KAVOYAG VHGLACXKXAG AUXCAG DHVHYAPA\AG VALA VAUMHG

\OGUMKM\MU

Lmajudag Xgtud Nhkhg`dapm \u`as

Utash Dhphrawatag Nhlmdak Ihlac

 Gana Loshg : @mkgy Amkhhg Joag Yagtug` U.Dhp.,

U.Dhp., N.Dhp.

Lmsusug okhc:
Yachk Gurahgm Gatakma
 GMN: 9185668
Kodasm : Xgmvhrsmtas Alvhgt Mgloghsma,Iaglug`

VYO@YAN VYOBHUM GHYU

BADXK\AU MKNX DHVHYAPA\AG

XGMRHYUM\AU ALRHG\ MGLOGHUMA
IAGLXG@
9691/9699
 

1. Lhbmgmsm

\ogsmkmtms alakac phralag`ag togsmk pakatmga yag` nhrupadag ia`mag larm ememg waklhyhr.
Vhgyhiarag mgbhdsm nhkakum ulara (amr iorgh lropkhts), tag`ag lag emunag. Lapat thrjalm pala shnua
unur, thrutana pala agad (Ymg``o, 961=). \ogsmkmtms adut nhrupadag phralag`ag pala togsmk yag`
lmshiaidag okhc mgbhdsm iadthrm atau vmrus yag` thrjalm lakan wadtu durag` larm 5 nmg``u (Yanalcag,
9610). \ogsmkmtms nhniragosa thrnasud lakan sakac satu jhgms ralag` anaglhk adut yag` lmshrtam
lhg`ag phnihgtudag nhnirag/ shkaput pala phrnudaag togsmk yag` imsa nhkuas dh shdmtargya
(Yanalcag, 9610). \ogsmkmtms drogms nhrupadag doglmsm lm naga thrjalm phnihsarag togsmk lmshrtam
lhg`ag shrag`ag mgbhdsm yag` ihrukag`ukag` (Gmzar, 9612).

\ogsmkmtms alakac nassa jarmg`ag kmnboml yag` thrkhtad lm rog``a barmg`. \ogsmk nhgyarmg` lag
nhkmglug`m sakurag phrgabasag shrta sakurag phgehrgaag larm mgvasm or`agmsnh pato`hg lag ihrphrag
lakan phnihgtudag agtmiolm. Nhsdmpug udurag togsmk ihrvarmasm, agad-agad unungya nhnmkmdm togsmk
yag` khimc ihsar larmpala rhnaja atau orag` lhwasa. Vhrihlaag mgm lmag``ap shia`am nhdagmsnh
 phrkmglug`ag darhga agad dhemk rhgtag thrutana thrcalap MUVA. (Pog`,
(Pog`, 9663 : =<6).

9. Htmoko
Htmoko`m
`m lag
lag Bad
Badtor
tor prhlms
prhlmspos
posmsm
msm

Vhgyhiai togsmkmtms alakac mgbhdsm iadthrm strhptoeoeeus atau mgbhdsm vmrus. \ogsmk ihrbug`sm
nhniagtu nhgyhrag` iadthrm lag nmdroor`agmsnh kamggya shia`am tmgladag phgeh`acag thrcalap
mgbhdsm. \ogsmk imsa lmdakacdag okhc iadthrm naupug vmrus, shcmg``a nhnihg`dad lag nhralag`,
nhgyhiaidag togsmkmtms. Cak-cak yag` lapat nhnmeu phralag`ag pala togsmk alakac shrmg`gya dunag
nasud dhlakan nukut ihrsana nadagag atau nmgunag (Nagurug`, 9612). \ogsmkkmtms ihrcuiug`ag
 ju`a lhg`ag mgbhdsm nogogudkhosms,
nogogudkhosms, vmrus yag` pakmg` unun alakac HI HIR,
R, yag` thrjalm pala 86%
agad-agad (Akkotomim, 9610).

Vhgyhiai thrjalmgya togsmkkmtms yamtu okhc alagya mgbhdsm iadthrm lag vmrus, (Nagsjohr, 9665):

Utrhptododus Ihta Chnokmtmdus

Utrhptododus ihta chnokmtmdus alakac iadthrm `ran posmtmb
posmtm b yag` lapat ihrdhniag`
 imad lmthg``orodag yag` shcat lag
lag imsa nhgyhiaidag mgbhdsm sakurag ga gabas
bas adut.
Utrhptododus Vyo`hghsms
Utrhptododus pyo`hghsms alakac iadthrm `ran posmtmb ihgtud iuglar yag` tuniuc
lakan ragtam pagjag` lag nhgyhiaidag mgbhdsm strhptododus `roup A. Utrhptododus
Vyo`hghsms alakac phgyhiai iagyad phgyadmt phgtmg` pala nagusma ihrdmsar larm
mgbhdsm dcasgya ihrnuka lmthg``oradag lag dukmt.
Utrhptododus Rmrmlags
Utrhptododus vmrmlags alakac dhkonpod ihsar iadthrm strhptododus donhgsak yag`
 iamd a-chnokmtmd, nhg`casmkdag warga cmjau
cmjau phdat a`ar larac. Rmrmlags nhnmkmdm
dhnanpuag yag` ugmd smgthsms lhdstrag larm `kudosa yag` nhnug`dmgdag nhrhda
nhnatucm a`rh`at bmirmg-pkathkht lmdatup jagtug` yag` rusad.
Rmrus Mgbkuhgza
Rmrus mgbkuhgza alakac vmrus YGA larm banmkm Ortconyxo vmrmlah (vmrus mgbkuhgza).
Rmrus mgm lmtukardag lhg`ag nhlmun ulara nhkakum ihrsmg pala nagusma `hjaka unun
yag` thrjalm yamtu lhnan, sadmt thg``orodag, sadmt dhpaka, cmlug` thrsuniat. Lakan
dasus yag` iurud mgbkuhgza ju`a lapat nhgyhiaidag thrjalmgya pghunogma.
5. \agl
\agla
a lag
lag `hj
`hjak
aka
a

Nagmbhstasm dkmgms yag` nugeuk adag ihrihla-ihla pala shtmap dath`orm togsmkmtms shia`am
 ihrmdut. (Yusnarjogo & Uohparlm,
Uohparlm, 9612).
 

A. \ogsmkmtms adut

1. \ogs
\ogsmk
mkmt
mtms
ms vm
vmra
rakk
@hjaka togsmkmtms vmrak khimc nhgyhrupam eonnog eokl yag` lmshrtam rasa gyhrm
thg``orod lag ihihrapa lhrajat lmsba`ma. Lag pala dasus ihrat lapat nhokad ugtud
nmgun atau nadag nhkakum nukut. Vhglhrmta nhg`akanm nakamsh, sucu tmg``m, lag
gabasgya iau (Alans, ht ak., 9619).
9. \ogs
\ogsmk
mkmt
mtms
ms ia
iaeth
ethrm
rmak
ak

@hjaka lag tagla Nasa mgduiasm 9-< carm. @hjaka lag tagla yag` shrmg` lmthnudag
alakac gyhrm thg``orod lag gyhrm wadtu nhghkag, lhnan lhg`ag sucu tuiuc yag`
tmg``m, rasa khsu, rasa gyhrm lm shglm-shglm, tmlad gabsu nadag lag rasa gyhrm lm thkmg`a
darhga gyhrm akmc (rhbhrrhl pamg) nhkakum sarab G. `kosobarmg`hus (G. MS). Vala
 phnhrmdsaag tanpad togsmk nhnihg`dad,
nhnihg`dad, cmphrhnms lag thrlapat lhtrmtus ihrihgtud
bokmdhk, kaduga atau thrtutup okhc nhnirag shnu. Dhkhgjar sui-naglmiuka
nhnihg`dad lag gyhrm thdag. (otak`ma).

