HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro=
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

YDAM <. DJ D^SMNHO WTWMJ. Jos nokihnhokmktds id jm mnthvhimi m`rmrhm dk Dspmým. Tso y
mprovdnlmahdkto m`rmrhos. Jm hkbjudknhm id jm Sojáthnm M`rmrhm Noaõk. Kudvos usos y
buknhokds idj dspmnho rurmj. 

Dj adkos
nok dspmnhoidrurmj ds djlmgh
=3.333 tdrrhtorho
tmktds.koDstd
lmghtmktds. urgmkhzmio6
dspmnho dk
dspmnho Dspmým
rurmj sd nokshidrmk
sd nmrmntdrhzm
nmrmntdrhzm ururmjds
por ssu jos aukhnhphos
ihkmahsao
ihkmahsao, , ym qud
trmihnhokmjadktd lm shio uk dspmnho m`rmrho, pmrm mnthvhimids m`ránojms, `mkmidrms o bordstmjds,
pdro idsid =883 sd lm nokvdrthio dk uk dspmnho aujthbuknhok
aujthbuknhokmj
mj nok otrms mnthvhimids idamkim
idamkimims
ims
por jm sonhdimi urgmkm postaoidrkm, noao jms rdshidknhmjds, dnokþahnms (hkiustrhmjds, id
sdrvhnho, rdnrdmthvms) y id noksdrvmnhþk id jm kmturmjdzm. Otrm nmrmntdrásthnm ds su ldtdro`dkdhimi
porqud jos nmaghos sdýmjmios ko mbdntmk por h`umj m toio dj tdrrhtorho.
Jms mnthvhimids m`ránojms, `mkmidrms o bordstmjds mntumjadktd mportmk pono m jm onupmnhþk y mj
SHG, 9% y 7 7%
% rdspdnthvmadk
rdspdnthvmadktd6
td6 m
mportmk
portmk amtdrhms prhams y d dkdr`ám
kdr`ám m jjms
ms hkiustrhm y dk dj
noadrnho dxtdrhor jm dxportmnhþk id proiuntos id rd`miáo mrroem uk smjio poshthvo.
JO^   NOKIHNHOKMKYD^ KMYTWMJD^ IDJ D^SMNHO M@WMWHO5 DJ ADIHO KMYTWMJ DK
JO^
D^SMÝM OBWDND NOKIHNHOKD^ SONO BMROWMGJD^ SMWM JM^ MNYHRHIMID^ M@WMWHM^.
Jos bmntords báshnos vmk pdrihdkio haportmknhm idghio m jos mvmknds tènkhnos noao hkvdrkmidros,
mgokos quáahnos
quáahnos o bdrthjhzm
bdrthjhzmktds,
ktds, pdro sh`udk tdkhdkio haportmknhm.   Dj rdjhdvd id Dspmým prdsdktm
haportmknhm.
ukm djdvmim mjthtui adihm y mgukimktds pdkihdktds, qud bmnhjhtmk jm droshþk y ihbhnujtmk jm
adnmkhzmnhþk. Dj njham, prdioahkmktd ds dj adihtdrríkdo y prdsdktm prdnhphtmnhokds dsnmsms d
hrrd`ujmrds, nok toradktms y `rm `rmkhzo,
khzo, tdapdrmturms dxtrdams, shdkio brdnudktds jms ldjmims y
ojms id nmjor, y jm mrhidz. Jms m`ums pmrm dj rd`miáo sd vdk jhahtmims por jm dsnmsdz d hrrd`ujmrhimi
id jms prdnhphtmnhokds. Jos sudjos sok adihonrds, droshokmgjds y pono bèrthjds. Jm vd`dtmnhþk
bordstmj.  
ldrgíndm y mrgþrdm dstí id`rmimim y ds id ihbánhj uso `mkmidro o bordstmj. 
JO^ NOKIHNHOKMKYD^ LTAMKO^ ]TD HKBJTXDK DK DJ D^SMNHO M@WMWHO ^OK JM
D^YWTNYTWM X JM SOJÁYHNM M@WMWHM.
JM D^YWTNYTWM M@WMWHM HKNJTXD DJDADKYO^ IDAO@WÍBHNO^ (SOGJMNHÞK),
^ONHMJD^ (^H^YDAM ID SWOSHDIMI X D\SJOYMNHÞK ID JM YHDWWM) X DNOKÞAHNO^
(MSWORDNLMAHDKYO^
(MSWORDNLMAHDK YO^ M@W
M@WMWHO^
MWHO^ X ^H^YDAM^ X YÈNKHNM^ ID SWOITNN
SWOITNNHÞK).
HÞK).
• Jm pogjmnhþk
pogjmnhþk m`rmrhm
 m`rmrhm ds dsnmsm mntumjadktd (9,9% dk 73=9) y dstí dkvdednhim
dkvdednhim,, sogrd toio
dk dj hktdrhor6 mukqud sd ihbdrdknhm dj Smás R
Rmsno
msno y Amirhi, dk torko mj =% id pogjmnhþk
m`rmrhm, idj3-04)
rdsto,idgh
rurmj (=823-04)
(=82 noao
io Dxtrdamiurm,
idghio m jm adnmkhz @mjhnhm
mnhþk yidj
adnmkhzmnhþk Aurnhm (<-=>%).
nmapo Jm nmusm
y jm mtrmnnhþ
mtrmnnhþk lm jm
k id shio dj èxoioy
hkiustrhm
sdrvhnhos urgmkos. Idsid jm nrhshs id =804, dsto sd lm idsmndjdrmio y sd lm hknrdadktmio
jm mnthvhimi m`rmrhm m thdapo pmrnhmj. Idsid =883 sd ogsdrvm qud dk jms írdms m`rmrhms
aís mtrmsmims nokthkum dj idsndkso y dkvdednhahdkto idao`ríbhno idghio mj nrdnhahdkto
kmturmj kd`mthvo, dah`rmnhþk, eughjmnhokds y dj mgmkioko id dxpjotmnhokds pono rdktmgjds o
trmgmemims m thdapo pmrnhmj6 otrms rd`hokds aís ihkíahnms sd rdnupdrmk y rdeuvdkdndk por
jm jjd`mim id hkah`rmktds y jm hktroiunnhþk id kudvms mnthvhimids rdshidknhmjds, hkiustrhmjds
o sdrvhnhos sogrd toio dk írdms pdrhurgmkms y turásthnms.

=Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro 7
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

  • Jm prophdimi ds dj nokeukto id pmrndjms pdrtdkdnhdktds m uk prophdtmrho y jm j m dxpjotmnhþk

m`rmrhm ds
m`rmrhm  ds dj nokeukto id pmrndjms `dsthokmims por uk thtujmr hkidpdkihdktdadktd sh ds dj
prophdtmrho o ko o sh dstík euktms o sdpmrmims. Dk numkto mj tmamýo id jms dxpjotmnhokds
m`rmrhms, lmk prdioahkmi
prdioahkmio o trm
trmihnhokmjadk
ihnhokmjadktd
td jjos
os vm
vmjords
jords dxtrdaos y jm dsnmsdz id
ihadkshokds adihms. Mntumjadktd lmy ukm tdkidknhm m jm rdiunnhþk idj kõadro id
dxpjotmnhokds muadktmkio su tmamýo adiho. Dsto sd idghþ mj èxoio rurmj idsid =823 y
por jm pojáthnm m`rmrhm id jm TD, idsid =883, qud boadktm jms prdeughjmnhokds. Dj tmamýo
adiho id >7 lm ds hkbdrhor m jm adihm duropdm.
Jm `rmk dxpjotmnhþk (aís id =33 lm) rdprdsdktm dj 4% idj totmj y onupm dj 44% id jm
supdrbhnhd m`rmrhm uthjhzmim. Srdioahkm dk Mkimjunám onnhidktmj, Dxtrdamiurm, Nmsthjjm-Jm
Amknlm, pmrtd id Nmsthjjm y Jdþk y Mrm`þk. Jos jmthbukihos trmihnhokmjds 
trmihnhokmjds  o `rmkids
dxtdkshokds nmrmntdrhzmims por nujthvos dxtdkshvos id dsnmsm hkvdrshþk y gmem rdktmghjhimi
y mgukimktd amko id ogrm, id jm ahtmi sur pdkhksujmr, sd lmk nokvdrthio loy dk
daprdsms nmphtmjhstms id
nmphtmjhstms id djdvmio rdkihahdkto.
Jm pdqudým dxpjotmnhþk (adkos id =3 lm) rdprdsdktm dj 20 % idj totmj (7330) y ds dj <% id
jm supdrbhnhd m`ránojm uthjhzmim. Srdioahkm dk dj kortd id jm Sdkáksujm y jhtormj
adihtdrríkdo, Gmjdmrds y Nmkmrhms. Jos ahkhbukihos trmihnhokmjds sok pdqudýms
dxtdkshokds trmgmemims
trmgmemims m thdapo p pmrnhmj,
mrnhmj, qud, por su tmamýo
tmamýo,, ihbhnujtmk jm adnmk
adnmkhzmnhþk
hzmnhþk y
rdkihahdktos.. Otrms pdqudýms dxpjotmnhokds aoidrkms 
por djjo ogthdkdk gmeos rdkihahdktos aoidrkms  sok jms
lortobrutánojms o gmeo pjísthno, trmgmemims m thdapo noapjdto y aunlo aís rdktmgjds. Jm
ihstrhgunhþk
sdpmrmims trmihnhokmj
trmihnhokmj 
dktrd sá pdro jm  shtumnhþk
id jms dxpjotmnhokds
lm adeormio por m`rmrhms hknjuámk pmrndjmrhm,
jm nokndktrmnhþk aunlms pmrndjms
pojáthnm
hkhnhmim dk =847, qud prdtdkid ihsahkuhr dj ahkhbukiho y bmnhjhtmr jos mnndsos, rdsujtmkio
pmrndjms rd`ujmrds y ghdk noaukhnmim
noaukhnmims. s. Dj rè`hadk id tdkdknhm id thdrrms ds
thdrrms ds dj `rmio id
ioahkho sogrd jm dxpjotmnhþk m`rmrhm. Dk jm tdkdknhm ihrdntm dj prophdtmrho y dj dxpjotmior ds
jm ahsam pdrsokm y, dk Dspmým, ds dj rè`hadk prdioahkmktd, dj 09%. Dk jm tdkdknhm
hkihrdntm, dj prophdtmrho ndid jm dxpjotmnhþk m otrm pdrsokm m nmagho idj pm`o id ukm pmrtd
id jm nosdnlm, mpmrndrám,
mpmrndrám, o dj pm`o id ukm rdk rdktm,
tm, mrrdkimahdkto.
mrrdkimahdkto. Dk Dspmým muadk
muadktm tm dj
mrrdkimahdkto ym qud muadktm dj khvdj dnokþahno id jos m`rhnujtords.
• Dj mprovdnlmahdkto, jos shstdams y jms tènkhnms m`rmrhms lmk dxpdrhadktmio nmaghos
idsid jm iènmim id =823. Jos shstdams shstdams   o prondihahdktos dapjdmios pmrm ogtdkdr
proiuntos m`rmrhos pudidk sdr dxtdkshvos
dxtdkshvos   sh dj tdrrdko sd mprovdnlm mj aíxhao o
hktdkshvos   sh sd hkvhdrtd nmphtmj, trmgmeo o tènkhnms muadktmkio jm proiunthvhimi. Dk jm
hktdkshvos
mntumjhimi sd mvmkzm lmnhm jm hktdkshbhnmnhþk m`rmrhm mukqud jm kudvm SMN hapujsm jm
dxtdkshbhnmnhþk noao tènkhnm aís rdspdtuosm nok dj adiho maghdktd. Dk numkto m jms
tènkhnms m`rmrhms
tènkhnms  m`rmrhms sd lm hknrdadktmio jm adnmkhzmnh
adnmkhzmnhþk
þk id jms tmrdms, jm sdjdnnhþk `dkèthnm
id sdahjjms y rmzms `mkmidrms o dj uso id bdrthjhzmktds quáahnos y proiuntos bhtosmkhtmrhos.
^d lmk muadktmio jos rd`miáos nok jo qud dj mprovdnlmahdkto id jm thdrrm lm muadktmio y
rdiunhio dj gmrgdnlo. Jm trmksboramnhþk id jos shstdams m`rmrhos lm supudsto jm
hktdkshbhnmnhþk id jm proiunnhþk y dj muadkto id jos rdkihahdktos. Sor toio djjo sd lm
pmsmio id uk sdntor gmsmio dk dj pojhnujthvo-mutomgmstdnhahdkto m uk sdntor auy
dspdnhmjhzmio y nok idsthko mj adrnmio.
=823,, dapjdmgm amko id ogrm mgukimktd, dk pdqudýms
Jm dstrunturm m`rmrhm trmihnhokmj lmstm =823
o adihmkms dxpjotmnhokd
dxpjotmnhokds,
s, id ukm boram dxtdkshvm y nok mtrmso tdnkojþ`hno yy,, noao
noksdnudknhm, lmgám gmeo rdkihahdkto y jm proiunnhþk sd idsthkmgm mj mutonoksuao o m uk
adrnmio hktdrhor protd`hio por mrmkndjds.
Jm dstrunturm m`rmrhm proiunthvhstm idsid =823, tuvot uvo noao ogedthvo amxhahzmr jm proiunnhþk
pmrm dj adrnmio `jogmj y jhgdrmjhzmio. Nmrmntdrásthnms5 dapjdm pogjmnhþk dsnmsm, muadkto idj
tmamýo id jms dxpjotmnhokds, dspdnhmjhzmnhþk proiunthvm, shstdams hktdkshvos, mvmknds

7Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro >
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

tdnkojþ`hnos. Noksdnudknhm5 proiunnhþk loao`èkdm y mgukimktd. Hapmnto adihomaghdktmj

djdvmio.
Jm dstrunturm m`rmrhm postproiunthvhstm, dk jm iènmim id =883, thdkd 
thdkd   dj ogedthvo id jm
sostdkhghjhimi, noaghkmkio noapdththvhimi y noksdrvmnhþk id jm nujturm m`rmrhm y dj adiho
maghdktd6 pogjmnhþk dsnmsm dxpjotmnhokds bmahjhmrds, ihvdrshbhnmnhþk proiunthvm, dxtdkshvm.
Sroiunnhþk id djdvmio prdnho y id nmjhimi.

SOJÁYHNM M@WMWHM5 ^OK
M@WMWHM5 ^OK MNYTMNHOKD^ D^YMYMJD^ ]TD YWMYMK ID ^OJTNHOKMW JO^
SWOGJDAM^ DK DJ ^DNYOW.
JM SOJÁYHNM M@WMWHM LM D\SDWHADKYMIO TKM @WMK YWMK^BOWAMNHÞK YWM^ JM
DKYWMIM DK JM NDD, LOX TD, DK =8<2 X JM MIOSNHÞK ID JM SMN.
Idsid adihmios
adihmios idj \H\, jm pojáthnm m`rm
m`rmrhm
rhm dspmýojm tu
tuvo
vo noao ogedthvo a
adeormrm
deormrm dj shstd
shstdam
am id
jm prophdimi
prophdimi id jm thdrrm
thdrrm,, dj hkmidnum
hkmidnumioio tmamýo id jms prophdi
prophdimids,
mids, dj protdnnhokh
protdnnhokhsao
sao
noadrnhmj y dj muadkto id jos rdk rdkihahdktos.
ihahdktos.
Jm idsmaorthzmnhþk
idsmaorthzmnhþk idj sh`j
sh`jo
o \H\ amktuvo jm nokn nokndktrmnhþk
dktrmnhþk id jm prophdimi dk ponms amkos.
Jm rdboram m`rmrhm id jm HH Wdpõgjhnm brmnmsþ dk su hktdkto id dxprophmr jms `rmkids bhknms
pmrm msdktmr dk djjm m pdqudýos m`rhnujtords. Jm pojáthnm id nojokhzmnhþk y dxtdkshþk idj
rd`miáo brmkquhstm (HKN, mutmrquám) puso dk rhd`o írdms prhvmims m nmr`o idj Dstmio
Smrm msdktmkio m nojokosidj
trmtmr dj progjdam pdro tuvo uk mjnmknd
hkmidnumio jhahtmio.
tmamýo id jms prophdimids sd puso dk amrnlm jm
pojáthnm id Nokndktrmnhþk Smrndjmrhm y ukm jd`hsjmnhþk sogrd `rmkids bhknms
amkhbhdstmadktd adeormgjds. ^d hkhnhþ dk dj brmkquhsao y mntumjadktd ogjh`m m jos
prophdtmrhos m prdsdktmr uk pjmk id adeorm nuyo hknuapjhahdkto jjdvm mj mrrdkimahdkto
borzoso iond mýos.
Dj protdnnhokhsao noadrnhmj lm dstmgjdnhio mrmkndjds pmrm dvhtmr jm noapdtdknhm dxtdrhor.
Dj muadkto id jos rdkihahdktos sd lm mgorimio nok jm hktroiunnhþk id adeorms tènkhnms y
dxtdkshþk idj rd`miáo.
JM SOJÁYHNM M@WMWHM NOAÕK (TD).  (TD). 
Jm pojáthnm m`rmrhm dspmýojm dstí amrnmim por jm SMN idsid =8<2. Jm SMN lm tdkhio uk
aoidjo proiunthvhstm ds idnhr muadktmr jm proiunnhþk id mjhadktos pmrm dj mgmstdnhahdkto,
noksd`uhr tmaghèk prdnhos msdquhgjds pmrm jos noksuahiords y uk khvdj id vhim eusto pmrm
jos m`rhnujtords.
Jms adihims sok uk adrnmio noaõk m`rmrho gmsmio dk jm jhgrd nhrnujmnhþk dktrd jos dstmios
ahdagros (prhknhpho id Srdbdrdknhm Noaukhtmrhm) y mrmkndjds noaukds pmrm tdrndros pmásds.
Ymaghèk rd`ujm jos prdnhos adihmktd jm OAN (Or`mkhzmnhþk Noaõk id Adrnmios), iokid
pmrm jos ihsthktos proiuntos m`rmrhos sd amrnmk prdnhos aíxhaos y aákhaos, tmjjmed, nuotm id
