TNJ\DSRJKMK [DBNAHAFJBM KD [DETMBMN

OM[DSJM9 BJCDSRDFTSJKMK

BMSSDSM9  [dbnahafïms kd hm jnlarombjòn y hm baounjbmbjòn

ÍSDM9 Jnlrmdstrubturm kd Sdkds Kjfjtmhds

MHTONA9 Imjr Dzmedh Ejhmrja Fanzmhdz

FSTPA9 4° M

KABDN[D9 Iuhja Bdsmr Mhlmra Edrrdrm

MB[J\JKMK9 =.=.=.;
Príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja9 [rmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn hm BHJ
Jntrakubbjòn
Dn dstm príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja, sd lmojhjmrjzmrín ban dkjtards kd tdxta y ban mrbejvas kd banljfurmbjòn kd hm
hïndm kd baomnkas kd Hjnux.

Sdbursas ndbdsmrjas
 Oíqujnm vjrtumh BycdrAps Vargstmtjan

Pmrtd =9 Dkjtards kd tdxta fríljbas

Pmrm pakdr trmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn Hjnux, prjodra tjdndn qud lmojhjmrjzmrsd ban has dkjtards kd tdxta.
Has dkjtards kd tdxta pdrtdndbdn m unm kd hms bmtdfarïms oís mntjfums kd mphjbmbjands brdmkms pmrm
baoputmkarms. Hjnux, mh jfumh qud oubeas atras sjstdoms apdrmtjvas, tjdnd oubeas dkjtards kd tdxta
kjldrdntds, ban kjvdrsms bmrmbtdrïstjbms y lunbjands. Mhfunas dkjtards kd tdxta tjdnd jntdrlmbds fríljbms,
ojdntrms qud atras saha sd pudkdn utjhjzmr kdskd hm hïndm kd baomnkas. Bmkm dkjtar kd tdxta tjdnd un
baniunta kd bmrmbtdrïstjbms kjsdýmkms pmrm mkojtjr unm sjtumbjòn kd trmcmia dspdbïljbm. Mhfunas dkjtards kd
tdxta dstín dnlabmkas dn dh prafrmomkas y tjdnd bmrmbtdrïstjbms baoa rdsmhtmka kd sjntmxjs, barrdspankdnbjm
kd pmrêntdsjs y barbedtds, cusbmr y rddophmzmr, baopmtjcjhjkmk ban dxprdsjands rdfuhmrds ouhtjhïndm,
barrdbtar artafríljba y atrms bmrmbtdrïstjbms bdntrmkms dn hm prafrmombjòn.
Pmrm mearrmr dspmbja y omntdndr hm oíqujnm vjrtumh hjfdrm, hm \O Bjsba BycdrAps saha tjdnd Rbj[D baoa
mphjbmbjòn kd dkjtar kd tdxta fríljba. Rbj[D ds un dkjtar kd tdxta sjophd, pdqudýa y rípjka. Na tjdnd oubems
bmrmbtdrïstjbms mvmnzmkms pdra ds tatmhodntd baopmtjchd ban dh trmcmia qud sd rdmhjzm dn dstd bursa.
Natm9 Hm dhdbbjòn kdh dkjtar kd tdxta ds pdrsanmh. Njnfùn dkjtar kd tdxta ds odiar qud atra. Dh odiar dkjtar kd
tdxta ds ban dh qud sd sjdntmn oís bòoaka y sd mkmptd odiar m su trmcmia.

Pmsa =9 Mcrjr Rbj[D kdskd hm FTJ

m. Jnjbjd sdsjòn dn hm \O BycdrAps ban mnmhyst baoa usumrja y bycdraps baoa bantrmsdým. Dn takm dstm
príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja sd utjhjzm hm budntm mnmhyst baoa dh usumrja kd didopha.
c. Dn hm cmrrm supdrjar, kjrïimsd m Mphjbmbjands > BycdrAPR > Rbj[D pmrm mcrjr dh dkjtar kd tdxta Rbj[D.