I. \ogsmkmtms Nhniragosa

1. \ogs
\ogsmk
mkmt
mtms
ms lmb
lmbth
thrm
rm
a. @hjaka unun shphrtm
shphrtm ju`a
ju`a `hjaka
`hjaka mgbhdsm
mgbhdsm kamggya
kamggya yamtu
yamtu dhgamda
dhgamdag
g sucu.
sucu.
9. \ogsmkmtms
\ogsmkmtms Uhptmd
Uhptmd Lmshiaidag
Lmshiaidag okhc
okhc Utrhptoeoeeu
Utrhptoeoeeuss chnokmtmeus
chnokmtmeus pala
pala susu sap
sapm,
m, tapm lm Mgloghsm
Mgloghsmaa
 jarag`.
5. Ag`mga
Ag`mga Vkaut Rmgehgt
Rmgehgt @hjaka
@hjaka lhnan sanpam
sanpam lhg`ag
lhg`ag 5=6 E,E, gyhrm dhpaka,
dhpaka, ialag
ialag khnac,
khnac, lag
dalag`-dalag` thrlapat `ag``uag phgehrgaag. Yasa gyhrm lm nukut, cmphrsakmvasm, `m`m lag `usm
nulac ihrlarac. Vala phnhrmdsaag tanpad nudosa nukut lag barmg` cmphrhnms, tanpad nhnirag
 putmc dhaiuag lm atas togsmk, uvuka, lmglmg` barmg`, `usm, shrta thrlapat iau nu
nukut
kut lag dhkhgjar sui
naglmiuka nhnihsar.

\agla lag `hjaka kamggya yamtu:

1. Vala phnhrmdsa
phnhrmdsaag ag tanpad
tanpad barmg`
barmg` cmphrhnms,
cmphrhnms, togsmk
togsmk nhnihg`dad,
nhnihg`dad, cmphrhn
cmphrhnms
ms : thrlapat
thrlapat lhtrmtu
lhtrmtuss
(togsmkkmtms bokmiukarms), dalag` lhtrmtus ihrlhdatag nhgjalm satu (togsmkkmtms katurasms) atau
 ihrupa nhniragh shnu.
9. \anpad ardusardus pakatmgu
pakatmguss agthrmor
agthrmor thrlorog`
thrlorog` dh kuar
kuar lag uvuka
uvuka thrlhsad
thrlhsad nhkhwatm
nhkhwatm `arms
`arms thg`ac
thg`ac..
Dhkhgjar sui naglmiuka nhnihg`dad lag gyhrm thdag, thrutana pala agad-agad.
5. \ogsmka
\ogsmka imasagya
imasagya ganpad
ganpad ihread
ihread ― ihread lag
lag dalag`
dalag` lmkmputm
lmkmputm okhc hd
hdsulat.
sulat. Hdsulat
Hdsulat mgm
nug`dmg dhaiu ― aiuag atau dhdugmg`ag. Hdsulat mgm lapat nhg`unpuk lag nhnihgtud
nhnirag lag pala dasus lapat thrjalm ghdrosms jarmg`ag kodak, gyhrm thg``orodag, sukmt
nhghkag, lhnan, nuak lag dhkhgjar kmnba pala khchr nhnihg`dad, nakamsh (phrasaag tmlad
nhghgtu pala tuiuc yag` tmlad gyanag ).
<. \hg`orodag
\hg`orodag thrasa
thrasa dhrmg`
dhrmg`,, atau rasa
rasa nhg``agja
nhg``agjakk lm thg``orod
thg``orodagag (khchr)
(khchr)
8. Gyhrm saat
saat nhghkag (ghkag
(ghkag kulac
kulac ataupug
ataupug nadagag
nadagag lag nmguna
nmgunag) g) shcmg``a
shcmg``a nhgjalm
nhgjalm nakas
nakas
nadag Gyhrm lapat nhgjakar dh shdmtar khchr lag thkmg`a.
2. Lhnan, sadmt
sadmt dhpaka,
dhpaka, dalag`
dalag` nhg``m`mk
nhg``m`mk,, khnas, gyhrm
gyhrm otot.
otot. Lapat lmshrtam
lmshrtam iatud,
iatud, pmkh
pmkhd,
d, suara
suara
shrad, nukut ihriau, nuak, dalag` gyhrm phrut, phnihsarag dhkhgjar `htac ihgmg` (dhkhgjar
kmnbh) lm shdmtar khchr.
0. Aladakagya
Aladakagya phglhrm
phglhrmtata togsmkmtms
togsmkmtms (drogms)
(drogms) nhglhg`d
nhglhg`durur saat tmlur
tmlur (thrutana
(thrutana jmda
jmda lmshrta
lmshrtamm
 phnihsarag dhkhgjar alhgoml (dhkhgjar
(dhkhgjar yag` ihrala lm lmglmg` ia`
ia`mag
mag ihkadag` agtara
thg``orodag lag rog``a cmlug`). \hgtu tmlad shnua dhkucag lag tagla lm atas lmiorog` okhc
satu orag` phglhrmta. Cak mgm darhga dhkucag ihrsmbat mglmvmluak lag dhiagyadag para orag`
tua atau phglhrmta adag dh lodthr dhtmda nhg`akanm dhkucag lhnan lag gyhrm thkag
3. Gyhrm thg``or
thg``orodag
odag atau
atau gyhrm thkag
thkag rmg`ag
rmg`ag ihrsmbat
ihrsmbat drogmd,
drogmd, nhg`chiat
nhg`chiat imka
imka thrjalm
thrjalm shrag`ag
shrag`ag
adut.
 

=. Ialag
Ialag khsu,
khsu, gabsu
gabsu nadag
nadag ihrdura
ihrdurag`,
g`, sadmt
sadmt dhpak
dhpaka.
a.
16. Vala alhgomlmtms drogmd thrjalm cmlug` iugtu,
iugtu, tmlur nhglhg`dur.
11. \ogsmk unungya nhnihsar, pala shrag`ag adut adut togsmk cyphrhnm
19. Ardus agthrmor
agthrmor posthrmor
posthrmor nhrac
nhrac
15. Vala rmgosdopm agthrmor,
agthrmor, bhgonhga pakatun nokh gh`atmvh,
gh`atmvh, dalag` thrtutup shdrht
nudopurukhg.

\hgtu tmlad shnua dhkucag lag tagla lm atas lmiorog` okhc satu orag` phglhrmta. Cak mgm darhga

dhkucag ihrsmbat mglmvmluak lag dhiagyadag para orag` tua atau phglhrmta adag dh lodthr dhtmda
nhg`akanm dhkucag lhnan lag gyhrm thkag.

<. Vat
Vatobmb
obmbmo
moko
ko`m
`m

Iadthrm lag vmrus nasud nasud lakan tuiuc nhkakum sakurag gabas ia`mag atas, adag
nhgyhiaidag mgbhdsm pala cmlug` atau barmg` dhnulmag nhgyhiar nhkakum smsthns msthn kmnba dh togsmk.
Alagya iadthrm lag vmrus pato`hg pala togsmk nhgyhiaidag thrjalmgya proshs mgbkanasm lag mgbhdsm
shcmg``a togsmk nhnihsar lag lapat nhg`caniat dhkuar nasudgya ulara. Mgbhdsm ju`a lapat
nhg`admiatdag dhnhracag lag hlhna pala barmg` shrta lmthnudaggya hdsulat ihrwarga putmc
dhaiuag pala togsmk shcmg``a nhgyhiaidag tmniukgya sadmt thg``orodag, gyhrm thkag, lhnan tmg``m
 iau nukut shrta otak`ma yamtu gyhrm yag` nhgjakar dh thkmg`a. (Guriamtm 9661
9661).
).

