, nl ghjlrh

oehrh, ehs nmclrljomhs, phrtmouehrmnhnls y pujtas slgldhjtls nl eas nmclrljtls praylotas,
ourrçoueas y lstrhtlkmhs hohnígmohs nl ehs mjstmtuomajls nl nmclrljtls oagujmnhnls nl
Oaeag`mh.
Eas nmclrljtls ljcaquls nl lnuohomÿj qul h`hrohj ehs mjstmtuomajls, hjtlrmargljtl
jag`rhnhs, najnl jas praparomajhj mjcarghomÿj rlelvhjtl sa`rl oÿga sl lstèj lnuohjna
julstras jmøas y jmøhs9 panlgas oagljzhr oaj eh mgparthjomh nl eas vhearls y prmjompmas
mjstmtuomajhels, ljtrl eas gès jag`rhnas sl ljouljtrhj4 Eh saemnhrmnhn, le emnlrhzka, eh

mjjavhomÿj, eh rlsmemljomh, eh rlspajsh`memnhn, le rlsplta, eh bajlstmnhn, eh mkuhenhn y eh

hutajagçh, y prmjompmas oÿga4 eh em`lrthn, eh phrtmomphomÿj, eh carghomÿj mjtlkrhe y le
 prmjompma loaeÿkmoa, lstas vhearls y prmjompmas saj uj pujta nl hplrturh phrh mghkmjhr eas
smkumljtls oagpajljtls nle Vraylota Lnuohtmva Mjstmtuomajhe y oaga ls le ljcaqul nl
ljsløhjzh-hprljnmzhdl lj le lsth`elomgmljta.
Oaga sl mjcargÿ lj ohnh hjèemsms, lj vhrmas lsth`elomgmljtas le ourrçouea ls `hshna lj
hsmkjhturhs, najnl sl lsplomcmoh le tmpa nl nlshrraeea he ouhe sl ljcaohrè eh ljsløhjzh.
Lj eas ourrçoueas y prapulsths hjhemzhnhs hjtlrmargljtl, sl ljoajtrÿ qul tanas eas VLM
ghjldhj ujh tlgètmoh nle phple nle naoljtl y su mgparthjomh nljtra nl eh mjstmtuomÿj, yh
qul eakrh nhr oagprljsmÿj nl eh nmjègmoh ljtrl le naoljtl y le lstunmhjtl lj ohnh èrlh,
hnlgès nl eh rlprlsljthomÿj qul sl ghjldh nljtra nl eh gmsgh lj ehs hotmvmnhnls nmhrmhs
 phrh oajeelvhr le praolsa ljsløhjzh -hprljnmzhdl, par leea, sl nlsthoh uj plrcme nl lkrlshna,
lkr lshna,
yh qul ls le oagmljza nl ujh mjtlkrhomÿj l mjtlrhoomÿj ljtrl eh plrsajh, sus oajaomgmljtas
y bh`memnhnls phrh oaj eh saomlnhn, nlsnl su oajtlxta y su nlshrraeea mjtlkra lj le gagljta
lj qul oagmljzhj le oaelkma bhsth qul tlrgmjhj ujh ohrrlrh ujmvlrsmthrmh, mjoeusa ehs
lxplrmljomhs qul vhj h hnqumrmr lj sus vmnhs praclsmajhels, saomhels y plrsajhels.

Var ljnl, ehs oagpltljom

oagpltljomhs
hs nle naoljtl
naoljtl sl ohrhotlrmzh
ohrhotlrmzhjj lj le emnlrhzka,
emnlrhzka, eh phrtmomphom
phrtmomphomÿj,
ÿj, eh
vaohomÿj, ghjlda nl blrrhgmljths cçsmohs y tlojaeÿkmohs, slr oehras lj sus a`dltmvas y le
 

oajsthjtl hprljnmzhdl nl su èrlh, phrh oagprljnlr y hpemohr eh trhjsvlrshemnhn nl lsths,

eakrhjna hsç eh celxm`memnhn ourrmouehr y hohnígmoh qul `usoh eh trhjscarghomÿj saomhe y
oajsthjtl hprapmhomÿj y suplrhomÿj nl smtuhomajls nl houlrna oaj ehs julvhs jarghemnhnls
qul sl prlsljtlj.
 

Oajoeusmajls
 

Plclrljomhs @m`emakrècmohs
Hrthvmh, D. (066<). Mjtlrhoomajls plrsajhels ljtrl naoljtls y lstunmhjtls lj le praolsa nl
ljsløhjzh y hprljnmzhdl. Plvmsth Lelotrÿjmoh "Hotuhemnhnls Mjvlstmkhtmvhs lj
Lnuohomÿj", <() 8-8=. Plouplrhna nl bttp4//www.www.rlnheyo.ark/hrtmouea.ah1
mn7>>;<6062  
mn7>>;<6062
OM^N D\EMA CEßPLT, (0682). Vraylota Lnuohtmva Mjstmtuomajhe. Plouplrhna nl4
bttps4//wl`ohobl.kaakeluslroajtljt.oag/slhrob1
q7ohobl4JKsQ?<vda<6D4bttps4//www.rlnhohnlgmoh.lnu.oa/cmel/?>=2/nawjeahn%?Ctailj
%?NoEP]miCL+&on7>&be7ls&ot7oeji&ke7oa
Oaeag`mh Hprljnl. N@H (Nlrlobas `èsmoas nl hprljnmzhdl). Plouplrhna nl
bttp4//hprljnl.oaeag`mhhprljnl.lnu.oa/ls/smlgprlnmhl/23>6>

