Ent 530 - Business Plan Latesttttt: Read Free For 30 Days

Ent 530 - Business Plan Latesttttt
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ENT530 Business Plan
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Oct 27, 2021
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ENT 530 - BUSINESS PLAN LATESTTTTT
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Ho`hgmuonooh`, wd hrd gcst frhtdiuo tc Hooh` Q.V.] icr t`d acgpodtncb ci t`ns Jusnbdss \ohb
hs cbd ci t`d rdqunrdgdbt t`ht bddm tc jd haacgpons` nb t`d acursd wcre hssdssgdbt icr acmd
DB]41<.
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Qpdanho t`hbes tc cur phrdbts nb suppcrtnbf us tc acgpodtd t`ns jusnbdss pohb. ]`ns
jusnbdss pohb `hs jddb wnt` t`d accpdrhtncb hbm suppcrt ircg ghby pdcpod. Jdsnmds, bct tc
jd icrfcttdb tc cur odaturdrs w`na` hrd ghmhg Bccr Ihnzh` Jnbtn Gc`m Ohknb hbm `dr
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enbmbdss nb `dopnbf us murnbf t`d prcadss ci acgpodtncb ci t`ns prckdat wcre. Q`d `hs fnvdb
us h fccm sdrvnad jy prcvnmnbf usdiuo nbicrghtncb tc us. Vnt`cut `dr, wd wcom bct jd hjod tc
acgpodtd t`ns jusnbdss pohb.
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]`rcuf` t`csd prcjodg wd ghbhfd tc jdacgd gcrd crfhbnzd hbm ghturd nb mdhonbf
wnt` prcjodgs t`ht caaur murnbf rdsdhra`. ]`ns jusnbdss pohb acvdrs crfhbnzhtncb, ghredtnbf,
cpdrhtncb, inbhbanho pohb hbm hby ct`dr nbicrghtncb bddmdm jy h bdw dbtrdprdbdur hs h funmd
Did you find this document useful? tc sthrt t`ns jusnbdss.
Ohstoy, tc t`csd w`c `hm nbvcovdm hbm acbtrnjutdm mnrdatoy cr nbmnrdatoy tc t`ns
jusnbdss pohb, wd hrd vdry frhtdiuo tc t`dg icr t`d diicrt hbm nbntnhtnvd t`ht t`dy `hvd s`cwb
nb cur prckdat ubtno wd suaadssiuooy acgpodtdm cur jusnbdss pohb. N hpcocfnzd tc hoo ct`dr
ubbhgdm pdrscb w`c `dopdm us vhrncus whys tc acgpodtd t`ns prckdat hbm wd `cpd t`ns
jusnbdss pohb rdpcrt ahb fnvd us onttod jnt hjcut Dbtrdprdbdurs`np wcrom hbm ihat hjcut `cw tc
jdacgd hb dbtrdprdbdur nb iuturd.
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DPDAT]NYD QTGGHZ^
Jdooytngds ahiî ns h acgphby t`ht prcvnmds vhrndty ci iccm hbm sdrvnads tc austcgdr
ocahtdm nb 1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru, Kc`cr 0<8<< Kc`cr Mhruo ]hezng.
Jdooytngds ahiî ns h phrtbdrs`np jusnbdss w`na` rdfnstdrdm ubmdr \hrtbdrs`np Hat 8>98.
Jdooytngds ahiî `hs t`d fcho w`na` ns tc ciidrs vhrndty iccm Ghohysnhb cr wdstdrb t`ht fnvds
`nf` shtnsihatncb tc acbsugdr.
Jdooytngds ahiî dxnst tc httrhat hbm ghnbthnb austcgdr vnsnt hbm strnvd icr t`d `nf`dr
rhbe ci quhonty hbm thstd ci iccm hgcbf ct`drs Ghohysnhb hbm wdstdrb iccm. Cur gnssncb ns tc
jrnbf `hppnbdss tc austcgdr w`db t`dy dbkcy t`d iccm ht cur ahiî. Nb hmmntncb, wd whbt
austcgdr `hvd h fccm dxpdrndbad hbm thstd ubnqud iohvcurs ircg vhrncus typd ci wdstdrb iccm
t`ht wd prcvnmd.
Hphrt ircg t`ht, Jdooytngds ahiî `hs icrdsddb t`ns cppcrtubnty tc prcvnmd t`d `nf`dst
quhonty ci thstd nb wdstdrb iccm hbm Ghohysnhb iccm nb Ghohysnh jdsnmds wd put h gnx hbm
ghta` gdbu tc ghed austcgdr try jct` ci iccm tcfdt`dr. Hosc, Jdooytngds ahiî ciidrs h
vhrndty ci iccms t`ht fnvd butrntncb ci `dhot`, ocw sufhr, ocw ahocrnds jhsdm cb mdghbm
austcgdr hbm rdadnvdm `hoho adrtninahtds.
]`d gdbu t`ht wd prcvnmd ns vdry ubnvdrsho tc dvdrycbd mdspntd t`dnr fdbmdr cr hfd.
]`ns s`cwb t`ht Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo jd t`d cbd ci ahiî t`ht jd a`csdb jy austcgdr.
Jdooytngds ahiî acbsnst ci 4 ghbhfdrs w`na` ns Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr, Ghredtnbf Ghbhfdr,
Hmgnbnstrhtncb Ghbhfdr, Cpdrhtncbho Ghbhfdr hbm Inbhbanho Ghbhfdr. Vd hrd hosc `nrdm 1
dgpocydds tc jd h whntdr, a`di hbm ahs`ndr ht cur ahiî.
Jdooytngds ahiî s`cws t`d fccm cppcrtubnty t`ht `hs t`d ghredt pctdbtnho tc suaadss nb
prcvnmnbf jct` ci iccm nb mniidrdbt vdrsncb w`na` ns wdstdrb hbm Ghohysnhb iccm cb t`d shgd
ahiî wnt` `hbmodm diinandbtoy hbm ghenbf `nf`dr prcint. ]`d rdhscb ns jdahusd ci t`d ocahtncb
hbm t`drd ns bc ahiî prcvnmd twc mniidrdbt typds ci iccm nb cbd ahiî cr rdsthurhbt. ]`ns ns hb
dxadoodbt pohb jdahusd ci t`csd iccms hrd vdry prdidrrdm jy pdcpod mdspntd t`dnr fdbmdr hbm
hfd. Vd `cpd t`ns jusnbdss rub diidatnvdoy jy icoocwnbf t`d jusnbdss pohb hbm ha`ndvd t`d
fcho hbm fdt t`d dxpdatdm rdturb nb t`d iuturd.
\TZ\CQD
]`d jusnbdss pohb ns prdphrdm tc hat hs h funmdonbd icr ghbhfdrs tc ghbhfd jusnbdss
diidatnvdoy hbm diinandbtoy. Jusnbdss pohb acbthnbs hoo t`d nbicrghtncb rdfhrmnbf t`d
prcmuats, inbhbanho dstnghtds hbm t`d jusnbdss pohb icr iuturd. Nt hosc acbthnbs jdttdr
ubmdrsthbm hbm aodhr cjkdatnvds ci t`d jusnbdss. Vd `hvd sdt cut cwb gnssncb hbm vnsncb
icr suaadss.
]`d jusnbdss pohb nbaoumds acgphby jhaefrcubm, cwbdrs cr phrtbdr jhaefrcubm,
ghredtnbf strhtdfy, cpdrhtncbs pohb, ocahtncb ci jusnbdss, crfhbnzhtncbho pohb hbm t`d gcst
ngpcrthbt nb crfhbnznbf t`d jusnbdss w`na` ns t`d inbhbanho pohb ci t`d jusnbdss.
Nb crmdr tc acbvnbad jhbedr tc `hvd acbinmdbt hbm prcvnmd ochb tc cur jusnbdss, wd
prdphrdm t`d jusnbdss pohb cjthnb inbhbanbf hbm fhnb suppcrt icr t`d vdbturd wnt` Tn]G.
Jdooytngds ahiî `hm ghmd mnsaussncbs wnt` s`hrd`comdrs hbm ha`ndvd acbsdbt tc acoodat
Jdooytngds ahiî `hm ghmd mnsaussncbs wnt` s`hrd`comdrs hbm ha`ndvd acbsdbt tc acoodat
ZG8<,<<< ircg hoo t`d s`hrd`comdrs nb t`d acgphby. Dha` s`hrd`comdr hfrddm tc
acbtrnjutd hs t`dy mnsaussdm.
]`d haauguohtdm ahpntho prcvnmdm jy dha` s`hrd`comdr nb t`d acgphby ghy jd dbcuf`
icr bcw hbm cbd gcbt` tc cpdb up h ahiî hbm pura`hsd hoo t`d acgphby hssdt, dqunpgdbt
hbm rhw ghtdrnhos. Vd ahb fdt hoo t`ns stuii ircg trustdm suppondrs hbm t`dy hfrddm tc fnvd
t`d jdst ciidr dvdr hbm ocwdst prnad nb hb diicrt tc suppcrt ocaho acgphby. Iurt`drgcrd, nt
wnoo fnvd jdbdint icr jct` suppondr hbm cur acgphby nb t`d ocbf-tdrg hfrddgdbt.
Jusnbdss pohb `dops wcredrs tc ubmdrsthbm t`d jusnbdss„s fcho hbm purpcsd hbm
prcvnmd t`dg h funmdonbd tc ahrry t`dnr mutnds hbm rdspcbsnjnontnds. ]`ns acuom `dop t`d
jusnbdss cpdrhtncb rub sgcctòy.
Vd hs h Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo ghed surd tc usd hoo ci cur hssdts ht iuoo ahphanty tc
ha`ndvd prcint. ]`d mnvnmdbm ahb jd fnvdb tc s`hrd`comdrs hbm t`d rdst wnoo jd usdm tc
upfrhmd t`d jusnbdss. Vd jdondvd nb w`ht wd mc hbm wd acgpodtdoy acbinmdbt t`ht
Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo jd suaadssiuo.
BHGD \CQN]NCB HGCTB] CI DXTN]^

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IHZH@ QTZH^H JNB]N [HNBTMNB (INBHBANHO GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<
@HQON[H JNB]N GHBQCZ (GHZED]NBF GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<
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]C]HO ; ZG 4<,<<<.<<
Ircg t`d acbsdbt ci phrtbdrs`np, wd hfrddm Bhgd ci t`d jusnbdss tc rub ht odhst 1
ydhrs cr gcrd hbm hoo t`d phrtbdrs hrd prc`njntdm ircg mnsscovnbf t`d jusnbdss wnt`cut t`d
acbsdbt ci ct`drs phrtbdrs. Vd hosc `hm jddb hfrddm wnt` cur pcsntncbs wd `hvd jddb
mnsaussdm nb cur fdbdrho gddtnbf jhsdm cb cur cwb hahmdgna quhoninahtncb, senoos hbm
dxpdrndbad.
8. ACG\HB^ \ZCINOD
8.8 ACG\HB^ OCFC

8.8 ACG\HB^ OCFC
Acgphby„s bhgd ns Jdooytngds Ahiî. Vd usd t`d bhgd Jdooytngds Ahiî hs cur
acgphby bhgd ns jdahusd wd whbt tc ghed scgd Jdooytngds tc ahoo dht. Nt ocahtdm nb
1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru, Kc`cr 0<8<< Kc`cr Mhruo ]hezng. V`db
ycu ùbfry ycu bddm iccm, sc ycu wnoo ahoo nts Jdooytngds ahiî. Vd `hvd cur cwb
ahid. ]`d bhgd ci t`d ahid ns Jdooytngds Ahiî. ]`ns bhgd acgds ircg cur irndbm, s`d
howhys usnbf t`ht wcrm w`db s`d bddm iccm dspdanhooy ouba` tngd. ]`d hgcubt ci
inbhbanbf t`ht wd bddmdm ns ZG 4<,<<< cboy tc sthrt t`d jusnbdss.
Vd `cpd t`ht wd ahb httrhat gcrd pdcpod tc acgd tc cur ahid hbm thstd t`d
ubnqudbdss ci cur iccm. Cur ghnb hatnvnty sdrvnbf ns iccms, wd `hvd Ghohysnhb iccm
hbm wdstdrb iccm. Vd ghed h sdvdrho typd ci mns`. ]`d bhturd ci jusnbdss ns, wd hrd
prcvnmnbf Ghohysnhb hbm Vdstdrb iccm tcfdt`dr ht t`d shgd tngd.
Bhgd ci t`d acgphby Jdooytngds. Qmb. J`m.
Bhgd ci t`d s`cp Jdooytngds Ahid
Jusnbdss Hmmrdss Ht 1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru,

Kc`cr 0<8<< Kc`cr Mhruo ]hezng.
Acrrdspcbmdbad Hmmrdss Ht 1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru,

Kc`cr 0<8<< Kc`cr Mhruo ]hezng.
Vdjsntd www.jdooytngdsahidLacg.gy
Dghno jdooytngdsahidLyh`cc.acg
]dodp`cbd Bugjdr <=-6=6= 8:8:
Icrg ci jusnbdss \rnvhtd ongntdm acgphby
Ghnb hatnvnty Ahiî
Mhtd ci acggdbadgdbt 8 Khbuhry :<8>
Mhtd ci rdfnstrhtncb :< Bcvdgjdr :<80
Zdfnstrhtncb Bugjdr QJ <64->019-E
Bhgd ci jhbe ANGJ Jhbe
Jhbe Haacubt Bugjdr 8488 198: 4=:1
8.: Jhaefrcubm ci ]`d Acgphby;
9
:.< DBYNZCBGDB]HO NBMTQ]Z^ HBHO^QNQ
Jdooytngds ahiî ns h acgphby dsthjons`dm tc prcvnmd h `dhot`y iccm icr h austcgdr

w`c fnvds prncrnty tc t`dnr thstds nb wdstdrb hbm Ghohysnhb iccm tcfdt`dr. Cur acgphby
`hs prcidssncbho wcredrs tc fnvd t`d jdst sdrvnads icr cur austcgdr dspdanhooy wcreh`cona
w`c gnf`t mcds bct `hvd tngd tc accedm ht `cgd. Cur acgphby hatnvnty ns tc sdrvd
austcgdr wnt` twc mniidrdbt typds ci iccm wnt` Vdstdrb iccm hbm Ghohysnhb iccm tc t`csd
austcgdrs whbt tc dht Bhsn Odghe cr A`naedb A`cp hs wdoo.
Hs wd ebcw nb Ehgpubf Jh`ru, t`drd hrd ghby whrubf ht t`d rchm sntd hbm kust
prcvnmd h idw gdbus tc austcgdr. Tsuhooy, rchmsnmd sthoos sdoo iccm jy h adrthnb tngd, sua`
hs gcrbnbf hbm dvdbnbf cboy. ]`dy wnoo sdoo gdbu shgd fcds oned ct`dr sthoo gdbu sua` hs
gdd fcrdbf, jnùb fcrdbf hbm bhsn odghe, t`drd ns bct`nbf ubnqud cb t`dnr gdbu. Nt
gheds pdcpod iddo jcrnbf hbm sthrt inbm mniidrdbt pohad tc dht. Bcwhmhys, pdcpod w`c
wcre nb t`d dhroy gcrbnbf ns mniinauot tc t`dg tc fdt t`dnr jrdheihst jdahusd t`d sthoo cpdb
nb t`d gcrbnbf hrd vdry gnbcr.
]`d pcssnjnonty ci iccm tc scom cut ns h vdry `nf`, sc nb crmdr tc fnvd t`d gcrbnbf
pdcpod fdt t`dnr jrdheihst, wd prcvnmd h vhrndty ci jrdheihst ht cur ahiî sua` hs Bhsn
Odghe wnt` vhrndty snmd mns`ds, shbmwna` wnt` vhrncus inoonbf hbm sc cb. Qc t`dy ahb
dhsnoy a`ccsd w`na` cbd ns t`dnr ihvcurntd hbm t`d iccm wd wnoo eddp tcp-up t`d mns`ds
ubtno 88 h.g. jdicrd wd a`hbfd t`d gdbu tc ouba` `cur gdbu.
:.8 Mdsarnptncb ci nbmustry t`ht cur acgphby cpdrhtds;
n. Ghnboy, iccm sddgs tc jd ngpcrthbt tc cur mhnoy onid. Nt ahb jd cur jrdheihst,
ouba` hbm mnbbdr. Iccms prcvnmds dssdbtnho hbm dbdrfy nb t`d dvdrymhy ùghb
mndt t`rcuf` mnrdat ùghb acbsugptncb hbm hosc vnh gdht prcmuatncb snbad
t`dy acgprnsd h ghkcr onvdstcae iddm. Cur acgphby acbinmdbt wnt` Ghohysnhbs
ghredts hbm t`dy rdadnvdm t`ns iccm nb t`ns acubtry. ]ùs, pdcpod ahb a`ccsd
dnt`dr t`dy whbt tc dht Ghohysnhb iccm cr Vdstdrb iccm. Hbm t`db, w`db
pdcpod fdt t`d `nf` hwhrdbdss ci cur iccm hbm t`dy `hvnbf `nf` acbinmdbt wnt`
t`ns prcmuat hbm nt ahb jd gcrd dhsnoy tc sdoo tc t`d ghredt. Ghohysnhb tdbm tc
dht Ghohysnhb iccm hbm `hs thstds ci t`d Ghohysnhb pcpuohtncb jut t`drd h idw
pdcpod nb Ghohysnh ocvd tc dht Vdstdrb iccm hs wdoo, sc `drd wd hrd fnvnbf t`d
a`hbads tc t`dg tc fdt t`dnr ihvcurntd wdstdrb iccm wnt` h fccm thstd ht cur
Jdooytngds ahiî. ]`drdicrd, gcrd austcgdr wnoo spdbm t`dnr gcbdy tc juy h
iccm rht`dr t`hb kube iccms hbm cur iccms wnoo acbtnbud tc dxphbm nb t`d
ghredt hbm wd wnoo cpdb gcrd jrhba`ds ci Jdooytngds ahiî. ]`nrm, cur iccm nt
ahb gddt shtnsihatncb ci austcgdr jdahusd ci ghby hmvhbthfd nb t`ns iccm sua`
hs t`d prnad ns ocwdr t`hb ct`dr icr ahiî prnad hbm t`d pcrtncb ci iccm ns jnf hbm
nt rdhooy wcrt` nt tc juy hbm dht.
nn. Cur ahiî `hs iccm idhturds shgd wnt` ct`drs acgphbnds. Oneds ct`drs ahiî
w`drd Com ]cwb V`ntd Aciidd hbm \hph Zna`, t`drd hrd hosc prcvnmd bhsn
odghe hbm a`naedb a`cp ubicrtubhtdoy t`dy h `hvnbf h ongntdm snmd mns`ds tc
austcgdrs wnt` sghoo pcrtncb ci iccm. Jdsnmds, t`d prnad ns vdry prnay t`hb cur
ahiî sc gcrd austcgdr wnoo acgd tc cur ahiî hbm dbkcy cur mdonancus iccm wnt`
hiicrmhjod prnad hbm fdt h `hppnbdss hitdr dht ht cur ahiî. Jdahusd ci cur iccm
ns vdry ubnqud, wd hosc `hvd h rdfuohr austcgdr w`drd t`dy acgd tc cur ahiî
dvdry mhy tc dht cut iccm.
nnn. Ghredt hbhoysns ns t`d cbd ci t`d ghnb ihatcrs nb ghredtnbf. Nt ns stumy tc
mdinbd h acgphby„s ghredts. Icrdahst t`d mnrdatncbs hbm w`c tc dxphbm t`dnr
acgphby„s hm dxpocnt hby bdw trdbms. ]`nbfs t`ht nbaoumd nb ghredt hbhoysns
hrd dxhgpod ns thrfdt ghredt, ghredt snzd, acgpdtntncb, ghredt s`hrd, shod
icrdahst hbm ghredtnbf strhtdfy. Icr cur jusnbdss, cur thrfdt ns ubnvdrsho.
]`drd ns bc ongnthtncb cr spdaninahtncb icr adrthnb pdcpod jdahusd dvdrycbd ahb
dbkcy nt. acggcb whbt tc dht gcrd vhrndty ci iccms nb Ghohysnh acubtry.
\sya`cfrhp`na sdfgdbthtncb
Mnvnmds t`d ghredt nbtc frcup haacrmnbf tc austcgdr„s onidstyod. Hatnvntnds,
nbtdrdst hbm cpnbncbs (HNC) survdys ci cbd tcco gdhsurnbf onidstyod nt acbsnmdrs ci cur
pctdbtnho nbioudbads nb juynbf. Nbaoumnbf t`d httntumds, dxpdathtncbs hbm hatnvntnds ci
austcgdrs. Ircg cur rdsdhra`, wd nmdbtnindm t`ht cut thrfdt ghredt ns pdcpod t`ht
acgds ircg hoo odvdos ci nbacgd ci jct` fdbmdr.
Jd`hvncurho Qdfgdbthtncb
Vd Tsd t`d ubnqud ci rdohtncbs`np t`ht cur `hvd wnt` cur austcgdr tc `hvd h
vdry pdrscbho acbvdrshtncb. Nb t`ns sdfgdbthtncb, cur thrfdt ghredt ns dvdrycbd w`c
whoenbf tc cur ahiî hbm crmdr t`d shgd gdbu dvdry mhy ht Jdooytngds ahiî. Vd fnvd
prncrnty tc t`d rdfuohr austcgdr jy fnvnbf t`dg vcua`dr mnsacubt nb dvdry pura`hsd.
Vd hosc acbthat wnt` austcgdr jy wdoacgnbf t`dg, dxpohnb gdbu hbm `dop t`dg ni
t`dy bddm us icr gcrd dxpohbhtncb hjcut gdbu cr dosd.
Fdcfrhp`na Qdfgdbthtncb
]`ns ns w`db t`d jusnbdss mnvnmds nts ghredt cb t`d jhsns ci fdcfrhp`y. Vd
a`csd h Kc`cr Jh`ru hs hb cpdrhtncb icr us jdahusd t`drd `hvnbf h `nf` pcpuohtncb
mdbsnty nb t`d acubtry. Qdacbm, com pdcpod nb tcwb prdidr tc juy Ghohysnhb iccm
w`nod tddbhfdr tdbm tc juy Vdstdrb iccm ht cut ahiî. ]`nrm, pdcpod ircg Qnbfhpcrd
acubtry hosc ahb acgd vnsnt tc cur ahiî jdahusd ci t`d ubnqudbdss ci cur ahiî hbm
httrhat t`dg tc vnsnt nt hbm dbkcy t`d iccm t`ht wd prcvnmdm.
>
:.: Ghkcr Gharc-Dbvnrcbgdbtho Ihatcr Hiidat Jusnbdss;
Auoturd
Qcanho dbvnrcbgdbtho ihatcrs nbaoumd scandtho gcvdgdbts, a`hbfds nb pujona vhouds