Vala \ogsmkmtms Adut, Vhgukarag thrjalm nhkakum lropkht lmnaga dunag nhg`mgbmktrasm kapmsag
Hpmthk dhnulmag imka Hpmthk mgm thrdmdms nada jarmg`ag Xnbokl suphrdmstak ihrhadsm lmnaga thrjalm
 phnihglug`ag ralag` lhg`ag
lhg`ag mgbmktrasm khudosmt pokmnorbo guekhar, shlag`dag
shlag`dag togsmkkmtms drogmd
thrjalm darhga proshs ralag` ihrukag` ,nada hpmthk nudosa lag jarmg`ag kmnpoml thrdmdms, shcmg``a
 pala proshs phgyhniucag jarmg`ag
jarmg`ag kmnpoml lm`agtm okhc jarmg`ag parut.
parut. Jarmg`ag mgm adag nhg`hrut
shcmg``a ruag` agtara hkonpod nhkhiar (drmptus) yag` adag lmmsm okhc lhtrmtus. Vroshs mgm nhkuas
cmg``a nhghnius dapsuk lag adcmrgya tmniuk purkhg`tag lhg`ag jarmg`ag shdmtar bosa togsmkarms.
 

Vatcway

8. Agakms
akmsa
a lata
lata
Agakms
msaa lata lmkadudag shthk
thkac proshs phg`unpukag lata shkhsam. Agakmsa
msa
lata
lata nh
nhru
rupa
pada
dag
g pr
pros
oshs
hs ihrp
ihrpmd
mdmr
mr yag`
yag` nhkm
nhkmpu
putm
tm dh`m
dh`mat
atag
ag nh
nhg`
g`hk
hkon
onpo
podd
ddag
ag lata
lata,,
nhg
nhgearm dhnug`dmg
mgaag phgyhiai lag lanpad, shr
shrta nhghgtudag nasak
sakac
dhphrawatg pala dkmhg atau phgymnpag`ag yag` nhrunusdag lma`gosh
dhphrawatag (Uhtmalm, 9619).

2. Vhga
Vhgata
taka
kads
dsag
agaa
aag
g
Vhnihrmag tatakadsaga ihrihla-ihla shtmap dath`orm togsmkkmtms shia`am ihrmdut.
A. \ogsmkmtms Adut
1. \ogs
\ogsmk
mkkm
kmtm
tmss vm
vmra
rakk
Vala unungya, phglhrmta leg`ag tekgsmkmtms adut shrta lh gran shiamdgya kmrac
 iarmg`, phnihrmag eamrag alhduat, lag lmht rmg`ag (Alans, ht ak., 9619).
Agak`hsmd, lag agtmvmrus lmihrmdag jmda `hjaka ihrat (Yusnarjogo & Uohparlm,
 

9612).
9. \ogsmk
\ogsmkkmtm
kmtmss iadthr
iadthrmak
mak Agtmimo
Agtmimotmda
tmda sphetrun
sphetrun kuas,
kuas, shp
shphrt
hrtmm phgmsmk
phgmsmkmg,
mg, hrm
hrmtro
tronms
nmsmg.
mg.
Agtmpmrhtmd lag oiat dunur yag` nhg`aglug` lhsmgbhdtag.
I. \ogsmkmtms Nhniragosa
1. \ogs
\ogsmk
mkkm
kmtm
tmss lmbt
lmbthr
hrmm
Agtm lmbthrm shrun (ALU) lmihrmdag sh`hra tagpa nhgug``u casmk duktur, lhg`ag losms 96.666
 ― 166.666 ugmt thr`agtug` larm unur lag ihratgya phgyadmt. Agtmimotmd phgmsmkmg atau
hrm
hrmtro
tronmsm
nmsmg
g 98 ― 86 n`/d`I
n`/d`II
I lmia`m
lmia`m lakan 5 losms
losms shkana
shkana 1< carm.
carm. Dor
Dortmd
tmdosth
osthrom
roml
l 1,9
n`/d`II/carm. Agtmpmrhtmd ugtud smntonatms. Vasmhg carus lmmsokasm darhga phgyadmt mgm lapat
nhgukar. Vasmhg mstmracat lm thnpat tmlur shkana 9 ― 5 nmg``u.
9. Ag`m
Ag`mga
ga Vka
Vkaut
ut Rmg
Rmgeh
ehgt
gt
Agtmimotmd
Agtmimotmd sphetrun kuas shkana 1 nmg``u,
nmg``u, phriamdm dhihrsmcag
dhihrsmcag nukut,
nukut, dogsu
dogsunsm
nsm vmtanmg
vmtanmg E
lag I donpkhds.
E. \ogsmkmtms Drogms
Vhg`oiatag
Vhg`oiatag pastm ugtud togsmkmtms
togsmkmtms drogms
drogms alakac
alakac phnihlacag
phnihlacag phg`ag`da
phg`ag`datag
tag togsmk.
togsmk. \mgla
\mgladag
dag
mgm lmkadudag pala dasusdasus lm naga phgatakadsagaag nhlms atau yag` khimc dogshrvatmb `a`ak ugtud 
nhrmg`agdag `hjaka-`hjaka. Vhgatakadsagaag nhlms thrnasud phnihrmag phgmsmkmg yag` kana, mrm`asm
thg``orodag shcarm-carm, lag usaca ugtud nhrgihrsmcdag drmpta togsmkarms lhg`ag akat mrm`asm `m`m atau
orak. Xdurag jarmg`ag togsmk tmlad nhnpugyam cuiug`ag <=9 | MUUG: 9091-9339 lhg`ag mgbhdsm drlgms
atau ihrukag` (Alans, ht ak., 9619). Mglmdasm lmkadudaggya togsmkhdtonm shia`am ihrmdut (Alans, ht
ak., 9619).
Mglmdasm Aisokut.
Mglmdasm-mglmdasm ugtud togsmkhdtonm yag` canpmr aisokut alakac ihrmdut mgm:
1. \mniukgya dor puknogakh darhga oistrudsm jakag gapas yag` drogms.
9. Cmphrtrobm togsmk atau alhgoml lhg`ag smglrona apgha wadtu tmlur.

5. Cmphrtrobm ihrkhimcag yag` nhgyhiaidag lmsba`ma lhg`ag phgurugag ihrat ialag phgyhrta.
<. Imopsm hdsmsm yag` lmeurm`am dh`agasag (kmnbona).
8. Aishs phrmtogsmkarms ihrukag` akau aishs yag` nhkuas pala ruag` jarmg`ag shdmtargya.
Mglmdasm Yhkatmb
Uhkuruc mglmdasm kamg ugtud togsmkhdtonm lmag``ap
lm ag``ap rhkatmb.
1. \hrjalm 5 hpmsolh atau khimc mgbhdsm togsmk lakan 1 tacug lhg`ag thrapm agtmimotmd alhduat.
9. Cakmtosms admiat togsmkkmtms drogms yag` tmlad nhniamd lhg`ag thrapm agtmimotmd alhduat.
5. \ogsmkkmtms drogms ihrukag` pala darmhr strhptododus ihta chnokmtmdus `rup A yag` tmlad nhniamd 
lhg`ag agtmimotmd.
Alapug dogtramglmdasm larm togsmkhdtonm shia`am ihrmdut (Alans, ht ak., 9619).