b. Rbj[D ds sjophd pdra tjdnd bjdrtms bmrmbtdrïstjbms jopartmntds9 dntarna ban ljbems y rdsmhtmka kd sjntmxjs,
dntrd atrms. [rmcmidn mhfunas ojnutas ban Rbj[D. Dn dh írdm kd trmcmia prjnbjpmh, dsbrjcmn a bapjdn y
pdfudn dh sjfujdntd tdxta9
 ‘Dh dspmbja ds frmnkd. Sdmhodntd frmnkd. Rjophdodntd na brddrín ha vmsta, dnarod y mcacjnmchdodntd
frmnkd qud ds. Ds kdbjr, pudkdn pdnsmr qud hm lmrombjm dstí hdias, pdra na pudkd baopmrmrsd ban dh
dspmbja‟.
— Kaufhms Mkmos, [ed Ejtbeejgdr‚s Fujkd ta ted Fmhmxy
k. Emfmn bhjb dn Ljhd > Rmvd (Mrbejva > Fumrkmr) pmrm fumrkmr dh mrbejva. Acsdrvdn qud Rbj[D trmtm kd
fumrkmr dh mrbejva dn dh kjrdbtarja kd jnjbja kdh usumrja mbtumh (mnmhyst) kd omndrm prdkdtdrojnmkm.
Hhmod spmbd.txt mh mrbejva y emfm bhjb dn Fumrkmr .
d. Bjdrrdn Rbj[D7 pmrm dhha, emfmn bhjb dn dh jbana kd hm U kdh ínfuha supdrjar kdrdbea kd hm vdntmnm y,
hudfa, vudhvmn m mcrjr Rbj[D.
l. Emfmn bhjb dn Ljhd > Apdn… (Mrbejva > Mcrjr…) y cusqudn dh mrbejva qud mbmcmn kd fumrkmr9 spmbd.txt.
±Pukjdran dnbantrmr spmbd.txt jnodkjmtmodntd1 NA, PAS]TD BMOCJM KD TCJBMBJ N M KANKD
TNA HA FTMSKM M KANKD TNA HA\M M MCSJS

f. Munqud Rbj[D dstí cusbmnka dn dh kjrdbtarja barrdbta (/eaod/mnmhyst), na sd vd spmbd.txt. Dsta sd kdcd
m qud Rbj[D dstí cusbmnka dxtdnsjands banabjkms, y .txt na ds unm kd dhhms. Pmrm oastrmr takas has
mrbejvas, emfmn bhjb dn dh odnù kdsphdfmchd kd hm pmrtd jnldrjar kd hm vdntmnm Apdn Ljhd (Mcrjr
mrbejva) y sdhdbbjandn Mhh Ljhds (*) ([akas has mrbejvas W*_).
Príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja9 [rmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn hm BHJ

e. Rdhdbbjand spmbd.txt pmrm mcrjrha.

Natm9 Rj cjdn has sjstdoms kd mrbejvas Hjnux na kdpdnkdn kd hms dxtdnsjands, mhfunms mphjbmbjands
baoa Rbj[D pudkdn trmtmr kd utjhjzmrhms pmrm jkdntjljbmr tjpas kd mrbejvas.
j. Bjdrrdn spmbd.txt bumnka emymn tdrojnmka.

Pmsa 39 Mcrjr Rbj[D kdskd dh tdrojnmh

m. Baoa mhtdrnmtjvm, tmocjên pudkdn mcrjr Rbj[d kdskd hm hïndm kd baomnkas. Emfmn bhjb dn dh jbana kdh
tdrojnmh qud sd dnbudntrm dn dh Kabg kd hm pmrtd jnldrjar. Rd mcrjrí dh douhmkar kd tdrojnmhds.
c. Dsbrjcmn hs pmrm vdr dh bantdnjka kdh kjrdbtarja mbtumh. Acsdrvdn qud spmbd.txt dstí dn hm hjstm. Dsta
qujdrd kdbjr qud na emn praparbjanmka jnlarombjòn sacrd hm rutm pmrm mcrjr dh mrbejva.
b. Dsbrjcm sbjtd spmbd.txt pmrm mcrjr Rbj[D. [dnfmn prdsdntd qud ban dsta na saha sd mcrjrí Rbj[D dn hm
FTJ, sjna qud tmocjên sd bmrfmrí mutaoítjbmodntd dh mrbejva kd tdxta spmbd.txt qud sd brdò
prdvjmodntd.
Wmnmhyst@sdbAps ~_$ sbjtd spmbd.txt
k. Lïidnsd qud munqud Rbj[D dstí mcjdrta dn prjodr phmna, hm vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh qud sd utjhjzm pmrm mcrjrha
sjfud mcjdrtm dn sdfunka phmna. Mkdoís, acsdrvdn qud dn hm vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh qud sd utjhjzò pmrm
mcrjr Rbj[D ym na mpmrdbd dh bursar.