hbm httntumds pdcpod nb t`d ghredtpohad `hvd tcwhrm wcrenbf icr ycur jusnbdss. Hbct`dr trdbm
nb t`d mdgcfrhp`na dbvnrcbgdbt ns t`d a`hrhatdrnstnas ci ihgnonds. Bc ocbfdr hrd kcnbt ihgnoy„s
buaodhr ihgnonds hrd nb trdbm w`drd phrdbts hbm a`nomrdb onvd tcfdt`dr wnt`cut ct`dr dxtdbmdm
gdgjdr ns gcrd acggcb nb antnds. Hbm buaodhr ihgnonds hrd nbardhsnbf mhy jy mhy. Jhsdm cb
cur rdsdhra`, pdcpod ht Ehgpubf Jh`ru hrd gcstoy oned tc dht cutsnmd rht`dr t`hb dht tcfdt`dr
wnt` t`dnr ihgnoy ht `cgd. Bct cboy t`ht, t`d ghkcrnty ci pdcpod ht Ehgpubf Jh`ru ns
wcrenbf hbm t`dsd pdcpod wnoo inbm rdsthurhbt tc dht ht ouba` `cur. ]`ns ihatcr wnoo `hvd
hiidatdm cur jusnbdss hbm nt wnoo fhnb cur prcint ircg t`d gcbdy austcgdr spdbm.
Dacbcgna
Cb dacbcgna sdatcr, Ni t`d nbiohtncb rhtd nbardhsds nb t`d dacbcgy w`drd cur
rdsthurhbt ns cpdrhtnbf, nt wnoo hiidat t`d prnads ci t`d nbfrdmndbts. Hs h rdsuots gdbu prnads
wnoo fc up hbm gcst ci t`d tngd pdcpod hvcnm tc dht cutsnmd hbm t`dy prdidr fc cutsnmd
icr s`cppnbf. Hphrt ircg t`ht, wd wnoo fhnb ocss ci prcint. Jhsdm cb t`d ocahtncb t`ht wd
a`ccsd pcpuohtncb nb Ehgpubf Jh`ru `hvnbf h `nf` sthbmhrm ci onvnbf. Jdooytngds ahiî
a`ccsd pcpuohtncb nb Ehgpubf Jh`ru `hvnbf h `nf` sthbmhrm ci onvnbf. Jdooytngds ahiî
prcvnmd t`d ocwdst prnad ht jnf pctncb tc austcgdrs. Acbsugdr mnspcshjod nbacgd ns hbct`dr
dacbcgna ihatcr t`ht ahb hiidat t`d iccm nbmustry. Ni pdcpod `hvd gcrd mnspcshjod nbacgd,
t`dy wnoo `hbf cut wnt` ihgnoy hbm irndbms. Jdahusd ci t`d dacbcgna nb Ghohysnh acubtry fnvd
h vdry jnf ngphat tc t`d austcgdr hbm sghoo jusnbdss.
]da`bcocfy
Cb tda`bcocfy sdatcr, rhpnm tda`bcocfy hmvhbadgdbt hbm a`hbfd ahb ngphat cut ahid
jusnbdss icr surd. Vd `hvd h aocsdr occe ht cur dgpocydds jy nbsthoonbf AA]Y Ahgdrhs
acbtrco wnt` gcjnod p`cbd. ]`ns ns `cw wd usd tda`bcocfy tc thed ahrd ci cur ahiî. Vd hrd
hosc usd scitwhrd tc ahoauohtd hb haacubtnbf ci cur ahiî, ni t`ns scitwhrd ns usdm prcpdroy nt
ahb nbardhsd t`d iocw ci nbardhsd hbm prcinthjnonty. Jy usnbf t`dsd tda`bcocfy, cur jusnbdss
jdacgd gcrd sgcctòy hbm dhsy tc acbmuat.
8<

Invite Friends
:.1 Mdsarnptncb ci t`d nbmustry nb w`na` ycur acgphby cpdrhtds
! Qtruaturd
Qtruaturd ci t`d acgphby ns `dhmdm jy fdbdrho ghbhfdr hbm ns mnvnmdm nbtc icur
mdphrtgdbts bhgdoy mdphrtgdbt ci hmgnbnstrhtncb mdphrtgdbt, ghredtnbf mdphrtgdbt,
cpdrhtnbf mdphrtgdbt hbm inbhbanho mdphrtgdbt. ]`d ghredt snzd ci iccm ns prnghrnoy frcw
mud acbsugdr nbmuofdbad hbm t`d ubnqudbdss ci iccm. ]`d ghkcr ihatcr ghredt icr cur iccm ns
wd prcvnmd Ghohysnhb hbm Vdstdrb iccm ht cbd ahiî. hbm nt fnvd gcrd a`cnad tc austcgdr hbm
nt fnvd ocyhoty tc t`dg a`ccsd t`dnr ihvcrntd iccm. Vd usd irds` shohms hbm irds` vdfdthjods
wd put cb bhsn odghe hbm a`naedb a`cp, t`ns gheds austcgdrs rdhooy `hppy icr ouba` `drd.
Gcrdcvdr, hoo ci cur iccm wdrd sdrvd nb whrg acbmntncb hbm nt ghed t`d iccm sdrvd tc
austcgdr iddo irds` ircg stcvd cvdb. Jdooytngds ahiî hosc `hvd `hoho adrtninahtd hbm wd put
t`ht adrtninahtd ht ahs`ndr acubtdr, t`ns ns tc Gusong austcgdr wnoo bct `hvnbf hby mcujtiuo
w`nod dht ht cur ahiî. Nt ns shid icr dhtnbf hbm ns pdrncmnahooy gcbntcrdm jy nbtdrbhtncbho iccm
crfhbnshtncb tc sdd t`ht hoo mnrdatnvds hrd icoocwdm rdonfncusoy. Iurt`drgcrd, Ghohysnhb hbm
Vdstdrb iccm wnoo jd iuoodr hbm dbdrfnzd austcgdrs. Nbardhsdm acgpdtntncb hgcbf crfhbnzdm
hbm sahttdrdm ubcrfhbnzdm sdatcrs hbm rhw ghtdrnhos acsts hrd dxpdatdm tc rdstrhnb t`d ghredt
frcwt` nb t`d iuturd. Frcwnbf dgp`hsns cb t`ns gnx hbm ghta` iccm hbm mdghbm fdbdrhtncb
ircg mdvdocpnbf acubtrnds wcuom iurt`dr iudo t`d frcwt` ci t`d ghredt murnbf icrdahst pdrncm.
! Ghkcr ihatcrs hiidatnbf ghredt frcwt`
Cur acgphby wnoo bct dsahpd t`d diidats ci t`d ihatcr ci nbioudbanbf t`d ghredt
w`dt`dr pcsntnvd cr bdfhtnvd. Inrst dxhgpod, t`d mdghbm ci mniidrdbt fccm hbm sdrvnads hiidats
t`d frcwt` ci ghredt ni t`drd ns nbardhsd nb mdghbm ci fccms hbm sdrvnads cboy t`db t`drd wnoo
jd hb dxphbsncb ci ghredt nbardhsd ni t`drd ns nbardhsnbf ci mdghbm icr fccms hbm sdrvnads tc
acpd up wnt` t`ns nbardhsd t`d ghredt tdbm tc frcw. Qdacbmoy, t`d wdht`dr hosc hiidats ghredt
frcwt` jdahusd ni dvdry mhy ns `dhvy rhnbnbf, t`d austcgdr wnoo bct `hvd nbtdrdstdm tc fcnbf
cut tc dht ht ahiî hbygcrd jdahusd cr trhiina khg hbm hvcnm icrg haanmdbt nb `dhvy rhnbnbf.
88
! Nbmustry trdbms
]`d Jdooytngds ahiî nbmustry wnoo wntbdss h acbtnbunbf trdbm tcwhrm t`d vhrndty typd
ci iccm cb t`d jhae ci ocwdr prnads tc frcw 4.4% wcromwnmd hbm 1% nb mdvdocpdm bhtncbs hs
prcmuatncb nb t`dsd rdfncbs rdjcubms. A`hbfnbf jrdheihst `hjnts hbm mdgcfrhp`nas harcss t`d
dgdrfnbf dacbcgnds `hvd jddb hatnbf hs t`d ghkcr frcwt` mrnvdrs icr focjho mdghbm ci
jrdheihst iccms. ]`d nbardhsnbf prdidrdbad ci wdstdrb iccm phttdrbs `hs iurt`dr odm tc t`d
frcwt` ci focjho jrdheihst iccm ghredt nb t`d rdadbt phst. ]`d wnmd hsscrtgdbt ci hotdrbhtnvd
wdstdrb iccm ns spdanina tc dvdry rdfncb hbm nbdxpdbsnvd wdstdrb hbm Ghohysnhb iccm cptncbs
ghy ardhtd cjsthaods icr t`d frcwt` ci t`d ghredt. ]`dsd iccms `hvd hb cppcrtubnty tc frcw
trdgdbmcusoy mud tc t`d cbfcnbf prcmuat nbbcvhtncb nb t`d iohvcurs hbm nbaousncb vhrncus
typd ci snmd mns`ds prcvnmdm. Jy ahpnthonznbf cb trdbms nb acbsugdr„s thstds, Ghohysnhb hbm
Vdstdrb iccm ahb nbardhsd t`dnr ghrfnbs hbm sthy nb jusnbdss. Qghoo jusnbdss ahb ahtdr tc
pdcpod„s mdsnrd icr fnvnbf hwhrdbdss cb t`d ngpcrthbad ci mdonancus iccm hbm wnoo junom t`d
spnrnt ci acbsugdrs tc dht wdstdrb iccm.
! Ghredt trdbm
H ghredt trdbm ns pdradnvdm tdbmdbay ci inbhbanho ghredt tc gcvd nb h phrtnauohr

mnrdatncb cvdr tngd. ]`dsd trdbms hrd aohssnindm hs sdauohr icr ocbf tngd irhgds, prnghry ci
gdmnug tngd irhgds, hbm sdacbmhry icr s`crt tngd irhgds. Ghredts tdbms hiidat juy
fcvdrbgdbt, nbtdrbhtncbho trhbshatncb, spdauohtnvd dxpdathtncb hbm suppoy mdghbm.

Fcvdrbgdbt Ghohysnh dbacurhfd ci irdd ghredt jdtwddb acgphbnds tc nbardhsd t`d
acgpdtntncb. Nb suppoy mdghbm hbm prcmuat, sdrvnads, aurrdbay hbm ct`dr nbvdstgdbt ardhtds
pus`-puoo mybhgna nb prnads, prnads hbm rhtd a`hbfds hs suppoy cr mdghbm a`hbfds. Ni
scgdt`nbf ns nb mdghbm hbm suppoy jdfnbs tc s`rnbe, prnad wnoo rnsd. Ni suppoy nbardhsd jdycbm
aurrdbt mdghbm, prnads wnoo ihoo.
! Edy ]da`bcocfnds
Qnfbninahbt hmvhbads `hvd jddb ghmd hb nbfrdmndbts tda`bcocfy tc ardhtd `nf` quhonty
iccm wnt` mdonancus thstds. Ct`dr hmvhbads nbaoumd ngprcvdgdbts nb s`hpd hbm iohvcurs nb
nbfrdmndbts tc odhm tc supdrncr iccm. Gua` ci t`d prcadssnbf tda`bcocfy usdm nb ghbuihaturd
ci iccm hrcubm Kc`cr J`hru.
8:
Acgpdtntcrs
]`drd hrd sdvdrho acgpdtntcrs bdhrjy cur ahiî. ]`d mdthnos hrd sthtdm nb t`d jcx jdocw;
BC. ACG\D]N]CZQ HMYHB]HFD MNQHMYHB]HFD

8. Ahts Ahiî - ]`d iccm ns thsty - ]`d iccm ns h onttod jnt shoty
- @hvd ghby austcgdrs - \hrenbf ongntdm
- @hvd ghby ahts - ]`d iccm ns qundt
- ]`d gdbu ns gcrd tc aheds dxpdbsnvd
hbm wdstdrb iccm - Mdohy crmdrs ht bccb
- Gcrd `yfndbd - Bc hoocahtnbf tngd icr ahts
- Frdht sdrvnad tc surrcubmnbf t`d
- Jnf sphad hbm vdry quhnbt austcgdrs
:. Hbbnd„s Acrbdr - Fccm iccm - Ohae ci ghbpcwdr

- A`dhp prnad - @hoho ns mcujtdm
- ]`d cwbdrs hrd irndbmoy
- Gcrd tc ocaho hbm wdstdrb
iccm
- @hvd ghby austcgdrs
- @cgd styod accenbf
- Zdohxnbf htgcsp`drd
1. Qdmhp Acrbdr - Gcrd tc ocaho iccm ci - \hrenbf ongntdm

hut`dbtna Ghohy mns`ds. - Hwiuo thstd ci t`d iccm
- Qdrvnad ns qunae - \rhydr rccg hrd ubtnmy
- Xuhnbt pohad hbm sgdooy
- Irndbmoy sthii - ]`d iccm hrd qundt
dxpdbsnvd
Jrhbmnbf hbm Qpdanhonzdm Gdbu
Jdooytngds ahiî prcvnmd gnxdm gdbu ci iccms sua` hs Ghohysnhb iccm hbm Vdstdrb iccm. Hbm
nt spdanhonzdm ubmdr cur ubnqud ci jrhbmnbf prcmuats. Vd bct sdrvd tc gua` gdbu jdahusd wd
`hvd sdt cur thrfdt ghredt jhsdm cb cur inxdm gdbu. ]`ru t`d spdanhonzdm gdbu, austcgdr wnoo
sdt t`dnr gnbm t`ht Jdooytngds `hvd t`dnr cwb prcmuats sdrvnad. Cur iccm ns gcrd tc `dhot`y
iccm hbm sunthjod tc hoo austcgdrs jhsdm cb t`d hfd hbm fdbmdr.
]hrfdt Ghredt
81
Jdooytngds Ahiî thrfdt ghredt ns Acrpcrhtd Crfhbnzhtncb, sa`cco, pdcpod hrcubm `ctdo,
`cgdsthy, rdsnmdbts ht hphrtgdbt Hmhghn hbm ct`dr jusnbdss. ]`ns ns jdahusd, cur rdsthurhbt
ns ocahtdm nb rdsnmdbtnho hrdh ci Ehgpubf Jh`ru. ]`drd ns bc ongnt ci hfd hbm fdbmdr jdahusd
dvdrycbd ahb dbkcy cur iccm ht ahiî. Gcstoy rdsnmdbts ircg Ehgpubf Jh`ru wnoo dht ht cur
ahiî.
1.< MDQAZN\]NCB CI ]@D YDB]TZD
1.8 YNQNCB, GNQQNCB HBM CJKDA]NYDQ
YNQNCB
Cur vnsncb ns tc jd inrst a`cnad ci austcgdrs hbm acbsugdrs nb sthtd ci Kc`cr hosc
hrcubm nb Ghohysnh hbm ardhtd h jdba`ghre nb XTHON]^ Q]HBMHZMQ nb t`d
ahiî nbmustry jy usnbf t`d ohtdst gdbu hbm dqunpgdbt.
GNQQNCB
Cur gnssncb ns tc dbsurd t`d `nf`dst quhonty iccm hbm t`d jdst pcssnjod sdrvnads tc
t`d austcgdrs hbm acbsugdrs. Vd wnoo acbtnbucusoy ngprcvd hoo hspdats ci cur
jusnbdss nb crmdr tc susthnbhjod frcwt` hbm prcinthjnonty cb gddtnbf t`d bddms ci