1. Mgbhdsm phrgapasag ia`mag atas yag` ihrukag`.

9. Mgbhdsm smsthnmd atau drogms.
 

5. Lhnan yag` tmlad lmdhtacum phgyhiaigya.

<. Vhnihsarag togsmk tagpa `hjaka-`hjaka oistrudsm.
8. Ymgmtms akhr`mda.
2. Asna.
0. Lmsdrasma larac.
3. Dhtmladnagpuag yag` ukkrugr atau dh`a`akag ugtud tuniuc.
=. \ogus okok yag` Mhnac.
16. Umgusmtms.
\hrapm kodak lmtujudag pala dhihrsmcag nukut lhg`ag ihrdunur atau oiat msap (Yusnarjogo &
Uohparlm, 9612).
L . Vhrawatag Vasda-ihlac

a) Ihriarmg`
Ihriarmg` dh
dh sanpmg`
sanpmg` sanpam
sanpam iag`ug
iag`ug dhnulmag
dhnulmag posmsm
posmsm nml
nml bowk
bowkhr.
hr.

 i) Nhnagtau tagla-tagla phrlaracag

e) Nhgh
Nhghka
kag
g ihru
ihruka
kag`
g`

l) Nugt
Nugtac
ac lara
larac
c sh`
sh`ar 
ar 
h) Vhgmg`
Vhgmg`dat
datag
ag lhgy
lhgyut
ut galm
galm pala
pala saat
saat tmlu
tmlur 
r 

Lmht

a) Nhnihr
Nhnihrmda
mdag
g eamrag
eamrag imka
imka nugt
nugtac
ac thkac
thkac rhla
rhla

 i) Nhgludug` posmsm ugtud nhghkag potog`ag nadagag yag` ihsar (khimc gyanag larm ala

dhpmg`ag dhemk).

e) Cmgl
Cmglar
armm phna
phnada
dama
mag
g shlo
shlota
tag
g ( suetmog lapat
 suetmog lapat nhgyhiaidag phrlaracag).

l) Nhga
Nhgawa
ward
rdag
ag nada
nadaga
gag
g

h) Hs erhn,
erhn, erus
erustar
tarl
l lmg`mg
lmg`mg,, sup drmn
drmn,, lag jus.
jus.

b) Yhbmgh
Yhbmghl
l shrhak
shrhak lag thkur shthg`ac
shthg`ac natag`
natag` imasag
imasagya
ya khimc lapat
lapat lmgmdnat
lmgmdnatmm pala pa`m carm

shthkac phrlaracag.

`) Cmglarm
Cmglarm jus jhrud,
jhrud, nmgunag
nmgunag pagas, nadagag
nadagag dasar,
dasar, atau
atau iagyad
iagyad iuniu shkana
shkana 1 nmg`
nmg``u.
`u.

Nhg`atasm dhtmladgyanagag pala thg``orodag

a) Nhg`
Nhg``u
`ug
gad
adag
ag meh eokor  (donprhs
 (donprhs hs) imka nau

 i) Nhnihrmdag agad`hsmd (cmglarm asp

aspmrmg)
mrmg)

e) Nhkapo
Nhkaporda
rdag
g sh`hra
sh`hra tagla-
tagla-tag
tagla
la phrlar
phrlaraca
acag.
g.
 

l) Nmgun
Nmgun 9-5
9-5 kmthr/c
kmthr/carm
arm sanpa
sanpamm iau nukut
nukut cmkag`
cmkag`..

h) Nhg`aj
Nhg`ajarm
arm pasm
pasmhg
hg nhg`
nhg`hga
hgakk cak ihrm
ihrmdu
dutt

b) Cmglarm
Cmglarm katmcag
katmcag ihrkhimcag
ihrkhimcag,, iatud,
iatud, ihrsmg,
ihrsmg, ihrlacad
ihrlacad lag nhgyms
nhgymsmm cmlug` sh`hra shkana
shkana 1-9

nmg``u.

`) \mgja nug`dmg
nug`dmg shphrt
shphrtmm thc lakan
lakan ihihrapa
ihihrapa carm
carm darhga
darhga larac
larac yag`
yag` thrthkag.
thrthkag.
c) \hg``o
\hg``orod
rodag
ag tmlad gyanag
gyanag lapat shlmdmt
shlmdmt ihrtaniac
ihrtaniac agtara
agtara carm dh-< lag dh-
dh-3
3 shthkac
shthkac

ophrasm.

0. Vh
Vhnh
nhrm
rmds
dsaa
aag
g phg
phgug
ugja
jag`
g`

a. \hs kkai
aior
oraato
torm
rmun
un

\hs kaiora
kaiorator
tormun
mun mgm lm`uga
lm`ugadag
dag ugtud
ugtud nhghgt
nhghgtuda
udag
g apadac
apadac iadthr
iadthrmm yag`
yag` ala

lakan tuiuc pasmhg nhrupdag adthrm `ruV A, darhga `rup mgm lmshrtam lhg`ag

lhnan rhgnatmd, `konhrukghbrmtms, lag lhnan jhg`dhrmg`.

 i. Vhnhrmdsaag usap thg``orod 

Vhnhrmdsaag mgm shiamdgya lmkadudag shihkun nhnihrmdag phg`oiatag, thrutana

 imka dhalaag nhnug`dmgdag. Lhg`ag phnhrmdsaag mgm dmta lapat nhg`htacum

dunag phgyhiaidag lag oiat yag` nasmc shgsmtmvh thrcalapgya.

e. Vhnh
Vhnhrmd
rmdsa
saag
ag lara
larac
c kh
khg`
g`da
dap
p yamtu
yamtu

Cak mgm ihrtujuag ugtud nhg`htacum apadac ala phgmg`datag khdosmt pala agad,

apaimka ala nhgagladag agad thrdhga mgbhdsm.

l. Duktur
Duktur lag
lag ujm
ujm rhsmst
rhsmsthgs
hgsmm imka
imka lmphrk
lmphrkuda
udag.
g.

3. Vhg`dajmag

a) Ml
Mlhg
hgtm
tmta
tass dkm
dkmhg
hg

1) Xsma

\ogsmkkmtms adut imasagya shrmg` thrjalm pala agad-agadthriagyad pala usma dmra-dmra 8

tacug lag pugead ihrmdutgya pala usma 16

9) Jh
Jhg
gms Dhka
Dhkanm
nmg
g
 

Jhgms
Jhgms dh
dhka
kanm
nmg
g tm
tmla
lad
d nhnp
nhnphg
hg`a
`aru
rucm
cm thrj
thrjal
almg
mgya
ya togs
togsmk
mkkm
kmtms
tms.. Uhnu
Uhnuaa ag
agad
ad la
lapa
patt

nhg`ak
nhg`akanm
anm togsmk
togsmkkmt
kmtms.
ms. Cak mtu lmphg`
lmphg`aru
arucm
cm larm
larm nadaga
nadagag
g yag`
yag` nhrhda
nhrhda nadag,
nadag,

 phrawatag cy`mhgh yag` durag`.

durag`.

5) A`ana
<) Vhglmlmd
mdaag

8) Akanat

 i) Ymwayat dhshcatag

1) Ym
Ymwa
waya
yatt dhshc
dhshcat
atag
ag shda
shdara
rag`
g`

Vhglhrmta imasagya lhnan, gyhrm thg`dorad, nug`dmg sadmt ihrat lag nhrasa sag`at

gyhrm thrutana saat nhghkag lag nhniuda nukut lmshrtam lhg`ag trmsnus (dhsukmtag

nhniuda nukut). Imka karmg` thrdhga, suara adag nhgjalm shrad. Vala phnhrmdsaag

tanpad barmg` cmphrhnms, togsmk nhnihg`dad, cmphrhnms : thrlapat lhtrmtus (togsmkkmtms

bokmiukarms), dalag` lhtrmtus ihrlhdatag nhgjalm satm (togsmkkmtms katurasms) atau ihrupa

nhnira
nhniragh
gh shnu.
shnu. \anpad
\anpad ardus
ardus pak
pakatmg
atmgus
us agt
agthrm
hrmor
or thr
thrlor
lorog`
og` dh kuar
kuar lag uvuka
uvuka

thrlhsad
thrlhsad nhkhwatm
nhkhwatm `arms thg`ac. Dhkhgjar sui naglmiuka
naglmiuka nhnihg`da
nhnihg`dad
d lag gyhrm

thdag, thrutana pala agad-agad. Vhnihsarag alhgoml lapat nhgyhiaidag phrgabasag

nukut, thkmg`a nhg`hkuardag eamrag, dhpaka shrmg` pagas, irogecmtms, gabas iau lag

 phrgabasag imsmg`.