±Par quê na mpmrdbd dh bursar1

DH MSBEJ\A RBJ[D.[U[ MH OAODN[A KD MCSJSHA KDRKD HM [DSOJNMH \M CJDN PDSA
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
BTMNKA RD BJDSSM \TDH\D M MPMSDBDS DH BTSRA, DR PAS]TD DR[M DKJ[MNKA DH
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
MSBEJ\A KD [DU[A, DR KDBJS RD EJYA HM DIDBTBJAN KD HM MPHJBMBJÒN Z RD MCSJA
DN DN[ASNA FSMLJBA Z HM BANRAHM ]TDKA DN RDFTNKA PHMNA

d. Bjdrrdn dstm jnstmnbjm kd Rbj[D7 pmrm dhha, emfm bhjb dn dh jbana kd hm U baoa mntds a rdfrdsd m hm
vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh kdskd hm qud sd mcr jò Rbj[D y kdtdnfm dh prabdsa. Pudkdn kdtdndr dh prabdsa sj
prdsjanmn B[SH+B.
Príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja9 [rmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn hm BHJ
Natm9 Jnjbjmr Rbj[D kdskd hm hïndm kd baomnkas ds ùtjh bumnka sd qujdrd didbutmr Rbj[D baoa rmïz.
Rjophdodntd mntdpanfmn dh baomnka suka m sbjtd9 suka sbjtd.
l. Bjdrrdn Rbj[D y pmsdn m hm sdbbjòn sjfujdntd.

Pmrtd 39 Dkjtards kd tdxta kd hm hïndm kd baomnkas

Rj cjdn has dkjtards kd tdxta fríljbas san príbtjbas y líbjhds kd usmr, has cmsmkas dn hm hïndm kd baomnkas
ban ouy jopartmntds dn baoputmkarms ban Hjnux. Dh prjnbjpmh cdndljbja kd has dkjtards kd tdxta cmsmkas dn
hm hïndm kd baomnkas ds qud pdrojtdn dkjtmr un mrbejva kd tdxta kdskd unm sedhh rdoatm kd unm baoputmkarm
rdoatm.
Bansjkdrdn dh sjfujdntd dsbdnmrja9 un usumrja tjdnd qud rdmhjzmr tmrdms mkojnjstrmtjvms dn unm baoputmkarm
ban Hjnux pdra na dstí lrdntd mh dqujpa. Dntanbds, utjhjzm RRE pmrm jnjbjmr unm sedhh rdoatm m hm baoputmkarm
mntds odnbjanmkm. Dn hm sedhh rdoatm cmsmkm dn tdxta, ds pasjchd qud hm jntdrlmz fríljbm na dstê kjspanjchd y
dsa embd qud rdsuhtd jopasjchd trmcmimr ban dkjtards kd tdxta fríljbas. Dn dstd tjpa kd sjtumbjòn, has dkjtards
kd tdxta cmsmkas dn tdxta san brubjmhds.
Natm9 Dsta rdsuhtm dspdbjmhodntd bjdrta bumnka sd dstmchdbdn bandxjands ban sdrvjkards rdoatas sjn
pdrjlêrjbas qud na tjdndn jntdrlmz FTJ.
Hm \O Bjsba BycdrAps tjdnd mhfunas dkjtards kd tdxta cmsmkas dn hm hïndm kd baomnkas. Dstd bursa sd
dnlabm dn nmna.
Natm9 Atra dkjtar kd tdxta dxtrdomkmodntd papuhmr sd hhmom vj. Munqud hm burvm kd mprdnkjzmid kd vj sd
bansjkdrm dopjnmkm, vj ds un dkjtar kd tdxta ouy patdntd cmsmka dn hm hïndm kd baomnka. Dstí jnbhujka kd
omndrm prdkdtdrojnmkm dn takms hms kjstrjcubjands kd Hjnux y su bòkjfa arjfjnmh sd brdò dn =:6<. Dxjstd unm
vdrsjòn mbtumhjzmkm kd vj qud sd hhmom vjo, y sjfnjljbm vj-jopravdk (vj-odiarmka). Mbtumhodntd, hm omyarïm kd
has usumrjas kd vj dn rdmhjkmk dstín utjhjzmnka hm vdrsjòn mbtumhjzmkm9 vjo.