t`d prdsdbt fdbdrhtncbs hbm hosc susthnb t`d ocbf-tdrg suaadss.
CJKDA]NYDQ
! ]c fnvd t`d jdst quhonty ci sdrvnads hbm t`d `hrgcbncus rdohtncbs`np wnt`
t`d austcgdrs.
! ]c prcmuad t`d prcmuat t`ht ahb iuoino t`d thstds hbm mdsnrds ci austcgdrs
! ]c ardhtd nbbcvhtncb icr h bdw prcmuat t`ht austcgdr ahb haadpt.
! ]c `hvd scgd hmvhbthfd wnt` ct`dr acgpdtntcrs.
8=
1.: Jdooytngds ahiî \rcmuats hbm Qdrvnad.
Dvdry jusnbdss t`ht junom `hs h mrdhg tc jd suaadssiuo nb t`d iuturd, nt ns shgd tc cur
Jdooytngds ahid. Vd hng tc jd suaadssiuo jusnbdss cut t`drd t`ht ahb iuoino t`d ubgdt
ghredtpohad. Nb mcnbf t`ht, wd `hvd ghed sdvdrho strhtdfnds hbm pohb t`ht ahb iuoino t`dg. Vd
howhys occenbf icr whys tc prcvnmd ycu wnt` hghznbf ntdgs t`ht ahb dbrna` ycur onid hbm
ghed odnsurd tngd wnt` ycur ihgnoy hbm irndbms jdttdr. Vd bdvdr nfbcrdm dspdanhooy cb w`ht
austcgdr whbts. Vd prhatnad tc `dhr w`ht t`dy whbt hbm wd try cur jdst tc iuoino t`dnr
mdghbms. Fdttnbf h iddmjhae ircg austcgdr ns gcrd ngpcrthbt tc us snbad t`ns ns cboy t`d
mdghbms. Fdttnbf h iddmjhae ircg austcgdr ns gcrd ngpcrthbt tc us snbad t`ns ns cboy t`d
sghoo jusnbdss acgphrd tc ct`dr jusnbdss hbm wd rdhooy bddm h iddmjhae tc ghed surd wd ahb
ngprcvd nb iuturd hbm fnvd shtnsihatncb tc austcgdr. Cur ghnb prcmuat tc s`cw tc austcgdrs
hrd Vdstdrb iccm hbm Ghohysnhb iccm. ]`dsd iccms wnoo ahrry vhrndty ci `dhot`y iccm t`ht wnoo
dbhjod us tc prcvnmd iuoo sdrvnad ci wdstdrb cr Ghohysnhb iccm ocvdrs.
Cur ubmdroynbf p`nocscp`y nb sdodatnbf iccm ns tc a`ccsd acbsnstdbt quhonty,

acgpdtntnvd prnads hbm prcmuat shtnsihatncb tc cur austcgdrs. Vd `hvd pdrscbhooy rdsdhra`
hbm shgpod dha` ci t`d icoocwnbf prcmuat t`ht wd ciidr tc dbsurd t`d quhonty wd fuhrhbtdd.
]hstds ns h vdry mdonancus ghmd crnfnbhooy wnt` prcidssncbho a`di. Cur prcmuat ns vdry
acbvdbndbad tc hoo austcgdrs hbm nt„s fccm icr hoo typd ci hfd. Dvdrycbd ahb dht ht Jdooytngds
ahiî jdahusd Nt bdhrdr ircg pdcpod. Gcst ci wdstdrb iccm cut t`drd ns `hvd hb dxpdbsnvd prnad
acgphrd tc cur wdstdrb iccm prnad. Cur wdstdrb iccm `hs h vhrndty ci a`cnad w`dt`dr
sphf`dttn, a`naedb a`cp hbm jcocfbns hbm icr Ghohysnhb iccm wd `hvd bhsn odghe, gdd ehrn
hbm bhsn hyhg. Nts vhrndty ci iohvcur t`ht ahb sunt wnt` t`d austcgdr thstd.
84
Edy Ghbhfdgdbt Zcods Bhgd

Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr/A`di Gu`hgghm Hm`h Jnb Quocr
Qhods & Ghredtnbf Ghbhfdr @hsonzh Jnbtn Ghbscr
Inbhbad Ghbhfdr Ihrh` Qurhyh Jnbtn [hnbumnb
Dvdbts & Cpdrhtncb Ghbhfdr/Hsst A`di Buruo Hnbn Jnbtn Khghoummnb
Hmgnbnstrhtncb Ghbhfdr [ujhnmh` Jnbtn H Zh`ghb
Enta`db @dopdr N Ihrnbh Jnbtn Mcooh`
NN H`ghm Ihnz Jnb Ehssng
NNN Oceghb jnb Njrh`ng

NY Qushbtn Jnbtn Ghrns
1.1 JHAEFZCTBM \HZ]BDZQ@N\

Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr
Bhgd ci phrtbdrs Gu`hgghm Hm`h Jnb Quocr
Nmdbtnty ahrm bugjdrs >4<48<-8<-9:48
\drghbdbt hmmrdss Bc. 8=, Khohb Gutnhrh >, ]hghb Qrn Bhbmnbf,
=18<< @uou Ohbfht, Qdohbfcr
Dghno hm`h<11<Lfghno.acg
]dodp`cbd bugjdr <81-:4=4<98
Mhtd ci jnrt` 8< Ghy 8>>4
Hahmdgna quhoninahtncb Mdfrdd nb Auonbhry Hrts Hahmdgy
Acursd Httdbmdm Dbtrdprdbdurs`np (DB]41<)
Qenoos Frdht nb accenbf Hsnhb Aunsnbd, Vdstdrb Iccm
Dxpdrndbads hbm Mdssdrt.

Dxdautnvd Ioudbt
A`di nb Dbfons`
nb @ctdo hbmQdrn
Ghònfhn Ghohy
Mnrhkh
Kc`cr.
\rdsdbt Caauphtncb A`di
\rdvncus Jusnbdss Dxpdrndbad Bcbd
89
Inbhbanho Ghbhfdr
Bhgd ci phrtbdrs Ihrh` Qurhyh jnbtn [hnbumnb
Nmdbtnty ahrm bugjdrs >:<6<8-<4-41:=
\drghbdbt hmmrdss Bc 0, Khohb Juent Kufrh Qhukhbh Tthgh Qubfhn
Juoc` =6<<< Qdohbfcr Mhruo D`shb
Dghno Ihrh`surhyhSzhnbumnbLyh`cc.acg
Dghno Ihrh`surhyhSzhnbumnbLyh`cc.acg
]dodp`cbd bugjdr <81-:1>8<4:
Mhtd ci jnrt` 8 Kuoy 8>>:
Hahmdgna quhoninahtncb Mdfrdd nb Jhbenbf Qtumnds
Qenoos Ioudbt nb Dbfons` hbm Ghohy
Dxpdrndbads Haacubthbt ht Ihrgdrs Hfdbay
\rdsdbt Caauphtncb Inbhbanho hbm dacbcgna hbhoysnst
\rdvncus Jusnbdss Bcbd
Dxpdrndbad
Ghredtnbf Ghbhfdr
Bhgd ci phrtbdrs @hsonzh Jnbtn Ghbscr

Nmdbtnty ahrm bugjdrs 0=<18:-<8-4889
\drghbdbt hmmrdss Bc. 1, Khohb \uohn Gdsrh 8=, Jhbmhr jhru
Ehbfehr \uohn, 0888< Kc`cr Jh`ru, Kc`cr.
Dghno onszkjLyh`cc.acg
]dodp`cbd bugjdr <8>-6>1:99>
Mhtd ci jnrt` 8: Ghra` 8>0=
Hahmdgna quhoninahtncb Mdfrdd nb Haacubthbay
Dxpdrndbads Jrhba` Accrmnbhtcr hbm Haacubtnbf Aodre
\rdsdbt Caauphtncb Ohj Hssnsthbt
\rdvncus Jusnbdss Dxpdrndbad Acgputdr Q`cp
Cpdrhtncb Ghbhfdr
Bhgd ci phrtbdrs Buruo Hnbn Jnbtn Khghoummnb

Nmdbtnty ahrm bugjdrs 0088<0-8=-4:49
\drghbdbt hmmrdss :-9, Euhrtdrs Nbstntusn \dbmnmnehb Qdrn
Qdputd`, 40<<< Euhoh Ougpur, Vnohyh`
\drsdeutuhb.
Dghno buruohnbnSkhghoummnbLyh`cc.acg
]dodp`cbd bugjdr <88-8<8<:0=8
Mhtd ci jnrt` <0 Bcvdgjdr 8>00
Hahmdgna quhoninahtncb Mdfrdd nb @cspnthonty hbm Haacubthbay
86

Dxpdrndbads Jrhba` Accrmnbhtcr, Ghbhfdgdbt Dvdbt hbm
Haacubtnbf Aodre
\rdsdbt Caauphtncb Ohj Hssnsthbt
Hmgnbnstrhtncb Ghbhfdr
Bhgd ci phrtbdrs [ujhnmh` Jnbtn H Zh`ghb

Nmdbtnty ahrm bugjdrs 6:<:<4-<8-4=49
\drghbdbt hmmrdss 818, Ehgpubf Euhoh \hyh Juoc` Ehshp,
04<8< Qdfhght, Kc`cr.
Dghno Ehejdm.4:6:Lfghno.acg
]dodp`cbd bugjdr <88-:1894=:0
Mhtd ci jnrt` <4 Idjruhry 8>6:
Hahmdgna quhoninahtncb Mdfrdd nb \ujona Hmgnbnstrhtncb
Dxpdrndbads Zdthnonbf
\rdsdbt Caauphtncb Zdthnonbf
1.= Ocahtncb
80
Cur jusnbdss ocahtdm ht Ehgpubf Jh`ru, Kc`cr Jh`ru. Vd a`ccsd t`d ocahtncb
jdahusd nt ns cbd ci t`d ghnb httrhatncb ocahtncb nb Kc`cr Jh`ru bdhr wnt` t`d pohad sua` hs
Acrpcrhtd Crfhbnzhtncb, sa`cco, pdcpod hrcubm `ctdo, `cgdsthy, rdsnmdbts ht hphrtgdbt
Hmhghn hbm ct`dr acgphbnds. ]`d ct`dr rdhscb w`y wd a`ccsd t`ns ocahtncb jdahusd t`drd
hrd `hvd sphad tc phre icr cur austcgdr, sc t`ht ahr ci cur austcgdr wnoo bct ghed trcujod ht
snmd rchm. Hphrt ircg t`ht, Jdooytngds ahiî ocahtncb hosc dhsy tc haadss jy usnbf whzd
hpponahtncb cr fccfod ghp, sc t`ht cur austcgdr hbm suppondrs `hs bc trcujod tc acgd tc cur
ahiî. Hs wd ahb sdd, jhsdm cb t`d ghp t`drd ns hbct`dr ahiî w`na` ns cur acgpdtntcrs, nt fnvds
us gcrd gctnvhtd tc mc t`d jdst hgcbf t`d jdst tc cur ahiî hbm acgpdtd wnt` ct`drs ahiî. Vd
wnoo ghed Jdooytngds ahiî jd t`d jdst ahiî ht t`d hrdh. Hs icr t`d jusnbdss acggdbadgdbt,
cur jusnbdss wnoo jdfnb tc cpdrhtd cb inrst Khbuhry :<8>. Nb ihat, t`d ocahtncb hosc jhsdm cb
hspdat t`ht wd acbsnmdr sua` hs nbirhstruaturd hbm dbvnrcbgdbt.
1.4 Qnzd
Cur acgphby ns gdmnug snzd ci acgphby (sdbmnrnhb jdr`hm) cr ubmdr ahtdfcry ci

dbtrdprdbdur ci sghoo hbm gdmnug dbtdrprnsd (QGD). snzd ci ahpntho ns dstnghtdm ZG4<,<<<
pdr ydhr.
1.9 Jdooytngds Ahiî; Jusnbdss Gcmdo Ahbvhs(JGA)
]`d jusnbdss gcmdo ahbvhs ns t`d mdinbntncb ci `cw crfhbnzhtncb fht`drs, ardhtds hbm mdonvdrs
vhoud. ]`d vhoud ci JGA ghy jd dacbcgna vhoud, scanho vhoud cr ct`drs. ]`d jusnbdss gcmdo
ns t`d irhgdwcre ci `cw hb crfhbnzhtncb dxa`hbfds dxnstnbf rdscurads tc scgdt`nbf gcrd
vhouhjod.
]`d Jusnbdss Gcmdo Ahbvhs

JDOO^]NGDQ AHID
8>
Edy phrtbdrs Edy Hatnvntnds Yhoud Austcgdrs Austcgdr

\rcpcsntncbs Zdohtncbs`np Qdfgdbts
-Frhj iccm -Qdrvnads
-Yhrndty -Mnsacubt
-Iccm -Ghbhfnbf -Zdsnmdbt
snmd mns`ds
\hbmh -Ycua`dr
-Ghredtnbf -Qtumdbt
-Jrdheihst,
-Khohb-khohb -Hmvdrtnsnbf ouba` hbm -Iccm
Ahrn Ghehb mnbbdr @ubtdr
‑ Irdd -Vdstdrb
iccm ocvdr
Vn-In
A`hbbdos -Ghohysnhb
-Hnr
iccm ocvdr
acbmntncbnb
Edy Zdscurads -Ihadjcce
f -]curnst
-Dxpdrtnsd -Nbsthfrhg
senoos -\`ysnaho
-\hrtbdrs rdsthurhbt
-Inbhbanho
rdscurads
Acst Qtruaturd Zdvdbud Qtrdhgs
! Zdbt -Jnrt`mhy phrty

ATQ]CGDZ QDFGDB]Q
Zhw ghtdrnho
!
-Zhghm`hb juiidt
! Ttnonty jnoos
! Ghnbtdbhbad -Dvdbt
Vhfds !
-Mnbd-nb iccm ocvdr.
Austcgdr sdfgdbt icr Jdooytngds ahid ns Vdstdrb hbm Ghohysnhb
Vhfds !
-Mnbd-nb iccm ocvdr.
Austcgdr sdfgdbt icr Jdooytngds ahid ns Vdstdrb hbm Ghohysnhb
Jdooytngds ahid iccm snfbhturd mns` ns w`na` ns ‟Jcocfbdsd‗ hbm ‟Bhsn Odghe‗ hbm usnbf t`d
wcrom„s spnandst pdppdr, Ahrconbh Zdhpdr. Jut bct cboy t`ht, t`drd hrd hbct`dr twc a`nonds t`dy
:<

Invite Friends
hrd usnbf w`na` ns f`cst pdppdr hbm `hjhbdrc pdppdrs. Hs icr t`d spnay ocvdr t`dy wcuom bct
gnbm ni t`d ahiî usnbf `cttdst a`non jdahusd nt ns cbd ci t`dnr ihvcurntd iccm.
Ct`dr t`hb t`ht, Jdooytngds ahiî ns ocahtdm bdhr tc `cusd hrdh sc t`dnr austcgdr ns
acgds ircg ihgnoy jdahusd nt ns bdhr tc t`dnr `cusd. Jdooytngds ahiî bct cboy sdrvds jurfdr
jut t`drd ns ct`dr gdbu t`ht austcgdr ahb dht dspdanhooy t`csd ihgnoy t`ht jrnbfs t`dnr enms tc
t`d ahiî. Enms hosc ahb try ct`dr gdbu jdahusd t`drd ns adrthnb gdbu t`ht ns bct spnay hbm ahb
jd dhtdb jy hbycbd.
Qnbad Jdooytngds ahid usnbf scanho gdmnh tc sprdhm cut hjcut t`dnr ahiî, cbd ci t`dnr
icoocwdrs nb scanho gdmnh ns iccm ùbtdr. Iccm ùbtdr wnoo howhys acgd w`db t`drd ns hby
ahiî t`ht sdrvd mdonancus iccm hbm ubnqud iccm w`na` ns `cttdst spnay iccm. Iccm ùbtdr ocvds
tc try scgdt`nbf bdw dspdanhooy w`db t`drd ns ahid t`ht wdbt tc vnrho, t`dy hrd t`d inrst
austcgdr wnoo acgd hbm try jdahusd t`dy wnoo fnvd h rdvndw hjcut t`d iccm hbm s`hrd nt tc
dvdrycbd sc t`ht dvdrycbd wnoo nbioudbad tc acgd hbm fnvd nt h try.
Jdsnmds t`ht, nb Kc`cr t`drd hrd oct ubnvdrsntnds ocahtdm t`drd. Dvdb t`cuf` ns h jnt ihr
ircg t`dnr ubnvdrsnty, t`dy wnoo acgd t`drd jdahusd nt ahb jd t`dnr pohad tc odphe wnt` t`dnr
irndbms. Dvdry stumdbt ocvds t`ns enbm ci acsy ahiî jdahusd t`dy ahb thed h pnaturd w`nod
trynbf ihgcus iccm.
Ohstoy, t`dsd hrd t`d austcgdr sdfgdbt ci Jdooytngds ahiî. Ircg t`dnr austcgdr, t`dy
wnoo thed h rdvndw hjcut t`dnr iccm jdahusd ni t`drd ns hby prcjodg, t`dy wnoo fnvd scgd
ngprcvdgdbt hbm icoocw austcgdr„s thstd. Vnt`cut austcgdr, t`dy mnm bct ebcw w`ht„s fccm
cr jhm hjcut t`dnr iccm.
YHOTD \ZC\CQN]NCB
H vhoud prcpcsntncb ns h prcgnsd ci vhoud tc jd mdonvdrdm, acggubnahtdm, hbm

haebcwodmfdm. Nt ns hosc h jdondi ircg t`d austcgdr hjcut `cw vhoud wnoo jd mdonvdrdm,
dxpdrndbadm hbm haqunrdm. H vhoud prcpcsntncb ahb hppoy tc hb dbtnrd crfhbnzhtncb, cr phrts
t`drdci, cr austcgdr haacubts, cr prcmuats cr sdrvnads.
:8
Jrdheihst, ouba` hbm mnbbdr prcvnmds nb cbd ahiî ahb fhnb gcrd austcgdr tc acgd
vnsnt tc cur ahiî. Jdahusd nt ns vdry rhrd tc austcgdr tc inbm t`dsd t`rdd typds ci iccm nb cbd
vnsnt tc cur ahiî. Jdahusd nt ns vdry rhrd tc austcgdr tc inbm t`dsd t`rdd typds ci iccm nb cbd
pohad. ]`drd hrd hosc prcvnmd Ghohysnhb iccm hbm Vdstdrb iccm tcfdt`dr tc austcgdr jhsdm
cb t`d gdbu fnvdb. Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo fhnb gcrd hwhrdbdss ircg austcgdr jdahusd bct hoo
ahiî prcvnmds t`dsd twc typds ci iccm tcfdt`dr nb cbd ahiî.
Icr Ghohysnhb iccm, wd prcvnmd h vhrndty ci snmd mns`ds tc austcgdr. Jhsdm cb t`d
rdsdhra`, wd icoocw t`d thstd ci austcgdr hbm wd ghed nt tc cur austcgdrs. Ircg t`ht wd ahb
fhnb gcrd austcgdr vnsnt jdahusd ci t`d thstd ns vdry sunthjod icr t`dg.
Jdooytngds ahiî prcvnmdm irdd Vn-In tc t`csd austcgdrs ht t`d mnbdr. Vn-In `ctspct
sdrvnad `hs jdacgd h sthbmhrm ihrd t`dsd mhys. ]`d gcrd tngd austcgdrs hrd snttnbf ht ycur
thjods5 t`d gcrd gcbdy t`dy hrd fcnbf tc spdbm nb ycur stcrds. Hbm ciidrnbf wnrdodss haadss
tc t`d Nbtdrbdt icr t`csd austcgdrs wnt` h Vn-In-dbhjodm ohptcp cr sghrtp`cbd wnoo hmm dvdb
gcrd shods tc t`d jcttcg onbd hbm ghed austcgdrs gcrd ocyho tc ycur jrhbm.
A@HBBDOQ
A`hbbdo ns t`d cboy why t`ht t`dy ahb usd tc prcgctd t`d prcmuat dspdanhooy usnbf
scanho gdmnh. Dvdrycbd usd scanho gdmnh sua` hs ycubfstdr, domdr. Jy usnbf t`ns typd ci
gdt`cm t`dy ahb sprdhm nbicrghtncb hjcut t`dnr ahiî.
::
]`d a`hbbdo t`ht t`dy hrd usnbf ns V`htsHpp. Nbstdhm ci usnbf p`cbd ahoo, t`d
austcgdr hosc ahb V`htsHpp icr hby dbqunrnds. Jdsnmds t`ht, Jdooytngds ahid wnoo thed h
rdsdrvhtncb trcuf` V`htsHpp. V`htsHpp ns h a`httnbf rccg sc t`ht nt ns dhsy icr t`dg tc
eddp nb tcua` wnt` t`d austcgdr nbstdhm ci usnbf p`cbd ahoo jdahusd ni t`dy usnbf h p`cbd
ahoo, t`dy wnoo jd `hvnbf h prcjodg wnt` ocst austcgdr acbthat.
Ct`dr t`hb t`ht, Nbsthfrhg hbm Ihadjcce ns h pohticrg t`ht t`dy ahb pcst cr ghed h
stcry pcst hjcut t`dnr ahid sc t`ht t`d austcgdr wnoo rdhm t`d nbicrghtncb ircg t`drd. ]`drd cm
t`dsd scanho gdmnh ns shgd jut t`d mniidrdbt jdtwddb twc ci nt ns, gcst ci t`d ycubfstdr usnbf
Nbsthfrhg jut gcstoy domdst usnbf Ihadjcce jdahusd bct dvdrycbd `hvd hb haacubt ht hoo
scanho gdmnh. ]`ht ns w`y t`dy usd mniidrdbt scanho gdmnh tc prcgctd t`dnr ahiî.
Jdsnmds t`ht, dha` scanho gdmnh `hs prnvhtd gdsshfd cr a`ht ni t`dy mc bct whbt t`dnr
qudstncbs ahb jd sddb jy ct`dr pdcpod. Jdbdint ci usnbf scanho gdmnh ns t`d austcgdr ahb
ebcw dvdry bdws hjcut t`d ahiî sua` hs prcgctncb, bdw gdbu dta.
Ohstoy, jy usnbf t`dsd a`hbbdo, t`dy ahb dhsnoy prcgctd cr sprdhm cut hjcut t`dnr ahid
tc t`d pdcpod.
ATQ]CGDZ ZDOH]NCBQ@N\
Austcgdr rdohtncbs`nps mdsarnjds t`d typd ci rdohtncbs`np h acgphby dsthjons`ds wnt`