9) Ym
Ymwa
waya
yatt dhshc
dhshcat
atag
ag dhku
dhkuar
ar`a
`a

Vasmhg lhg`ag togsmkkmtms lmturugdag

lmturugdag larm dhkuar`a.
dhkuar`a. Vhgyadmt
Vhgyadmt yag` nug`dmg lm lhrmta
lhrmta

okhc dhkuar`a alakac `ag``uag mgbhdsm phrgabasag. \htapm togsmkmtms khimc lmshiaidag

darhga agad nhg`dogsunsm nadagag shphrtm nadagag nagms, nhg`aglug` iagyad 

 phg`awht lag phrawatag nukut yag` tmlad

tmlad iamd.

5) Ym
Ymwa
waya
yatt dhsh
dhshca
catag
tag lac
lacuk
uku
u

\mlad ala phgyadmt

phgyadmt shkana miu canmk yag` nhgjalm katar ihkadag`
ihkadag` larm togsmkkmtms.
togsmkkmtms.

Cagya saja dhnug`dmgag ihsar agad thrshrag` togsmkkmtms lmdarhgadag agad lmkacmrdag

 prhnaturh. Cak mtu lmshiaidag larm dh`ugaag or`ag tuiuc yag` ihkun natur shcmg``a
 

adag nhgyhiaidag
nhgyhiaidag ehpat lag `anpag`
`anpag` lmshrag`
lmshrag` phgyadmt. Cak mtu thrna
thrnasud
sud lhg`ag

togsmk pala agad.

1. Vh
Vhnh
nhrm
rmds
dsaa
aag
g bm
bmsm
smd 
d 

a) Galm, Vala
Vala pasmhg
pasmhg yag` nhnmkmdm
nhnmkmdm togsmkkmtms
togsmkkmtms imasagy
imasagyaa galmgya
galmgya ehpat
ehpat (tadmdarlm
(tadmdarlm))

 i) Uucu, Imka thrjalm mgbhdsm togsmkkmtms sucu adag gamd (cmphrthrnm,
(cmphrthrnm, 7 50,8 E)
e) Vhrgapasag,
Vhrgapasag, Vala
Vala pasmhg
pasmhg lhg`ag
lhg`ag togsmkkmtms
togsmkkmtms nhnmkmd
nhnmkmdmm rhspmr
rhspmrasm
asm yag
yag`
` nhgmg`dat.
nhgmg`dat.

l) I1 (irh
(irhat
atc
cmg
mg`)
`)

 Mgsphdsm

Valaa pasmhg
Val pasmhg lhg`ag
lhg`ag togsmkk
togsmkkmtm
mtmss thr
thrkmc
kmcat
at alagya
alagya phgmg`
phgmg`dat
datag
ag usaca
usaca lag brhduh
brhduhgsm
gsm

 phrgabasag, shrta phg``ugaag otot

otot iagtu phrgabasag.

 Vakpasm

Hdspagsm paru nhgmg`dat, brhnmdtus tradtmk lala ihrdurag` atau tmlad ala

 Vhrdusm

Vala lala thrlhg`ar suara gornak, lmabra`na nhglatar lag nhgurug, phgagjadag catm

nhg`hemk, iatas paru lag catm khimc rhglac, phdad jagtug` ihrdurag`.

h) I9 (Ikool)

Vala pasmhg lhg`ag togsmkmtms thrkmcat phgmg`datag thdagag larac lag galm, shrta thrjalm

 puka phgmg`datag sucu darhga mgbhdsm pala togsmk shcmg``a thrjalm phnihg`dad
phnihg`dadag
ag togsmk.

b) I5 (iramg)

Vala mgbhdsm phrku lmdasm tmg`dat dhsalaraggya. Lm sanpmg` mtu, lm phrkudag phnhrmdsaag

@EU, ugtud nhghgtudag tmg`dat dhsalarag dkmhg apadac eonposnhgtms, songokhg,lkk.

`) I< (Ika
(Ikal
llhr)
hr)

Vhg`udurag vokunh output urmgh phrku lmkadudag darhga ihrdamtag lhg`ag dheudupag

mgtadh eamrag, output urmgh nhgurug

c) I8 (I
(Iowhk)

 Nuak/nugtac (agorhdsma)


 Gabsu nadag nhniurud 
 

 \mlad nanpu ugtud nhg`dogsunsm nadagag darhga phnihg`dadag togsmk

 Vhgurugag ihrat ialag nhghtap.

m) I2 (Iogh)

Vhglhrmta togsmkkmtms nhrasa dhkhtmcag, dhkhnacagsheara unun nhnhrkudag iagtuag orag`

kamg ugtud nhnhgucm dhiutucag shcarm-carm. Cak thrshiut lmadmiatdag darhga dhiutucag

gutrmsm lag eamrag pasmhg ihrdurag` admiat gyhrm saat nhghkag nadagag lag nmgunag.

9. Voka
Voka dhi
dhima
masaa
saag
g shca
shcarm
rm-c
-car
armm

5. Gutrmsm

Vala agad yag` nhnmkmdm `hjaka togsmkkmtms adag nhnmkmdm dhkucag susac ugtud nhghkag, gabsu

nadag ihrdurag`, nhg`hkuc sadmt dhtmda nhghkag, dalag`-dalag` agorhdsma. Cak mtu lmtaglam

lhg`ag dhalaag nukut dhrmg`. Imasagya lhg`ag dhkucag mgm ihrat ialag agad nhgurug yag`

lmshiaidag okhc durag`gya gutrmsm larm nadagag yag` imsa nasud dh lakan tuiuc admiat larm

togsmkkmtms

a) Ms
Mstm
tmra
raca
catt lag
lag \m
\mlu
lur 
r 

Vasmhg yag` nhglhrmta togsmkkmtms adag nhg`akanm `ag``uag tmlur. Cak mgm lmshiaidag

darhga gyhrm yag` lmnmkmdm admiat larm phnihg`dadag pala togsmk. Dhsukmtag tmlur mgm adag

nhg`caniat phrtuniucag lag laya tacag tuiuc larm agad.

 i) Cy`mhgh Vhrsogak

Vasm
smhhg yag` nhg
nhglhrmta togsmk
mkmt
mtmms naglm 9x shcarm, saat IAI lag IAD 

 phanprhs kag`sug` lm`agtm okhc miu. \hrphgucm darhga Cy`mhgh Vhrsogakgya lmphgucm

okhc Miugya lag lhg`ag iagtuag phrawat

e) Hkmnmgasm

Cakuarag urmgh pala agad yag` nhglhrmta togsmkkmtms nhgurug. Cak mtu lmshiaidag okhc

dhtmlad nanpuag agad ugtud nhghkag amr, shcmg``a agad tmlad nau nhnmgun amr admiat

rasa sadmt yag` lmrasadag dhtmda nhghkag. Cak mtu nhgyhiaidag cakuarag urmg nhgjalm

nhgurug.
 

=. Lm
Lma`
a`go
gosa
sa dhph
dhphra
rawa
wata
tag
g

<. Lm
Lma`
a`go
gosa
sa dhph
dhphra
rawa
wata
tag
g

 Vrh Ophrasm

a) Ihrsmc
Ihrsmcag
ag jakag gabas tmlad hbhdtmb
hbhdtmb ihrcuiug
ihrcuiug`ag
`ag lhg`ag
lhg`ag oistruds
oistrudsmm gab
gabas
as darhga
darhga alagya
alagya

 ihgla asmg` 4 proludsm sherht ihrkhimc

ihrkhimc
 i) @ag``uag phg`aturag sucu tuiuc cmphrthrnm shcuiug`aglhg`ag mgbhdsm adut okhc

nmdroor`agmsnh

e) @ag``uag
@ag``uag poka gutrmsm
gutrmsm ihrcuiu
ihrcuiug`ag
g`ag lhg`ag
lhg`ag gyhrm
gyhrm thkag
thkag

l) @ag``uag
@ag``uag dhiutucag
dhiutucag mstmracat
mstmracat tmlur
tmlur shcuiug`agl
shcuiug`aglhg`ag
hg`ag alagya
alagya gyhrm
gyhrm pala lahrac
lahrac togsmk

h) Dhehna
Dhehnasag
sag s/l durag
durag`gy
`gyaa phg`ht
phg`htacu
acuag
ag atau mgb
mgborn
ornasm
asm thgtag`
thgtag` phgyadmt
phgyadmt yag` lmlhrmta
lmlhrmta

okhc dkmhg.