proiunnhþk... Numkio ko sd mjnmkzmk prdnhos aákhaos, jm TD rdmjhzm hktdrvdknhokds, pmrm
dvhtmr jm nmáim id jos prdnhos. Jms myuims m jos m`rhnujtords idpdkiámk id jm proiunnhþk
dsthaujmkio jm aoidrkhzmnh
aoidrkhzmnhþk.
þk.
Jos rdsujtmios lmk shio dj mgmstdnhahdkto duropdo pdro tmaghèk jm nrdmnhþk id dxndidktds
y progjdams adihomaghdktmjds. Jm mnuaujmnhþk id dxndidktds lm jjdvmio m adihims id
adrnmio5 hktdrvdknhokds pmrm dvhtmr dj lukihahdkto id jos prdnhos, idstruydkio dxndidktds,
rdsthtunhokds o sugvdknhokds m jos m`rhnujtords6 dsto djdvþ dj `msto noaukhtmrho y jm OAN lm
dxh`hio amyor jhgdrmjhzmnhþk. Otrms adihims budrok jms prdeughjmnhokds.
prdeughjmnhokds.
Jm hknorpormnhþk id Dspmým m jm TD dk =8<2 y jm miopnhþk id jm SMN lm sh`khbhnmio5sh`khbhnmio5
rdorhdktmr jms haportmnhokds
haportmnhokds lm
lmnhm
nhm jos pmásds noau
noaukhtmrhos,
khtmrhos, sughim id prdnhos, miopnhþk id
uk shstdam id nuotms (govhko idj kortd, ndrdmj y vhýdio) y rdndpnhþk id myuims qud
noktrhguydrok m jm aoidrkhzmnhþk y djdvmrok jms rdktms y khvdj id vhim id jos m`rhnujtords.

>Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro 9
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

Otrms noksdnudknhms id jm mpjhnmnhþk id jm SMN dk Dspmým5 mapjhmnhþk

Dspmým5 mapjhmnhþk idj adrnmio id
jos proiuntos dspmýojds, dspdnhmjadktd jos lortobrutánojms6 rd`hokds noao Mkimjunám,
Aurnhm y Rmjdknhm lmk shio jms `rmkids gdkdbhnhmims6 hknrdadkto id jm proiunthvhimi y jm
noapdththvhimi id kudstrms daprdsms. Sdro, idghio m jm dxhstdknhm id dxndidktds m`ránojms
y `mkmidros, sdsd lmk toamio adihims noa noaoo jms nuotms id pro
proiunnhþk,
iunnhþk, dj m mgmkioko
gmkioko id jm
mnthvhimi o jm dxtdkshbhnmnhþk (gmrgdnlo, shjvhnujturm). Jos rdquhshtos sogrd jm sd`urhimi y
smkhimi mjhadktmrhm, ghdkdstmr mkhamj y nuhimio adihomaghdktmj eukto m jms pojáthnms id
idsmrrojjo rurmj sok otrms id jms noksdnudknhms id jm SMN.
Jms zokms nok aís progjdams sok jms qud thdkdk dxndidktds id proiuntos qud ko sok
noapdththvos dk jm TD noao dj kortd nmktígrhno, id `mkmidrám govhkm, y jms zokms id ndrdmj
y vhýdio idj hktdrhor. Jms aís gdkdbhnhmims sok dj jhtormj adihtdrríkdo y dj sur mkimjuz por
sus proiuntos lortobrutánojms. Dk Nmkmrhms jm SMN sd mpjhnm idsid =88= nok
pmrthnujmrhimids.
JM SMN MNYTMJ sh`ud uk aoidjo postproiunthvhstm nok dj ogedthvo id jm sostdkhghjhimi o
noaghkmnhþk id jm noapdththvhimi nok dj nuhimio adihomaghdktmj. Wdboram id jm SMN id
73=>5 sd`urhimi mjhadktmrhm, m`rhnujturm sostdkhgjd, idsmrrojjo tdrrhtorhmj5 ihvdrshbhnmnhþk id jm
dnokoaám. Smrm djjo lmy ukm bhkmknhmnhþk5 jos pm`os pm`os id adrnmio5
adrnmio5 dj BDM@M, =33%
bhkmknhmnhþk id jm TD y dj BDMIDW, nobhkmknhmio por jm TD y dj Dstmio ahdagro, pmrm dj
idsmrrojjo rurmj, adeormr jm noapdththvhimi, dj adiho maghdktd y dj khvdj id vhim.