nts spdanina austcgdr sdfgdbts. Austcgdr rdohtncbs`nps hrd mrnvdb jy austcgdr haqunsntncb,
austcgdr rdtdbtncb, hbm jccstnbf shods ‑ nb ct`dr wcrms ycu bddm tc fdt, eddp, hbm frcw ycur
austcgdr rdohtncbs`nps.
:1
\rcvnmnbf h vcua`dr icr bdw austcgdrs ns h frdht why tc fdt austcgdrs nb t`d mccr.
Ycua`drs ahb hosc jd prcvnmdm hs h spdanho jcbus cr ‐fnit„ icr jdnbf h acggnttdm austcgdr.
Jdooytngds ahiî prcvnmd vcua`dr icr austcgdrs w`c hrd hjod tc hbswdr t`dnr qunz. ]`dy wnoo
rdadnvd irdd 8 sdt ci sphf`dttn ni t`d hbswdr ns acrrdat. ]`dy hosc prcvnmd ZG4< vcua`dr icr
t`csd w`c hrd hjod tc jdht t`dnr iccm a`hoodbfd jy inbns`nbf t`dnr ghnb snfbhturd mns` w`na` ns
‟Jcocfbdsd‗ wnt`nb 8 gnbutd.
Ct`dr t`hb t`ht, mnsacubts ahb prcvnmd hb nbadbtnvd icr t`d acbsugdr tc ghed h
pura`hsd. Ni t`dy iddo t`ht t`dy hrd fdttnbf h mnsacubtdm prnad t`dy wnoo jd gcrd onedoy tc
pura`hsd nt t`hb t`dy wcuom ni nt whs iuoo prnad. ]ngd-ongntdm mnsacubts nbardhsd t`d urfdbay.
Hbm ni ycu rdhooy whbt tc ghed austcgdrs iddo spdanho ycu acuom sdbm t`dg h adodjrhtncb
mnsacubts cb h edy hbbnvdrshry. Icr dxhgpod, icr Jdooytngds ahiî hbbnvdrshry, t`dy wnoo
prcvnmd 8<% cii ci hby pura`hsd gdho sthrtnbf ht 1pg ubtno 6pg.
ZDYDBTD Q]ZDHGQ
H rdvdbud strdhg ns h mnstnbat scurad ci rdvdbud. ]`ns ns acggcboy mcaugdbtdm icr

t`d purpcsds ci jusnbdss pohbbnbf, strhtdfy hbm nbvdstgdbt. Nt hosc rdidrs hs gcbdy t`ht h
acgphby rdadnvds ircg t`dnr jusnbdss hatnvntnds w`na` ns sdoonbf prcmuat cr ciidrdm h sdrvnads.
Nb rdturb t`dnr wnoo fdt h gcbdy hbm t`d gcbdy ahoodm hs rdvdbud.
:=
]`d dvdbts jusnbdss ns aruanho tc t`d frcup nb t`ht nt prcvnmds h acbsthbt rdvdbud
strdhg. Zdvdhonbf t`d dhrbnbf h jusnbdss gheds ircg hoo t`d gdt`cms jy w`na` gcbdy acgds.
Zdvdbud strdhgs ghy jd a`hrhatdrnzdm.
Icr dxhgpod, h rdvdbud strdhg `hs vcohtnonty, prdmnathjnonty, rnse hbm rdturb. Nb t`d
acbtdxt ci Jdooytngds ahiî, t`dnr rdvdbud acgnbf ircg vhrncus typds. Icr dxhgpod, t`dnr
rdvdbud acgd ircg jnrt`mhy phrty hbm dvdbt. Ghby pdcpod ocvd tc ghed h jnrt`mhy phrty ht
t`d ubnqud rdsthurhbt hs t`dy whbt ct`dr pdcpod tc vhrndty ci iccm hbm snmd mns`ds.
Ct`dr t`hb t`ht, Jdooytngds ahiî hosc fct rdvdbud ircg austcgdr t`ht mnbd-nb hbm
trynbf t`dnr Zhghm`hb Juiidt. ]`ns ahid usuhooy wnoo crfhbnzd h Zhghm`hb juiidt nb
Zhghm`hb gcbt`. Ghby austcgdrs wnoo bct jd odttnbf cut t`ns a`hbad hs t`dy ahb dht vhrncus
typd ci iccms wnt` cboy cbd prnad. ]`drd wnoo bct cboy spnay iccm t`ht fcnbf tc jd sdrvd jut
hosc vhrncus typd ci iccm sua` hs trhmntncbho iccm hbm wdstdrb iccm. ]`drdicrd, Jdooytngds
ahiî prcgnsd tc fnvd t`dnr austcgdr t`d jdst iccm wnt` hiicrmhjod prnad.
Ohstoy, Jdooytngds ahid hosc `hvd sdoo gdra`hbmnsd nb t`dnr s`cp sua` hs edya`hnbs,
inod, t-s`nrts hbm ct`drs. ]`dy hosc fhnb rdvdbud ircg t`d austcgdr w`c juy t`dnr
gdra`hbmnsd.
ED^ ZDQCTZADQ
Edy Zdscurads ns t`d junomnbf jocae mdsarnjnbf t`d gcst ngpcrthbt hssdts bddmdm tc
ghed h jusnbdss gcmdo wcre. Dvdry jusnbdss gcmdo rdqunrds t`dg, hbm nt ns cboy t`rcuf`
t`dg t`ht acgphbnds fdbdrhtd Yhoud \rcpcsntncbs hbm Zdvdbuds. Edy rdscurads ahb jd
:4
p`ysnaho, inbhbanho, nbtdoodatuho, cr ùghb. Qcgd ci t`d edy rdscurads wd `hvd nmdbtnindm icr
Jdooytngds ahiî hrd t`d wcredrs, enta`db, a`hnrs hbm thjods.

]`d wcredrs hrd cbd ci t`d ghkcr edy rdscurads icr t`d rdsthurhbt hs t`d jusnbdss wnoo
bct jd hjod tc cpdrhtd wnt`cut t`d ghbpcwdr. ]`d wcredrs pohy h ùfd rcod nb t`d mhy tc mhy
cpdrhtncb hbm t`dy `dop prcvnmd sdrvnad tc t`d austcgdrs. ]`dy hosc `dop t`d ghbhfdgdbt tc
gddt t`d jusnbdss fchos hs wdoo hs tc dbsurd t`ht t`d jusnbdss ns rubbnbf sgcctòy. Jdooytngds
ahiî `nrds h idw wcredrs nbaoumnbf ahs`ndr, whntrdssds hbm a`di hbm t`dsd wcredrs hrd
acbsnmdrdm t`d edy rdscurads icr t`d jusnbdss.

Hbct`dr edy rdscurads icr Jdooytngds ahiî ns t`d enta`db. ]`d enta`db ns h vdry
ngpcrthbt rdscurad hs h rdsthurhbt acuom bct pcssnjoy rub wnt`cut h enta`db. ]`dy sdrvd iccm
hbm jdvdrhfds tc t`dnr austcgdrs, sc h enta`db ns vdry gua` bddmdm tc dbsurd t`ht t`d
jusnbdss ns hjod tc cpdrhtd. ]`d enta`db ns usdm jy t`d wcredrs tc prdphrd t`d crmdrs ircg t`d
austcgdrs. Jdooytngds ahiî cboy `hvd cbd enta`db jut ns stnoo ahphjod ci rubbnbf t`d jusnbdss
diinandbtoy.
Ohst jut bct odhst, Jdooytngds ahiî hosc `hs a`hnrs hbm thjods hs t`dnr edy rdscurads. Hs
t`dy prcvnmd mnbd-nb sdrvnad tc t`d austcgdrs, t`d a`hnrs hbm thjods hrd t`d edy rdscurads icr
t`d ahiî. ]`ns ns jdahusd t`d austcgdrs w`c a`ccsd tc mnbd nb t`d ahiî wnoo bddm t`d a`hnrs
hbm thjod icr t`dg tc snt hbm `hvd t`dnr gdho. ]`drdicrd, Jdooytngds ahiî `hm prcvnmdm h
bugjdr ci a`hnrs hbm thjod icr t`d austcgdrs tc dbsurd t`dnr acgicrt w`nod mnbnbf nb t`d ahiî.
Hoo t`d edy rdscurads sthtdm hjcvd hrd t`d ghkcr edy rdscurads wd `hvd infurdm ircg
Jdooytngds ahiî. Gcst ci iccm hbm jdvdrhfd jusnbdssds `hvd t`d shgd edy rdscurads hs t`d
jusnbdss wnoo bct jd hjod tc jd ahrrndm cut dxadoodbtoy wnt`cut t`dsd edy rdscurads. Bc
jusnbdss ahb dvdr dxnst ubodss nt `hs adrthnb rdscurads tc suppcrt nt. Cbd„s edy rdscurads
mdsarnjd t`d gcst ngpcrthbt hssdts rdqunrdm tc ghed t`dnr jusnbdss gcmdo wcre. ]`dsd
rdscurads hoocw hb dbtdrprnsd tc ardhtd hbm ciidr h Yhoud \rcpcsntncb, rdha` ghredts, ghnbthnb
rdohtncbs`nps wnt` austcgdrs, hbm dhrb rdvdbuds.
ED^ HA]NYN]NDQ
Jy `hvnbf h fccm ebcwodmfd ci t`d acrd hatnvntnds ci h acgphby, h fccm

ubmdrsthbmnbf ci t`d vhoud prcpcsntncb ci t`d crfhbnzhtncb wnoo jd cjthnbdm. V`db t`d
crfhbnzhtncb ebcws w`ht t`d hmmdm vhoud icr t`d austcgdrs ns, h jdttdr rdohtncbs`np ghy
:9
mdvdocp wnt` dxnstnbf austcgdrs, w`na` ghy `dopiuo nb t`d ahbvhssnbf ci bdw austcgdrs
t`drdicrd, hbm w`na` gheds nt dhsndr tc eddp t`d acgpdtntncb ht jhy.
Nb t`ns acbtdxt, t`d gcst aruanho hatnvntnds icr Jdooytngds ahiî hrd t`dnr sdrvnads.
Jdooytngds ahiî thrfdtnbf tc fc iurt`dr nb ghbhfnbf, ghredtnbf hbm hmvdrtnsnbf. ]`d acgphby
hosc whbts tc httrhat gcrd austcgdr tc kcnb ht dvdry ocahtncb t`ht t`dy `hvd dvdbt.
Icr ghredtnbf, Jdooytngds ahiî howhys prcgctnbf t`dnr dvdbt ht t`d scanho gdmnh. ]`d
acgphby usuhooy upmhtd t`dnr hmvdrtnsnbf ht scanho gdmnh sua` hs Nbsthfrhg hbm Ihadjcce.
]`ns ns t`d gcst diidatnvd why icr pdcpod tc ebcw hjcut t`d prcgctncb t`ht Jdooytngds ahiî
ciidr.
Nb hmmntncb tc t`ht, t`dy hosc prcgctnbf h sdrvnad dvdbt ghbhfdr tc fdbdrhtd gcrd
mdghbm. Ghredtnbf hosc edy icr h acgphby tc fc iurt`dr nb t`ns jusnbdss. Hosc, t`ns ahb ghed
h vdbmcr trustdm tc t`ns acgphby tc accpdrhtd hitdr t`ns. Ydbmcr t`ht kcnb t`ns dvdbt wnoo
acbtnbucusoy nbvcovd dvdry gcbt` nb dvdry sthtd nb Ghohysnh.
ED^ \HZ]BDZQ@N\
Vd `hvd nmdbtnindm scgd ghkcr edy phrtbdrs icr Jdooytngds ahiî. ]`d edy phrtbdrs`np
rdidrs tc bdtwcre ci suppondrs hbm phrtbdrs t`ht ghed t`d jusnbdss gcmdo gcrd diidatnvd.
:6
]`drd hrd t`d edy phrtbdrs icr Jdooytngds ahiî ns Frhj Iccm hbm Iccm \hbmh Frhj Iccm ns
Qcut`dhst Hsnh„s ihstdst frcwnbf iccm mdonvdry sdrvnad, w`na` `dops tc sdrvd austcgdrs
mdonf`tiuo gdhos ircg strddt iccm tc rdsthurhbt mnbnbf.
Jdooytngds ahiî `hm acoohjcrhtdm wnt` t`dsd mdonvdry iccms tc `dop shtnsiy t`dnr
austcgdrs arhvnbfs jy prcvnmnbf mdonvdrnds tc t`dnr mccrstdps. Austcgdrs ahb bcw fdt t`dnr
iccm mdonvdrdm tc t`dg wnt`cut `hvnbf tc fc tc t`d rdsthurhbt t`dgsdovds wnt` t`d `dop ci
Frhj Iccm Hpponahtncb. Qnbad Jdooytngds ahid ns cboy ocahtdm ht Kc`cr Jh`ru, austcgdrs ircg
ct`dr pohads w`na` hrd iurt`dr gnf`t inbm nt `hrm tc mrnvd hoo t`d why tc t`d ahid. ]`drdicrd,
t`dy ahb pohad hb crmdr t`rcuf` t`d Frhj Iccm Hpponahtncb hbm t`d iccm wnoo jd mdonvdrdm tc
t`dg.
Hphrt ircg Frhj Iccm, hbct`dr edy phrtbdr t`ht pdricrgs t`d shgd hatnvnty ns Iccm
\hbmh. Iccm \hbmh ns h Kc`cr-jhsdm mdonvdry sdrvnad prcvnmdr t`ht hngs tc ihanonthtd hb hoo-
dbacgphssnbf acbsugdr-odvdo mdonvdry sdrvnad wnt`nb t`d Kc`cr Jh`ru hrdh. Iccm \hbmh
`dops pdcpod tc mdonvdr hbyt`nbf, ht hby tngd, tc hbyw`drd wnt`nb Kc`cr Jh`ru. Hs nt ns hb hpp
t`ht ahb `dop pdcpod fdt hbyt`nbf mdonvdrdm tc t`d pohad t`dy mdsnrd, Jdooytngds ahiî `hm thedb
t`d hmvhbthfd ci usnbf Iccm \hbmh hs hbct`dr iccm acurndr cptncb. ]`dy hosc icrg h edy
phrtbdrs`np wnt` Iccm \hbmh tc `dop mdonvdr t`d crmdrs ircg t`dnr austcgdrs.
Ohst jut bct odhst, Khohb-khohb Ahrn Ghehb `hm hosc jddb nmdbtnindm hs cbd ci t`d edy
phrtbdrs icr Jdooytngds ahiî. Khohb-khohb Ahrn Ghehb ns h tdodvnsncb prcfrhg w`na` nmdbtninds
ihgcus hbm ubnqud rdsthurhbts hoo cvdr Ghohysnh t`ht sdrvds t`d jdst iccm. ]`d ardws
t`dgsdovds wnoo fc hbm vnsnt t`d sdodatdm rdsthurhbts tc try t`d iccm hbm mdanmd w`dt`dr t`dy
mdsdrvd tc jd pujonanzdm cb t`dnr prcfrhg. Khohb-khohb Ahrn Ghehb `hm fohmoy vnsntdm
Jdooytngds ahiî hbm odit t`dnr trhad t`drd tc dbacurhfd gcrd pdcpod tc acgd. ]`drdicrd, wd
ahb aodhroy sdd t`ht Khohb-khohb Ahrn Ghehb ns hosc cbd ci t`d edy phrtbdrs icr Jdooytngds ahiî.
Hb dbtrdprdbdur gust jdfnb jy nmdbtniynbf nts edy phrtbdrs icoocwdm jy ghenbf

iuturd phrtbdrs`np pohbs. ]`ns ahb jd mcbd t`rcuf` hb dvhouhtncb ci t`d phrtbdrs`np rdohtncb tc
kumfd w`na` a`hrhatdrnstnas ci rdohtncbs`np bddm ngprcvdgdbt hbm w`ht enbm ci iuturd
phrtbdrs`np wnoo rdqunrd.
ACQ] Q]ZTA]TZD
:0
]`d acgphby ci Jdooytngds ahid junom nb ydhr :<80. Nb t`d acgphby `hs acst struaturd
w`na` ns rdbt t`d cutodt, rhw ghtdrnho, utnonty jnoos, ghnbtdbhbad hbm whfds icr dgpocydd.
]`d rdsthurhbt whs rdbt t`d cutodt icr dvdry gcbt` ns ZG 1<<<. ]`drdicrd, t`d
acgphby bddm tc dhrb gcrd prcint tc rcoonbf jhae t`d gcbdy tc phy t`d rdbt dvdry gcbt`.
Gcrdcvdr, t`ns acst struaturd ns h inxdm acst w`dt`dr t`d cwbdr bddm tc phy dvdry gcbt` tc t`d
jhbe wnt`cut hby mcujt.
Gcrdcvdr, acst struaturd ci t`d acgphby ns rhw ghtdrnho. Dvdry rhw ghtdrnho icr
dxhgpod enta`db, gha`nbd, enta`db `cst, fhs, iurbnturd, ohgp hbm hby mdacrhtncb nb t`d
rdsthurhbt. Nb hmmntncb ci rhw ghtdrnho ns nbfrdmndbts icr accenbf dvdry mhy ns h acst icr t`d
acgphby.
Jdsnmds t`ht, t`d acgphby hosc `hvnbf h utnonty jnoos icr t`dnr acst struaturd. ]`dy
bddm tc phy dvdry gcbt` t`d utnonty jnoos icr dxhgpod oned dodatrna jnoos hbm whtdr jnoos. ]`drd
ns h inxdm acst icr t`d acgphby.
Jdooytngds ahiî `hvnbf h ghnbtdbhbads acst nb mhnoy cpdrhtncb. Ni gha`nbd ns bct
iubatncb w`nod jd usdm, t`d acgphby bddm tc inx t`d gha`nbd hbm bddm tc phy t`d acst. Icr
dxhgpod, hnr-acbmntncbnbf ns bct iubatncbnbf, hbm ghed austcgdr bct acgicrthjod w`nod
dhtnbf nb rdsthurhbt. ]`dy bddm tc inx t`d hnr-acbmntncbnbf tc ghed hoo austcgdr iddos `hppy
w`nod dhtnbf ht t`dnr rdsthurhbt.
Ct`dr acst struaturd ci t`d acgphby ns whfds. ]`d acgphby bddm tc phy whfds tc
t`dnr dgpocydd. Gcrdcvdr, t`d acgphby bddm tc fnvd hby cvdr tngd phygdbt tc t`d dgpocydd
tc hvcnm t`dnr dgpocydd rub hwhy. ]`dy hrd hosc bddm tc fuhrmnbf vnrtud ci t`dnr dgpocydds.
]`ns ns hosc t`d acst struaturd ci t`d acgphby.
=. \ZCMTA]NCB \OHB
:>
=.8 Ghbuihaturnbf \rcadss
Q]HZ]
QDHZA@ FCCMQ
IZCG Q@C\
CZMDZ FCCMQ
IZCG QT\\ONDZ
GHED H
\H^GDB] ]C
QT\\ONDZ
QT\\ONDZ QDBM
FCCMQ H] AHID
ZDADNYDM
NBYCNAD IZCG
QT\\ONDZ
Ghbuihaturnbf \rcadss; DBM
1<
8. Qdhra` Fccms ircg Q`cp ‑ Dbtrdprdbdur inbm fccms ht suppondr s`cp hbm inbm t`d
ocw prnad wnt` fccm quhonty ci fccm hbm wcrt` tc juy.
:. Crmdr Fccms ircg Quppondr ‑ Dbtrdprdbdur crmdr fccms ircg trustdm suppondr.
1. Ghed H \hygdbt ‑ Dbtrdprdbdur ghed h phygdbt tc trustdm suppondr.
=. Quppondr Qdbm Fccms ht Ahid - ]rustdm suppondr sdbm t`d fccm crmdr tc Jdooytngds
ahiî jy usnbf ocahtncb t`ht dbtrdprdbdur s`hrd tc `ng.
4. Nbvcnad ircg Quppondr - Jdooytngds ahiî rdadnvdm nbvcnad wnt` t`d fccms sdbm jy
suppondr hbm fnvd t`d nbvcnad tc inbhbanho ghbhfdr.
=.: HMGNBNQ]ZH]NCB CIINAD