Kdcjka m hm lmhtm kd sapartd fríljba, nmna (a FNT nmna ) sd pudkd bantrahmr sahmodntd kdskd dh tdbhmka.
B[SH+A fumrkm dh mrbejva mbtumh7 B[SH+V mcrd dh odnù kd cùsqudkm. FNT nmna utjhjzm unm cmrrm kd
mbbdsas kjrdbtas kd kas hïndms dn hm pmrtd jnldrjar kd hm pmntmhhm7 mhhï sd jnbhuydn vmrjas baomnkas pmrm dh
bantdxta mbtumh. Kdspuês kd mcrjr nmna, prdsjandn B[SH+F pmrm vdr hm pmntmhhm kd myukm y unm hjstm
baophdtm.
m. Dn hm vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh dsbrjcmn nmna spmbd.txt pmrm mcrjr dh mrbejva kd tdxta qud brdmran d n hm
Pmrtd =.
Wmnmhyst@sdbAps ~_$ nmna spmbd.txt
Príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja9 [rmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn hm BHJ

35 #tbpQnapuse an7
3:
20 #gddpmhjvdQtjodaut 07
2= gddpmhjvdQtjodaut <47
23
22 #fzjp an7
2;
24 typdsQemseQomxQsjzd ;0:<7
2< sdrvdrQnmodsQemseQcubgdtQsjzd =357
26
25 sdrvdr {
2: hjstdn 5=7
;0 sdrvdrQnmod habmheast7
;=
;3 #bemrsdt gaj5-r7
;2
;; #mbbdssQhaf hafs/east.mbbdss.haf omjn7
;4
;< habmtjan / {
;6 raat /usr/semrd/nfjnx/etoh7
;5 jnkdx jnkdx.etoh jnkdx.eto7
;: }

^F Fdt Edhp ^A Vrjtd Aut ^V Vedrd Js ^G But [dxt ^I Iustjly ^B Bur Pas
^U Dxjt ^S Sdmk Ljhd ^X Sdphmbd ^T Tnbut [dxt ^[ [a Rpdhh ^Q Fa [a Hjnd

Natm9 Banvdnbjanmhodntd, sd utjhjzmn dxtdnsjands .banl pmrm jkdntjljbmr mrbejvas kd banljfurmbjòn.

c. Munqud qud dh mrbejva kd banljfurmbjòn tjdnd oubeas pmríodtras, banljfurmrdoas saha kas9 dh
pudrta nfjnx dsbubem dn cusbm kd bandxjands dntrmntds, y dh kjrdbtarja kdskd dh qud mtdnkdrí pífjnms
wdc, jnbhujka dh mrbejva kd hm pífjnm kd jnjbja E[OH kdh ïnkjbd.
b. Acsdrvdn qud, dn hm pmrtd jnldrjar kd hm vdntmnm (mrrjcm kd has baomnkas kd nmna), dh nùodra kd hïndm sd
vd rdsmhtmka y hjtmka. Dn hm hïndm 2<, bmocjdn dh nùodra kd pudrta kd 5= m 5050. Dsta hd jnkjbmrí m nfjnx
qud dsbubed sahjbjtukds E[[P dn dh pudrta [BP 5050.
k. M bantjnumbjòn, kjrïimsd m hm hïndm ;6 y bmocjd hm rutm kd /usr/baopmrtjr/nfjnx/etoh/ m
 /usr/semrd/nfjnx/etoh/tdxtQdkQhmc/.
Natm9 [aodn hm prdbmubjòn kd na qujtmr dh sjfna kd punta y baom kdh ljnmh kd hm hïndm7 sj ha embdn, nfjnx
mrraimrí un drrar mh mrrmnbmr.
d. Prdsjandn B[SH+U pmrm fumrkmr dh mrbejva. Prdsjandn  Z y hudfa JN[SA pmrm banljromr y utjhjzmr
bustaoQsdrvdr.banl baoa naocrd kd mrbejva.
l. Dsbrjcmn dh baomnka qud sd jnkjbm m bantjnumbjòn pmrm didbutmr nfjnx utjhjzmnka dh mrbejva kd
banljfurmbjòn oakjljbmka9
Wmnmhyst@sdbAps ~_$ suka nfjnx -b bustaoQsdrvdr.banl -f "pjk
/vmr/run/nfjnxQv.pjk7 "
Natm9 Rd ndbdsjtm -f ‘pjk /vmr/run/nfjnxQv.pjk7‟ pmrm kdbjrhd m nfjnx quê mrbejva usmr mh fumrkmr dh JK
kd prabdsa qud jkdntjljbm dstm jnstmnbjm kd nfjnx.
f. Emfmn bhjb dn dh jbana kdh nmvdfmkar wdc kdh Kabg pmrm mcrjr Ljrdlax.
Príbtjbm kd hmcarmtarja9 [rmcmimr ban mrbejvas kd tdxta dn hm BHJ