 Vost ophrasm

a) Gyhrm ihrcuiug`a
ihrcuiug`ag
g lhg`ag
lhg`ag phnihg`
phnihg`dada
dadag
g jarmg`ag
jarmg`ag 4 mgsmsm
mgsmsm ihlac
ihlac

 i) Yhsmdo phrlaracag ihrcuiu

ihrcuiug`ag
g`ag lhg`ag rapucgya jarmg`ag
jarmg`ag post op

e) Yhsmdo dhdurag`ag
dhdurag`ag vokunh
vokunh eamrag
eamrag ihrcuiug
ihrcuiug`ag
`ag lhg`ag
lhg`ag rhsmdo
rhsmdo phrlara
phrlarag
g admiat
admiat tmgladag
tmgladag

ophratme toglmkhdtonm

l) Yh
Yhsmd
smdo
o tmg``
tmg``mm mg
mgbh
bhds
dsmm ih
ihrc
rcui
uiug
ug`a
`ag
g lh
lhg`
g`ag
ag ph
phgy
gyhi
hiar
arag
ag du
duna
nag
g ad
admi
miat
at mgva
mgvasmb
smb pa
pasea
sea

ophratmb.

16. Vhrhgeagaa
Vhrhgeagaag
g dhphrawat
dhphrawatag
ag

 Vrh ophrasm

Go Lma`gosh dhphrawatag \ujuag lag Mgthrvhgsm Yasmogak

drmthrma casmk
1. Ihrsmc
Ihrsmcag
ag jak
jakag
ag gabas
gabas tmlad  Uhthkac
tmlad  - Dajmag / - \admpgha lapat

hbhdtmb ihrcuiug`ag lhg`ag lmkadudag  pagtau lmthnudag

lmthnudag pala

lhg
lhg`a
`ag
g oi
oist
stru
rud
dsm ga
gaba
bass \mgladag brhduhgsm  phghrmnaag atau

darhga alagya ihgla asmg`4 dhphrawatag  phrgabasag shka

shkana
na al
alag
agya
ya

 proludsm sherht ihrkhimc. shkaa …x… - Ausdutasm  proshs mgbhdsm

 

lmcarapdag  iugym gabas, adut.

 ihrsmcag jakag eaimt alagya -

gaba
gabass hb
hbhd
hdtm
tmb.
b.  iugym gabas - Alagya

Lhg`ag Drmthrma - Eata

Eatatt alag
alagya
ya oistrudsm jkg

casmk : lmspgha, gabas lapat /

1.\mlad ala `hkmsac, tmlad 

 phgunpudag agsmhims lmstrhss lmnagmbhstasmdag

shdrht.  phrgabasag, alagya iugym

9.Brhduhgsm  phg``ugaag gabas

 phrgapasag otot Iagtu alvhgtmsmus.

lakan iatas - Dajmag pasmhg - Lmsbug`sm

gornak. ugtud posmsm  phrgabasag

5.\mlad ala ya
yag`
g` gy
gyan
anag
ag,, alakac
alakac varmai
varmaikh
kh

 iugym gabas nms : yag` thr`agtug`

thr`agtug`

taniacag Vhgmg``mag  pala tacap

dh
dhpa
paka
ka thnp
thnpat
at  proshs drogms

tmlur, lulud  shkamg proshs

 pala saglarag adut yag`

thnpat tmlur. nhgmniukdag

- Kadu
Kaduda
dag
g or
orak
ak  phrawatag

cy`mhgh lhg`ag lmrunac sadmt.

thratur. - Vhgmg``mag

- Imka phrku thnpat tmlur  

kadudag nhnphrnulac

suetmogmg` bug`sm

- Ia
Iagt
gtu
u la
laka
kan
n  phrgabasag

 phnhgucag lhg`ag
Odsm`hgasm nhg``ugadag
 

`ravmtasm

- Orak
Orak cy
cy`m
`mhg
hghh

lapatt nhgeh`ac
lapa nhgeh`ac

 proshs mgbhdsm

 ihrkagjut lag
lapat

nhg`ogtrok

 phg`hkuarag

sherht.

- Uuetmogmg`

nhniagtu

 phg`hkuarag

sherht pala

 pasmhg yag`

tmlad nanpu

nhg`hkuardag

sherht sheara

naglmrm
naglmrm nhkaku
nhkakumm

 ihgtud hbhdtmb.

- Vhnihrmag

od
odsm
sm`h
`hg
g lap
apat
at

nhniagtu
nhniagtu dkmhg

nhgeudupm

dhiutucag

odsm`hg yag`

nug`
nug`dm
dmg
g tmla
tmlad 
d 

threudupm
lhg`ag iamd  
 

admiatt oistru
admia oistrudsm
dsm

 jakag gabas.
9. @ag``uag phg
phg`aturag suc
sucu Uhthkac - Da
Dajm
jm tmg`datt -
tmg`da Lhg`ag

tuiuc cmphrthrnm lmkadudag lhnan nhg`dajm tmg`dat

shcuiug`ag
shcuiug`aglhg`
lhg`ag
ag mgbhdsm
mgbhdsm \mgladag - Ih
Ihrm
rm do
donp
nprh
rhss lhnan nada

adut okhc nmdroor`agmsnh dhphrawatag cag`at pala ad

adag
ag lmdh
lmdhta
tacu
cumm

shkaa …x… lahrac brogtak / shih

shihra
rapa
pa ih
ihra
ratt

lmcarapdag lacm mgbhdsm yag`

`ag``u
`ag``uag
ag sucu
sucu - Agjurdag lmakanm.

tu
tuiu
iuc
c th
thra
rata
tas,
s, dh
dhku
kuar
ar`a
`a dkmhg
dkmhg - Donprhs

lhg`ag
lhg`ag drmthrma
drmthrma ugtud  cag`at

casmk : Uucu nhnadamdag nhniagtu

tuiuc lakan  padamag yag` vasolmkatasm

 iatas gornak tmpms pala dkmhg.  phniukuc larac

(52,8oE- - Dokaiorasm lmdhpaka

50,<8oE) lh
lhg`
g`ag
ag lo
lodt
dthr 
hr  shcmg``a

ugtud  nhnphrehpat

nhnihrmdag  phg`uapag

oi
oiat
at `o
`oko
kog`
g`ag
ag  pagas.

agtmpmrhtmd  - Vad
Vadamag
mag tmpms

nhniagtu

 proshs ralmasm

 pala tuiuc

sheara tmlad  

kag`sug`.

- Vhnihrmag

oiatt
oia agt
agtmpm
mpmrht
rhtmd 
md 

 ihrtujuag ugtud 
 

nhgurugdag

 pagas.
5. @ag
@ag``
``u
uag pok
okaa gu
gutr
trms
msmm Uhthkac - \hgtudag - Lhg`ag

 ihrcuiug`ag lhg`ag gyhrm lmkadudag dakorm carmag nhg`htacum

saat nhghkag \mgladag - Jhkasdag dakorm yag`

dhphrawatag  phgtmg`gya lmiutucdag

shkaa …x… gutrmsm yag` lapat

lmcarapdag alhduat nhg`htacum

dhiutucag - Ihrm lorog`a

lorog`ag
g  junkac lmmt yag`

gutr
gutrms
msmm pas
asmh
mhg
g mglmvm
mglmvmlu
lu ugtud 
ugtud  lmphrkudag.

thrphgucm, nadag, - Gu
Gutr
trms
msmm ya
yag
g`

lhg`ag
lhg`ag drmthrma
drmthrma dcususgya al
alhd
hdua
uatt la
lapa
patt

casm
casmkk : -G
-Gab
absu
su nadagag kugad. nhgmg`datdag

nadag - Ihrmdag laya tacag

nhgmg`dat dhshgag`ag, tuiuc lag

-Vhgmg`datag suasag
suasagaa nadag
nadag nhnphrehpat

II yag` rmkhds  phgyhniucag

- Uajmdag kuda.

nadaga
nadagag
g porsm
porsm - Asupag

dhemk tapm shrmg` nada

nadaga
gag
g yag`
yag`

eudup lag

al
alhd
hdua
uatt la
lapa
patt

nhgmg`datdag

laya tacag

tuiuc.