18
Q]HZ]
\ZCGC]NCB
HBM H\\ZCHA@
ATQ]CGDZ
MDHO CZ QNFB
ACB]ZHA]
GHED DYDB]
QA@DMTOD
HZZHBFDGDB]
VN]@ QT\\ONDZ
HBM MDACZH]NCBQ
\H^GDB] IZCG
ATQ]CGDZ
DBM
DBM
Hmgnbnstrhtncb Ciinad;
1:
\rcgctncb hbm Hpprcha` Austcgdr ‑ Cur hmgnbnstrhtncb ciinad mc h prcgctncb hpprcha`

austcgdr t`rcuf` hmvdrtnsdgdbt, wcrm ci gcut`, jrcaùrd hbm scanho gdmnh.
Mdho cr Qnfb Acbtrhat ‑ ]c ghed surd cur austcgdr dbfhfd wnt` us tc jccedm t`d pohad icr
dvdbt, cur austcgdr bddm tc snfb acbtrhat wnt` us.
Ghed dvdbt Qa`dmuod ‑ Hitdr cur austcgdr snfb h acbtrhat, t`dy wnoo fnvd h sa`dmuod ci t`d
dvdbt t`ht t`dy whbt haacrmnbf tc cur prnad fnvdb. Cur hmgnbnstrhtncb ciinad wnoo hrrhbfd
dgpocydd tc put t`d rdsdrvd thf cb t`d thjod jhsdm cb `cw gua` pdrscb t`ht austcgdr whbt tc
nbvntd.
Hrrhbfdgdbt wnt` Quppondr ‑ Hitdr sa`dmuod hrrhbfdgdbt, t`d bdxt prcadss ns juynbf rhw
ghtdrnho ircg suppondrs. ]`d suppondr a`csdb ns jhsdm cb t`d quhonty ci t`d rhw ghtdrnho hbm
dgpocydd wnoo prdphrd mdacrhtncbs jhsdm cb t`dgd rdqudst jy austcgdr.
\hygdbt ircg Austcgdr ‑ Ht t`d dbm ci dvdbt, austcgdr wnoo phy t`d idd tc cur haacubt
mdphrtgdbt hbm t`dy wnoo prdphrd jnoos hbm rdadnpt tc cur austcgdr. Gcrdcvdr, t`dy hosc wnoo
a`dae cur austcgdr phygdbt t`ru t`d systdg.
=.1 ACQ] CI \ZCMTA]
11
Iccm Acst
Iccm acst ns jhsdm cb cur austcgdr rdqudst. ]`db, wd wnoo ahoauohtd
iccm acst usnbf h pdradbthfd. ]`d rdhscb ns hoo Iccm Jdvdrhfds
jusnbdss prcpcsds iccm acsts jdtwddb :: hbm 1= pdr adbt ci tctho
dxpdbsds sc t`ht t`ns wnoo hoocw icr h gnbngug ci 99 pdr adbt icr
wcredrs hbm ct`dr dxpdbsds.
! Iccm Xuhbtnty
Jdooytngds ahiî prcvnmd h jnf pctncb tc dvdry crmdr tc austcgdr tc
db`hbad austcgdr shtnsihatncb w`db dhtnbf ht cut ahiî. Ct`dr t`hb t`ht,
Jdooytngds Ahiî mcds prcvnmd phaehfnbf gdho tc E\K @cspntho Kc`cr

Jh`ru. E\K @cspntho Kc`cr Jh`ru prcvnmds nbicrghtncb cb hb hvdrhfd,
pdr-mns` iccm quhbtnty. ]`ns wnoo prcvnmd jy cur a`dis tc acce wnt` h
sthbmhrm funmdonbd icr iccm pcrtncb.
=.= IT]TZD DXTN\GDB] BDDMDM

\HZ]^ DXTN\GDB]
ACCENBF DXTN\GDB]
]c dbohrfd cur ahiî gcmd nb iuturd, Jdooytngds Ahiî bddms tc `hvd gha`nbdry hs
hjcvd. ]`ns ns jdahusd, t`ht gha`nbdry ns nmdho icr gcjnod ahtdrnbf cpdrhtncbs. Hot`cuf` t`dy
hrd gcstoy pcrthjod jut t`ns gha`nbdry wnoo usd icr jct` cii-sntd hbm cb-sntd accenbf. Qnbad
Jdooytngds ahiî haadptdm hby dvdbt adodjrhtncb ht t`d ahiî, wd bddm phrty dqunpgdbt tc ghed
h mdacrhtncbs jhsdm cb austcgdr bddmdm. Icr dxhgpod, oned ‟`hppy jnrt`mhy jhooccb‗, rnjjcb,
hbm ct`dr phrty dqunpgdbt. Nt ahb httrhat gcrd austcgdr tc acgd ht cur ahiî hbm ghed hby
adodjrhtncbs hbm dbkcy cur mdonancus iccm.
1=
4.8 C\DZH]NCBHO \OHB

]`d cpdrhtncb pohb ns cbd ci t`d gcst ngpcrthbt ihatcrs tc acbsnmdr nb h jusnbdss. Vd bddm
tc dbsurd t`ht cur jusnbdss wnoo gddt austcgdr„s dxpdathtncbs, w`na` nbaoumds prcmuatncb
phrhgdtdrs sua` hs quhonty, quhbtnty hbm tngd. ]ùs, nt ns aruanho tc dbsurd t`d jusnbdss ns hjod
tc prcmuad t`d prcmuat/tc prcvnmd t`d sdrvnads t`ht t`d jusnbdss `hm pohbbdm nb t`d ghredtnbf
pohb.
]`d cjkdatnvds ci cur cpdrhtncbho pohb hrd hs icoocws;

n) ]c dbsurd t`d jusnbdss cpdrhtncb systdg rubs sgcctòy nb crmdr tc ghnbthnb t`d
quhonty ci t`d prcmuats hbm sdrvnads tc t`d austcgdr. Cur austcgdrs wnoo jd gcrd
t`hb shtnsindm ni cur jusnbdss rubs sgcctòy hs nt wnoo jccst t`d bddm icr cur
prcmuat.
nn) ]c dbsurd t`d quhonty ci cur prcmuat/sdrvnads gddt t`d dsthjons`dm sthbmhrms. ]`d
hng ns tc dbsurd t`d prcmuat wd prcvnmd nb t`d vdbmnbf gha`nbds gddt t`d
sthbmhrms hs wdoo hs t`d austcgdr„s mdghbm.
nnn) ]c ha`ndvd acbsnstdbay hbm sthjnonty nb cur prcmuatncb hbm suppoy. V`db wd
ha`ndvd acbsnstdbay hbm sthjnonty, t`d prcmuatncb hbm sdrvnads odvdo ci cur jusnbdss
wnoo nbardhsd hbm tùs rdsuotnbf tc h jdttdr rdsuot.
Hmgnbnstrhtncb Ciinad Qa`dmuod

MH^Q ]NGD
Gcbmhy - Qhturmhy 0.<< HG ‑ 6.<< \G
Qubmhy Aocsdm
Jdooytngds Ahiî Qa`dmuod

MH^Q C\DB AOCQNBF
Gcbmhy - -
]udsmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
Vdmbdsmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
]ùrsmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
Irnmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
Qhturmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
Qubmhy >.<< HG 8<.<< \G
14
4.8 ZDQ]HTZHB] \ZCADQQ
Q]HZ]
ZHV GH]DZNHO
IZCG QT\\ONDZ
ZDADNYD CZMDZ
ZDADNYD CZMDZ
IZCG ATQ]CGDZ
ACCENBF
\ZCADQQ
QDZYD ICCM ]C
ATQ]CGDZQ
\H^GDB] IZCG
ATQ]CGDZQ
DBM
19
Zdsthurhbt \rcadss;
Zhw Ghtdrnho ircg Quppondr ‑ Jdooytngds Ahiî rdadnvd rhw ghtdrnho ircg t`d suppondr. ]`d
rhw ghtdrnho wnoo stcrhfd haacrmnbf tc t`d bddm ci ghtdrnho sua` hs rdirnfdrhtdm stcrd, mry
stcrd, irddzdr cr a`noodm stcrd.
Zdadnvd Crmdr ircg Austcgdr ‑ Jdooytngds Ahiî wnoo rdadnvd scgd crmdr ircg cur
austcgdr hbm wnoo thed hatncb icr t`d ghtdrnho bddmdm ci iccm jdvdrhfds haacrmnbf tc t`d
crmdr.
Accenbf \rcadss ‑ Vd wnoo ghed nbfrdmndbt prdphrhtncb sua` hs mry fccm nbfrdmndbt acbtrco,
scrtnbf, whs`nbf, pddonbf, auttnbf hbm t`hwnbf. Accenbf prcadss wnoo jd jdnbf mcbd jy cur
a`di.
Qdrvd Iccm tc Austcgdrs ‑ Cur whntdr„s tdhg wnoo thed t`d odhm tc sdrvnbf iccm hbm
jdvdrhfds tc cur austcgdrs hbm t`dy wnoo fnvd hb dxadoodbt sdrvnad tc t`dg.
\hygdbt ircg Austcgdrs ‑ Cur austcgdr wnoo phy t`d jnoo ci t`dnr iccm hbm jdvdrhfds ht
cur acubtdr bdhr t`d dxnt mccr sc t`ht wd wnoo dhsy tc shy ‟]`hbe ^cu, \odhsd Acgd Hfhnb‗
: Jusnbdss ]rhbshatncb prcadss

Qtdp 8 ; Austcgdr ghmd h phygdbt ht ahs`ndr.
Qtdp :; ]`d gcbdy wnoo acoodat jy inbhbanho ghbhfdr dvdry : `curs ht ahs`ndr.
Qtdp 1; ]`d ahoauohtncb ci prcint wnt`nb cbd mhy wnoo jd ahoauohtd ht aocsnbf tngd.
Qtdp =; Inbhbanho ghbhfdr wnoo jhbe nb t`d gcbdy tc t`d jhbe bdxt gcrbnbf.
1 \hygdbt Cptncbs
Cur phygdbt pconay ns hoo nbaousnvd jdahusd wd hrd quntd hwhrd t`ht mniidrdbt pdcpod prdidr
mniidrdbt phygdbt cptncbs hs nt sunts t`dg. @drd hrd t`d phygdbt cptncbs t`ht wd wnoo ghed
hvhnohjod tc cur austcgdrs;
• \hygdbt jy ahs`
• \hygdbt vnh cbonbd jhbe trhbsidr
• \hygdbt vnh a`dqud
• \hygdbt vnh Ocaho Crmdr (OC)
Nb vndw ci t`d hjcvd, wd `hvd a`csdb phygdbt jy ahs` t`ht wnoo `dop us ha`ndvd cur pohbs
wnt`cut ihno.
16
= Cpdrhtncbs hbm \rcmuatncb Qtrhtdfy

Q`crt-tdrg Qtrhtdfnds
8. @hvd h fccm rdohtncbs`np wnt` cur austcgdrs hbm suppondrs.
:. @hvd h fccm rdohtncbs`np jdtwddb us hbm cur wcredrs.
1. Ardhtd ardhtnvd hbm nbbcvhtnvd iccm jdvdrhfds tc iuoino cur austcgdr„s
bddm hbm hosc t`dnr shtnsihatncb.
=. ]c dbsurd t`ht cur iccm jdvdrhfds hbm sdrvnads shtnsindm ci cur austcgdr.
4. ]c dbsurd systdghtnahooy hbm diinandbtoy nb t`d cpdrhtncb hatnvnty.
Ocbf-tdrg Qtrhtdfnds
8. Zdmuad t`d hgcubt ci cur dxpdbsds.
:. @hvd hb hjnonty tc dxphbm cur Ahiî hbm ahtdrnbf cpdrhtncb nb t`d iuturd.
1. Ngprcvd cur cpdrhtncb prcadss tc gcrd diidatnvd ircg tngd tc tngd.
=. ]c nbardhsd cur prcint icr cur jusnbdss t`ht mdsnrds tc dxphbm t`d
cpdrhtncbs.
10
4.4 Ihanontnds hbm Ngprcvdgdbts
Enta`db
Jdooytngds Ahiî pohb h ohycut phttdrb nb w`na` sphad wcuom jd hrrhbfdm nb crmdr tc
utnonzd cur gha`nbdry, dqunpgdbt hbm ghbpcwdr. Diidatnvd mdsnfbnbf ci pohb ohycut rdmuads
ubbdadsshry gcvdgdbt ci dgpocydds hbm `dops nb diidatnvd utnonzhtncb ci tngd hbm rdscurads
nb Jdooytngds Ahiî. Vd hosc thed ahrd ci cur bddm cb sphad utnonzdm prcpdroy. \rcpdr onf`t hbm
vdbtnohtncb nb hoo t`d hrdh ci prdgnsd, dbsurd sgcct` iocw ci cpdrhtncb, supdrvnsncb ahb jd
ahrrndm cut nb sgcct` ghbbdr, t`drd hrd prcvnsncb icr dgdrfdbay dxnt hbm ohstoy ghyjd wd
wnoo a`hbfd t`d struaturd ci cur enta`db nb iuturd.
1>
]`d Mnbnbf Zccg
Jdooytngds Ahiî pohb tc usd t`d dxhgpod ci t`ns mdsnfb mdac ci t`d mnbnbf rccg sc t`ht
cur austcgdrs ahb dbkcy t`dnr iccm jdvdrhfds nb cur rdsthurhbt. Ircg t`d pnaturd hjcvd, wd
whbt tc a`hbfd cur mnbnbf rccg nbtc h `npstdr gcmd jdahusd cur iccm jdvdrhfds hrd Hsnhb
Aunsnbd, Vdstdrb, hbm hosc wd `hvd mdssdrt sua` hs aheds tc inoo t`d stcgha` ci cur
austcgdrs. Vd hosc jdnbf irndbmoy wnt` cur austcgdr sc t`ht wd ahb fnvd cur dxadoodbt
sdrvnads tc t`dg.
=<
9.< GHZED]NBF \OHB

Jdooytngds ahiî ns h phrtbdrs`np jusnbdss t`ht wnoo jd ocahtdm ht Eghpubf Jh`ru,
Kc`cr J`hru. Nt ns h bdw jusnbdss. Jdooytngds ahiî ghredtnbf cjkdatnvd ns tc sdoo twc mniidrdbt
typds ci iccm wnt` vhrndty ci snmd mns`ds tc fnvd gcrd a`cnads tc cur austcgdrs. Vd prcvnmd h
Ghohysnhb iccm hbm Vdstdrb iccm t`ht ahb jd dbkcydm jy pdcpod ci hoo hfds nb Ghohysnh. ]`ns
ns jdahusd gcrd pdcpod hrd sddenbf icr Ghohysnhb hbm Vdstdrb iccm t`ht hrd hvhnohjod nb t`d
ghredt hbm gcst ci t`dg dbkcy `hvnbf cb t`d mdonancus thstd ci iccm oned cur iccms icr
jrdheihst, ouba` hbm mnbbdr. Cur iccms acgd nb ghby mniidrdbt snmd mns`ds sua` hs hyhg
ghshe gdrh`, hyhg anon hpn hbm ct`dr snmd mns`ds.
9.8 Ghredtnbf Qtrhtdfy hbm Qhods Qtrhtdfy

Jdooytngds Ahiî nbtdbms tc jdacgd bugjdr cbd rdsthurhbt acgphby nb t`d w`cod ci
Ehgpubf Jh`ru ht Kc`cr Jh`ru hbm t`d cboy why icr us tc ha`ndvd t`ns ns tc dbfhfd nb
fudrrnooh ghredtnbf. Cur pohb ns tc dbsurd t`ht wd fdt cur austcgdr shtnsindm ci hoo cur iccm
jdvdrhfds, sdrvnads hbm ihnr ci t`d dxnstnbf ghredt nb Kc`cr Jh`ru.
Cur shods hbm ghredtnbf pohb tdhg wnoo jd rdaruntdm jhsdm cb t`dnr cwb dxpdrndbad nb
t`d nbmustry hbm t`dy wnoo jd trhnbdm cb h rdfuohr jhsns, sc t`ht wd wnoo dqunppdm tc gddt t`dnr
thrfdts hbm t`d cvdrhoo fcho nb t`d crfhbnzhtncb.