e. Dn hm cmrrm kd kjrdbbjands, dsbrjcmn =36.0.0.=95050 pmrm bandbtmrsd m un sdrvjkar wdc maimka dn dh

pudrta 5050 kd hm oíqujnm habmh. Kdcdrïm mpmrdbdr unm pífjnm rdhmbjanmkm ban dstm príbtjbm kd
hmcarmtarja.
j. Kdspuês kd qud emymn pakjka mcrjr hm pífjnm kd jnjbja kd nfjnx, ojrdn dh odnsmid kd bandxjòn dn hm
vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh. ±M quê sd rdljdrd dh odnsmid kd drrar1
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 i. Pmrm bdrrmr dh sdrvjkar wdc kd nfjnx prdsjandn JN[SA y hds mpmrdbdrí un sïocaha kdh sjstdom7 mhhï
dsbrjcmn dh sjfujdntd baomnka dn hm vdntmnm kdh tdrojnmh9
Wmnmhyst@sdbAps ~_$ suka pgjhh nfjnx
g. Pudkdn pracmr sj dh sdrvjkar nfjnx rdmhodntd dstí bdrrmka sj prjodra carrmn dh ejstarjmh rdbjdntd kdh
nmvdfmkar wdc y, hudfa, ha bjdrrmn y vudhvdn m mcrjrha pmrm ljnmhodntd kjrjfjrsd m hm pífjnm kd jnjbja kd
nfjnx9 =36.0.0.=95050. ±Mpmrdbd hm pífjnm wdc1  QQQQQ
Kdsmlïa9 ±Pudkd dkjtmr dh mrbejva /dtb/nfjnx/bustaoQbanljfurmtjan.banl ban Rbj[D1 Kdsbrjcmn dh prabdsa
m bantjnumbjòn.
RJ, PAS]TD PSJODSA MBBDKJOAS M HAR PDSOJRAR, KDRPTDR BANLJFTSMOAR HM
BMSPD[M DRPDBJLJBM PMSM PAKDS EMBDS BMOCJAR DN OAKA PSJ\JHDFJMKA
Sdbudrkdn9 baoa dh mrbejva dstí mhombdnmka dn /dtb, ndbdsjtmrín pdrojsas kd usumrja rmïz pmrm dkjtmrha.
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Sdlhdxjòn
Kdpdnkjdnka kdh sdrvjbja, ds pasjchd qud emym oís apbjands kjspanjchds pmrm su banljfurmbjòn.
Hm ucjbmbjòn kdh mrbejva kd banljfurmbjòn, su sjntmxjs y sus pmríodtras kjspanjchds vmrjmrín sdfùn dh sdrvjbja.
Rjdoprd bansuhtdn hm kabuodntmbjòn sj ndbdsjtmn jnlarombjòn.
Has pdrojsas san unm bmusm ouy baoùn kd prachdoms. Msdfùrdnsd kd tdndr has pdrojsas barrdbtas mntds
kd trmtmr kd dkjtmr mrbejvas kd banljfurmbjòn.
Ha oís lrdbudntd ds qud sdm ndbdsmrja rdjnjbjmr has sdrvjbjas pmrm qud has bmocjas surtmn dldbta.