- Uuasa
Uuasaga
ga ya
yag`
g`

gyanag

nhgmg`datdag
 

shna
shnag`
g`at
at dkmh
dkmhg
g

ugtud nadag.

- Nadagag

lakan porsm

dhemk lapat
nhg`urag`m

mgthgsmtas
mgthgsmtas lakan

nhghkag.

 Vost ophrasm

Go. Lma`gosa \ujuag lag Mgthrvhgsm Yasmogak

drmthrma casmk
1. Gyhrm Uhth
Uhthka
kac
c lm
lmka
kadu
duda
dag
g - Dajm tmg`dat gyhrm - nhghgtudag mgthrvhgsm

 ihrcuiug`ag \mgladag - Ihrm

Ihrmda
dag
g tmgl
tmglad
adag
ag shkagjutgya

lhg`ag dhphrawatag
dhphrawatag shkana gyanag (pmjatag
tag - Nhgmg`datdag

 phnihg`dadag …x…
…x… lm
lmca
cara
rapdag  pug``ug`,phruicag
pdag rhkadsasm lag nhniagtu

 jarmg`ag4 mgsmsm gyhrmm lapat thratasm,  posmsm) lag adtmbmtas  pasmhg

gyhr nhnbodusdag

 ihlac gy
gyhr
hrmm cmk
mkag
ag`
` at
atau
au cmiurag  phrcatmag pl shsuatu

 ihrdurag`, lhg`ag - Lorog` pasmhg lmsanpmg` lmrm

drmthrma casmk : ugtud

ugtud nhg`hkuarda
nhg`hkuardag
g shglmrm/dhtmladgyanagag

- Dkmhg tmlad   sakmva atau - Nhghkag nhgyhiaidag

nhgugjudag  phg`cmsap nukut adtmbmtas otot

tot y`lpt

hdsprhsm dhsadmtag lhg`ag catm-catm imka nhgmn

mni
iukda
kdag gyhrm

- Dkmhg lapat tld nanpu nhghkag darhga alagya

 

 ihrmstmracat lhg`ag - Uhkmlmdm phruiacag hlhna/rh`ag`ag jacmtag

thgag` daradthrmstmd  - Lapa

Lapatt nhgu
nhgug
gjudd
juddag
ag

gyhrm,
gyhrm,phr
phrmdsa
mdsa nukut
nukut thrjalmgya donpkmdasm y`

 jacmtag atau trauna nhnh

nhnhrk
rkud
udag
ag hvak
hvakua
uasm
sm

 iaru kagjut/mgthrvhgsm jarmg`ag

- Eatat mglmdator
mglmdator gog y` thrmgb
mgbkan
kanasm lag

vhri
vhriak
ak lag
lag rh
rhsp
spog
og dog`hstm,lpt l`g nulac

autona
autonatmd
tmd thr
thrcal
calap
ap nhg`ak
nhg`akanm
anm tra
trauna
una l`g

gyhrm,
gyhrm,hva
hvakua
kuasm
sm hbhd   phg`cmsapag
hbhd 

agak`hsmd. daththr,shkag` nadag .

- Agjurdag - Akat nhghgtudag

 phg``ugaag phrmkadu alagyaa gyhrm,dhiut

alagy gyhrm,dhiutucag
ucag

naga
nagajh
jhnh
nhg
g strh
strhss
ss thrc
thrcal
alap
ap dhhb
dhhbhd
hdtm
tmba
bag
g

eogtoc : thdgmd   oiat

rhkadsasm,
rhkadsasm, imnim
imnimg`ag
g`ag - Nh
Nhg
gmg`d
mg`dat
atd
dag rasa
rasa

mnajmgasm shcat, tmlad nhgurugdag

- Ihrmdag mrm`asm dhiutucag agak`hsme lag

or
orak
ak,, ag
aghs
hsths
thsmm sprh
sprhmm nhgmg`datdag

la
lag
g du
dunu
nur-
r-du
dunur.  phgyhniucag
nur.

Agju
jurrdag pasmhg
mhg - Nhnphriamdm

nhka
nhkadu
duda
dag
g mrm`
mrm`as
asmm dhgyanagag,

shglmrm nhgmg`datdag

- dokaiorasm  phgyhniucag lag

 phnihrmag agak`htme nhgurugdag

nhgurugdag iau nukut.
nukut.

shsuam agjurag lodthr  Iaca

Iacag
g phge
phgeue
uemm nuku
nukutt

 ihrmsm akeocok / bhgok

carus
carus lmcmgl
lmcmglarm
arm dar
darhga
hga
nhnpugyam hbhd  
 

nhg`hrmg`dag.

- Lhrajat gyhrm

shcuiug`ag
shcuiug`ag lhg`ag
lhg`ag kuas

la
lag
g la
lanp
npad
ad psmdo
psmdoko
ko`m
`m

 phnihlacag shsuam
lhg`ag doglmsm tuiuc
9. Yhsmdo ph
phrlaracag Uhth
Uhthka
kac
c lm
lmka
kadu
duda
dag
g - Ihrm dakug` hs - Hs nhg`admia miatdag

 ihrcuiug`ag \mgladag lmshdmtar arha ophrasm vasodogtrmd

vasodogtrmdsm
sm phniu
phniukuc
kuc

lhg`ag
lhg`ag rapucg
rapucgya
ya dhphrawatag
dhphrawatag shkana - Cmgla
Cmglarm
rm nada
nadaga
gag
g larac shcmg``a nhghdag

 jarmg`ag post op …x…

…x… lm
lmca
cara
rapdag  pagas
pdag lag dasar   phrlaracag

tmlad thrjalm shkana 1 nmg``u - Nadagag pagas

 phrlaracag, lhg`ag nhg`admiatdag

drmthrma casmk : \mlad  vasolmk

vasolmkata
atasm
sm phn
phniuk
iukuc
uc

nhgugjudag
nhgugjudag alagya
alagya larac yag`

tagla-tagla nhgm
nhgmg`
g`da
datd
tdag
ag rh
rhsm
smdo
do

 phrlaracag  phrlaracag, nadagag

dasar imsa nhkudam arha

 post ophrasm yag` imsa

nhgyhiaidag

 phrlaracag.

5. Yhsmdo Uhth
Uhthka
kac
c lm
lmka
kadu
duda
dag
g - Ea
Eata
tatt ph
phna
nasu
suda
dag
g - Lodu
Lodunh
nhg
gtasm
tasm yag
ag`
`

dh
dhdu
dura
rag`
g`ag
ag vo
vok.
k. \mgladag lag phg`hkuarag adurat
adurat adag
adag nhniag
nhniagtu
tu

eamrag dhphrawatag
dhphrawatag shkana eatatag mgrophrasm lakan nhg`mlhgtm
nhg`mlhgtmbmdasm
bmdasm

 ihrcuiug`ag …x…
…x… lm
lmca
cara
rapd
pdag
ag - Vagtau sucu dukmt,  phg`hkuarag eamrag /

lhg`ag rhsmdo eamrag tuiuc  pakpasm lhgyut dhiutu

dhiutucag
cag phg``a
phg``agtm
gtmag
ag

 phrlaracag admiat th
thrp
rphg
hguc
ucm,
m, lh
lhg`ag  phrmbhr
g`ag lag pmkmcag yag`

tmg
tmglad
ladag
ag ophratmb  drmthrma casmk :
ophratmb  - Ihrmdag eamrag nhnphg`arucm
toglmkhdtonm. - \\R staimk, pakpasm  parhgthrak, shsuam mgthrvhgsm.
 

lhgyut galm lhg`ag  phtugjud - Dukmt yag` lmg`mg /

duakmtas yag` iamd  khni

khniai
ai,, lhgy
lhgyut
ut yag`
yag`

- \ur`or dukmt khnac nhg`mglmda

nhg`mglmdasmdag
smdag

gornak
gornak,, nhnira
nhniragh
gh ugtud phg``agtmag

nudosa khniai eamrag taniacag.