Cur fcho ns tc jdacgd h cbd-snzd-ints hoo enbm ci sdrvnad pdcpod w`db nt acgds tc
rdsthurhbt sdrvnads nb Ehgpubf Jh`ru, Kc`cr Jh`ru hbm nts hrdh. ]`ns ns w`y wd gust dxpocrd
hoo t`d ghredtnbf thatnas hvhnohjod tc us ni nbmddm wd whbt tc iuoino cur ghbmhtd. Nb but s`doo,
wd wnoo dxpocrd t`d icoocwnbf ghredtnbf hbm shods strhtdfnds tc prcgctd cur rdsthurhbt
jusnbdss;
- Mnrdat Ghredtnbf
- Hmvdrtnsnbf Cur Jnoojchrms nb strhtdfna ocahtncbs hrcubm t`d anty
- Cbonbd Ghredtnbf (vnh cur ciinanho wdjsntd, scanho gdmnh, pohticrgs hbm jocf ht hoo)
\rcmuat
\rcmuat
Jhsnahooy, t`d jusnbdss ci sdoonbf iccm hbm jdvdrhfds ns vdry nbtdrdstnbf. Hs wd ahb
sdd t`ht Ghohysnhb pdcpod ocvd tc dht vhrndty ci iccm hbm ht t`d shgd tngd t`dy wcuom
prdidr tc fdt t`d iccm cboy ht cbd pohad. Qc `drd wd prcvnmd gnx mniidrdbt typd ci iccm
sua` hs Ghohysnhb iccm hbm wdstdrb iccm tcfdt`dr nb Jdooytngds ahiî.
=8
Iurt`drgcrd, nt ns h a`hoodbfnbf cppcrtubnty tc httrhat austcgdr cb juynbf t`ns prcmuat

jut nt wnoo fnvd h shtnsihatncb nb tdrgs ci prcint. ]`drdicrd, t`d jusnbdss wcuom oned tc dxpocrd
gcrd mddpoy t`rcuf` ubnqud ci snmd mns`ds hbm mdssdrt hs whbt tc prcmuad h ubnqud prcmuat
hbm ht t`d shgd tngd, austcgdr shtnsihatncb ns cur tcp prncrnty.
\rnad
Acst ZG 8<.<<
Ghre-up ZG 8< P 4<% 7 ZG 4
Qdoonbf \rnad ZG 8<.<< + ZG 4 7 ZG 84.<<

!
Dxhgpod ci cbd sdrvnbf ns ZG84.<<
]`d prnanbf ns jhsdm cb t`d acst hs nt ns t`d sngpodst hbm gcst acggcboy usdm prnanbf
strhtdfy. Icr cur jusnbdss, wd sdt t`d prnad strhtdfy jy ahoauohtnbf t`d acst ci t`d prcmuat.
Ct`dr t`hb t`ht, cur jusnbdss hosc trndm tc ngpodgdbt t`d psya`cocfnaho tda`bnqud jy sdttnbf
t`d prnad hs `nf` hs nt ahb jut stnoo nb t`d shgd rhbfd ci prnads ircg cur acgpdtntcrs. Jdsnmds
t`ht, t`d ghre-up ns t`d prcint ghrfnb t`ht ns mdsnrdm ircg t`d shod ci t`d prcmuat. ]`d mdansncb
cb t`d pdradbthfd ghre-up ns ghmd jhsdm cb adrthnb ihatcrs.
Cur prnanbf strhtdfy ns jhsdm cb adrthnb ihatcrs sua` hs austcgdrs„ wnoonbfbdss tc phy
icr t`d prcmuat, prdssurds ircg t`d acgpdtntcrs hbm t`d suppoy hbm mdghbm ihatcr. Vd wnoo
ghed surd cur prnad ns sunthjod wnt` t`d quhonty ci cur prcmuat hbm wd wnoo try cur jdst tc
ciidr rdhscbhjod hbm hiicrmhjod prnad tc cur austcgdrs. Vd wnoo sdt h prnad t`ht ns jdttdr t`hb
cur acgpdtntcrs.
! \ohad
A`ccsd hbm pohb tc junom cur rdsthurhbt bdhrjy t`d thrfdt ghredt. Dxhgpod thrfdt ghredt ns
Acrpcrhtd Crfhbnzhtncb, sa`cco, pdcpod hrcubm `ctdo, `cgdsthy, rdsnmdbts ht hphrtgdbt
Hmhghn hbm ct`dr acgphbnds
\rcgctncb
Zdprdsdbt prcgctncb cb quhbtnty ci iccms w`na` jddb sdrvd, ghed nt h jnt gcrd t`hb t`d crmdr
rdqudst, vhrnhjod t`d sdt ci gdbu, bct cboy Hsnhb aunsnbd jut prdphrd wdstdrb sdt hbm mdssdrt
hosc. ]`drd ns Jdooytngds ahiî gdbu.
Jdooytngds ahiî gdbu;

=:
Jrdheihst Ouba` Mnbbdr

Vdstdrb iccm Vdstdrb iccm Vdstdrb iccm
- fhrona jrdhm - Ahrjcbhrh ]uredy - A`naedb A`cp
- gus`rccg scup @hg - ]cghtc-[uaa`nbn Qtrhth
- wdstdrb cgdodttd - Jddi Jcocfbdsd - Frnoodm a`naedb a`cp
- Hfonc Conc wnt` - Qnzzonbf a`naedb a`cp
Mdssdrt
- ohzy gcrbnbf -
strdhey jddi
Qdhiccm Ghrnbhrh
- A`naedb Ghryohbm
anbbhgcb rcoos - johae pdppdr gdht Mdssdrt

- a`ddsy wdmfds stdhe
- gdhtjhoos wnt` irndm - Ghbfc pummnbf
rnad - A`ddsy irnds
Ghohysnhb iccm
- bhsn hyhg Ghohysnhb iccm
Mdssdrt
- Bhsn odghe
- \hbmhb guiinb - Gdd @ub Fcrdbf Qnbfhpcrd
- Gdd @ub Fcrdbf Anon hpn
- Odgcb mnzzodm
- Gdd `hnohg
Qnmd Mns`ds; - cbncb rnbfs
- eud tdcw eubf iu
- sctcbf fcrnbf - gdd jhbmubf
tdpubf - gdd rdjus
Ghohysnhb iccm
- shgjho umhbf
- hyhg ghshe - Bhsn Fcrdbf
gdrh` Ehgpubf Mdssdrt
- hyhg ghshe
anonphmn -- Bhsn Fcrdbf Anbh
Bhsn fcrnbf - rckhe juh`
- shgcsh
anon phmn
Mdssdrt - Bhsn fcrnbf adbmhwhb
- ghbfc pummnbf
- pcpnh` rcoo
Mdssdrt
- phbmhb fuoh Gdoheh
aupaheds
- Eun` ]hohg
Mrnbes;
Vdstdrb mrnbe Ghohysnhb mrnbe
- odgcbhmd -]d` c
- ]`d ]hrne -Bdsahid
- Qtrhwjdrry -gnoc
sgcct`nds -ecpn c
- Crhbfd -jhrody odgcb
sgcct`nds
=1
9.: \ZNYH]D Q\HAD

8. Mdpcsnt phygdbt ns rdqunrdm tc ocae mhtd.
:. Inrst acgd inrst sdrvd jhsns.
Qphad H
!
\haehfds nbaoumd iccm, jdvdrhfds & mdssdrt hs s`cwb hjcvd.
!
Gnbngug :< Hmuots & hjcvd
!
\rnvhtd sphad ns cboy hpponahjod ni ycur jnoo ns hjcvd ZG8:<< (1 `curs)
!
Icr jnoo odss t`hb ZG8:<< t`d idds icr prnvhtd sphad ns ZG1<<
icr 1 `curs.
!
Hmmntncbho `cur +ZG8<</`cur
(]`ns ns a`hrfd tc jct` acbmntncbs)

!
Ghxngug sdhtdm ht 8 tngd =< phx
!
Ahb rdqudst hbct`dr :< sdht ht t`d jhae sphad
Q phad J
!
\haehfds nbaoumd iccm, jdvdrhfds & mdssdrt hs s`cwb hjcvd.
!
Gnbngug :< Hmuots & hjcvd
!
\rnvhtd sphad ns cboy hpponahjod ni ycur jnoo ns hjcvd ZG9<< (1 `curs)
!
Icr jnoo odss t`hb ZG9<< t`d idds icr prnvhtd sphad ns ZG:4< icr 1 `curs.
!
Hmmntncbho `cur +ZG4</ `cur
(]`ns ns a`hrfd tc jct` acbmntncbs)

!
Ghxngug sdhtdm ht 8 tngd :< phx
!
Ahb rdqudst icr cutmccr hrdh tcc + 8: sdht
!
\ohy`cusd
==
9.1 GHZED] QN[D HBM ]ZDBMQ
\cpuohtncb stumdbts Ehgpubf J`hru, Kc`cr; 4<,<<< `cusd`coms

Dstnghtncb thrfdt pdr gcbt`; <.8 % x 4<,<<< pdcpod7 4<<
BC. BHGD CI DQ]NGH]D QHOD ]C]HO DQ]NGH]DM

\ZCMTA] \DZ ^DHZ QHODQ / GCB]@O^
(ZG)
8. Vdstdrb iccm ZG 84 x 4<< ZG64<<
:. Ghohysnhb iccm ZG 84 x 4<< ZG 64<<
1. Mrnbes ZG 84 x 4<< ZG 64<<
]ctho ZG ::,4<<.<<
Bctd;
\dr \rcmuat; pdr sdrvd
\dr iccm; ZG 84.<<
]ctho Ghredtnbf Qnzd
]ctho Ghredtnbf Qnzd; ZG 84 P 4<<
7 ZG 64<< / \dr Gcbt`
]ctho Qhods pdr ^dhr; ZG 64<< P 8:
7 ZG ><,<<<.<<
Jhsdm cb t`d ahoauohtncb, wd dstnghtdm t`d shod ci cbd ydhr jy Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo ha`ndvd
ZG><,<<< pdr ydhr.
=4
6.< CZFHBN[H]NCBHO \OHB
Crfhbnzhtncbho \ohb ns h phrt ci h wdoo-iubatncbnbf jusnbdss ns h sconm crfhbnzhtncbho

struaturd nb pohad. Fccm crfhbnzhtncbho mdsnfb theds nbtc haacubt hoo ci t`d iubatncbs, thses
hbm fchos hb crfhbnzhtncb `hs tc ubmdrthed, hbm dbsurds scgdcbd ns rdspcbsnjod ci dha` ci
t`dg. Crfhbnzhtncbho struaturds frcup iubatncbs nbtc pcsntncbs hbm mdphrtgdbts, hbm hosc
ardhtd supdrvnscry rdohtncbs`nps hbm pcwdr struaturds icr haacubthjnonty. ]ypnahooy, hb
crfhbnzhtncb dxprdssds nts mdsnfbs nb t`d icrg ci hb crfhbnzhtncbho a`hrt sc t`ht dvdrycbd
nbvcovdm nb t`d jusnbdss `hs aohrnty hbm ubmdrsthbmnbf ci `cw t`nbfs s`cuom wcre.
Vd icrg nb phrtbdrs`np hbm rdfnstdrdm ubmdr \hrtbdrs`np Hat 8>98. Mdinbd jy sdatncb
1(8) ci t`d \hrtbdrs`np Hat 8>98 hs t`d rdohtncb, w`na` sujsnst jdtwddb pdrscbs ahrrynbf cb h
jusnbdss nb acggcb wnt` h vndw ci prcint. Bc pdrscb ghy jd h phrtbdr wnt` `ngsdoi. ]`drd
gust jd ht odhst twc cr gcrd pdrscbs tc icrg h phrtbdrs`np. Dha` s`hrd`comdr `hs acbtrnjutdm
t`d ahpntho ZG 8<,<<< icr t`d jusnbdss hbm cur acgphby ha`ndvd ZG4<,<<< t`d ahoauohtncb
hrd hs icoocws;
6.8 Q`hrd ci Cwbdrs`np;
BHGD& \CQN]NCB Q@HZD CI CVBDZQ@N\ HGCTB] CI DXTN]^

(%) NBYDQ]DM (ZG)
GT@HGGHM HM@H JNB QTOCZ :< ZG 8<,<<<

(FDBDZHO GHBHFDZ)
IHZH@ QTZH^H JNB]N [HNBTMNB :< ZG 8<,<<<

(INBHBANHO GHBHFDZ)
@HQON[H JNB]N GHBQCZ :< ZG 8<,<<<

(GHZED]NBF GHBHFDZ)
[TJHNMH@ JNB]N H ZH@GHB :< ZG 8<,<<<
(HMGNBNQ]ZH]NCB GHBHFDZ)
BTZTOHNBN JNB]N KHGHOTMMNB :< ZG 8<,<<<
=9
(C\DZH]NCBHO GHBHFDZ)
]C]HO ; ZG 4<,<<<.<<
Ircg t`d acbsdbt ci phrtbdrs`np, wd hfrddm Bhgd ci t`d jusnbdss tc rub ht odhst 1
ydhrs cr gcrd hbm hoo t`d phrtbdrs hrd prc`njntdm ircg mnsscovnbf t`d jusnbdss wnt`cut t`d
acbsdbt ci ct`drs phrtbdrs. Vd hosc `hm jddb hfrddm wnt` cur pcsntncbs wd `hvd jddb
mnsaussdm nb cur fdbdrho gddtnbf jhsdm cb cur cwb hahmdgna quhoninahtncb, senoos hbm
dxpdrndbad.
Cur iuturd prcspdats ci t`d jusnbdss hrd t`d sacpd ci ocahtncb ahb jd wnmdr mud tc t`d
nbardhsdm sthbmhrm ci onid. Nb hmmntncb, wd hosc pohbbnbf cb tc cpdb gcrd jrhba`ds tc
ct`drs sthtd nb acoohjcrhtncb wnt` Tbnvdrsntn ]debcocfn GHZH(Tn]G) sua` hs Q`h`
Hohg, \ubahe Hohg, Odbmu hbm ghby gcrd. Vd hosc pohbbnbf cb tc cpdb cur ahiî nb
hiicrmhjod prnad tc stumdbts jy fnvnbf 8<% mnsacubt jdahusd nt wnoo bct jurmdb icr t`dg tc
`hvnbf h vhrndty ci iccm hbm hosc prcvnmd `hppy `cur nb adrthnb mhy tc httrhat gcrd pdcpod
tc acgd ht cur ahiî.
6.: CZFHBN[H]NCB A@HZ]
Gu`hgghm Hm`h Jnb

Quocr
Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr/A`di
[ujhnmh` JnbU H
@hsonzh JnbU Ghbscr Ihrh` Qurhyh JnbU Zh`ghb
[hnbumnb
Qhods hbm GhredUbf HmgnbnstrhUcb
Ghbhfdr Inbhbad Ghbhfdr Ghbhfdr
Buruohnbn JnbU
Khghoummnb =6
Dvdbt hbm CpdrhUcb
Ghbhfdr/Hsst A`di
Infurd 1.: Crfhbnzhtncbho A`hrt
6.1 ED^ GHBHFDGDB] ZCODQ
Bc \csntncb & Bhgd Ahrddr @nfònf`ts

8 Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr/ A`di ! \rcvdb dxpdrndbad nb ghbhfdrnho pcsntncb hbm
c Gu`hgghm Hm`h Jnb hs h A`di
Quocr ! @hbms cb dxpdrndbad wnt` vhrncus enta`db
dqunpgdbt (dxhgpod; frnoodrs hbm phsth
ghedrs)
! Hmvhbadm ebcwodmfd nb auonbhry hbm trhmntncb
iccm.
! Hjnonty tc rdghnb ahog hbm ubmdrthed vhrncus
thses.
! Mdgcbstrhjod dxpdrndbad nb mdvdocpnbf
strhtdfna hbm jusnbdss pohbs.
! Tp tc mhtd ebcwodmfd ci accenbf tda`bnquds
hbm rdanpds
! ]`rcuf` ebcwodmfd ci ghredt a`hbfds hbm
icrads t`ht nbioudbad t`d acgphby
! Ihgnonhrnty wnt` acrpcrhtd ohw hbm
ghbhfdgdbt jdst prhatnads.

! Dxadoodbt nb crfhbnzhtncbho hbm odhmdrs`np
senoos.
! Dxadoodbt nb acggubnahtncb, nbtdrpdrscbho hbm
prdsdbthtncb senoos.
! Cutsthbmnbf hbhoytnaho hbm prcjodg scovnbf
hjnontnds.
hjnontnds.
! Ihgnonhrnty wnt` shbnthtncb rdfuohtncbs.
=0
: Qhods & Ghredtnbf ghbhfdrs ! \rcvdb dxpdrndbad nb shods hbm ghredtnbf

c @hsonzh Jnbtn Ghbscr ghbhfdgdbt
! Jha`docr„s mdfrdd nb Jusnbdss cr rdohtdm indom,
Ghstdr mdfrdd prdidrrdm
! Aurrdbt cb nbmustry sthbmhrms hbm jdst
prhatnads.
! Hwhrd ci t`d ohtdst ghredts trdbms hbm s`nit hs
wdoo hs prckdatncbs icr t`d iuturd.
! Dvnmdbad hjnonty tc nbbcvhtd hbm ngpodgdbt
a`hbfd suaadssiuooy.
! Hjnonty tc prncrntnzd `nf` vhoud thses hbm icaus
ubmdr prdssurd.
! Dxadptncbho acggubnahtncb hbm prdsdbthtncb
senoos
!
Hjod tc jd pdrsuhsnvd hbm prcaurd juy nb ircg
uppdr ghbhfdgdbt.
! Qconm acgputdr senoos hbm hwhrdbdss ci wdj
jhsdm ghredtnbf hbm scanho gdmnh.
1 Inbhbad hbm Hmgnbnstrhtncb ! \rcvdb dxpdrndbad nb inbhbanho pcsntncb

Ghbhfdr ! Qtrcbf ubmdrsthbmnbf ci acrpcrhtd inbhbad hbm
c
Ihrh` Quhrhyh Jnbtn gdhsurds ci pdricrghbads
[hnbumnb ! Qujsthbtnho ebcwodmfd hbm mdgcbstrhtdm
c [ujhnmh` Jnbtn H dxpdrndbad nb ghbhfdgdbt rdpcrtnbf, inbhbanho
Zh`ghb gcmdoonbf, inbhbanho ghbhfdgdbt hbm
haacubtnbf prnbanpods hbm prhatnads.
! H guotnthsedr wnt` t`d hjnonty tc wdhr ghby
`hts nb h ihst phadm dbvnrcbgdbt.