T^O X MSWORDNLMAHDKYO M@WMWHO^ M@WMWHO^ 

Jos usos idj dspmnho m`rmrho dk Dspmým sok toimvám prhknhpmjadktd jm m`rhnujturm, `mkmidrám
`mkmidrám
y dxpjotmnhþk bordstmj. Jms thdrrms id nujthvo thdkidk m idnrdndr (>>%), jos prmios y
pmsthzmjds sd amkthdkdk dstmgjds (=<%) y dj tdrrdko bordstmj sd lm hknrdadktmio (>0%)6 jm
ihstrhgunhþk id dstos uso
usoss audstrm ihihbdrdknhms
bdrdknhms dk
dktrd
trd jms noau
noaukhimids
khimids mumutþkoams.
tþkoams. Dk jm
ahtmi sur pdkhksujmr prdvmjdnd jm m`rhnujturm, dk jm ahtmi kortd jm `mkmidrám y dk dj ndktro sd
im ukm iumjhimi dktrd magms mnthvhimids. Jm proiunnhþk bhkmj m`rmrhm, o vmjor o vmjor totmj id jm
proiunnhþk m`rmrhm,
m`rmrhm, rdbjdem qud jm mnthvhimi m`
m`ránojm
ránojm ds jm prhknhpmj, noktrhguydkio
noktrhguydkio dk uk 23%
mj SBM ahdktrms qud dj uso mkhamj idj sudjo o `mkmidrám, sdrám dj 93% idj SBM. Tk
porndktmed aákhao norrdspokid m jm dxpjotmnhþk bordstmj.

JM MNYHRHIMI M@WÁNOJM
Brdktd m jm m`rhnujturm trmihnhokmj (pojhnujthvo, dxtdkshvm, mtrmsmim tdnkojþ`hnmadktd y id gmeo
rdkihahdkto), jm m`rhnujturm
m`rhnujturm mntumj ds proiun
proiunthvhstm
thvhstm (dspdnhmjhzm
(dspdnhmjhzmnhþk,
nhþk, tdnkhbhnmnhþk d hktd
hktdkshbhnmnhþk
kshbhnmnhþk
orhdktmim mj adrnmio)6 tmaghèk lmy dxpjotmnhokds postproiunthvhstms (ihvdrshbhnmnhþk,
dxtdkshbhnmnhþk y sostdkhghjhimi).
sostdkhghjhimi).
Dk `dkdrmj sd thdkid m jm dspdnhmjhzmnhþk o ghdk jm ihvdrshbhnmnhþk nok proiuntos id nmjhimi. Dj
nujthvo hknorporm tènkhnms aoidrkms5 amquhkmrhm, pdsthnhims, bdrthjhzmktds, sdahjjms sdjdnnhokmi
sdjdnnhokmims
ms y
nujthvos trmks`èkhnos. ^d dapjdmk ihvdrsms tènkhnms
tènkhnms pmrm
 pmrm supdrmr jos nokihnhokmktds kmturmjds,
noao dj mnojnlmio y jos hkvdrkmidros o ghdk dj dkmrdkmio o dj nujthvo lhiropþkhno, shk sudjo. Sor
otrm pmrtd, jm m`rhnujturm hktdkshvm `mkm pdso brdktd m jm dxtdkshvm `rmnhms m jm ihsahkunhþk idj
gmrgdnlo dk jos sdnmkos y m jm mapjhmnhþk idj rd`miáo. Dj gmrgdnlo ds haportmktd dk Nmsthjjm-Jm
Amknlm y dk Mrm`þk, idsnmksm jm thdrrm pdro rdiund jm proiunnhþk.

9Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro 4
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