- Vhg`hkuarag
Vhg`hkuarag urmgh - @a
@agt
gtmd
mdag
ag dh
dhcm
cmkag
kag`a
`ag
g

mglmvmlu yag` shsuam eamrag yag` thkac

lmlodunhgtasmdag. Eatat

wadtu
wadtu phg``a
phg``agtm
gtmag
ag gok

rupuka
rupukasm
sm yag
yag`
` pothgs
pothgsmak
mak

 ia`m phgurugag

donpkmdasm.

11. Vhglmlmdag
Vhglmlmdag Dhshcatag
Dhshcatag

Hludasm lag pronosm dhshcatag togsmkmtms thrutana nhg`hgam nayormtas togsmkkmtms lmshiaidag okhc
vmrus shcmg``a lapat shniuc lhg`ag shglmrmgya lhg`ag rmsmdo donpkmdasm nmgmnak.

Lodthr ju`a carus nhnihrmdag hludasm nhg`hgam rmsmdo donpkmdasm lag phgag`agag yag` adag
lmihrmdag. Hludasm pasmhg ugtud mstmracat eudup, nhgja`a asupag
as upag gutrmsm lag eamrag yag` alhduat.

Xpaya phgeh`acag lmkadudag lhg`ag ihrokacra`a thratur, nhgja`a dhihrsmcag nukut,

 ihrchgtm nhrodod , lag nhgja`a dhihrsmcag lmrm lag kmg`dug`ag, nmsakgya lhg`ag nhgja`a dhihrsmcag
tag`ag, nhg`mdutm htmda iatud / ihrsmg yag` ihgar, shrta tmlad ihria`m nadagag, `hkas, atau phrakatag
nadag kamggya lhg`ag mglmvmlu yag` shlag` sadmt.

Uhkamg mtu ihihrapa upaya phgeh`acag yag` ims admta kadudag lmagtaragya :

 Uhkaku ja`a doglmsm ialag lhg`ag poka nadag shcat, dogsunsm nuktmvmtanmg, mstmracat
yag` eudup shrta okacra`a thratur lag tmlad
tm lad nhrodod.
 

  Nhgja`a dhihrsmcag nukut shphrtm smdat `m`m thratur 9 dakm shcarm (pa`m lag shihkun
tmlur) atau waspala thrcalap `m`m ihrkuiag` atau smsa `m`m yag` cmtan.
  Nhg`cmglarm rmsmdo phgukarag mgbhdsm sakurag gabas atas (thrtukar atau nhgukardag)
larm atau dh orag`-orag` shdmtar dmta. Eogtoc orag` tua yag` shlag` sadmt iatud pmkhd
tmlad dogtad mgthgsmb lhg`ag iaym atau agad dhemk iacdag orag` lhwasa shdakmpug,
 ih`mtupuka agtara agad-agad shphrnamgag,
shphrnamgag, akat nadag nmgun thrpmsac, nhgutup saat
 iatud atau ihrsmg, tmlad nhniuag` kulac
kulac shniarag`ag.
 Nhg`urag`m atau nhg`cmglarm nadagag atau nmgunag yag` ihrsmbat mrmtatmb thrcalap
sakurag nadag atau gabas atas. Uheara hnpmrms nadagag yag` ihrnmgyad, tmg``m
daglug`ag iuniu rasa phgyhlap atau phg`awht, thrkaku nagms, lmg`mg ihrpothgsm
mrmtasm.
 Iagyad nmgun amr putmc jmda nhg`dogsunsm nadagag nmgunag shphrtm lm atas.
  Nhgeuem tag`ag shihkun lag shsulac nadag (thga`a dhshcatag 8 wadtu euem
tag`ag).
  Nhg`urag`m dogsunsm jajagag ia`m agad lag lhwasa lhg`ag nhgyhlmadag nadagag
 ihdak shcat atau dagtmg lhg`ag nhgu shcat
shcat lag ihrsmc.
  Ia`m agad-agad yag` mg`mg jajag, orag` tua carap nhg``agtm jhgms nadagag nmgunag
yag` lmshiut lmatas lhg`ag jhgms kamg yag` rhkatmvh khimc anag lag shcat. Atau
dhimasaag jajag nadagag nmgunag lm`agtm lhg`ag nhnihkm ihgla-ihgla kamg yag`
khimc ihrnagbaat (namgag nhglmlmd, akat tukms lag `aniar, iudu).
 Nhnimasadag nadag thratur lm runac lmshrtam mgovasm para miu lakan nhnmkmc
nadagag shcat shrta nhgyajmdaggya lhg`ag nhgarmd ugtud dhkuar`a thrutana agad-
agad.
 Ihrmkac pujmag lag calmac ia`m agad-agad, eueu, almd atau dhpogadag dmta yag`
nhg`mdutm gashcat dmta lakan nhg`cmglarm jajagag tmlad shcat atau tmlad nhrodod
 ia`m orag` lhwasa.

Labtar Vustada

1. Alans, @. K., Iomhs, K. Y. & Cm`khr, V. A., 9619. IOMHU Iudu Ajar Vhgyadmt \C\. 2 hl.
Vcmkalhkpcma: IOHMU BXGLNHG\AKU OB O\OKAY]G@OKO@].

9. Akkotomim, A. L., 9610. \ogsmkkmtms mg Ecmklrhg Lma`gosms agl \rhatnhgt Nhasurhs. Uaulm Jourgak ob
Nhlmemgh (UJN) , 9(3), p. 963.

5. Badc, M. N., Govmaklm & Hknatrms, 9612. Daradthrmstmd Vasmhg \ogsmkmtms Drogms pala Agad lm Ia`mag
\C\-DK YUXV Lr. N. Ljanmk Valag` \acug 9615. Jurgak Dhshcatag Aglakas, 8(9), pp. <52-<50.
 

<. Yusnarjogo & Uohparlm, H. A., 9612. Barmg`mtms, \ogsmkmtms, lag Cmphrtrobm Alhgoml. Mg: A. A.
Uohparlm & G. Msdaglar, hls. \hkmg`a Cmlug` \hg``orodag & Khchr. Jadarta: Ialag Vhghrimt Baduktas
Dhlodthrag XM, p. 966.

8. Earphgmto, Kygla Juakk .9666. Iudu

.9666. Iudu Uadu Lma`gosa Dhphrawatag . Jadarta : H@E

2. Nagsjohr, ldd. 9661. Dapmta

9661. Dapmta Uhkhdta Dhlodthrag.
Dhlodthrag. Jadarta : H@E

0. Unhktzhr & Iarh. 9661. Iudu

9661. Iudu Ajar Dhphrawatag Nhlmdak
Nhlmdak Ihlac
Ihlac.. Jadarta 4 H@E

3. Pmkdmgsog, Julmtc.9666. Iudu
 Iudu Uadu Lma`gosms Dhphrawatag lhg`ag Mgthrvhgsm GME lag Drmthrma

casmk GOE Hlmsm 0.Jadarta:H@E.

0. Jadarta:H@E.

=. Ucac X. \ogsmkkmtms agl Vhrmtogsmkkar Aisehss. 9613. cttps://hnhlmemgh.

nhlseaph.eon/artmekh/301=00-ovhrvmhw#a8

16. Akotamim A. \ogsmkkmtms mg Ecmklrhg Lma`gosms agl \rhatnhgt Nhasurhs. Uaulm J Nhl.

961049(3):963-918.