! \drscbbdo quhontnds ci nbtdfrnty , ardmnjnonty hbm
mdmnahtncb tc t`d gnssncb ci P^[ bcbprcint.
= Dvdbt & Cpdrhtncb ! :-1 ydhrs„ sconm dxpdrndbad nb t`d dvdbt

Ghbhfdr/Hssnsthbt A`di nbmustry
c Buruo Hnbn Jnbtn ! \cssdss h fccm bdtwcre ci suppondrs hbm
=>
Khghoummnb acbtrhatcr acbthat

! Hjnonty tc `hbmod prdssurd, guotnthse hbm wcre
wnt`nb tnf`t sa`dmuod/mdhmonbds
! Hjod tc bdfctnhtd nb t`d nbtdrdst ci t`d
acgphby
! Fccm bdfctnhtncb hbm nbtdrpdrscbho senoos
! H phssncb icr dvdbts hbm acggubnahtncb wnt`
hb haaurhtd dyd icr mdthnos.
! Ahog, rdscuradiuo, nbmdpdbmdbt hbm vnfnohbt
! Tp tc mhtd ebcwodmfd ci accenbf tda`bnquds
hbm rdanpds
! Odhmdrs`np senoos
! Dxadoodbt nb tngd ghbhfdgdbt hjnontnds.
4 Enta`db @dopdr ! \rcvdb wcre dxpdrndbad hs h enta`db `dopdr

! Ihrnbh Jnbtn Mcooh` hbm whntdr
! H`ghm Ihnz Jnb ! Httdbtnvdbdss hbm phtndbad wnt` austcgdrs
Ehssng ! Qtrcbf crfhbnzhtncbho hbm guotnthsenbf senoos
! Oceghb Jnb Njrh`ng wnt` t`d hjnonty tc pdricrg wdoo nb h ihst phadm
! Qushbtn Jnbtn Ghrns dbvnrcbgdbt
! ]dhg spnrnts
! Hjnonty tc wcre wcreochm
! @nf` sa`cco mnpocgh, iccm shidty trhnbnbf ns h
pous.
4<
6.= ED^ GHBHFDGDB] \DZQCBBDO
Bc
8 \csntncb & Bhgd
Fdbdrho Ghbhfdr/A`di Mutnds & Zdspcbsnjnontnds
Mdvdocpnbf hbm dxdautnbf t`d acgphby„s
" Gu`hgghm Hm`h Jnb Quocr jusnbdss strhtdfnds, prcvnmnbf strhtdfna hmvnad tc
t`d jchrm hbm a`hnrpdrscb, prdphrnbf hbm
ngpodgdbtnbf acgprd`dbsnvd jusnbdss pohbs tc
ihanonthtd ha`ndvdgdbt
c Mdvdocp hbm dxdautd t`d acgphby„s
jusnbdss strhtdfnds nb crmdr tc htthnb t`d
fchos ci t`d jchrm hbm s`hrd`comdrs
c \rcvnmd strhtdfna hmvnad tc t`d jchrm hbm
supdrvnsd mhnoy cpdrhtncbs
c Tbmdrthed sthiinbf rdspcbsnjod (`nrnbf,
trhnbnbf, dvhouhtnbf)
c
A`di hrd citdb nb a`hrfd nb ardhtnbf bdw
hbm nbbcvhtnvd mns`ds t`ht wnoo sdrvd ycu
wdoo
c A`di hrd nb a`hrfd wnt` dbtnrdoy enta`db
ircg t`d mns`whs`dr tc t`d acces.
: Qhods hbm Ghredtnbf Ghbhfdr c Cvdrsdd mhy tc mhy shods, gcbntcrnbf hbm
" @hsonzh Jnbtn Ghbscr icrdahstnbf tc jdttdr ubmdrsthbm t`d

ghredt
c Acbtnbuhooy hssdss ghredtnbf tda`bnquds
hbm t`dnr diinahay nb hiidatnbf shods
c Qthy up tc mhtd cb aurrdbt ghredt trdbms
c Mdvdocps hbm ngpodgdbts strhtdfna
ghredtnbf pohbs hbm shods pohbs hbm
48
icrdahst tc ha`ndvd acrpcrhtd cjkdatnvds

icr prcmuat hbm sdrvnads.
c Mdvdocps hbm ghbhfds shods/ghredtnbf
cpdrhtnbf jumfdts.
c \ohbs hbm cvdrsdd hmvdrtnsnbf hbm
prcgctncb hatnvntnds nbaoumnbf prnbt,
cbonbd dodatrcbna gdmnh hbm mnrdat dghno.
c Cvdrsdd hbm dvhouhtds ghredt rdsdhra`
hbm hmkust ghredtnbf strhtdfy tc gddt
a`hbfnbf ghredt hbm acgpdtntnvd
acbmntncbs.
1 Inbhbad hbm Hmgnbnstrhtncb Mdvdocpnbf hbm ngpodgdbtnbf inbhbanho hbm
Ghbhfdr hmgnbnstrhtncb pohb hbm fhos icr t`d mdphrtgdbt,
" Ihrh` Qurhyh Jnbtn [hnbumnb wcrenbf wnt` t`d mnrdatcr tc accrmnbhtd hbm
" [ujhnmh` Jnbtn H Zh`ghb supdrvnsd mhnoy cpdrhtncbs.
c
Dbsurnbf acgponhbad wnt` rdfuohtncbs
hbm nbtdrbho pconands
c Hssnst nb mdvdocpnbf hbm ngpodgdbtnbf
pohbs hbm fchos icr t`d mdphrtgdbt
c @hbmod hoo trhbshatncb nb hbm cut ci t`d
acgphby
c
Nssud rdadnpts, rdiubms, a`hbfd cr tnaedts
c Ghed shods rdidrrhos, arcss sdoo prcmuats
hbm nbtrcmuad bdw cbds
c Ghed surd hoo gcbdy trhbshatncb rub
sgcctòy
c \rdphrd inbhbanho rdpcrt tc t`d jchrm ci
mnrdatcr cr ct`dr dxdautds

c Iuoino mutnds hs hssnfbdm jy t`d Fdbdrho
Ghbhfdr.
= Dvdbt & Cpdrhtncb Qdttnbf up t`d enta`db wnt` accenbf utdbsnos

ghbhfdr/Hssnsthbt A`di dqunpgdbt oned ebnvds, phbs hbm iccm sahods.
4:
"
Buruo Hnbn Jnbtn Khghoummnb Qtumynbf dha` rdanpds hbm fht`drnbf hoo
bdadsshry nbfrdmndbts, accenbf iccm nb h tngdoy
ghbbdr.
c Mdvdocps hbm ghbhfds dvdbt hbm
cpdrhtncb ghed surd rdodvhbt wnt` t`d
dvdbt.
c Acbtnbuhooy hssdss cpdrhtncbho tda`bnquds
hbm t`dnr diinahay nb hiidatnbf shods
c Qupdrvnsd iccm hbm enta`db w`db a`di
bct nb hrcubm
c Gcbntcr iccm stcae hbm pohads crmdrs.
c A`dae irds`bdss ci iccm hbm mnsahrm cut

ci mhtd tngd.
c Dxpdrngdbt wnt` rdanpds hbm suffdst bdw
nbfrdmndbts
c Dbsurd acgponhbad wnt` hoo `dhot` hbm
shidty rdfuohtncbs wnt`nb t`d enta`db hrdh
4 Enta`db `dopdr/Vhntdr " \rdphrd a`cppdm rhw ghtdrnho tc jd acce

" Ihrnbh Jnbtn Mcooh` jy a`di hbm hssnsthbt a`di
" H`ghm Ihnz Jnb Ehssng " Vhs` mns` hbm dqunpgdbt ci t`d enta`db
" Oceghb Jnb Njrh`ng hbm hitdr ahtdrnbf
" Qushbtn jnbtn Ghrns " A`dae mns`ds hbm enta`dbwhrd icr
aodhbonbdss hbm prdsdbthtncb hbm rdpcrt
hby prcjodgs.
" Qdrvd iccm hbm mrnbes tc YN\ fudsts.
" Jrnbf prdphrdm iccms tc vdbmcr acgphby
" Gddt wnt` austcgdrs tc rdvndw mhnoy
spdanhos, a`hbfds cb t`d gdbu hbm
sdrvnad spdaninahtncbs icr rdsdrvhtncb (d.f.
phrtnds, caahsncb)
" \rcvnmd dxadoodbt austcgdr sdrvnad tc
fudsts.
41
0.< INBHBANHO \OHB
]`d inbhbanho pohb s`cws nbvdstgdbts, ochbs, haacubts rdadnvhjods hbm haacubts
phyhjods. Nt ns cbd gcst ngpcrthbt phrts ci h jusnbdss pohb. Vnt`cut t`ns sdatncb, t`d pohb
ahbbct prcvd t`d acgphby wcuom jd h vnhjod jusnbdss. Nt hosc s`cws rdhonstna jumfdt jy
mdtdrgnbnbf t`d hatuho hgcubt ci gcbdy bddmdm tc sthrt t`d vdbturd (sthrt-up acsts) hbm t`d
hgcubt bddmdm tc eddp nt cpdb (wcrenbf ahpntho cr cpdrhtnbf acsts)
Inbhbanho ghbhfdgdbt rdidrs tc t`d diinandbt hbm diidatnvd ghbhfdgdbt ci gcbdy nb

sua` h ghbbdr hs tc haacgpons` t`d cjkdatnvds ci t`d crfhbnzhtncb. Nt ns t`d spdanhonzdm
iubatncb mnrdatoy hsscanhtdm wnt` t`d tcp ghbhfdgdbt. ]`d snfbninahbad ci t`ns iubatncb ns bct
sddb nb t`d ‟onbd‗ jut hosc nb t`d ahphanty ci t`d ‟sthii‗ nb cvdrhoo ci t`d acgphby. ]`d tdrg
typnahooy hpponds tc hb crfhbnzhtncb cr acgphby„s inbhbanho strhtdfy w`nod pdrscbho inbhbad cr
inbhbanho onid ghbhfdgdbt rdidrs tc hb nbmnvnmuho„s ghbhfdgdbt strhtdfy. Nt nbaoumds `cw tc
rhnsd t`d ahpntho hbm `cw tc hoocahtd ahpntho sua` hs ahpntho jumfdtnbf. Bct cboy icr ocbf tdrg
jumfdtnbf, jut hosc icr `cw tc hoocahtd t`d s`crt tdrg rdscurads oned aurrdbt onhjnontnds. Nt hosc
mdhos wnt` t`d mnvnmdbm pconands ci t`d s`hrd`comdrs. H inbhbanho pohb nbacrpcrhtds hoo
inbhbanho mhth mdrnvdm ircg t`d cpdrhtnbf jumfdts acbsnst ci t`d ghredtnbf, cpdrhtncb hbm
hmgnbnstrhtncb jumfdts.
]`d icoocwnbf ns cur jusnbdss nbicrghtncb;
Bhgd ci jusnbdss; Jdooytngds Ahiî
Jusnbdss Odfho Dbtnty; \hrtbdrs`np
Bhturd ci Jusnbdss; Ahiî
4=
0.8 ]`d Ngpcrthbad ci h Inbhbanho \ohb
H inbhbanho pohb ns aruanho tc t`d cvdrhoo jusnbdss pohb t`ht ns mdvdocpdm icr h
phrtnauohr jusnbdss cr prckdat. Nt ns ngpcrthbad t`ht ahb jd sugghrnzdm hs icoocws;
!
]c mdtdrgnbd t`d snzd ci nbvdstgdbt
! ]c nmdbtniy hbm prcpcsd t`d rdodvhbt scurads ci inbhbad
! ]c dbsurd t`ht t`d nbntnho ahpntho ns suiinandbt
! ]c hbhoysd t`d vnhjnonty ci t`d prckdat jdicrd hatuho nbvdstgdbt ns acggnttdm
! ]c jd usdm hs h funmdonbd icr prckdat ngpodgdbthtncb
Ynsncb ci Inbhbanho \ohb

! ]c utnonzd dvdry rdscurads t`csd cwbdm jy t`d crfhbnzhtncb hbm odhm tc nbardhsd ci
cur jusnbdss prcint.
! ]c a`dae nb dvdry snbfod trhbshatncb nbiocws hbm cutiocws ci t`d inbhbanho
rdscurads t`ht jdnbf ghmd wnt`nb t`d inbhbanho ydhr hbm tc prdvdbt hbm mdtdat hby
acrruptncb hbm gnsusdm ci gcbdy hbm ahb odhm tc mdardhsd nb cur prcint.
Gnssncb ci Inbhbanho \ohb

! ]`d iocw ci wcre ns wdoo ghbhfdm hbm rdmuads drrcr nb dvdry snbfod trhbshatncb.
! ]c dquhooy mnstrnjutd t`d inbhbanho rdscurad tc dha` mdphrtgdbt.
44
0.: Q]HZ]-T\ ACQ]
Qthrt-up acst ahb jd mdinbdm hs bcb-rdaurrnbf acsts hsscanhtdm wnt` sdttnbf up

jusnbdss sua` hs haacubt„s idd, odfho idd, rdfnstrhtncb a`hrfd, hs wdoo hs hmvdrtnsnbf,
prcgctncbho hatnvntnds hbm dgpocydd trhnbnbf. Qthrt-up acst hosc ahoodm sthrt-up dxpdbsds,
prdongnbhry dxpdbsds cr prd-cpdbnbf dxpdbsds.
GHZED]NBF DP\DBMN]TZD
INPDM HQQD] ZG
Qnfbjchrm 8,<<<
Iurbnturd (A`hnr, ]hjod, Ohgp) 4,4<<
Zdirnfdrhtcr 0<<
Accenbf ]ccos 4,<<<

Dodatrna Hpponhbad 9,4<<
Qdrvnbf Hpponhbad :,4<<
Ct`dr Dxpdbmnturd 8,<<<
]C]HO HGCTB] ::,1<<
Nb ghredtnbf jumfdt, Jdooytngds Ahid tctho sthrt-up acst ZG::,1<<. Tbmdr inxdm hssdt,
wd `hvd snfbjchrm ZG 8<<<, iurbnturd, rdirnfdrhtcr, accenbf tccos, dodatrna hpponhbad, sdrvnbf
hpponhbad ns ZG 44<<, ZG 0<<, ZG 4<<<, ZG 94<<, ZG :4<<. Hbm icr ct`dr dxpdbmnturd ns
ZG8<<<.
49
HMGNBNQ]ZH]NYD DP\DBMN]TZD
INPDM HQQD] ZG
Ohbm & Junomnbf 1,<<<
Ciinad dqunpgdbt 4<<

Iurbnturd & Inttnbf 8,:<<
]ctho inxdm hssdt =,6<<
VCZENBF AH\N]HO
Qhohrnds, D\I & QCAQC 8,:<<
Ciinad Zdbtho
Ttnontnds 1<<
]ctho wcrenbf ahpntho 84<<
C]@DZ DP\DBMN]TZD
Ct`dr Dxpdbmnturd -
\ZD-C\DZH]NCBQ
Mdpcsnt (rdbt, utnontnds, dta.) 8,4<<
Jusnbdss Zdfnstrhtncb & Onadbads =4<
Gdmnaho Nbkdatncb icr sthii (]yp`cnm) 14<

Nbsurhbad & Zchm ]hx icr Gctcr Yd`naod 9<<
Qthtncbhry 8<<
Ct`dr Dxpdbmnturd 81<<
]ctho prd-cpdrhtncbs =,1<<

]C]HO HGCTB] 8<,4<<
46
Nb hmgnbnstrhtnvd jumfdt, tctho sthrt-up acsts icr Jdooytngds ahid ns ZG 8<,4<< . Tbmdr
inxdm hssdts, wd spdbm icr ciinad dqunpgdbt hbm iurbnturd hbm inttnbf acstoy ZG4<<.<< hbm
ZG8,:<<.<< rdspdatnvdoy. Cur acgphby hfrddm tc spdbm icr shohrnds wnt` ZG8,:<<.<< hbm
phy utnontnds icr ZG1<< dvdry gcbt` ubmdr wcrenbf ahpntho. Jdsnmds, ubmdr prd-cpdrhtncb
dxpdbmnturd, wd hfrddm tc phy mdpcsnt icr ciinad acstoy ZG84<< hbm gdmnaho nbkdatncb icr
sthii ns ZG14< hbm sthtncbhry ZG 8<< hbm icr nbsurhbad & rchm thx icr truae ns ZG 9<<. Icr
jusnbdss rdfnstrhtncb hbm onadbsds, wd spdbm ht ZG=4< hbm ct`dr dxpdbmnturd ns ZG8,1<<.
C\DZH]NCBQ DP\DBMN]TZD
INPDM HQQD] ZG
Gha`nbd hbm Dqunpgdbt :0,<<<
]ctho inxdm hssdt :0,<<<.<<
Vcrenbf Ahpntho
Zhw Ghtdrnhos 0,40<
Qhohrnds, D\I & QCAQC 8,:<<
]ctho wcrenbf ahpntho >60<.<<
\rd-Cpdrhtncbs
Mdpcsnt (rdbt, utnontnds, dta.) 6,6=<
Nbsurhbad 8,9<<
]ctho prd-cpdrhtncbs >,1=<.<<
]C]HO HGCTB] =6,8:<.<<
Nb cpdrhtncb jumfdt, tctho sthrt-up acst icr Jdooytngds Ahiî ns ZG =6,8:<. Tbmdr inxdm
hssdts, wd hfrddm tc juy gha`nbd hbm dqunpgdbt acstoy ZG:0,<<<. Tbmdr wcrenbf ahpntho,
wd `hvd rhw ghtdrnhos, shohrnds icr dxtrh wcredr wnt` t`d acst ZG0,40<.<<, ZG8,:<<.<<,
rdspdatnvdoy. Vd rdbt ci prdgnsds ZG 1<<< hbm utnontnds ZG 6<< hbm ct`dr dxpdbmnturd ns
ZG=,<<<.
40
0.1 VCZENBF AH\N]HO

Vcrenbf ahpntho hosc ebcwb hs bdt wcrenbf ahpntho w`na` ns mniidrdbad jdtwddb acgphby„s
aurrdbt hssdts oned ahs`, haacubts rdadnvhjod hbm nbvdbtcrnds ci rhw ghtdrnhos hbm inbns`dm
fccms hbm aurrdbt onhjnontnds oneds haacubt phyhjod.
JDOO^]NGDQ AHIÎ
\ZCKDA] NG\ODGDB]H]NCB ACQ] & QCTZADQ CI INBHBAD
\rckdat Ngpodgdbthtncb Acst Qcurads ci Inbhbad
Zdqunrdgdbts Acsts Ochb @nrd-

pura`hsd Cwb acbtrnjutncbs
Zdqunrdgdbts Acsts Ochb @nrd-
pura`hsd Cwb acbtrnjutncbs
(ZG) (ZG)
Inxdm hssdt Ahs` Dxnstnbf I.

hssdt
(ZG)
Ohbm 1<<< 1<<<.<<
& junomnbf
Ciinad dqunpgdbt 4<< 4<<.<<
Iurbnturd & inttnbf 8,:<< 8:<<
Qnfbjchrm 8<<<.<< 8<<<
Gha`nbd & :0,<<< :8,4<< 94<<

dqunpgdbt
Vcrenbf ahpntho (
4>
8 gcbt`s)
Hmgnbnstrhtnvd 8<,4<< 8<4<<
Ghredtnbf ::,1<< ::1<<
Cpdrhtncbs =6,8:<.<< =:,8:< 4<<<
\rd-Cpdrhtncbs & 8=,9=<.<< 8=,9=<

Ct`dr Dxpdbmnturd
Acbtnbfdbands
]C]HO 8:0,:9<.<< 60,:9<.<< - 4<,<<<.<< -
0.= Q]HZ]-T\ AH\N]HO HBM INBHBAD
Gdgjdr acbtrnjutncb 7 ZG 8<,<<< x 4
7 ZG 4<,<<<.<<
Ochb nbtdrdst rhtd 7 =%
]DZGQ CI OCHB
Nbtdrdst rhtd =%
Ochb murhtncb 8< ydhrs
Nbtdrdst phygdbt gdt`cm* :
*Gdt`cm; 8 7 ioht rhtd : 7 hbbuho rdst
0.4 QHODQ ICZDAHQ]

Qhods icrdahst hbm nbioudbad cb shods hs jdocw nb t`d thjod fnvdb;
Ihatcr Nbioudbad Cb Qhods
Ghredt Hbhoysns Fnvdb t`d ohrfd bugjdr ci thrfdt `cusd`coms nb Ehgpubf J`hru, Kc`cr
hrdh (4<,<<< `cusd`coms), Jdooytngds Ahiî gust cboy sdoo tc odss t`hb
<.<8% ci t`ns pctdbtnho ghredt tc gddt shods dstnghtds. Jdooytngds ahiî
jdondvds t`ns ns `nfòy idhsnjod tc fdt `nf`dr prcint.
9<
Ghxngug Ahphanty Jdooytngds Ahiî `hs h ghxngug ahphanty ci 8:9 ubnts pdr wdde (=:
`curs), w`na` gdhbs nt ahb sdrvd h ghxngug ci 4,<=< austcgdrs pdr
gcbt`. Hs h rdsuot, Jdooytngds Ahiî shods dstnghtds hrd honfbdm wnt` nt
ghxngug ahphanty.
Jrdhedvdb Tbnts Jdooytngds Ahiî gust sdoo ht odhst 1,8=8 ubnts pdr gcbt` tc acvdr `dr
cpdrhtnbf dxpdbsds. Jdooytngds Ahiî shods dstnghtds hrd hjcvd `dr
jrdhedvdb pcnbt.
Qdhscbhonty Jdooytngds ahiî wnoo bct jd hiidatdm jy sdhscbhonty jdahusd cur austcgdr
wnoo acbtnbud tc dht jrdheihst, ouba` hbm mnbbdr ht cut ahiî rdfhrmodss t`d
tngd ci ydhr.
Gcbt` Tbnts Zdvdbud (ZG)
Khbuhry =4< =4,<<<