DJ WD@MIÁO DK D^SMÝM
Dj rd`miáo ds jm prínthnm m`ránojm qud mportm m`um mihnhokmj m jm propornhokmim por
prdnhphtmnhokds, prondidktd id rdnursos supdrbhnhmjds o sugtdrríkdos. ^hstdams5 rhd`o por
`rmvdimi, mspdrshþk o `otdo. Lmy rd`miáos hktdkshvos, mj mhrd jhgrd o dk hkvdrkmidros, vmrhms
nosdnlms mkumjds, dxtrmtdaprmkms
dxtrmtdaprmkms o tdaprmkms, brutms y lortmjhzms y nujthvos ttrophnmjds.
rophnmjds. Wd`miáos
dxtdkshvos ogthdkdk ukm sojm nosdnlm mj ahsao thdapo qud jos sdnmkos vdnhkos, pdro nok
rdkihahdkto supdrhor6 tmaghèk pmrm nujthvos hkiustrhmjds o borrmedros. Jm supdrbhnhd rd`mim muadktm
`rmnhms m jms ogrms dstmtmjds5 trmsvmsds, dagmjsds, nmkmjds…y mntumjadktd sd adeormk jms
hkbrmdstrunturms y sd trmksboramk dk rd`miáo aunlms zokms por hktdrès pmrm amktdkdr dj dapjdo.
Noktrmstds tdrrhtorhmjds5 ds dsnmso dk dj kortd lõadio pdkhksujmr, sd nokndktrm dk jm zokm id
njham adihtdrríkdo id dsnmsms prdnhphtmnhokds, iokid sd ihsthk`udk ios zokms5 dj jhtormj nok
rd`miáo hktdkshvo qud sd gdkdbhnhm id tdapdrmturm sumvd, protdnnhþk idj rdjhdvd, sudjos
mprophmios y idamkim hktdrkmnhokmj. Dj hktdrhor thdkd rd`miáo dxtdkshvo qud sd gdkdbhnhm id m`um
mportmim por jos `rmkids ráos pdkhksujmrds, jm adnmkhzmnhþk y jm nrdnhdktd idamkim id ndrdmjds-
phdkso y nujthvos hkiustrhmjds. Ymaghèk lmy rd`miáo hktdkshvo dk dj vmjjd idj Dgro y @umimjquhvhr.
Rdktmems dnokþahnms5 jm proiunnhþk sd dstmghjhzm, sd hknrdadktm y sd ihvdrshbhnm y sd djdvmk jms
rdktms por jms dxportmnhokds. Rdktmems sonhmjds5 adeorm dj khvdj id vhim id jos m`rhnujtords.
Rdktmems idao`ríbhnms5 bhem jm pogjmnhþk, dvhtm jm dah`rmnhþk y mtrmd pogjmiords, hkiustrhms id
trmksboramnhþk y iotmnhþk id sdrvhnhos. Dk dj tdrrdko nujturmj adeorm jm boramnhþk tènkhnm y
probdshokmj. Dk dj tdrrdko maghdktmj nojmgorm m jm ihvdrshimi id dnoshstdams y noksdrvm
pmtrhaokho mkth`uo (korhms, trhgukmjds id rd`mktds…). Srogjdams5 idrronld id m`um, nokbjhnto dk dj
uso idj m`um, jmmjtdrmnhþk
 Mntumjadktd pojáthnm adihomaghdktmj, noktmahkmnhþk
noaukhtmrhm dxh`d mimptmrsd ihbusm idj sudjo,
mj nmagho mjtdrmnhþk
njhaíthno qud idj pmhsmed.
rdiunhrí jm
ihspokhghjhimi
ihspokhghjhi mi id m`um y adeormr jm dbhnhdknhm idj rhd`o y jms nokihnhokds sonhodnokþah
sonhodnokþahnms
nms id jms
rd`mims. 
zokms rd`mims. 

JM SWOITNNHÞK M@WÁNOJM prdioahkm dk Mkimjunám, Dxtrdamiurm, Nmsthjjm-Jm Amknlm,

Aurnhm, Noaukhimi Rmjdknhmkm, Jm Whoem y Nmkmrhms
• Jos ndrdmjds
ndrdmjds sok
 sok jos nujthvos ldrgíndos aís dxtdkihios pmrm jm mjhadktmnhþk luamkm y
tmaghèk m jm mkhamj, phdksos y ghonoagusthgjds. ^u írdm id nujthvo sok jos  jos   sdnmkos idj
hktdrhor y rotmk nok gmrgdnlo o jd`uahkosms, dxndpto dj amáz y dj mrroz dk zokms lõadims
o dknlmrnmims (Idjtm idj Dgro, Amrhsams idj @umimjquhvhr). Id `rmk rdkihahdkto, lm shio
uko id jos nujthvos aís mbdntmios por jm mpjhnmnhþk id jms nuotms id proiunnhþk por jm
SMN, nok rdiunnhþk sugvdknhokmim id jm supdrbhnhd id nujthvo.
• Jms jd`uahkosms
jd`uahkosms,, nujthvos ldrgíndos pmrm noksuao luamko y mkhamj (`mrgmkzos,
jdktdems, euiáms…)
sdahgmrgdnlo. Jossok u
ukk nujth
nujthvo
rdkihahdktos vo qu
qud
d rotm
sok nok jo
dsnmsos jos
s ndrd
por ndrdmjds,
jm mjds, sokqud
ihbhnujtmi i
id
d dktrmým
ids
idsnmkso
nmksosuo
adnmkhzmnhþk mukqud lm shio uk nujthvo auy sugvdknhokmio por jm SMN qud bmvordnd jms
rotmnhokds id nujthvos. Dspmým prhadrm proiuntorm id `mrgmkzos y jdktdems id jm TD.
• Dj ojhvmr , nujthvo mrgþrdo id sdnmko, rdshstdktd m jm sdquám, jm proiunnhþk id mndhtd id ojhvm
dk Dspmým ds dj 94% id jm proiunnhþk aukihmj. Dstí rdpmrthio por toim su `do`rmbám pdro
su írdm id proiunnhþk amyor sok jms nmaphýms mkimjuzms (Emèk y Nþriogm) y
Dxtrdamiurm, Nmsthjjm-Jm Amknlm y jhtormj adihtdrríkdo. ^u proiunnhþk ds auy vmrhmgjd por
jms nmrmntdrásthnms idj ojhvo (írgoj vdndro5 qud vm mjtdrkmkio gudkms y amjms nosdnlms),
mukqud èstd mspdnto sd lm rdiunhio por jm mpjhnmnhþk id kudvms tènkhnms y jm dxtdkshþk idj
rd`miáo, m jo qud sd ukdk jms sugvdknhokds duropdms. Ko ogstmktd, sd vd mbdntmio por jm
mpjhnmnhþk id nuotms id jm SMN y dj hknrdadkto id jm noapdtdknhm id kudvos pmásds nok
prdnhos aís gmrmtos, mspdntos qud lmk ldnlo qud sd potdknhd jms idkoahkmnhokds id
orh`dk noao m`dktd ihbdrdknhmior. Dj idsthko amyorhtmrhmadktd ds luamko, ghdk noao
mndhtukm id adsm
adsm o pmrm jm djmgormnh
djmgormnhþk
þk id mndhtd id ojhvm.

4Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro2 
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

  • Jm vhi
vhi,, nujthvo mrgusthvo id sdnmko, idsthkmio m uvm id adsm y vhko. ^d dknudktrm
rdpmrthio por toim jm `do`rmbám dspmýojm, mukqud idstmnm su nokndktrmnhþk dk Jm Amknlm,
nok jm ahtmi id jm supdrbhnhd nujthvmim, Mkimjunám, Jm Whoem, Iudro, Wáms Gmems, Nmtmjuým.
Yrmihnhokmjadktd proiunám gmeos rdkihahdktos pdro idsid =883 nrdnhþ su proiunnhþk y
nmjhimi por jm adeorm id jm tènkhnm (rd`miáo jonmjhzmio) y jm proaonhþk dk jos adrnmios
hktdrkmnhokmjds. Jm SMN hktdktm rdiunhr sus dxndidktds nok nuotms id proiunnhþk y
sugvdknhokds mj mgmkioko idj nujthvo. Yhdkd jm noapdtdknhm nok jos vhýdios duropdos,
aís hapjmktmios hktdrkmnhokmjadktd. Idpdkid id jm njhamtojo`ám pmrm ogtdkdr gudkms
nosdnlms.
• gdkdbhnhmioss por jm SMN sok jos lortobrutánojms
Jos nujthvos aís gdkdbhnhmio lortobrutánojms.. Nujthvo id rd`miáo, mj
mhrd jhgrd o id hkvdrkmidro, qud sd nokndktrm prhknhpmjadktd dk dj írdm adihtdrríkdm,
idstmnmkio jm Noaukhimi Rmjdknhmkm
Rmjdknhmkm y Mkimjunám, Aurnhm, y tmaghèk Nmkmrhms o Jjdhim y
Gmrndjokm dk zokms ndrnmkos m jos ndktros id noksuao urgmkos. Gudkm pmrtd id jms
nosdnlms sd idsthkmk m jm dxportmnhþk (phahdktos, toamtds, nátrhnos...) Dj idsthko
amyorhtmrho sudjd
sudjd sdr noksuao dk brdsno
brdsno,, mukqud tmaghèk lmy
lmy qud idstmnmr dj idsthk
idsthko
o m jm
hkiustrhm noksdrvdrm. Jm SMN dxh`d jm rdthrmim noapdksmim id dstos proiuntos pmrm dvhtmr
jm nmáim id prdnhos.
• Jos nujthvos hkiustrhmjds (`hrmsoj,
hkiustrhmjds (`hrmsoj, rdaojmnlm, mj`oiþk, tmgmno,…) sok jos qud rdquhdrdk
ukm trmksboramnhþk prdvhm hkiustrhmj pmrm sdr noksuahios. ^ok nujthvos id sdnmko o
rd`miáo6 sd jonmjhzmk dk jos sdnmkos id Mkimjunám y Nmsthjjm y Jdþk (`hrmsoj, rdaojmnlm dk
dj Iudro, jõpujo dk Jdþk, mj`oiþk dk Mkimjunám o tmgmno dk Níndrds). Jm proiunnhþk dstí
• auy nujthvos
Jos rdjmnhokmim nok jm hkiustrhm
borrmedros qud mnoktrmtm
sd idihnmk mjhadktojm pmrm
proiunnhþk.
`mkmio5 mjbmjbm y shrvdk pmrm rotmr jos
nujthvos. ^d dxthdkidk por jos sdnmkos id jm ahtmi sdptdktrhokmj id jm Sdkáksujm, por su
njham lõadio, y dk rd`miáos dxtdkshvos id Mkimjunám, Mrm`þk, Kmvmrrm y magms Nmsthjj Nmsthjjms.
ms.
^ok nujthvos qud lmk muadktmio su proiunnhþk idghio mj pdso qud lm hio miquhrhdkio jm
`mkmidrám dk Dspmým. Dspmým prhadr proiuntor.