Nlrlobas `èsmoas nl Hprljnmzhdl par èrlhs. _hjtmeehjh. Plouplrhna nl

bttps4//shjtmeehjh.oag.oa/naougljtas-nl-mjtlrls/
bttps4//shjtmeehjh.oag.oa/naougljtas-nl-mjtlrls/  
Irlmsle, G. (068<). Le ljcaqul mjtlroueturhe lj le ourrçouea nl tlelsloujnhrmh -lelgljtas
 phrh ujh rlcelxmÿj orçtmoh. _mjíotmoh >3, (Vp.8-82).
(Vp.8- 82). Plouplrhna
nl bttp4//`m`ematlohvmrtuhe.ujhn.lnu.oa406<8/eakmj.hspx1
nmrlot7trul&n`7z`b&HJ788<8;<86;&ehjk7ls&smtl7lbast-emvl
Elÿj Vlrlmrh, ^9 (066>). Lnuohr bay lj Oaeag`mh. Lnuohomÿj y Lnuohnarls, (;) =-82.
bttp4//www.rlnheyo.ark/hrtmouea.ah1mn72?>66;6?  
Plouplrhna nl bttp4//www.rlnheyo.ark/hrtmouea.ah1mn72?>66;6?
Glea, V. (0606). Emjlhgmljtas y lstèjnhrls phrh le nmsløa ourrmouehr. YHrobmva nl vmnlaW.
Plouplrhna bttps4//rlpasmtary.ujhn.lnu.oa/bhjnel/86<=3/??;>3 
bttps4//rlpasmtary.ujhn.lnu.oa/bhjnel/86<=3/??;>3  
GLJ, Ely 88< Var eh ouhe sl lxpmnl eh Ely Kljlrhe nl Lnuohomÿj (Hrt. ;3) rlouplrhna nl
bttp4//smjtrhlnuohomaj`akath.ark/mghkls/VNC/Elkmsehomaj/EL]QKLJLPHE.pnc  
GLJ, (068>) Emjlhgmljtas ourrmouehrls. Plouplrhna nl
bttps4//www.gmjlnuohomaj.kav.oa/parthe/gmorasmtmas-prllsoaehr-`hsmoh-y-
glnmh/Nmrloomaj-nl-Ohemnhn/Plclrljtls-nl-Ohemnhn/??==;<4Emjlhgmljtas-
ourrmouehrls  
ourrmouehrls
Garçj, L. (8===). Eas smltl sh`lrls jlolshrmas phrh eh lnuohomÿj nle cutura. \JL_OA.

Plouplrhna nl bttp4//ujlsnao.ujlsoa.ark/mghkls/
 

Vheagmja, K. y ^ldhnh, B. (068<). Eas ganleas ourrmouehrls lj le nmsløa nle praylota

ourrmouehr nl ujh mjstmtuomÿj lnuohtmvh pô`emoh nle jmvle sloujnhrma nl Hyhouoba.
(^lsms mjínmth nl ghlstrçh). Vajtmcmomh \jmvlrsmnhn Jhomajhe Ohtÿemoh nle Vlrô, _hj
Gmkule. (Vp. 8?-?;). Plouplrhna
nl bttp4//tlsms.puop.lnu.pl/rlpasmtarma/bhjnel/80?><3;2=/33;=
Vløhs (0683). Oagphrhomÿj ljtrl eas nlrlobas `èsmoas nl hprljnmzhdl (N@H) y atrhs
jarghs tíojmohs nl ourrmouehrls. Hrtçouea lnuohtmva. Cujnhomÿj _MKL (_mstlgh
Mjtlkrhe nl Klstmÿj Lnuohtmvh). ^aghna
nl4 bttp4//shjtmeehjhpeus.oag.oa/pnc/oagphrhomaj-ljtrl-eas-n`h-ehs-jarghs-tlojmohs-
ourrmouehrls.pnc 

Shrkhs, J. H. (0686). Eh oajstruoomÿj nl ourrçouea nlsnl plrsplotmvhs orçtmohs4 ujh

 pranuoomÿj oueturhe. _mkja y Vljshgmljta, 0=(<3),
0=(<3 ), (Vp. >06->0;). Plouplrhna nl
bttp4//`m`ematlohvmrtuhe.ujhn.lnu.oa406<8/eakmj.hspx1
nmrlot7trul&n`7z`b&HJ7<3<<0=?6&ehjk7ls&smtl7lbast-emvl
nmrlot7trul&n`7z`b&HJ7<3<<0=?6&ehjk7ls&smtl7lbast-emvl