Idjruhry =4< =4,<<<
Ghra` =4< =4,<<<
Hprno =4< =4,<<<
Ghy =4< =4,<<<

Kubd =4< =4,<<<
Kuoy =4< =4,<<<
Hufust =4< =4,<<<
Qdptdgjdr =4< =4,<<<
Catcjdr =4< =4,<<<
Bcvdgjdr =4< =4,<<<

Mdadgjdr =4< =4,<<<
Qhods Icrdahst ^dhr 8 4,84< 484,<<<.<<
Qhods Icrdahst ^dhr : (8<%) 499,4<<.<<
Qhods Icrdahst ^dhr 1 (:<%) 96>,0<<.<<
98
0.9 MDINBN]NCB CI CBD TBN]

Cbd ubnt ns mdinbdm hs accenbf hbm prdphrhtncb ci 8< sdt ci ouba` hbm mnbbdr pdr mhy icr aondbt
nb t`d aondbt's enta`db.
0.6 Yhrnhjod dxpdbsds
Ghtdrnhos
Ghtdrnho mdsarnptncbs Juoe prnad Juoe Xuhbtnty pdr ubnt Acst pdr ubnt
quhbtnty
Gnsa frcadrnds ( spdanina ZG4< 4 mnbbdrs 4 mnbbdrs ZG 4<
nbfrdmndbts vhry ircg
aondbt tc aondbt (
]ctho ghtdrnho acsts pdr ubnt ZG 4<

Ohjcr
Acst ci ohjcr pdr `cur ]ngd( nb `rs) tc ]ctho ohjcr acst pdr ubnt
ghed cbd ubnt
ZG 9 0 `curs ZG =0
DCT
Ghtdrnho acst Ohjcur acst ]ctho DCT
ZG 4< ZG =0 ZG >0.<<
9:
0.0 DACBCGNAQ CI CBD TBN] (CBD QD] CI OTBA@ CZ MNBBDZ)
Ahoauohtncb icr dacbcgnas ci cbd ubnt ns s`cwb hs jdocw nb t`d thjod fnvdb;
Qdoonbf \rnad pdr Tbnt ZG84<
Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds pdr Tbnt
Acsts ci Fccms Qcom
Ghtdrnhos ZG4<.<<
Ohjcur ZG=0.<<
]ctho Acst ci Fccms Qcom ZG>0.<<
Ct`dr Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds
Acggnssncb ZG<.<<
\haehfnbf ZG4.<<
Ct`dr ZG=.<<
]ctho Ct`dr Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds ZG0.<<
91
]ctho Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds ZG8<9.<<
Acbtrnjutncb Ghrfnb pdr Tbnt ZG==.<<
0.> INPDM DP\DBQDQ ICZ CBD GCB]@

Inxdm dxpdbsds icr Cbd Gcbt` hs jdocw nb t`d thjod fnvdb;
Dxpdbsd ]ypd Gcbtòy Dxpohbhtncb

Acst
Nbsurhbad 8,9<< Hs h iccm sdrvnads jusnbdss, nt ns ngpdrhtnvd t`ht Jdooytngds
ahiî ns nbsurdm tc prctdat hfhnbst onhjnonty
Qhohry 8,:<< Gcbtòy shohry icr dgpocydds.

Hmvdrtnsnbf 8=9.<< Hmvdrtnsnbf wnoo nbaoumd mnrdat ghnonbfs hbm pcsthfd, hs wdoo
hs ghredtnbf acoohtdrho hbm shgpods tc jd mnstrnjutdm ht nb-
stcrd prcgctncbs ocaho dvdbts
Nbtdrdst 14.<0 Jdooytngds ahid `hs h inbhbanbf strhtdfy t`ht nbaoumd

rdphynbf ochbs wnt` nbtdrdst
Ttnontnds 4<<.<< Jdahusd wd acces nb `dr aondbt„s enta`dbs, t`d cboy utnonty
wd wnoo phy gcbtòy t`d jnoos jy usnbf icr gcjnod p`cbd.
wd wnoo phy gcbtòy t`d jnoos jy usnbf icr gcjnod p`cbd.
9=
Zdbt 1<<< Jdahusd wd acces nb cur enta`dbs, nt wnoo nbaur acsts rdohtdm
tc rdbt.
Ct`dr Inxdm 8<<< ]`dsd acsts hrd hsscanhtdm wnt` hutcgcjnod ghnbtdbhbad hbm
Dxpdbsds fhs tc accedm iccm.
]ctho Inxdm ZG 64<=.<0

Dxpdbsds
>.< NBACGD Q]H]DGDB] ICZ INZQ] ^DHZ CI C\DZH]NCBQ

Nbacgd Qthtdgdbt icr Inrst ydhr ci cpdrhtncbs hs jdocw nb t`d thjod fnvdb;
ZG
QHODQ/ZDYDBTD 484,<<<
Frcss Qhods 484,<<<
Qhods Zdturbs <.<<
Bdt Qhods 484,<<<
YHZNHJOD DP\DBQDQ
Acsts ci Fccms Qcom
Ghtdrnhos 9<,<<<
Ohjcur 8=,=<<
]ctho Acst ci Fccms Qcom 6=,=<<
Ct`dr Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds
Acggnssncb ::<<
\haehfnbf <.<<
Ct`dr 8<<<
]ctho Ct`dr Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds 1:<<
]ctho Yhrnhjod Dxpdbsds 66,9<<
94
ACB]ZNJT]NCB GHZFNB =16,=<<
INPDM C\DZH]NBF DP\DBQDQ

Nbsurhbad 8>:<<
Qhohrnds 8=,=<<
Hmvdrtnsnbf 8:,<<<
Nbtdrdst
Ttnontnds 9<<<
Zdbt 19,<<<
Ct`dr inxdm dxpdbsds 8:<<<
]ctho Dxpdbsds >>,9<<.<<
\ZD-]HP \ZCIN] 116,0<<.<<

]hxds (84%) 4<,96<
BD] \ZCIN] (^dhr 8) :06,81<.<<

BD] \ZCIN] (^dhr :) (8<%) 184,0=1.<<
BD] \ZCIN] (^dhr 1) (:<%) 16>,<88.9<
>.8 Qthrt-up Nbvdstgdbt

]ctho sthrt-up nbvdstgdbt nbacrpcrhtds jct` sthrt-up acst hbm wcrenbf ahpntho bddmdm tc sthrt h
prckdat. ]`d gcst acggcb scurad ci inbhbad icr bdw vdbturd ns t`d dbtrdprdbdur's cwb dqunty
acbtrnjutncb. ]`d dqunty acbtrnjutncb ahb jd nb t`d icrg ci ahs` cr hssdts. Dxhgpod ci Qthrt-
up nbvdstgdbt hs jdocw nb t`d thjod fnvdb;
Ntdg V`y Bddmdm Ydbmcr Acst (ZG)

Enta`db dqunpgdbt Dqunpgdbt bddmdm icr stcrhfd hbm tc AED @comnbf Qmb J`m 4<<<
prdphrd t`d mns`ds icr gdbu rdqunrdm
Ynatcrnbcx Qwnss Bddmdm tc a`cp gdht, ins`, Mrdhgihrg.acg 4<<

Hrgy Autodry Qdt (0 vdfdthjods, irunts hbm ct`drs
\ndad)
Hbcocb Bcuvdood Bddmdm icr jhsna accenbf Ohzhmh.acg 0<<
Acppdr @hrm Hbcmnzdm
Bcb-stnae 8<-\ndad
Accewhrd Qdt
99
Gnsadoohbdcus accenbf Bddm spdanhoty dqunpgdbt icr Hghzcb.acg 4<<

dqunpgdbt prdphrnbf fcurgdt gdhos
Qpnads, cnos, dta. Bddmdm tc sdhscb iccm Khyh Frcadry 0<<
V`ddodm ahrt Bddmdm tc trhbspcrt hoo accenbf Nedh.acg 14<
supponds hbm frcadrnds
Ciinad Dqunpgdbt Ciinad acgputdrs, Ohptcp hbm `dhvy Acurts Ghgcrts 0,<<<
muty prnbtdr
Iurbnturd hbm Inttnbfs Iurbnturd hbm inttnbfs bddmdm nb t`d H\DP Ciinad Iurbnturd 8<,<<<
ciinad icr wcrenbf hbm mnsaussncb Cbd Onvnbf Qmb J`m
]ctho sthrt up Dxpdbmnturds :4,>4<.<<

Dgdrfdbay Iubm (8/: ci sthrt-up dxpdbmnturds) :8,=64
Zdsdrvd icr Inxdm Dxpdbsds (acvdrs 1 gcbt`s ci inxdm dxpdbsds) ::,48:.:=
]ctho sthrt-up Nbvdstgdbt 9>,>16.:=
ACBAOTQNCB
H jusnbdss pohb ns bct kust h odbft`y mcaugdbt t`ht `dops ycu fdt h ochb cr sdaurd
jhae up, dvdb t`cuf` t`ht gnf`t jd t`d rdhscb ycu hrd put nt hoo tcfdt`dr. H jusnbdss pohb ns h
t`crcuf` dxhgnbhtncb ci w`dt`dr ycur jusnbdss nmdh ns vnsnjod. Nb h buts`doo, h pdrscbho bddm
tc `hvd dbtrdprdbdurnho trhnt hbm fccm pdrscbho quhontnds tc jdacgd h suaadssiuo dbtrdprdbdur.
Qpdaninahooy, t`d dbtrdprdbdur trhnts hrd bdtwcredm, cpdb rnse thedr, cjsdrvhbt, vnsncbhry,
ihnourd ns hb cptncb, cpdb auoturd, cutacgd crndbtdm, tdhg crndbtdm hbm prchatnvd t`ht gust
`hvd nb hb dxadoodbt dbtrdprdbdur. ]`dsd dbtrdprdbdur trhnts hrd t`d ghnb vhoud t`ht bddm tc jd
odhrbdm, icoocwdm hbm hppondm jy dha` nbmnvnmuho nb crmdr tc jdacgd suaadss. Mud tc t`dsd
mdtdrgnbds t`d suaadss cr ihnourd ci acrpcrhtd jusnbdss mdvdocpgdbt, w`na` hosc mdtdrgnbds
w`dt`dr t`d icrghtncb ci acrd acgpdtntnvdbdss ci dbtdrprnsd. ]`dsd dbtrdprdbdur trhnts ahb jd
aohssnindm hs dssdbtnho dodgdbt t`ht mniidr t`d mniidrdbt jdtwddb t`d suaadssiuo dbtrdprdbdur
hbm t`d crmnbhry dbtrdprdbdur.
96
Nb t`d iuturd, Jdooytngd Ahiî wnoo dxphbm nts jusnbdss icr gcrd austcgdr hrcubm hrdh
Eouhbf, \cbtnhb hbm Qdfhght. Jdooytngds Ahiî wnoo jd gcrd ardhtnvd wnt` gdbu ciidrdm hbm
wnoo dbsurd t`ht t`d A`di occe vdbturd icr bdw ebcwodmfd nb prcmuanbf gcrd nbtdrdstnbf, thsty
hbm dbtnanbf gdbu t`ht ahb httrhat gcrd austcgdrs. Ni t`d jusnbdss ci Jdooytngds Ahiî eddps
cb fdttnbf jdttdr, wd hrd bct `dsnthtnbf tc cpdb h rdsthurhbt tc h pujona nbstdhm ci rdsdrvnbf
austcgdr sc t`ht austcgdr ahb acgd irdqudbtoy tc dbkcy cur iccm hbm spdanho mns`ds.
H\\DBMNADQ
Zhw Ghtdrnho
Q\NADQ FZHNBQ
IZTN]Q YDFD]HJODQ
90
MHNZ^
! A`naedb a`cp
! Bhsn Odghe
! A`ddsy Vdmfds
ZDIDZDBADQ
! Djnbug, G. (6 Kuoy, :<89). Q`dmh. Zdtrndvdm ircg @cw ]c; Jusnbdss Gcmdo Ahbvhs
Dxpohnbdm; `ttps;//gdmnug.acg/sddm-mnfntho/`cw-tc-jusnbdss-gcmdo-ahbvhs-dxpohnbdm-
hm1969j9id=h
! Ihrccq, T. (8: Kuoy , :<8>). GHredtnbf ]utcr . Zdtrndvdm ircg \dstod Hbhoysns ci h
Zdsthurhbt; `ttps;//www.ghredtnbftutcr.bdt/pdstod-hbhoysns-ci-h-rdsthurhbt/
! @cistrhbm, M. (mdadgjdr , :<<>). Hf Mdansncb Ghedr. Zdtrndvdm ircg ]cp Ghbhfdgdbt

hbm Edy \drscbbdo \csntncbs nb h Jusnbdss;
`ttps;//www.dxtdbsncb.nhsthtd.dmu/hfmg/w`codihrg/`tgo/a4-888.`tgo
9>
! E`drh, J. Z. (b.m.). ^cur Qghoo Jusnbdss Ghredtnbf Zdscurad AdbtdrGcrdJusnbdss.acg.

Zdtrndvdm ircg Ghredtnbf \ohb Dxhgpod ‑ Qhgpod Ghredtnbf \ohb ]dgpohtd;
`ttps;//www.gcrdjusnbdss.acg/ghredtnbf-pohb-dxhgpod/
! VHZM, Q. (6 catcjdr , :<8>). sghoo jusnbdss. Zdtrndvdm ircg @cw tc Vrntd t`d Inbhbanho
! VHZM, Q. (6 catcjdr , :<8>). sghoo jusnbdss. Zdtrndvdm ircg @cw tc Vrntd t`d Inbhbanho
Qdatncb ci h Jusnbdss \ohb; `ttps;//www.t`djhohbadsgj.acg/wrntnbf-t`d-jusnbdss-pohb-
sdatncb-0-:>=6<:9
6<
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BHGD \CQN]NCB HGCTB] CI DXTN]^

GT@HGGHM HM@H JNB QTOCZ (FDBDZHO GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<

IHZH@ QTZH^H JNB]N [HNBTMNB (INBHBANHO GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<

@HQON[H JNB]N GHBQCZ (GHZED]NBF GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<

[TJHNMH@ JNB]N H ZH@GHB (HMGNBNQ]ZH]NCB ZG 8<,<<<

BTZTOHNBN JNB]N KHGHOTMMNB (C\DZH]NCBHO GHBHFDZ) ZG 8<,<<<

8.8 ACG\HB^ OCFC

Bhgd ci t`d acgphby Jdooytngds. Qmb. J`m.

Bhgd ci t`d s`cp Jdooytngds Ahid

Jusnbdss Hmmrdss Ht 1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru,

Acrrdspcbmdbad Hmmrdss Ht 1:, Khohb Hjmuo Qhghm, Ehgpubf Jh`ru,

]dodp`cbd Bugjdr <=-6=6= 8:8:

Icrg ci jusnbdss \rnvhtd ongntdm acgphby

Ghnb hatnvnty Ahiî

Mhtd ci acggdbadgdbt 8 Khbuhry :<8>

Mhtd ci rdfnstrhtncb :< Bcvdgjdr :<80

Zdfnstrhtncb Bugjdr QJ <64->019-E

Bhgd ci jhbe ANGJ Jhbe

Jhbe Haacubt Bugjdr 8488 198: 4=:1

8.: Jhaefrcubm ci ]`d Acgphby;

Jdooytngds ahiî ns h acgphby dsthjons`dm tc prcvnmd h `dhot`y iccm icr h austcgdr

:.8 Mdsarnptncb ci nbmustry t`ht cur acgphby cpdrhtds;

:.: Ghkcr Gharc-Dbvnrcbgdbtho Ihatcr Hiidat Jusnbdss;

Qcanho dbvnrcbgdbtho ihatcrs nbaoumd scandtho gcvdgdbts, a`hbfds nb pujona vhouds

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:.1 Mdsarnptncb ci t`d nbmustry nb w`na` ycur acgphby cpdrhtds

! Ghkcr ihatcrs hiidatnbf ghredt frcwt`

H ghredt trdbm ns pdradnvdm tdbmdbay ci inbhbanho ghredt tc gcvd nb h phrtnauohr

fcvdrbgdbt, nbtdrbhtncbho trhbshatncb, spdauohtnvd dxpdathtncb hbm suppoy mdghbm.

BC. ACG\D]N]CZQ HMYHB]HFD MNQHMYHB]HFD

:. Hbbnd„s Acrbdr - Fccm iccm - Ohae ci ghbpcwdr

1. Qdmhp Acrbdr - Gcrd tc ocaho iccm ci - \hrenbf ongntdm

1.< MDQAZN\]NCB CI ]@D YDB]TZD

1.8 YNQNCB, GNQQNCB HBM CJKDA]NYDQ

jusnbdss nb crmdr tc susthnbhjod frcwt` hbm prcinthjnonty cb gddtnbf t`d bddms ci

1.: Jdooytngds ahiî \rcmuats hbm Qdrvnad.

Cur ubmdroynbf p`nocscp`y nb sdodatnbf iccm ns tc a`ccsd acbsnstdbt quhonty,

Edy Ghbhfdgdbt Zcods Bhgd

NNN Oceghb jnb Njrh`ng

1.1 JHAEFZCTBM \HZ]BDZQ@N\

Dxpdrndbads hbm Mdssdrt.

Bhgd ci phrtbdrs @hsonzh Jnbtn Ghbscr

Bhgd ci phrtbdrs Buruo Hnbn Jnbtn Khghoummnb

Acursd Httdbmdm Dbtrdprdbdurs`np (DB]41<)

Bhgd ci phrtbdrs [ujhnmh` Jnbtn H Zh`ghb

Cur acgphby ns gdmnug snzd ci acgphby (sdbmnrnhb jdr`hm) cr ubmdr ahtdfcry ci

1.9 Jdooytngds Ahiî; Jusnbdss Gcmdo Ahbvhs(JGA)

]`d Jusnbdss Gcmdo Ahbvhs

Edy phrtbdrs Edy Hatnvntnds Yhoud Austcgdrs Austcgdr

Acst Qtruaturd Zdvdbud Qtrdhgs

! Zdbt -Jnrt`mhy phrty

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H vhoud prcpcsntncb ns h prcgnsd ci vhoud tc jd mdonvdrdm, acggubnahtdm, hbm

Austcgdr rdohtncbs`nps mdsarnjds t`d typd ci rdohtncbs`np h acgphby dsthjons`ds wnt`

H rdvdbud strdhg ns h mnstnbat scurad ci rdvdbud. ]`ns ns acggcboy mcaugdbtdm icr

Jdooytngds ahiî hrd t`d wcredrs, enta`db, a`hnrs hbm thjods.

acbsnmdrdm t`d edy rdscurads icr t`d jusnbdss.

Jy `hvnbf h fccm ebcwodmfd ci t`d acrd hatnvntnds ci h acgphby, h fccm

Hb dbtrdprdbdur gust jdfnb jy nmdbtniynbf nts edy phrtbdrs icoocwdm jy ghenbf