JM MNYHRHIMI @MKMIDWM SWDIOAHKM DK @MJHNHM, M^YTWHM^, NMKYMGWHM,

NMYMJTÝM. 
MWM@ÞK X NMYMJTÝM. 
Jm `mkmidrám trmihnhokmj (id ihsthktms dspdnhds, dxtdkshvm y id gmeo rdkihahdkto) lm imio
pmso m ukm `mkmidrám mntumj qud lm trmksboramio su dstrunturm y proiunnhþk muadktmkio
jos rdkihahdktos, orh`hkmkio dxpjotmnhokds proiunthvhstms y posproiunthvhstms. Yhdkid m
dspdnhmjhzmrsd,
dspdnhmjhzmrs d, tdnkhbhnmrsd y lmndrsd hktdkshvm.
- Dj `mkmio govhko sd idsthkm m jm proiu proiunnhþk
nnhþk id nmrkd y jd jdnld.
nld. Dxhstdk ppuktos
uktos ioki
iokidd
idstmnm
írdms iddjaoktmým),
rè`hadk dxtdkshvo (kortd
pdro tmaghèk y idldsms
idstmnm id jm pdkhjjmkurm
dj hktdkshvo ndrnmko m josonnhidktmj pdkhksujmr
ndktros id noksuaoy
(Nmtmjuým, Mrm`þk y Nmsthjjm y Jdþk). Lm subrhio haportmktds trmksboramnhokds por jm
mpjhnmnhþk id jm SMN, jo qud lm ldnlo qud jos pdqudýos `mkmidros sd m`rupdk dk
noopdrmthvms y muadktdk jm ihvdrshbhnmnh
ihvdrshbhnmnhþk
þk id sus proiuntos (idrhvmios jíntdos…).
- Dj `mkmio ovhko
ovhko sd
 sd lm gdkdbhnhmio por jm SMN, nok jo qud jm proiunnhþk lm muadktmio dk
jos õjthaos mýos. Dj idsthko
idsthko ds jm nmrkd y jdnld y sd nonokndktrm
kndktrm prhknhp
prhknhpmjadktd
mjadktd dk magm
magmss
Nmsthjjms y Mkimjunám. Ds dxpjotmio toimvám dk rè`hadk dxtdkshvo.
- Dj `mkmio pornhko
pornhko ds ds dj aís kuadroso, shdkio su idsthko prhknhpmjadktd mj noksuao id
nmrkd y daguthios. ^u jonmjhzmnhþk idpdkid idj rè`hadk id dxpjotmnhþk. Msá, dk rè`hadk
dxtdkshvo dknoktrmaos nokndktrmnhokds id `mkmio dk jm ahtmi surodstd pdkhksujmr, dk
idldsms (Ludjvm, ^dvhjjm, Gmimeoz, Níndrds, ^mjmamknm) y dk rè`hadk hktdkshvo, ndrnmko
m jos ndktros id noksuao, noao Nmtmjuým.

2Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7

 

 HD^ Bdrkmkio id Ldrrdrm.

Ldrrdrm. @do`rmbám id Dspmým. Bjorhio Kmvmrro0 
Dspmým. 7µ id Gmnlhjjdrmto. N. Bjorhio

- Dj `mkmio mvánojm
mvánojm prdsdktm
 prdsdktm ukm tdkidknhm mjnhstm dk dstos õjthaos mýos. Wdnhdktdadktd
rd`ujmio por jm SMN, sd dxpjotm amyorhtmrhmadktd dk rè`hadk hktdkshvo, nokndktríkiosd
ndrnmko m jos ndktros id noksuao (Nmtmjuým, Rmjdknhm, Amirhi, Mkimjunám…)
JO^ MSWORDNLMAHDKYO^ BOWD^Y BOWD^YMJD^MJD^
Dstík rdjmnhokmios nok dj uso y mprovdnlmahdkto idj gosqud. ^u noktrhgunhþk m jm Sroiunnhþk
Bhkmj M`rmrhm ds aoidstm, idstmnmkio su jonmjhzmnhþk dk zokms nok ukm haportmktd luadimi,
noao ds dj kortd pdkhksujmr. Dj idsthko prhknhpmj ds jm proiunnhþk id jm amidrm, pmpdj y nornlo,
shdkio rdiunhio (mukqud dk nrdnhahdkto idghio m jm hknorpormnh
hknorpormnhþk
þk id dspdnhds id nrdnhahdkt
nrdnhahdktoo
ríphio noao dj phko) dk noapmrmnhþk nok jm mjtm idamkim dxhstdktd, por jo qud gudkm pmrtd id
kudstro noksuao ds haportmio.

2. KTDRO^ T^O^ X BTKNHOKD^ IDJ D^S

D^SMNHO
MNHO WTWMJ
 Mntumjadktd dj dspmnho rurmj ds noapjdeo y sd nmrmntdrhzm por jm aujthbuknhokmj
aujthbuknhokmjhimi
himi y jm
ldtdro`dkdhimi.
Jms nmusms id dstm shtumnhþk sok ukm kudvm pdrndpnhþk poshthvm id jo rurmj mktd dj
nrdnhahdkto idj ‚amjdstmr urgmko‑ (noktmahkmnhþk, idsdapjdo…), jm tdkidknhm m
idsndktrmjhzmr jm rdshidknhm,
dquhjhgrmims y bhkmjadktd jm proiunnhþkidyjmjos
jm aukihmjhzmnhþk sdrvhnhos, jms pojáthnms tdrrhtorhmjds aís
dnokoaám.
Jos kudvos usos hapjmktmios sok5
• Tso rdshidknhmj5 vhvhdkims sdnukimrhms id bhk id sdamkm / vmnmnhokds o rdshidknhms
prhknhpmjds dk írdms prþxhams m jms `rmkids nhuimids, mktd jm nmrdstám idj sudjo urgmko.
• Tso hkiustrhmj5 idrhvmios idj trmsjmio id bígrhnms qud gusnmk sudjo y a amko
mko id ogrm aís
gmrmtm o mprovdnlmr rdnursos y amtdrhms prhams rurmjds.
• Tso tdrnhmrho5 hkbrmdstrunturms id trmksportds y id mprovhshokm
mprovhshokmahdkto
ahdkto urgmko, `rmkids
supdrbhnhds noadrnhmjds y rdnrdmthvms.
• Tso maghdktmj, gmsmio dk jm nokshidrmnhþ
nokshidrmnhþk
k id qud dxhstdk írdms rurmjds id `rmk vmjor
pmhsmeásthno, lhstþrhno y nujturmj
Dstos kudvos usos dstík `dkdrmkio noksdnudknhms poshthvms noao ds ukm rdvhtmjhzmnhþk
dnokþahnm id jm zokm, mukqud tmaghèk mj`ukms kd`mthvms noao jm pèrihim id hidkthimi idj
dspmnho m`rmrho o jm id`rmimnhþk adihomaghdktmj.

0Djmgormnhþk m pmrthr idj jhgro id tdxto. H^GK 80<-<9-28<-=784-7